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The Promise of Entrepreneurship As A Field of Study
Abstract
To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.
... Despite advancements in Effectuation (Sarasvathy, 2001(Sarasvathy, , 2009 and the individual-opportunity nexus theory (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), incorporating skills, strengths, and network notions still needs a more explicit focus on the entrepreneur. Some frameworks, such as the team canvas (Ivanov & Voloshchuk, 2015), address team dynamics and individual contributions within the team, yet they still need to place the entrepreneur at the centre. ...
... Opportunity recognition has traditionally been seen as the cornerstone of entrepreneurship, emphasising discovering, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). However, matching the right opportunity with the right entrepreneur still needs to be explored. ...
... It is not just about optimism or resilience; it involves how entrepreneurs perceive risks and opportunities, shaping their behaviour and decisionmaking (Dweck, 2006). Cultivating these competencies in education can lead to more effective entrepreneurial behaviour as students learn to approach challenges with a proactive and opportunity-focused attitude (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). ...
This paper presents Entrepreneurial Life Design (ELD) as a career and life design innovation that bridges innovation with personal growth. Applied in Entrepreneurship Education (EE), it integrates entrepreneurship with traditional life design approaches to empower individuals for sustainable transformation. The paper proposes three arguments for ELD before presenting the comprehensive ELD framework. First, it positions entrepreneurship with its innovation process, entrepreneurial perspective and tools as the primary advancement in the career and life design literature. Second, it highlights the need to prepare entrepreneurs for modern challenges better, showing how ELD can fill this gap in EE. Third, it emphasises that developing an entrepreneurial mindset is essential for equipping individuals with the competencies to navigate modern life's challenges. Lastly, the paper highlights ELD's transformative potential for education, society, and the economy.
... ističe kako je mašta preduvjet uspjeha poduzetničkih nastojanja. Mašta pretpostavlja projekciju budućnosti i njezinu tržišnu implementaciju radi zadovoljavanja želja specifičnih segmenata potrošača (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000.;Hisrich et al., 2011.;Shane, ...
... ašava Schumpeter konceptom kreativne destrukcije (Krizner, 2008.;Schumpeter, 1976.). Pinchot (1987.) ističe kako je mašta preduvjet uspjeha poduzetničkih nastojanja. Mašta pretpostavlja projekciju budućnosti i njezinu tržišnu implementaciju radi zadovoljavanja želja specifičnih segmenata potrošača (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000.;Hisrich et al., 2011.;Shane, 2000.). Kreativnost je, kao i maštu, teško definirati, ali kada se te dvije odrednice osobnosti proaktivnih pojedinaca stave u inovativni kontekst poduzetničke aktivnosti, postaju opipljive, korisne i utržive. Prema Swannu, poduzetnički uspjeh kreativnog procesa ovisi o mogućnosti uspostavljanja ravnoteže između autonomije i suradnje, introver ...
... Poduzetnička istraživanja potvrđuju kako razlike u osobnosti pretpostavljaju razlike u poduzetničkoj orijentaciji i, posljedično, razlike u poduzetim inovativnim aktivnostima, što doprinosi diferencijaciji kreativnih aktivnosti i njihovih rezultata (Shane et al., 2003.;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000.;Shane, 2000.;Gartner, 1989.). Uočeno je kako su poduzetni pojedinci smjeliji, optimističniji, samopouzdaniji, skloniji promjeni, neizvjesnosti i preuzimanju vodstva. Također je uočeno kako je visok stupanj samoučinkovitosti, internog lokusa kontrole te želja za postignućem i samoiniciranim, samostalnim učenjem česta pretpostavka spremnos ...
Inovacije su pokretač društvenog i ekonomskog razvoja. Prema konceptualnim postavkama Swannova modela na kojima se temelji ovaj rad, ekonomski i društveno učinkovita inovacija procesno je strukturirana. Svaka faza inovativnog procesa zahtijeva različite osobine ličnosti njezinih dionika. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi u kojoj su mjeri zastupljene osobine ličnosti dimenzije ekstroverzije-introverzije sudionika HULT Prize natjecanja te kakvo je njihovo vrednovanje pojedinih faza i odrednica Swannova modela kako bi se učinkovitije usmjerila dinamika kreativnog procesa i inovativnog timskog rada. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2023. godine anketiranjem 291 sudionika HULT Prizea iz 12 zemalja. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u skupine, ovisno o razini inovativnosti zemalja iz kojih dolaze. Unutar obiju skupina prevladavali su introvertirani ispitanici i nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u stavovima ispitanika o odrednicama Swannova modela. Intervjuiranjem dionika HULT Prizea postavljen je kontekstualni okvir rezultata kvantitativnog istraživanja s ciljem opisivanja interakcije dionika kreativnog procesa inovacije i njezina lakšeg upravljanja.
... This work, rooted in the gendered theory of entrepreneurship (Rouse et al., 2013) and opportunity recognition theory (Ahl and Marlow, 2012;Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), seeks to blend these theories with insights and empirical data. It unpacks the experiences of Irish women entrepreneurs, guided by the critical perspectives of Strawser et al. (2021), Muntean and Ozkazanc-Pan (2015), Marlow (2014) and Marlow et al. (2019) who argue for a more sophisticated understanding of gender in entrepreneurship. ...
... Significant theoretical conflict is evident where the conventional entrepreneurial environment, historically shaped by male-centric norms (Marlow and Strange, 1994) contrasts against the growing influence and participation of women entrepreneurs. Such a dichotomy is thoroughly examined through the gendered theory of entrepreneurship (Ahl and Marlow, 2012;Brush et al., 2009) and opportunity recognition theory (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000;Ardichvili et al., 2003). These theoretical frameworks jointly highlight the need to deeply understand the complexities in women's entrepreneurship, focussing on how gender-related social norms and perceived and experienced entrepreneurial opportunities interact (Goby and Erogul, 2011). ...
... The gendered theory of entrepreneurship fundamentally questions the previously assumed gender-neutrality of entrepreneurship, revealing how the entrepreneurial experiences of women are uniquely sculpted by gender-based processes (Jennings and Brush, 2013;Hughes et al., 2012). Concurrently, the opportunity recognition theory offers a prism through which the influence of gendered experiences and social conditioning on the identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities can be examined (DeTienne and Chandler, 2007;Shane and Venkataraman, 2000;Ucbasaran et al., 2009). Recent critiques of the gendered theory of entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition theory have however highlighted the need for a more nuanced understanding of women's entrepreneurship. ...
Purpose
This paper investigates the motivations and challenges of women entrepreneurs in Ireland, assessing the role of policies and Enterprise Ireland (EI) support for women-led companies and high potential start-ups (HPSUs). It employs the gendered theory of entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition theory to analyse the enablers and obstacles to women’s entrepreneurship, particularly in the context of EI’s support, aiming to suggest improvements.
Design/methodology/approach
Grounded in a feminist epistemology and employing a mixed-methods approach, a targeted survey explores motivations, barriers and supports the needs of female entrepreneurs in Ireland, offering a comprehensive gender perspective evaluation for policy enhancement.
Findings
Findings note a shift in Irish women’s entrepreneurship motivations and outlines major hurdles like limited funding and work–life balance issues. It recommends policy enhancements in data collection, website usability, financial guidance and childcare support.
Practical implications
This paper aims to highlight the impact of gender-specific factors on entrepreneurship, the study highlights the importance of ongoing data collection and gender comparative analyses. It advocates for women mentoring networks and improved financial support to build a more inclusive entrepreneurial environment in Ireland, with potential global implications.
Originality/value
This study is unique for its in-depth exploration into Irish female entrepreneurship challenges, this study proposes actionable strategies with local and global relevance. Advocating for caregiving support integration and women’s increased involvement in tech, it offers a blueprint for fostering female entrepreneurship. It contributes to global discussions on creating supportive, equitable entrepreneurial ecosystems, serving as a valuable resource for advancing gender inclusivity and equity in entrepreneurship worldwide. It identifies scope for integration of a feminist epistemology in policy development.
... In accordance with the review of entrepreneurial learning literature by Wang and Chugh (2014), entrepreneurial learning has been defined in various ways. The common denominator of these definitions is the connection of learning to the entrepreneurial process, which involves at least two phases -entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) − and can be pursued by individuals "either on their own or inside organizations" (Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). Although entrepreneurial learning has earlier been studied through the lenses of various theoretical perspectives (Wang & Chugh, 2014), due to the broad acknowledgement of the importance of various types of entrepreneurial experiences in the opportunity-based view of entrepreneurship (e.g., Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), experiential learning theory (Corbett, 2007;Kolb, 1984;Politis, 2005) seems to be appropriate for the purpose of the present chapter. ...
... The common denominator of these definitions is the connection of learning to the entrepreneurial process, which involves at least two phases -entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) − and can be pursued by individuals "either on their own or inside organizations" (Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). Although entrepreneurial learning has earlier been studied through the lenses of various theoretical perspectives (Wang & Chugh, 2014), due to the broad acknowledgement of the importance of various types of entrepreneurial experiences in the opportunity-based view of entrepreneurship (e.g., Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), experiential learning theory (Corbett, 2007;Kolb, 1984;Politis, 2005) seems to be appropriate for the purpose of the present chapter. In line with Politis (2005) chapter is understood as a process of transformation of an entrepreneur's personal experience into knowledge, followed, on this basis, by the acquisition of new experiences. ...
The present chapter attempts to expand the conceptual frontiers of intrapreneurial learning by integrating previous theoretical and empirical work on entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, entrepreneurial learning, and workplace learning. The process of intrapreneurial learning is modelled as an integral part of performing work tasks by employees in existing organizations. The model identifies and links the core elements of intrapreneurial learning by employees and specifies the enabling role of work tasks and their characteristics in this process. Based on the discussion of the model components, opportunities for further scholarly inquiry as well as managerial implications are outlined.
Keywords: Intrapreneurial learning; Entrepreneurial learning of employees; Intrapreneurship; Entrepreneurial employees; Work tasks; Affordances
... Many notable and influential scholars in the field of entrepreneurship have attempted to provide a concise and concrete definition of entrepreneurship that captures the essence of the term in its entirety and diversity. According to Shane & Venkataraman (2000), the field of entrepreneurship is defined as the scholarly examination of how, by whom, and with what effects opportunities to create future goods and services are discovered, evaluated, and exploited. Entrepreneuring is defined as the efforts to bring about new economic, social, institutional, and cultural environments through the actions of an individual or group of individuals (Rindova, Barry & Ketchens, 2009). ...
... The unprecedented and rapid advancements in technology have had a defining and significant impact on social and cultural progress and economic development since last few decades; particularly, in the developing countries. The field of entrepreneurship has been organized around a central research question: how opportunities for the creation of goods and services are formed and exploited (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). A logical and obvious answer to this frequently asked question is that these are the technological breakthroughs and changes that have the potential to generate entrepreneurial opportunities. ...
Purpose: Participation of women in different types of entrepreneurship is on an all-time high with females actively embarking on these fields to pursue a career. Technology-based businesses have always been the domain of men essentially because of the field’s maledominated character. Despite of this fact, many women have ventured into this industry against all odds and made inroads in this field. However, the population of women entrepreneurs in technology sector is still marginal primarily because the climate for female technopreneurship in the country is not yet positive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and examine into the various motivating and inhibiting factors that affect existing or potential women entrepreneurs in the technology field. The study will provide deeper insights to women considering starting a technopreneurial venture and has policy implications. Methodology: For the purpose of this study, insights were derived through an extensive review of theoretical and empirical papers on women entrepreneurship and women technopreneurship.
Objectives:
● To provide an account of women technopreneurship
● To identify and explain the various motivating and inhibiting factors that affect women technopreneurs
... Studi oleh Frese (2009) menyoroti bahwa motivasi dan niat wirausaha harus didukung dengan pengetahuan yang tepat agar dapat menghasilkan tindakan yang produktif dan efektif. Begitu juga, penelitian oleh Scott & Venkataraman (2000) menegaskan bahwa meskipun motivasi berwirausaha penting, tanpa disertai dengan pengetahuan yang memadai tentang kewirausahaan, wirausahawan cenderung menghadapi kesulitan dalam menjalankan bisnis mereka dengan sukses. ...
... Hasil ini sejalan dengan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa motivasi berwirausaha bukan satu-satunya faktor penting dalam memoderasi hubungan antara inovasi dan minat berwirausaha. Penelitian oleh Scott & Venkataraman (2000) menekankan bahwa inovasi adalah elemen kunci dalam menciptakan peluang kewirausahaan, tetapi motivasi individu mungkin tidak selalu memainkan peran utama dalam mempengaruhi apakah seseorang memanfaatkan peluang tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian oleh Lumpkin, Steier, & Wright (2011) menunjukkan bahwa motivasi yang terlalu tinggi tanpa dukungan dari faktor-faktor eksternal yang memadai, seperti akses ke modal atau bimbingan, dapat menyebabkan kegagalan dalam pelaksanaan ide-ide inovatif. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengetahuan kewirausahaan dan inovasi terhadap intensi berwirausaha mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW), dengan motivasi berwirausaha sebagai variabel moderasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 1.089 mahasiswa S1 manajemen aktif dari semua angkatan pada tahun 2023. Dengan menggunakan algoritma Slovin dengan margin of error sebesar 10%, sebanyak 92 mahasiswa terpilih sebagai sampel. Data untuk penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif, uji-t, dan analisis regresi moderasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan kewirausahaan dan inovasi berpengaruh positif terhadap intensi berwirausaha mahasiswa. Selain itu, motivasi kewirausahaan memoderasi hubungan antara pengetahuan kewirausahaan dan niat kewirausahaan mahasiswa, tetapi melemahkan pengaruhnya. Namun, motivasi kewirausahaan tidak memoderasi hubungan antara inovasi dan niat kewirausahaan mahasiswa.
... The NSE theory aims to reconcile two dominant perspectives: the institution-centric approach of the "national systems of innovation" (NIS) literature (Lundvall, 2007;Lundvall et al., 2002;Rosenberg and Nelson, 1994) and the entrepreneur-centric focus of the entrepreneurship research (Kirzner, 1997;Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). The NIS literature posits that once the institutional setup of the country is established, innovative activity will emerge automatically. ...
... • Entrepreneurship process is a dynamic and complex system, ranging from individual decisions to institutional framework conditions (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000;Shane, 2003) • Business survival depends on the ability to get the necessary resources (Mintzberg et al., 1998) • New approach to entrepreneurship research (behavior, context, entrepreneurial outcome (Low and MacMillan, 1988) • Entrepreneurship is a socially embedded phenomenon (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986) • The diversity of the environmental context determines the existence of various types of entrepreneurs (Vesper, 1980) National Innovation System (NIS) Lundvall (2007Lundvall ( , 2010Lundvall ( , 2016, Lundvall et al. (2002), Peters (2006), Rosenberg and Nelson (1994) • NIS literature emphasizes the role of institutions in fostering innovation ...
Purpose
Digitalization is changing the way entrepreneurs pursue opportunities. We have elaborated a conceptual framework to gain a better understanding of digital entrepreneurship. Using this framework, we have developed the Global Index of Digital Entrepreneurship Systems (GIDES), an analytical tool designed to measure and comprehend the impact of digitalization on entrepreneurship. This study aims to answer the research question of what specific bottlenecks are hindering the performance of digital entrepreneurial systems in the countries under investigation, with a particular focus on developing Asian economies.
Design/methodology/approach
GIDES is a composite indicator that evaluates the performance of digital entrepreneurial systems on a national scale. Unlike traditional entrepreneurship or most entrepreneurial ecosystem measures, GIDES adopts a systemic approach using the Penalty for Bottleneck (PFB) algorithm to spot bottlenecks that potentially degrade overall system performance.
Findings
GIDES assesses the digital entrepreneurship systems of 113 countries, with a specific focus on 21 developing Asian economies. Singapore is ranked first among developing Asian countries globally. However, most developing Asian economies have significant room for improvement. While developing Asia excels in terms of physical infrastructure, it needs to work on its culture and informal institutions.
Originality/value
Digital transformation is not happening in isolation. Instead, it is closely linked to and happens within the context of entrepreneurship. The level of digitalization of the economy, described by digital framework conditions, impacts entrepreneurial activity through their influence on national-level general and systemic framework conditions. Thus, GIDES monitors all the general, structural and digital frameworks that support digital entrepreneurship. Consequently, it offers a deeper understanding of how digitalization impacts entrepreneurship.
... La innovación es un proceso fundamental para el desarrollo de las empresas. La competitividad que ejercen las empresas es el reflejo de la innovación organizacional, lo cual les permite sostenerse en el tiempo (Kanter, 1996;Vélez-Romero & Ortiz, 2016), y contribuir en su desarrollo y éxito (Damanpour, & Aravind, 2012;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). En ese sentido son los empleados quienes necesitan del apoyo de colegas y/o personas de mayor jerarquía en la organización para que sus ideas innovadoras sean aprobadas y aplicadas, lo que representa un beneficio para la organización. ...
p>El objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Comportamiento Innovador (IBS) en 227 trabajadores de nacionalidad peruana (51.982% hombres) entre 22 y 76 años (M = 45.009; DE = 12.046). En cuanto a la validez de contenido, la claridad y relevancia de los ítems fue analizada por jueces expertos, mientras que la estructura interna se evaluó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Por otro lado, se implementó un análisis de invarianza de medición según sexo y cargo, y se estimó la confiabilidad de las puntuaciones directas (coeficiente alfa) y del constructo (coeficiente omega). Los resultados indican que los ítems de la IBS son claros y relevantes, el modelo unidimensional tiene mayor respaldo empírico, y existe un grado aceptable de invarianza según el sexo y cargo laboral. Asimismo, la confiabilidad fue aceptable en todos los casos. Se concluye que la IBS tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas.</p
... Moreover, entrepreneurship serves as a catalyst for economic development, driven by innovation that addresses market failures (Kirzner, 1979). Entrepreneurs actively seek change, viewing it as an opportunity to innovate and create value (Drucker, 1985), focusing on identifying and exploiting emerging opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). For SL, this might include redesigning curricula to encourage student's interdisciplinary thinking, adopting digital platforms for personalized learning, or creatively deploying personnel, such as reallocating teachers to areas where their skills are most needed. ...
The link between entrepreneurship and school leadership is increasingly recognized as essential for effective school improvement. Entrepreneurship involves creative and innovative value creation, while school leadership focuses on influencing teachers and stakeholders to establish an effective learning environment benefiting students, teachers, parents, and society. This scoping review maps existing literature on this link, identifies relevant concepts and theories, and examines the impact of entrepreneurial actions by school leaders in K-12 education. Following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, articles were sourced from the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC. After screening abstracts and full texts, 64 articles were identified. Using a reflexive and thematic analysis approach, the review shows that 20 studies define entrepreneurship, 13 explore entrepreneurs’ actions and characteristics, and 14 discuss entrepreneurial leadership. Several studies investigated various entrepreneurship concepts within K-12 school leadership, identifying eight related themes. However, only a few studies addressed the impact of entrepreneurial leadership on schools. Five studies highlighted the positive effects on school development, while others focused on phenomena concerning entrepreneurial leadership in schools or examined entrepreneurship in specific school types. This paper provides valuable insights into current research on entrepreneurship and school leadership and identifies gaps for future research.
... Situado no campo de estudo do empreendedorismo, infere-se que o ato de empreender tem sido associado a diversas características, dentre elas: identificar o novo, valer-se das mudanças e fazer delas oportunidades (Shane, 2012;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), centrado no desenvolvimento e validação de ideias (Prince et al., 2021). Também é promover ações de melhoria para a sociedade Rawhouser, Cummings e Newbert (2019), infraestrutura e a geração de novos empregos e estímulo ao crescimento e aprimoramento econômico (Braunerhjelm et al., 2010). ...
O empreendedorismo têm sido uma alternativa à falta de perspectivas de emprego, especialmente quando se consideram idades mais avançadas. Este estudo exploratório traz o ponto de vista de indivíduos empreendedores com idade superior a 50 anos em relação ao tema do empreendedorismo na terceira idade, de segunda carreira, seniores ou empreendedores maduros, todos sinônimos indicadores de um público mais experiente. Para atingir os resultados deste estudo foram efetivadas 11 entrevistas e 70 questionários com o intuito de gerar contribuições acerca da relevância de se pensar nessa forma de empreendedorismo, mesmo quando a sociedade tem como premissa o empreendedorismo jovem. Destaca-se como resultados que o empreendedorismo, nessa fase da vida, é um estímulo para a busca de um propósito, aumento da qualidade de vida, segurança e autorrealização. As principais contribuições revelam que principalmente após os 60 anos, o cansaço físico, falta de disposição, falta de oportunidades como assalariado são pontos negativos, mas, a grande bagagem de conhecimento, a maior satisfação em realizar as coisas, são considerados como pontos positivos nesta fase da vida dos que empreendem.
... Social entrepreneurship characteristics has a different position when compared to other types of entrepreneurships (Certo and Miller 2008;Dorado 2006;Spear 2006). The main reason for this position is the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities (Mair and Marti 2006;Shane and Venkataraman 2000), while social entrepreneurship is also considered as creating value within the community (Dees 2007). Social entrepreneurship characteristics also aims to solve social problems with an entrepreneurial perspective, including systematic, innovative, sustainable methods and labour discipline (Anggahegari et al. 2021; Conway Dato-on and Kalakay 2016; Ellis et al. 2023;García-Jurado et al. 2021). ...
The study aims to investigate whether social intelligence had a mediating role in the relationship between altruism and social entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service teachers. The participants of the research consisted of 385 pre-service teachers studying in four higher education institutions in the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye in the fall semester of the 2023–2024 academic year. The research data were collected by using altruism scale, Tromsø social intelligence scale, and social entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service teachers scale. The study, which was designed in correlational survey model, employed structural equation analysis to test the mediating role of social intelligence in the relationship between altruism and social entrepreneurship characteristics. Sub-dimensions of social entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service teachers scale had a significant and positive relationship with sub-dimensions of altruism scale, and Tromsø social intelligence scale. The structural equation model tested to determine the mediating role of social intelligence in the relationship between altruism and social entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service teachers was found to be statistically significant and met compliance criteria.
... Cette transition a été une phase essentielle de l'introduction de méthodes innovantes pour gérer la technologie de l'internet. En fait, les performances des start-ups ont commencé à dépendre de l'utilisation intelligente des outils technologiques plutôt que d'une quelconque opportunité(Shane et Venkataraman ; puisque cette période a été caractérisée par l'essor continu des technologies numériques. Par conséquent, la phase de démarrage va de pair avec l'apparition d'outils technologiques tels que l'informatique en nuage, les réseaux sociaux, l'internet, la robotique, le big data et les services mobiles (Commission européenne, 2017). ...
... ' Kusi's (2020b, p. 85) definition uses elements that are more about entrepreneurship than branding, because it does not explicitly address what constitutes a brand or the essential elements of branding. Further, there are various approaches to entrepreneurship (e.g., Prince et al. 2021), beyond the procedural stages mentioned by Kusi (2020b, p. 85), based on understanding of entrepreneurship by Shane and Venkataraman (2000). This approach to entrepreneurship has gained critiques, for example, for being too process-centric, too opportunity-oriented, and limited in addressing the complexities, uncertainties, and diverse forms of entrepreneurial activities (e.g., Zahra and Dess 2001;Davidsson and Tonelli 2013;Arend 2014). ...
The literature on entrepreneurial marketing has grown over the past 25 years, but entrepreneurial branding remains under-studied. The purpose of the present study was to conceptualize entrepreneurial branding in the context of tourism small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Firstly, this study seeks to add to the literature on entrepreneurial branding by developing a new definition of entrepreneurial branding, by looking at literatures on both ‘entrepreneurial’ and ‘branding’ addressing the limitations of existing definitions to offer a more complete conceptualization. Secondly, it explores whether and how tourism business SMEs employ bricolage in their entrepreneurial branding. The study adopts a qualitative approach with abductive reasoning. In total, 20 interviewees representing 16 Finnish tourism SMEs were interviewed. The findings demonstrate resource constraints faced by tourism SMEs in entrepreneurial branding. Unique features of the place, such as history and heritage of place, were significant sources for building a unique brand identity for the SMEs, often at little cost. The study exemplifies how companies use domains of bricolage (Baker and Nelson in Administrative Science Quarterly 50(3):329–366, 2005) to manage resource constraints. The study offers new insights into the contents of entrepreneurial bricolage domains (physical inputs, labor, skills, customers, and the institutional environment) within a specific context, while also suggesting a new bricolage domain in entrepreneurial branding—namely, media bricolage. This domain refers to companies’ innovative and proactive generation of unpaid or low-cost media coverage in different channels for the purposes of brand building.
... El modelo de Ajzen, mejora la comprensión acerca de cómo el proceso emocional puede influir en las percepciones e intenciones empresariales, reconociendo en la inteligencia emocional una dimensión necesaria para reducir la incertidumbre ante la toma de decisiones racionales (Dimov, 2007). Diversos estudios han vinculado el espíritu empresarial con la inteligencia emocional (Shane & Venkataraman 2000;Rhee & White 2007;Nath & Pradhan, 2012), señalando que las personas con inteligencia emocional suelen contar con competencias emocionales que fomentan una orientación emprendedora (Padilla-Meléndez et al., 2014), planteando estas habilidades como necesarias de fortalecer en un proceso formal, en la formación universitaria (Nath & Pradhan, 2012;Verdesoto & Chión, 2021) Capital emocional El concepto de capital emocional emerge en el campo de la economía, siendo acuñado por los economistas Schultz y Becker en 1964 (citado en Gendron 2017), quienes lo asocian con el capital humano, entendido como los recursos de productividad de una empresa para el logro de sus metas (Gendron, 2017). Por lo mismo, es que las personas, las instituciones y la sociedad en general deben cias (Bisquerra & Pérez-Escoda, 2007). ...
Introducción: Actualmente, es posible identificar evidencia científica acerca de que un desarrollo intencionado, gradual y sistemático de competencias emocionales en la educación superior, complementa el proceso formativo y favorece el bienestar personal del estudiantado. Objetivo: analizar las publicaciones que consideren el estudio de las competencias emocionales en estudiantes de Educación Superior entre los años 2013 y 2022. Método: Este estudio corresponde a una revisión sistemática de los artículos encontrados en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y SciELO. De los 90 artículos encontrados inicialmente, la metodología PRISMA permitió reducirlos a 26, los cuales se informan en este trabajo. Resultados: los principales hallazgos indican que los estudios de tipo relacional son los más frecuentes (n=14). Asimismo, se reporta la existencia de programas educativos orientados a promover competencias emocionales en la educación superior (n=8), lo cual indica que la investigación educativa en esta área, se encuentra en una etapa avanzada de conocimiento. Conclusión: a partir de ellos, es posible concluir que existe un interés científico creciente por promover la educación emocional a nivel universitario, basándose en la amplia gama de teorías existentes que sustentan una formación integral en este nivel educativo.
... Social entrepreneurship is innovative and socially impactful (Austin et al., 2006). Drawing from the field of entrepreneurship research, which focuses on identifying sources of opportunities, the process of recognising, assessing, and exploiting these opportunities, and the individuals involved in the process (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), studies on social entrepreneurship often explore the sources of social entrepreneurial opportunities (Hockerts, 2006;Monllor, 2010), how social entrepreneurs identify and assess these opportunities (Monllor, 2010;Robinson, 2006), and other related topics. ...
Social entrepreneurship has been characterised as an innovative approach to alleviating poverty. However, there are few studies on the social entrepreneurship of poor people meant to generate income for themselves and simultaneously to help solve the problems of other poor people. This paper presents a significant study of eight cases of social entrepreneurship among people with disabilities in Vietnam, revealing how they have tried to solve the problems of their disabilities through the full use of their human capital. The results demonstrate that the matter of having a disability is merely a constrained element of human capital. Among the cases under study, entrepreneurial activities are based on exploring and developing other elements beyond the constrained element, such as developing particular skills and capabilities.
Moreover, this paper conducts a practical comparative analysis of six additional cases of social entrepreneurship among non-disabled individuals in Japan. The research findings underscore the significant potential of social entrepreneurship, when adopted by any company, to create job opportunities for people with disabilities. These efforts, whether made through establishing inclusive work environments or through providing support tools, are designed to mitigate the impact of disabilities as constrained elements and foster the development of other elements less affected. The ultimate aim of the research is to facilitate the integration of individuals with disabilities into suitable jobs and working environments, as well as to encourage companies in the private sector to further commit to dealing with disabilities as simply one element of human capital.
... Ademais, enfrentou desafios e aprendizados gradativos ao longo de sua jornada, o que demonstra características empreendedoras como a resiliência, a busca por soluções inovadoras e a capacidade de tomar riscos calculados. Base teórica: A teoria que pode fundamentar essa discussão em sala de aula é a teoria de intraempreendedorismo (Antoncic & Hisrich, 2001), assim como a teoria de empreendedorismo (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000;Schmidt & Bohnenberger, 2009), para entender os dilemas e desafios enfrentados pela Larissa, ao questionar-se quanto às possibilidades de intraempreender ou empreender. Essa discussão atua no nível de análise individual, pois considera os dilemas e dúvidas vivenciados pela Larissa. ...
Motivated by the desire to generate social transformation, Larissa created the Match & Matters platform to connect agents focused on businesses with a positive socio-environmental impact, aiming to align profit with socio-environmental benefits. Despite the support of senior management at Deloitte, the company where she worked and where she decided to become an intrapreneur, and despite M&M’s potential to integrate business areas, Larissa faced challenges regarding the profitability of the platform compared to the business models already consolidated in the organization. However, she felt anxious about the platform’s future within the company and about how to demonstrate its business potential in an organization with already established niches. Thus, the dilemma was how to maximize the platform’s opportunities and overcome challenges to maintain its viability, balancing positive impact and open innovation within a traditional corporate environment. This teaching case presents Larissa’s journey, highlighting the concepts of: entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship to achieve professional goals; open innovation to create effective solutions; and Sustainability to promote positive transformations, considering the economic, social, and environmental aspects within an innovative business model.
Keywords:
intrapreneurship; entrepreneurship; social impact business; open innovation
... Furthermore, she faced challenges and gradual learnings throughout her journey, demonstrating entrepreneurial traits such as resilience, the pursuit of innovative solutions, and the ability to take calculated risks. Theoretical basis: The theory that can underpin this classroom discussion is the theory of intrapreneurship (Antoncic & Hisrich, 2001), as well as the theory of entrepreneurship (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000;Schmidt & Bohnenberger, 2009), to understand the dilemmas and challenges faced by Larissa as she contemplates the possibilities of intrapreneurship or entrepreneurship. This discussion operates at the individual analysis level, as it considers the dilemmas and uncertainties experienced by Larissa. ...
Motivated by the desire to generate social transformation, Larissa created the Match & Matters platform to connect agents focused on businesses with a positive socio-environmental impact, aiming to align profit with socio-environmental benefits. Despite the support of senior management at Deloitte, the company where she worked and where she decided to become an intrapreneur, and despite M&M’s potential to integrate business areas, Larissa faced challenges regarding the profitability of the platform compared to the business models already consolidated in the organization. However, she felt anxious about the platform’s future within the company and about how to demonstrate its business potential in an organization with already established niches. Thus, the dilemma was how to maximize the platform’s opportunities and overcome challenges to maintain its viability, balancing positive impact and open innovation within a traditional corporate environment. This teaching case presents Larissa’s journey, highlighting the concepts of: entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship to achieve professional goals; open innovation to create effective solutions; and Sustainability to promote positive transformations, considering the economic, social, and environmental aspects within an innovative business model.
Keywords:
intrapreneurship; entrepreneurship; social impact business; open innovation
... These were built from their knowledge of entrepreneurship based on experience and observation of the societal circumstances, existing entrepreneurs, and desire for pathways out of the existing precarious economic situations [42]. The youth also perceived successful entrepreneurship as being linked to entrepreneurial skills, which were prevalent in their discussion about their perceptions of entrepreneurship [43]. Among the youth, entrepreneurs were perceived as community influencers, individuals who undertake social investment and community development, individuals who broaden societal boundaries, improve access to services, develop opportunities to benefit communities and build institutions for societal betterment. ...
Entrepreneurship among the youth can be linked to the pursuit of eradicating poverty by creating employment opportunities to reduce youth unemployment and advocate for social change through entrepreneurship. This study investigates the perceptions of the youth regarding entrepreneurship in South Africa. In an area with distinct socio-economic dynamics and obstacles, it is critical to comprehend how the youth see entrepreneurship and its potential as a career route. This study aimed to determine the elements that influence young people's views on entrepreneurship, as well as the obstacles they face and the potential role that they can play in effecting social change through entrepreneurship. A purposive sampling technique was applied for the selection of a maximum of twenty young adults from a township to participate in focus group interviews to ascertain the perceptions of entrepreneurship among the youth. The transcriptions of the data recordings were verbatim, and thematic data analysis was performed following the coding of the data. Findings indicated that there are barriers to entry perceived as obstacles to pursuing entrepreneurship, which include the lack of mentorship, financial resources, and educational opportunities focused on entrepreneurship. Notwithstanding, the findings also reveal that the youth have a positive perception of entrepreneurship and show a strong willingness to pursue it as a career path.
... Social entrepreneurship is innovative and socially impactful (Austin et al., 2006). Drawing from the field of entrepreneurship research, which focuses on identifying sources of opportunities, the process of recognising, assessing, and exploiting these opportunities, and the individuals involved in the process (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), studies on social entrepreneurship often explore the sources of social entrepreneurial opportunities (Hockerts, 2006;Monllor, 2010), how social entrepreneurs identify and assess these opportunities (Monllor, 2010;Robinson, 2006), and other related topics. ...
... Entrepreneurial intentions are critical precursors of entrepreneurial action and are defined as the resolve to launch a new company (Krueger & Carsrud, 1993). Discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of an opportunity are the definitions of en-trepreneurship behavior according to Shane and Venkataraman's (2000) pioneering concept. Any kind of behavior is made up of a variety of decisions people make in response to their own preferences and outside circumstances. ...
Young entrepreneurs are crucial participants in a country’s entrepreneurial ecosystem. This study analyzes the effects of entrepreneurial motivation and perceived university support on the entrepreneurial intention and behavior of Vietnamese students. A survey was conducted with 831 students who are studying logistics and supply chain management programs. Smart PLS and the Sobel test were utilized to validate the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that financial motivation has a positive impact on student’s entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior. Conversely, the desire for autonomy motivation has a direct negative impact on entrepreneurial behavior. Furthermore, perceived university support exerts a strong direct influence on student’s entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior. Notably, entrepreneurial intention partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial behavior and the relationship between perceived university support and entrepreneurial behavior. The research implications suggest that policymakers should prioritize assessing students’ entrepreneurial motivations before implementing entrepreneurship training programs. Additionally, universities should provide appropriate entrepreneurial support to students throughout their entrepreneurial behavior and their entrepreneurial careers. AcknowledgmentThis research is funded by the International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU-IS) under project number CS.2023-12.
... From Baker et al. (2003) definition, three areas of research in the field of entrepreneurship emerge: (i) why, when, and how opportunities for the creation of goods and services are generated; (ii) why, when, and how some people and not others discover and exploit such opportunities; and (iii) why, when, and how different courses of action are used to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). Answering these questions is often more manageable within an EE. ...
... However, digital entrepreneurship research has not yet incorporated the existing body of literature on growth models, although it serves as a promising inspiration for research on digital startups. To better understand the impact of DTs on the growth trajectories of digital startups, we thus build on seminal research on firm growth, which has a long tradition in the discipline of entrepreneurship and organizational research and has attracted much interest in theory and practice (Grover & Segars, 2005;Levie & Lichtenstein, 2010;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000;Wright & Stigliani, 2013). One of its streams deals with growth models and related concepts, such as life cycles, which are well established in both disciplines (Hanks et al., 1994;Levie & Lichtenstein, 2010;Mosca et al., 2021). ...
We contribute to digital entrepreneurship research by adapting growth models to better reflect the dynamics of entrepreneurial growth trajectories and increasing digital technology pervasion in digital startups. By grounding our findings in a dataset that includes interviews with founders and executive managers of 24 digital startups from eight countries, we propose three directions for advancing theory that supports a better understanding of the complexity and ambiguity of digital startups when growing. Directions I and II aim at revising and extending established growth models to support research on attributes that better capture the increasing digital technology pervasion in digital startups. In direction III, we explore seminal research on dynamic states that contradict the dominant view of deterministic stages in growth model research and illustrate the need to integrate both approaches when designing new theoretical growth models by presenting four archetypes of digital infrastructure evolution.
This study aims to analyze the existing causal and mediating relationships between the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystems focusing on how ecosystem characteristics affect the outcomes of opportunity recognition and exploitation. The initial assumption considers that an entrepreneurship characteristic influences entrepreneurial ecosystem positively to identify and exploit opportunities. The method employed is the meta-analytical – descriptive based on large review of the conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature. The results indicate that entrepreneurship has a significant impact on entrepreneurial ecosystem outcomes. The study demonstrates that the entrepreneurship is causal and mediator of the entrepreneurial ecosystem facilitating recognition and exploitation of opportunities.
This chapter explains the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation, employing conceptual models to depict their interconnectedness. Entrepreneurship, driven by dynamic processes of opportunity identification and value creation, intersects with sustainability innovation, which focuses on generating sustaining benefits. Entrepreneurs act as catalysts for change by integrating sustainable practices into ventures, recognizing the imperative of addressing market demands and consumer preferences. This integration not only enhances resilience against environmental risks but also offers cost-saving measures. Through theoretical discussions and Australian case studies, conceptual models illustrate the impact of sustainability integration on market opportunities and risk mitigation. Emphasizing collective action among stakeholders is crucial to fostering innovation and addressing global challenges, thereby paving the way for a more prosperous and resilient future. Entrepreneurs are urged to embrace sustainability principles for a meaningful impact within this symbiotic relationship.
Zusammenfassung
Im Digital Entrepreneurship trifft eine hohe wirtschaftliche Relevanz auf eine überschaubare Überlebensrate. Es ist daher entscheidend, zu verstehen, wie erfolgreiches Digital Entrepreneurship funktioniert und die Erkenntnisse der Praxis zugänglich zu machen. Auf Basis einer systematischen Literaturanalyse präsentieren wir die aktuellen Erkenntnisse aus empirischen Studien zu erfolgreichem Digital Entrepreneurship. Um dies möglichst praxisnah zu gestalten, erfolgt die Strukturierung nach Gründungsphasen des digitalen Unternehmens sowie nach Unternehmensbereichen. Erfolgreiche Strategien im Digital Entrepreneurship basieren dabei auf Dynamik, Netzwerk und Skalierung. Maßnahmen aus der Praxis konzentrieren sich vor allem auf die Grundpfeiler von Gründungen digitaler Unternehmen, wie z. B. Problemerkennung, Wertversprechen und Ertragsmodell, sowie auf das Bewusstsein über vorhandene Fertigkeiten und die Bereitschaft, diese zu kompensieren und weiterzuentwickeln. Unterstützende Werkzeuge sind dabei vor allem Technologien wie z. B. Künstliche Intelligenz und digitale Plattformen. Unsere systematische Literaturanalyse zu erfolgreichem Digital Entrepreneurship trägt dazu bei, dass sich digitale Unternehmen in einem dynamischen und wettbewerbsintensiven Umfeld erfolgreich bewegen können. Ebenso bekommen politische Entscheidungsträger und Förderinstitutionen Anhaltspunkte für die Ausgestaltung von Rahmenbedingungen für erfolgreiches Digital Entrepreneurship. Dies erhöht die Überlebensrate und den Erfolg digitaler Unternehmen und schafft gleichzeitig ein dynamisches und wettbewerbsfähiges Umfeld.
Supply chain management (SCM) research and entrepreneurship research rarely overlap, which is unfortunate because incorporating SCM thinking may be a key element enabling an entrepreneurial firm to succeed at becoming a long‐term, profitable entity. The entrepreneurial process occurs in three distinct, overlapping, and iterative phases: identification, evaluation, and exploitation. Often, SCM is an afterthought for entrepreneurs, occurring only in the final phase of the entrepreneurial process. This article makes the case for an earlier focus on SCM within the entrepreneurship process. Specifically, we outline how an entrepreneur's supply chain orientation (SCO) may be especially important in the opportunity evaluation phase where Lean Startup processes take place. SCO may enable entrepreneurs to make more accurate assessments and more efficient allocation of limited capital. SCO may lead an entrepreneur to be more aware of how planning, sourcing and production, and logistics may impact the attractiveness of a given opportunity and may facilitate a more accurate evaluation of opportunities, as well as value co‐creation with potential supply chain partners. The result would be a more efficient entrepreneurial process with less waste in terms of time and resources and more value from incorporating supply chain partners in evaluation decisions.
Which entrepreneurial opportunities do public servants find appealing, and what influences their evaluation? Our investigation of 14 Norwegian municipal entrepreneurial projects indicates that public servants positively assess the attractiveness of welfare, economic, and participatory opportunities. Their evaluations are shaped by public sector logics. Our contribution is twofold: first, we connect the discourse on entrepreneurial opportunities with that of institutional logics, demonstrating that evaluations of public entrepreneurial opportunities depend on the presence and hierarchy of state, market, and community logics. This underscores the limited yet meaningful agency of public servants in these evaluations. Second, we illuminate underexplored public entrepreneurial opportunities by proposing a taxonomy that categorizes them based on the interplay of state, market, and community logics.
External accountants increasingly position themselves as full-fledged business advisors who offer a broad array of advisory services to SME owner-managers to help them address specific business challenges. This study examines whether these owner-managers are more likely to use the advice of external accountants if their Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) matches that of the external accountant. By analysing questionnaire data of 161 external accountant – owner-manager pairs using regression analyses, we find that this depends on the dimension of IEO. For the innovativeness dimension, owner-managers are more likely to use the external accountant’s advice when both parties equally value this dimension (i.e., a supplementary fit). For the risk-taking dimension, owner-managers are more likely to use their advice when the external accountant is dissimilar regarding this dimension (i.e., a complementary fit). For the third dimension, proactiveness, no significant results were found. By applying the person-environment-fit perspective to the entrepreneur-external accountant relationship, our study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature. Moreover, it offers practical guidelines to both entrepreneurs and external accountants to further optimize their advisory relationship.
Değerli Okuyucular, Elinizdeki eser, Hayvancılık Ekonomisi alanındaki eğitim ve bilgi ihtiyacını karşılamayı hedefleyen, önemli olduğunu düşündüğümüz bir çalışmadır. Bu alanda uzun zamandır hissedilen kayda değer bir eksikliği gidermeyi amaçladık. Hayvancılık sektörü, sadece ekonomik kalkınma açısından değil, aynı zamanda gıda güvenliği, çevre sürdürülebilirliği ve kırsal kalkınma açısından da kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle, sektörün ekonomik boyutunu anlamak ve bu alanda etkin stratejiler geliştirebilmek için sağlam bir bilgi altyapısına duyulan ihtiyaç her zamankinden daha büyüktür. Günümüzde her şeyin dijitalleştiği ve bilginin birkaç tıkla erişilebilir hale geldiği bir çağda, basılı kitapların gerekliliği zaman zaman sorgulanmaktadır. Ancak, distopik senaryolarla dolu bir gelecekte, teknolojinin her an erişilebilir olmayabileceğini unutmamalıyız. Elektriğin dahi lüks haline gelebileceği koşullarda, fiziksel kitapların bilgiyi saklayan ve gelecek nesillere aktaran güvenilir bir kaynak olarak önemini sürdüreceği açıktır. İnsanlık tarihi boyunca bilgiye erişim ve onu koruma mücadelesi hep sürmüştür ve bu mücadelede kitaplar en sadık yol arkadaşımız olmuştur. Öte yandan, her şeyin mükemmel olduğu ütopik bir geleceği düşlemek güzel bir fikir olsa da, insanlık tarihine baktığımızda bu tür bir dünya düzeninin gerçekleşme olasılığının düşük olduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu nedenle, bugünün ihtiyaçlarına yanıt veren ve geleceğe hazırlıklı olmamızı sağlayan eserlere sahip çıkmamız kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen tüm yazar arkadaşlarıma en içten teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Her biri, bu alandaki bilgi ve birikimlerini paylaşarak, değerli bir eserin ortaya çıkmasına katkıda bulundu. Kitabımızın başta Hayvancılık Ekonomisi alanında çalışan öğrenci ve profesyoneller olmak üzere tüm ilgililer için faydalı bir kaynak olmasını diliyoruz. Prof. Dr. Yavuz CEVGER
İnsanlığın tarih boyunca sağlamış olduğu ilerleme ve gelişme özellikle son yıllarda baş döndüren bir hızla, adeta koşarcasına devam etmektedir. Ancak tüm bu gelişme beraberinde çok önemli ve yeni birtakım sorunlar getirmektedir. Tüm bu gelişmeye rağmen insanlığın varoluşundan beri çözmek için uğraş verdiği beslenme konusu, gıda güvenliği, gıda güvencesi ve sağlıklı gıdaya ulaşım, çevre kirliliği, küresel ısınma, gelişmiş ve az gelişmiş ülkeler arasındaki gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği ile birlikte en zorlu problem olma özelliği ve önceliğini korumakta, hatta giderek daha karmaşık bir hal almaktadır. Dünyanın en köklü meslekleri arasında yer alan Veteriner Hekimlik, Cumhuriyetimizin kuruluşunun hemen ardından çağdaş bilimsel esaslar ile ülke ekonomisine ve insanlığa önemli hizmetler vermek üzere faaliyete geçmiştir. Veteriner Hekimlik mesleği hayvan sağlığı ve hastalıkları ile mücadele etmekle beraber aynı zamanda hayvan ve hayvansal ürünleri uygun miktar, kalite ve fiyattan insanlığın hizmetine sunma ve topluma hizmet etme noktasında önemli bir çaba göstermektedir. Hiç şüphesiz bu çabanın başarılı olması için toplumun kaynaklarının etkin kullanılması gerekmektedir. Etkinlik ise mesleğin icrasında temel ekonomik kuralların uygulanması ve rehber edinilmesi ile mümkündür. Elinizdeki bu kitap bu yönde bir fayda sağlaması amacı ile öğrencilerimize ve sektörle ilgilenenlere temel bilgileri kısa öz ve anlaşılabilir olarak sunmayı amaçlamıştır. Okuyucululardan gelen eleştiri ve öneriler hiç şüphesiz daha iyisinin oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Kitabın hazırlanma süreci ve ortaya çıkmasında yazarların özverisi ve gayreti önemlidir. Zira bu katkı ve fedakârlık bu eserin okuyucuya ve öğrencilere kazandırılmasını sağlayacaktır; kendilerine teşekkür ederiz. Bu kitabın okuyucularına faydalı olmasını temenni ediyorum. Sevgi ve Saygılarımla. Prof. Dr. Aytekin GÜNLÜ
O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar um panorama da produção científica sobre epistemologia da administração nos últimos cinco anos a partir dos índices bibliométricos e da análise de citações e co-citações. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que utiliza a combinação da análise bibliométrica com a análise de conteúdo. Como principais resultados nota-se que autores brasileiros são produtores expoentes em epistemologia da administração no mundo, mas com pouca articulação internacional. Percebe-se, que áreas da administração como empreendedorismo e marketing estão buscando consolidação teórica em seus temas de pesquisa. A necessidade de aproximar a produção teórica em Administração das práticas de gestão também emerge dos achados. O estudo ainda apresenta o core das referências utilizadas nas pesquisas em epistemologia em administração. Como contribuição, oferece-se uma perspectiva sobre como caminham os estudos acerca desse tema no mundo, destacando o papel dos pesquisadores brasileiros, bem como, salientando a importância do tema no que tange ao rigor teórico/científico e a reflexividade necessária a uma ciência que não quer caminhar periférica.
In this paper, the corporate entrepreneurship concept is complemented by the contributions from planned organizational change models. Resulting from entrepreneurial endeavors undertaken by both individuals and groups within established organizations, corporate entrepreneurship leads to innovation or the regeneration of the existing and the creation of new businesses within the existing companies. However, there is little research in the change process through which entrepreneurial endeavors are realized. This paper seeks to close this gap by synthesizing the contributions of the most cited planned organizational change models, resulting in the activities or steps that, as the change agent, the internal entrepreneur should undertake in order to implement a corporate entrepreneurship project. Based on Lewin's model (unfreezing - move - refreezing), these activities include creating the awareness of the necessity of change, creating and communicating a vision, preparing for changes, implementing changes, facilitating changes, the institutionalizing and monitoring of changes. Thereby, the corporate entrepreneurship concept is complemented and made more realistic in practice.
This study explores the complex relationship between entrepreneurial sustainability awareness, the diffusion of digital technologies, and their combined influence on national-level entrepreneurial intention (EI). By introducing the novel concept of sustainability shortage perception, the research investigates its manifestations in both digital and physical contexts. The overarching goal is to investigate how these perceptions, alongside the broader EI landscape, shape EI on a national scale. The research design integrates data from two comprehensive country-level databases and the Internet. A configurational approach is employed to analyze a time-lagged dataset covering 48 countries. This method comprehensively explains the complex relationships between sustainability shortage perceptions, digitalization, and EI. The study’s findings highlight the critical role of sustainability shortage perceptions in both digital and physical domains in shaping national-level EI. When considered alongside the broader entrepreneurial opportunity landscape, these perceptions significantly contribute to shaping the EI of nations. This emphasizes the interconnectedness of sustainability awareness, digitalization, and the overall entrepreneurial climate at a macroeconomic level. This research contributes significantly to the actual debate by introducing and operationalizing sustainability shortage perception, extending its application to both digital and physical realms. The study’s configurational approach provides a fresh methodological perspective, offering nuanced insights into the multifaceted relationships under investigation. Furthermore, the research advances the methodological toolkit available for scholars in this field by measuring sustainability shortage perception in the digital environment.
Digital entrepreneurship (DE) is experiencing significant growth, with the long-term sustainability of these businesses closely tied to the entrepreneurial skills of their founders. Various factors fuel the entrepreneurial drive, ensuring satisfaction and engagement in their endeavors. It is widely argued that a country’s capacity for fostering DE relies on its cultural values, educational system, supportive ecosystem, and backing from the government and business entities, collectively contributing to the overall sustainability of the economy. The acceptance of DE from an economic and technological standpoint plays a crucial role in creating an environment conducive to institutional change, thereby preventing regulatory capture. Digital entrepreneurs are pivotal in disseminating knowledge and introducing innovative business practices. Many nations, particularly in the West, recognize DE as a critical driver of economic growth, job creation, and modernization.
This study operates through three distinct phases: identifying factors, conducting expert interviews, and crafting a Decision-Making Threat and Opportunity (DMTOP) framework. By amalgamating 23 chosen factors derived from prior literature and expert suggestions, the study categorizes these factors into six dimensions. The framework is applied to ascertain the impact of these factors on both urban and rural settings. The intention is to evaluate the influence of these diverse factors on DE. The resulting insights are anticipated to significantly aid policymakers in achieving their DE objectives. The framework delineates seven dimensions, each with differing impacts on urban and rural infrastructures. These factors collectively contribute to a 47.82 percent overall impact on existing urban facilities while exhibiting a −13.04 percent on the rural side.
Venture capital in emerging economies is part of shadow economy and consequently under-explored. The paper attempts to disentangle the hidden operations of informal venture capital (IVCs) in emerging economy such as Pakistan. Moreover, the study examines the impact and consequences of the un-documented economy, the role of IVCs and networks that give rise to the shadow economic systems. Using 21 semi-structured interviews, (1) we developed a conceptual framework to study the presence of IVCs; (2) the analysis suggests that IVCs fil the finance gap where formal financial institutions and government funding schemes failed to meet the needs of high-growth entrepreneurs; (3) IVCs have a significant presence in case of Pakistan and serve a vital role in promoting economic well-being; (4) the findings suggest that government-sponsored schemes give rise to favouritism and malpractices in the distribution of funds give rise to “Hybrid” IVCs operation; (5) finally, our results suggest rationalisation of IVCs promote sustainability and agenda for entrepreneurial growth. The findings have implications for policymakers to develop venture capital market and facilitate the transition of IVCs to formal capital market.
Keywords: Informal venture capital, sustainability, shadow economy, emerging market
Often entrepreneurship may be more about the strategic creation of an interorganizational network than of an organization. Based on a revelatory case study from a rather traditional industry in a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, we argue that once startups replace organization creation by means of network creation they are confronted with a series of tensions that have to be managed in the unfolding process. We analyze how tensions at the beginning of the entrepreneurial journey – being unknown in the field, lacking an elaborated organization, and facing competition – are tackled under these circumstances with relational practices. Our findings enrich the body of research on entrepreneurship and interorganizational networks by unearthing those relational practices that help – across analytical levels and time – to address legitimacy, complexity, and reciprocity challenges.
Cross‐border e‐commerce (CBEC) significantly stimulates foreign trade development and the flow of goods and services. This study, using Chinese city‐level data and a multiperiod difference‐in‐differences model based on CBEC comprehensive pilot zones, explores the impact of CBEC reform on urban service industry entrepreneurship. The results show that CBEC reform increased entrepreneurial activity, and this is confirmed by robustness tests. The mechanisms driving this effect include the attraction of foreign direct investment, improved information infrastructure, and talent development. Regional analysis reveals stronger effects in central, western, and noncoastal cities, and industry analysis highlights public and consumer services. Spatial heterogeneity shows that the reform's impact diminished with distance from pilot zones, with potential inhibitory effects in remote areas. This study demonstrates how CBEC reform can stimulate entrepreneurship and foster economic growth.
This paper is aimed to analyze the opportunities and initiatives of an entrepreneurship ecosystem model and perspectives for startups and failures. It is assumed that the entrepreneurship ecosystem is the result of opportunities and initiatives leading to a model and perspectives for the development of startups, despite de failures. The method employed is the meta-analysis and reflective approach based on the literature review on the themes. It is concluded that the startups result the of the opportunities and initiatives of an entrepreneurship ecosystem model and perspectives.
En la presente investigación se pretende analizar las estrategias que influyen en el trade marketing para incrementar la actividad productiva del sector lácteo del cantón Cuenca, provincia del Azuay. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se utilizó el análisis descriptivo y el estudio de campo; posteriormente, se realizaron 30 encuestas dirigidas a los administradores de las empresas lácteas, con lo cual se obtuvo información sobre las estrategias de marketing como involucrar al personal, los métodos para fidelizar al cliente, la segmentación del mercado, la inversión, la planificación de la logística, la rentabilidad obtenida de los recursos y estrategias implementadas. Para la validación de los datos se empleó el modelo de regresión econométrico, donde se analizaron las variables explicativas a través de la significancia y la comprobación del cumplimiento de las hipótesis, concluyendo que los activos, la logísticay la inversión inciden en las ventas para captar nuevas oportunidades en el mercado. Palabras clave: modelo de regresión econométrico, oportunidades de negocios, sector lácteo, trade marketing AbstractThis research aims to analyze the strategies that influence TradeMarketing to increase the productive activity of the dairy sector in Cuenca, Azuay province. A descriptive analysis and field study were conducted to carry out this research, for which 30 surveys were administered to managers of dairy companies to obtain marketing strategies information, how to involve personnel, methods to build customer loyalty, market segmentation, investment, logistics planning, profitability accepted from the resources and implemented strategies. An econometric regression model was used for data validation, in which explanatory variables were analyzed for significance and hypothesis testing. It was concluded that assets, logistics, and investment impact sales to capture new market opportunities.Keyword: econometric regression model, business opportunities, dairy sector, trade marketing
The core claim of the capability approach is that assessments of the well-being or quality of life of a person, and judgements about justice, or the level of development of a country, on the basis of effective opportunities that people have to lead the lives they have reason to value. Entrepreneurship Development Model for Poverty Alleviation is focused program on pro-poor marginalized community of Nepal. This paper focused on finding of research conducted on different nine indicator of achieved functioning as an impact assessment tool. Capabilities Approach (CA) argued wellbeing is enhanced by expanding the range of things a person could be or do. Secondary data are used from the office of Dhangadhi Sub-metropolitan City and primary data are collected through structured ordinal questionnaire survey to the sample group of 123 persons representing the population of 409. Descriptive assessment is used to analyse the impact of program on peoples’ wellbeing. Individuals reported improved levels of wellbeing. High impact is shown in subjective wellbeing which is measured by overall life satisfaction, moderate impact on health, ability to be oneself, income sufficiency, friendship and decreasing feeling of loneliness and least impact on decreasing discrimination, trust on people and spending for own. The research findings show program has a positive impact on wellbeing, and it is suggested that the capabilities of beneficiaries expanded after joining the MEDEP/MEDPA program.
Morocco’s strategic embrace of green entrepreneurship and decarbonization initiatives underscores its commitment to sustainable development and environmental stewardship. This study explores the integration of innovative green finance mechanisms and sustainable business models within Morocco’s economy, revealing how these strategies significantly reduce the nation’s carbon footprint. The country’s ambitious goal to achieve a 52% renewable energy share by 2030 is facilitated by the deployment of green bonds and substantial investments in solar and wind projects. Key findings indicate that despite Morocco’s minor global pollution contributions, its proactive sustainability strategies set a compelling precedent for emerging economies. The study identifies critical challenges such as financial barriers, technological advancements, and regulatory frameworks that need to be addressed to enhance the efficacy of these initiatives. Morocco’s progress provides valuable insights into the potential of green entrepreneurship to catalyze a transition toward a low-carbon economy, offering a model for other nations aspiring to integrate economic growth with environmental sustainability.
La Universidad de los Llanos durante el primer y segundo periodo
académico del año 2022 y con el objetivo de fomentar el emprendimiento
creó un proceso en el consultorio empresarial; que con una metodología
de Investigación Acción Participante considera resolver el problema
fundamental de la falencia en temas contables, financieros y fiscales
con los que cuenta la comunidad emprendedora, brindando asesorías
requeridas a 10 proyectos en marcha, de esta manera se busca apoyar e
impulsar las iniciativas emprendedoras de los integrantes de la comunidad
evitando con ello, la liquidación temprana de empresas, los altos números
de desempleo y generando un mayor conocimiento en el área.
Plain English Summary
What factors influence entrepreneurs to venture into multiple businesses, while some remain dedicated to a single enterprise? Our study, based on a sample of over 5000 entrepreneurs, reveals that those who repeatedly start new ventures—habitual founders—often have higher education levels, more diverse professional experiences, and greater international exposure than those who stick to a single enterprise—one-time founders. These diverse experiences help habitual entrepreneurs identify new opportunities and navigate the complexities of starting multiple businesses. Promoting educational diversity, varied career experiences, and international exposure can thus support the growth of habitual entrepreneurship. This has important implications for both research and practice, suggesting that fostering a broad-based education and encouraging diverse professional experiences can be key strategies in nurturing habitual entrepreneurs and understanding the factors that drive them.
The contributions and shortcomings of past entrepreneurship research can be viewed within the context of six research design specifications: purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame and methodology. The authors suggest a unifying definition of the field of entrepreneurship. The recent trend toward theory driven research that is contextual and process oriented is encouraging. It is time for entrepreneurship researchers to pursue causality more aggressively. Exploratory studies that are not theory driven should be discouraged unless the topic is highly original. Implications for practicing entrepreneurs are discussed.
Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations. What dlfterentiates entrepreneurs trom non-entrepreneurs ls that entrepreneuns create organizations, whil-e.non-entre- preneurs dc not. In behavioral approaches to the study of entrepreneurship an entre preneur is seen as a set of activlties involved in organization creation, while in tralt approaches an entrepreneur ls a set of personality traits and characteristics. This gager argues that tralt approaches have been unfrultful and that behavioral ap proaches will be a more productive perspective for future'research in entrepreneur- ship. r
Using organization theory, the properties of emergingorganizations are explored, as well as the opportunities for further researchin this area. Understanding the properties that an organization possesses as itis created will aid in identifying a framework for determining whenorganization creation may occur. Previous research has often focused only onstructure or on process -- this framework attempts to integrate theseapproaches. McKelvey's definition of organization is used to identify theproperties of emerging organizations. These properties are intentionality,resources, boundaries, and exchange. They represent the minimum characteristicsnecessary for identifying the existence of an organization, and help to focuson the interactions of agents and the environment. These characteristics may not become visible at the same time. Consequently,choosing one particular property as the sampling variable can dramaticallyimpact the point at which newly created organizations are identified. The useof these four properties will impact the methods and theory in organizationtheory and entrepreneurship. The use of each property to identify nascentorganizations is illustrated, and examples of previous research utilizing theseproperties are provided. Focusing on the period when a preorganizationmoves to a new organization will help to better explain the concept ofemergence and the manner in which organizations come into existence.(SRD)
Presents a framework that highlights the differences among entrepreneurs and among their ventures. Building on the work of others, four dimensions are identified for this framework describing new venture creation. These are: individuals, environment, organization, and process. This is the first framework to combine all four of these dimensions. The individual dimension should consider not only the psychological characteristics of the entrepreneur such as need for achievement and locus of control, but must also consider the entrepreneur's background, experience, and attitudes. The process dimension should be viewed in light of six different behaviors including the location of a business opportunity and the accumulation of resources. Twelve factors are identified for the environmental dimension. These twelve factors were chosen based on the review of 17 research papers focused on environmental variables which affect new venture creation. The organization dimension is composed of three generic competitive advantage strategies and 14 competitive entry wedges. This framework allows for the examination and comparison of very different new ventures. Conflicting results in prior research studies may be explained by considering the dimensions used in that work. (SRD)
Considers structural inertia in organizational populations as an outcome of an ecological-evolutionary process. Structural inertia is considered to be a consequence of selection as opposed to a precondition. The focus of this analysis is on the timing of organizational change. Structural inertia is defined to be a correspondence between a class of organizations and their environments. Reliably producing collective action and accounting rationally for their activities are identified as important organizational competencies. This reliability and accountability are achieved when the organization has the capacity to reproduce structure with high fidelity. Organizations are composed of various hierarchical layers that vary in their ability to respond and change. Organizational goals, forms of authority, core technology, and marketing strategy are the four organizational properties used to classify organizations in the proposed theory. Older organizations are found to have more inertia than younger ones. The effect of size on inertia is more difficult to determine. The variance in inertia with respect to the complexity of organizational arrangements is also explored. (SRD)
Focuses on the environmental conditions that generate variations in the number of new firms founded over time. Three processes that affect the rates at which organizations are added to an existing population are considered: intra-population, inter-population, and institutional. Intra-population processes include prior organizations' deaths and births. The founding rates for new firms are directly related to the number of failures and the number of prior startups in a population. Also considered important to new venture creation is rising density which is an increase in the number of firms within a population. Inter-population processes include the direct competition and cooperation which occurs among organizations in the same population. Some effects of this are negative--such as competition for workers, capital or members. However, some effects of these inter-population processes are beneficial--such as the creation of technological breakthroughs benefiting others, or the training of workers who disperse to other sites. Institutional processes include politics and governmental policies, spatial location, community culture, and other events specifically linked to particular historical periods. These can have their greatest effect when an organization is emerging, often restricting and marking the new firm in distinctive ways. New venture creation is highly dependent upon the populations in which firms are trying to emerge. (SFL)
This paper focuses on patterns of technological change and on the impact of technological breakthroughs on environmental conditions. Using data from the minicomputer, cement, and airline industries from their births through 1980, we demonstrate that technology evolves through periods of incremental change punctuated by technological break-throughs that either enhance or destroy the competence of firms in an industry. These breakthroughs, or technological discontinuities, significantly increase both environmental uncertainty and munificence. The study shows that while competence-destroying discontinuities are initiated by new firms and are associated with increased environmental turbulence, competence-enhancing discontinuities are initiated by existing firms and are associated with decreased environmental turbulence. These effects decrease over successive discontinuities. Those firms that initiate major technological changes grow more rapidly than other firms.
Uses human capital theory and organizational ecology to explore the success of newly formed firms. Human capital focuses on the firm's founder and his/her background whereas organizational ecology considers the characteristics of the organization and its environmental conditions. Data used in the analysis were collected from 1,849 firm founders in Germany whose firms were formed in 1985-1986. Variables used were survival time, general and specific human capital of the founder, newness of the firm, initial size, organizational strategies, location, branch of industry, and market conditions. Of the firms considered, almost one-fourth had failed in the first two years, and 37% had failed within five years. The firms with founders who had more work experience and schooling improved their chances of survival. Those businesses that were novel were more likely to survive than those firms that were considered followers. Overall, the results show that all human capital variables considered have strong selection effects. (SRD)
This article summarizes the patterns of firm entry, growth, and exit in the four-digit U.S. manufacturing industries over the period 1963-1982. Entrants are disaggregated into new firms, existing firms that diversify into an industry by opening new production facilities, and existing firms that enter by altering the mix of outputs they produce in their existing plants. We examine the relative importance of different types of entrants, the persistence of industry entry and exit patterns over time, the correlation between industry entry and exit rates, and the postentry performance of entrants.
Although it might be considered the domain of many research areas, self-employment has not been studied vigorously. We draw upon the ideas of related areas to develop a sound design for the study of self-employment. Using retrospective career life-history data from West Germany, we model the process by which individuals move into and out of episodes of self-employment. Specifically, we examine: (1) the process of entry into self-employment at various stages of the career; and (2) the career differences between the self-employed and the conventionally employed. In general terms, the findings show that those factors which account for one stage of the self-employment experience do not necessarily account for others. More substantively, our findings point to the strong effects of social structural variables, especially those related to the family, as well as to the effects of previous self-employment experience.
This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the U.S. economy. It finds strong support for the argument that variations in rates of entrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Changes in rates of entrepreneurship appear to be driven by changes in technology. Some evidence is also found for the effects of the Protestant Ethic, interest rates, prior rates of entrepreneurship, risk-taking propensity, business failure rates, economic growth, immigration, and age distribution of the population.
This is a book about the formation, development, and success or failure of new high technology companies, focusing on those that grew under the auspices of entrepreneurs from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston at the end of World War Two. Trained in high-technology in MIT's labs and academic departments or in the local industrial marvel that became known as the "Route 128 phenomenon", these entrepreneurs took their technical and innate skills with them to found their own new companies. The book is based on extensive empirical research on these firms conducted over a period of twenty-five years and much previously written work on the subject, and is the culmination of such earlier work and synthesized findings. It centers on people, technology, money, and markets, and its main goal is to provide insights that may eventually contribute to fulfilling other entrepreneurs' dreams and other communities' hopes. The book chapters comprise three connected sections - treating birth, transition and growth, and success or failure.
The general topic of this chapter is the relation of the society outside organizations to the internal life of organizations. Part of the specific topics have to do with the effect of society on organizations, and part of them concern the effects of organizational variables on the surrounding social environment. I intend to interpret the term “social structure” in the title in a very general sense, to include groups, institutions, laws, population characteristics, and sets of social relations that form the environment of the organization. That is, I interpret “social structure” to mean any variables which are stable characteristics of the society outside the organization. By an “organization” I mean a set of stable social relations deliberately created, with the explicit intention of continuously accomplishing some specific goals or purposes. These goals or purposes are generally functions performed for some larger structure. For example, armies have the goal of winning possible military engagements. The fulfillment of this goal is a function performed for the larger political structure, which has functional requirements of defense and conquest. I exclude from organizations many types of groups which have multiple purposes (or which perform multiple functions for larger systems, whether these are anyone's purposes or not), such as families, geographical communities, ethnic groups, or total societies. 1 also exclude social arrangements built up on the spur of the moment to achieve some specific short-run purpose. For instance, I will not consider a campaign committee for some political candidate as an “organization,” although a political party would definitely meet the criterion of continuous functioning and relatively specific purposes.
This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the technological regime, these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on the way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, the absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the painstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.
Major theory and research in organizational ecology are reviewed, with an emphasis on the organization and population levels of analysis and processes of organizational foundings, mortality, and change. The main approach to organizational foundings examines the roles of density dependence and population dynamics. Six approaches to studying organizational mortality are fitness set theory, liability of newness, density dependence, resource partitioning, liability of smallness, and the effects of founding conditions. Research on organizational change is just beginning to appear in the literature. The convergence between ecological and institutional research is discussed, especially the role of legitimacy in population dynamics, and the effects of institutional variables on vital rates. Some key criticisms of organizational ecology are addressed, and some suggestions for future research are proposed.
Why do some new ventures succeed while others fail? What is the essence of entrepreneurship? Who is most likely to become a successful entrepreneur and why? How do entrepreneurs make decisions? What market, regulatory, and organizational environments foster the most successful entrepreneurial activities? Entrepreneurship research is plagued by these and other fundamental unanswered questions, for which there does not exist a cohesive explanatory, predictive, or normative theory. In this article we identify major challenges for entrepreneurship theory development, and offer insights into promising directions for future research. Our conclusion suggests that it may be too ambitious to expect a complete and robust theory due to the interdisciplinary nature of entrepreneurship. However, we show that by integrating perspectives and by applying analytic, empirical and experimental tools from a range of fields, some of the fundamental questions can be answered.
Decision makers have a strong tendency to consider problems as unique. They isolate the current choice from future opportunities and neglect the statistics of the past in evaluating current plans. Overly cautious attitudes to risk result from a failure to appreciate the effects of statistical aggregation in mitigating relative risk. Overly optimistic forecasts result from the adoption of an inside view of the problem, which anchors predictions on plans and scenarios. The conflicting biases are documented in psychological research. Possible implications for decision making in organizations are examined.
Accurate marketing research depends on accurate user judgments regarding their needs. However, for very novel products or in product categories characterized by rapid change—such as “high technology” products—most potential users will not have the real-world experience needed to problem solve and provide accurate data to inquiring market researchers. In this paper I explore the problem and propose a solution: Marketing research analyses which focus on what I term the “lead users” of a product or process.
Lead users are users whose present strong needs will become general in a marketplace months or years in the future. Since lead users are familiar with conditions which lie in the future for most others, they can serve as a need-forecasting laboratory for marketing research. Moreover, since lead users often attempt to fill the need they experience, they can provide new product concept and design data as well.
In this paper I explore how lead users can be systematically identified, and how lead user perceptions and preferences can be incorporated into industrial and consumer marketing research analyses of emerging needs for new products, processes and services.
Theoretical analysis often can penetrate difficult economic problems in circumstances where common sense is an unreliable guide to decision making. This paper provides some new theoretical problems related to entrepreneurial decisions and behavior. For example, it investigates the optimal timing of the introduction of an innovation. Typically, in practice, innovation is a continuous process. The longer the delay in the transfer of a new product from the R&D facilities to manufacturing and marketing, the more the product is likely to be improved.But that delay also gives competitors an enhanced opportunity to get there first. This paper shows how this trade-off can be analyzed systematically, and yields some surprising results about the optimal decision on the timing of the introduction of the new product.
A recent article by Low and MacMillan (1988) suggests that at the current stage of entrepreneurship research, empirical studies that “are not theory driven and do not test hypotheses are no longer acceptable” (p. 155). This paper is written in the spirit of this directive. It starts with an explicit theory of entrepreneurship developed by Israel Kirzner, and tests three hypotheses derived from the theory.The theoretical thrust of the paper emphasizes the role of information and information-seeking behavior as a central element of entrepreneurial behavior. Entrepreneurship is based on discovering of opportunities and resources to exploit them. Our interpretation of Kirzner's theoretical works leads to the formation of hypotheses regarding the differences that should exist in the way entrepreneurs as opposed to managers seek this information. These concern: (1) differences in the manner in which entrepreneurs and corporate managers expose themselves to information; (2) differences in the sources of information used; and (3) differences in evaluating information cues. In addition, we test the hypotheses that success and experience will erode the above differences between entrepreneurs and corporate managers.Our sample involved 51 founders of companies in New Jersey and 36 executives of a very large financial company. A questionnaire was used to gather the data, and scales were formed using principal component factor analysis with a varimax rotation. Differences were tested using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Significant differences were found in five of the nine factors examined. Entrepreneurs spent significantly more time searching for information in their off hours and through nonverbal scanning. They employed different sources than executives and paid special attention to risk cues about new opportunities. Executives, on the other hand, tended to focus on the economics of the opportunity. These results are only partially consistent with a previous study comparing entrepreneurs and small companies' managers, suggesting a contextual contingency to the behaviors under study. The most persistent finding was regarding the time and “volume” of search for information, reinforcing the idea developed in the recent network theory of entrepreneurship that entrepreneurs are avid information-gatherers and opportunistic learners, but not necessarily, or not uniquely in a verbal, social-networking manner. Finally, with success and experience, the differences become smaller. It seems that success and experience reduce the need or desire of entrepreneurs to search for new opportunities. No such effect was found with our executive sample.
Previous research on the psychology of entrepreneurs found that personality traits such as locus of control failed to distinguish entrepreneurs from managers. In search of an individual characteristic that is distinctively entrepreneurial, we proposed an entrepreneurial self-efficacy construct (ESE) to predict the likelihood of an individual being an entrepreneur. ESE refers to the strength of a person’s belief that he or she is capable of successfully performing the various roles and tasks of entrepreneurship. It consists of five factors: marketing, innovation, management, risk-taking, and financial control.
New business firms are now considered a major source of new jobs, economic growth, technical innovation, and economic flexibility. They may provide a major strategic advantage for the United States in world competition. A more complete, precise understanding of the dynamics of new firm development, their societal contributions, and factors affecting their survival has considerable policy and managerial significance. A study of new firm contributions and survival was completed to determine whether the same factors would account for both. They do not.The research began with a substantial body of descriptive information on 551 new firms initiated in Minnesota between 1978 and 1984. The initial data were collected in the summer of 1984; a one-year follow-up was completed in 1985 to determine new firm survival. The sample was representative of all major industry sectors and all regions of the state; about 60% were located in the Minneapolis-St. Paul urban area.Attempts to predict current (1984) contributions indicated that age was not a significant factor; older new firms did not contribute more than younger new firms. The developmental pattern, primarily the average annual growth rate, was highly related to sales or jobs provided in 1984. Next most significant was the industry of the new firm; manufacturing, distributive services, and business (producer) service new firms provided more significant contributions.The one-year follow-up was able to determine the survival status of 548 of the 551 firms; slightly less than 10% (48) had not survived. Major factors related to survival appeared to be age (high death rates at 2–3 years) and attention to financial matters.
We compared entrepreneurs with bankers in their perception and management of a variety of risks. Problems included financial risk, risk to human life and health, and risk of a natural disaster. Cluster analysis and content analysis of think-aloud protocols revealed surprising details. Entrepreneurs accept risk as given and focus on controlling the outcomes at any given level of risk; they also frame their problem spaces with personal values and assume greater personal responsibility for the outcomes. Bankers focus on target outcomes — attempting to control risk within structured problem spaces and avoiding situations where they risk higher levels of personal responsibility.
What factors lead some individuals, but not others, to start new ventures? Early efforts to answer this question in terms of the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs met with only modest success. Thus, recent research has often focused, instead, on the cognitive factors that play a role in this process. The present study sought to add to this growing body of evidence by investigating the potential effects of one cognitive mechanism that has not yet been examined in the context of new venture formation, counterfactual thinking. This refers to imagining “what might have been” in a given situation—reflecting on outcomes and events that might have occurred if the person in question had acted differently or if circumstances had somehow been different.Several considerations suggest that entrepreneurs may be less likely than other persons to engage in such thought. For example, they often adopt a strong future-oriented perspective that may reduce their tendency to reflect on past events. Similarly, recent findings suggest that entrepreneurs show increased susceptibility to certain types of cognitive errors, ones that lead them to anticipate positive future outcomes (e.g., overconfidence, the illusion of control). These biases, too, may reduce entrepreneurs' tendency to focus on past events. On the basis of these and related considerations, it was hypothesized that entrepreneurs would be less likely to engage in counterfactual thinking than other persons and therefore less likely to experience feelings of regret over disappointing past events (e.g., missed opportunities). It was also suggested that a reduced tendency to engage in counterfactual thinking would diminish entrepreneurs' susceptibility to the hindsight bias—a tendency to assume that past events had to turn out as they did and, hence, were more predictable than they actually were. It was reasoned that reduced susceptibility to the hindsight bias might make it easier for entrepreneurs to admit past mistakes to themselves and others.To test these hypotheses, three groups of individuals—entrepreneurs (persons who had recently started their own businesses), potential entrepreneurs (persons who expressed a strong desire to start a new venture), and non-entrepreneurs (persons who expressed little or no interest in starting a new venture)—were compared with respect to several measures of counterfactual thinking. Results indicated that entrepreneurs were significantly less likely than the other groups to engage in counterfactual thinking, and experienced significantly less regret over past events than potential entrepreneurs. In addition, they found it significantly easier to admit past mistakes both to themselves and to others.These findings have potential implications for venture formation. Engaging in counterfactual thinking often generates negative affective states (e.g., feelings of regret, dissatisfaction, envy). Such negative affective states, in turn, can strongly color perceptions and judgments, causing individuals to perceive situations in less favorable terms (e.g., as riskier, less promising) than would otherwise be the case. Entrepreneurs' relatively low tendency to engage in counterfactual thinking may minimize such reactions and so contribute to their decisions to start new ventures.
We provide empirical support for the hypothesis that the lower the opportunity costs of individuals, the more likely they are to undertake entrepreneurial activity. This prediction emerged from earlier theoretical work in which we modeled the decision of individuals to develop new ventures on their own, seek the backing of a venture capitalist, or remain as paid employees. We use a large sample, drawn from the 1992 Canadian Labor Market Activity Survey. We find that paid employees who choose to leave their employment to become entrepreneurs earned, prior to leaving, substantially less on average then those whose employment status did not change and who remained paid employees throughout the survey period. Specifically, we establish that the wages of those workers who chose to remain paid employees throughout the survey period were, on average, 12% higher than the wages of those who left their employment to become entrepreneurs. To obtain this result, we performed a multivariate regression analysis in which we isolated the effect of employment status by controlling for gender, age, education, marital status, and region of the country. The employment-status coefficient was 2349 (t = 2.644; p = .008), indicating that new entrepreneurs earned in 1988, on average, $2349 less than paid workers, ceteris paribus. In other words, 1988 paid employees who chose to become entrepreneurs in 1989 and/or 1990 earned, at the time they made the decision to switch, significantly less than those whose employment status did not change and who remained paid employees throughout the survey period.
This paper attempts to explain why innovating firms often fail to obtain significant economic returns from an innovation, while customers, imitators and other industry participants benefit Business strategy — particularly as it relates to the firm's decision to integrate and collaborate — is shown to be an important factor. The paper demonstrates that when imitation is easy, markets don't work well, and the profits from innovation may accrue to the owners of certain complementary assets, rather than to the developers of the intellectual property. This speaks to the need, in certain cases, for the innovating firm to establish a prior position in these complementary assets. The paper also indicates that innovators with new products and processes which provide value to consumers may sometimes be so ill positioned in the market that they necessarily will fail. The analysis provides a theoretical foundation for the proposition that manufacturing often matters, particularly to innovating nations. Innovating firms without the requisite manufacturing and related capacities may die, even though they are the best at innovation. Implications for trade policy and domestic economic policy are examined.
This article examines the prevalence of five psychological attributes in a sample of established entrepreneurs. These attributes are need for achievement, locus of control, risk-taking propensity, tolerance of ambiguity, and Type A behavior. These characteristics are widely regarded as hallmarks of the entrepreneurial personality.The focus of the study is twofold: 1) Do these attributes distinguish entrepreneurs (founders) from small business managers (nonfounders)? 2) Does the presence of these “entrepreneurial” attributes relate to the financial performance of the firm?Survey questionnaires were completed by 239 members of the Smaller Business Association of New England. Founders in this sample score significantly higher than nonfounders for three of the five dimensions: need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, and tolerance of ambiguity. Both groups manifest an internal locus of control: that is, they share a perception that they can influence events in their lives and are thereby free from external forces such as destiny or luck. In terms of Type A behavior, founders and nonfounders alike score 60% above the midpoint on the Type A scale. Such Type A persons tend to be competitive, restless strivers who constantly struggle against the limitations of time.The relationships between psychological attributes and financial performance are few, but suggestive. Among founders, internal locus of control relates to a low liquidity ratio. Among non- founders, high tolerance of ambiguity associates with high return on assets (ROA), and high need for achievement associates with a high liquidity ratio. A test for curvilinearity reveals a “threshold effect” : in three instances, a psychological attribute associates with corporate performance only to a certain point. Beyond this optimal level, the psychological pattern appears to become dysfunctional and financial returns falter. In the founders, for example, moderate risk-taking is associated with increased ROA. However, the ROA of these firms decreases when risk-taking becomes excessive. In similar fashion, founders may see their firms' ROA flourish if this attribute is present to a moderate extent. When too pronounced, the profitability of the firm may decline. The same pattern exists between tolerance of ambiguity and growth rate in the nonfounder group. Excessive ambiguity tolerance may lead to a lack of response mechanisms for dealing with environmental change. In assessing the leadership of established ventures, it might be prudent for bankers, investors, and entrepreneurs themselves to pay heed to the mix of these characteristics
This paper considers specialization and the division of labor. A more extensive division of labor raises productivity because
returns to the time spent on tasks are usually greater to workers who concentrate on a narrower range of skills. The traditional
discussion of the division of labor emphasizes the limitations to specialization imposed by the extent of the market. We claim
that the degree of specialization is more often determined by other considerations. Especially emphasized are various costs
of “coordinating” specialized workers who perform complementary tasks, and the amount of general knowledge available.
What is the problem we wish to solve when we try to construct a rational economic order? On certain familiar assumptions the answer is simple enough. If we possess all the relevant information, if we can start out from a given system of preferences, and if we command complete knowledge of available means, the problem which remains is purely one of logic. That is, the answer to the question of what is the best use of the available means is implicit in our assumptions. The conditions which the solution of this optimum problem must satisfy have been fully worked out and can be stated best in mathematical form: put at their briefest, they are that the marginal rates of substitution between any two commodities or factors must be the same in all their different uses. This, however, is emphatically not the economic problem which society faces. And the economic calculus which we have developed to solve this logical problem, though an important step toward the solution of the economic problem of society, does not yet provide an answer to it. The reason for this is that the “data” from which the economic calculus starts are never for the whole society “given” to a single mind which could work out the implications, and can never be so given. The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess.
Based on an entrepreneurial model having historical roots in Knight (1921), a competitive general equilibrium theory of the firm under uncertainty is constructed. The expected utility maximization criterion is used and justified by assuming that for each firm there is an expected utility maximizing entrepreneur who makes decisions for the firm. The model also uses a free-entry assumption to endogenously determine the number of firms, the identity of the entrepreneurs who run them, and the individual characteristics of the entrepreneurs. In the model, it is assumed that individuals are equal in their ability to perform both entrepreneurial and labor functions and that they have a choice between operating a risky enterprise or working for a risk-free wage--i.e., the individuals differ only in their willingness to bear risk. Individuals who are less averse to risk are more likely to become entrepreneurs, while the individuals who are more averse to risk work as laborers. (SFL)
The survival rates of over 11,000 firms established in 1976 are compared across manufacturing industries. The variation in ten-year survival rates across industries is hypothesized to be the result of differences in the underlying technological regime and industry-specific characteristics, especially the extent of scale economies and capital intensity. Based on 295 four-digit standard industrial classification industries, new-firm survival is found to be promoted by the extent of small-firm innovative activity. The existence of substantial scale economies and a high capital-labor ratio tends to lower the likelihood of firm survival. However, these results apparently vary considerably with the time interval considered. Market concentration is found to promote short-run survival, while it has no impact on long-run survival. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.
The hypothesis that the relative innovative advantage between large and small firms is determined by market concentration, the extent of entry barriers, the composition of firm size within the industry, and the overall importance of innovation activity is tested. The authors find that large firms tend to have the relative innovative advantage in industries that are capital intensive, concentrated, highly unionized, and produce a differentiated good. The small firms tend to have the relative advantage in industries that are highly innovative, utilize a large component of skilled labor, and tend to be composed of a relatively high proportion of large firms. Copyright 1987 by MIT Press.
Recent research uses census-type longitudinal data to establish many new facts about turnover, entry, and exit among competing firms. Mean regression fosters stable concentration levels. Entrants experience high infant mortality, but entry buys them options to expand. Changes in control resemble a job-matching process. These patterns are reconciled with traditional industrial organization based on equilibrium models to establish relative roles of random and structural determinants of concentration and the normative role of turnover in raising industry productivity and efficiency. The patterns vary little from country to country, except for less sunkenness (more mobility) in developing countries.
Female self-employment has been increasing steadily over the last years in many countries. However, not much is know about women?s decision to become self-employed, especially in Europe. Some few studies typically conclude that most women choose self-employment because it offers more flexibility to combine work and family responsibilities or because of discrimination. Portugal displays one of the highest rates of self-employment in Europe and is one of the countries where the number of self-employed women has increased more. This paper studies gender differences in the determinants of self-employment in Portugal. Unlike other countries, there is no evidence that women choose self-employment because of family reasons. However, there are some suggestions that the choice of self-employment is driven by economic necessity, particularly in the case of women.
Explores the expectations of entrepreneurs in newlyestablished businesses regarding their own chances of success and theirpredictionsregarding the chances for success of others with similarstartup ideas, in one of the first such studies. Past research suggests that,at best, fewer than 50% of firms survive for more than five years with a givenowner/manager. Based on this past research, three hypotheses are posited:entrepreneurs will perceive their odds of success at less than or equal to 50%,entrepreneurs' prediction of others' success will not differ significantly fromtheir prediction of their own success, and entrepreneurs' expectations ofsuccess will be related to a number of personal factors including theirbusiness experience, prior ownership, and educational level. Data were gathered from surveys sent in 1985 to members of the NationalFederation of Independent Business (NFIB) who reported that they had openedtheir own businesses in the United States. Of those responding, 2994entrepreneurs were selected from the original sample. Findings did not support any of the three original hypotheses of cautiousoptimism (as prior research predicted). In fact, the results show thatentrepreneurs' perceptions of their own odds for success display a noteworthydegree of optimism. In addition, entrepreneurs believe their own odds ofsuccess to be greater than other new business owners with similar ideas.Furthermore, an analysis of the predicted factors for success showed aremarkable lack of relationship between an entrepreneur's belief of their ownpotential and the objective predictors. In fact, those who were poorly preparedseemed just as optimistic as those who were well prepared. One implication isthat business founders should seek advice from more objective outsiders.(SFL)
Investigates the differences in decision-making processes used by managers in large organizations and entrepreneurs. These differences are examined with respect to two biases and heuristics: overconfidence and representativeness. Overconfidence is defined as overestimating the probability of being right, while representativeness is defined as the tendency to overgeneralize from a few characteristics or observations. The following two hypotheses were studied: 1) entrepreneurs will demonstrate more overconfidence than managers in large organizations, and 2) entrepreneurs will show a greater tendency toward representativeness than will managers in large organizations. Data were obtained via surveys of two populations: 1) entrepreneurs from plastic, electronics, and instrument manufacturing firms, and 2) managers who are responsible for two functional areas (such as marketing or finance) and work for publicly owned organizations with more than 10,000 employees. Results from the logistic regression analysis support both hypotheses and show that there are substantial behavioral differences between managers in large organizations and entrepreneurs. (SFL)
Though it occupies the center of most definitions of entrepreneurship, the concept of risk-taking and its linkages with other constructs (most notably personal traits) have been difficult to capture. As a result, it has been difficult to explain why entrepreneurs rush in to take advantage of opportunities that others fail to see or act upon. However, research on social cognition may shed new light on these challenging issues (Shaver and Scott 1991), providing useful frameworks that differentiate entrepreneurs from others while predicting differences in risk-taking behavior.
This paper is a brief survey of recent empirical work on entry. It is organized as a series of stylized facts and a series of stylized results which together summarize much of what is generally understood - or believed - about what drives entry, and about the effects that entry has on markets.
Explores the factors that lead individuals into self-employment. Although many recent studies have furthered understanding of the role of small businesses in the economy, some key factors have not yet been considered. This study uses longitudinal data focused on white males in the U.S., between the ages of 18 and 65. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men and Current Population Surveys, between 1966 and 1987. Seven key findings are presented: (1) the probability of switching into self-employment is roughly independent of age and total labor-market experience; (2) the probability of departing from self-employment decreases with duration in self-employment; (3) the fraction of the labor force that is self-employed increases with age until the early 40s and then remains constant until the retirement years; (4) with all else equal, men with greater assets are more likely to switch into self-employment; (5) while business experience has approximately the same return for wage work and self-employment, wage experience has a significantly smaller return in self-employment; (6) with all else equal, poorer wage workers are more likely to enter self-employment or to be self-employed at a point in time; and (7) those men who believe that their performance depends on their own actions have a greater propensity to start a business. These results are consistent with the disadvantage theory which views entrepreneurs as misfits cast off from wage work and the psychological theory which is based on the internal locus of control. (SRD)
The distinctive domain of entrepre-neurship research: An editor's perspective Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth Lead users: A source of novel product concepts
- S Venkataraman
Venkataraman, S. 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepre-neurship research: An editor's perspective. In J. Katz & R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, vol. 3:119-138. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Von Hippel, E. 1986. Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Science, 32: 791-805.
Economic welfare and the allocation of re-sources for invention The rate and direction of inventive activity: Economic and social fac-tors: 609-626
- K Arrow
Arrow, K. 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of re-sources for invention. In R. Nelson (Ed.), The rate and direction of inventive activity: Economic and social fac-tors: 609-626. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Entrepreneurship, management, and the structure of payoffs The division of labor, coordi-nation costs, and knowledge
- W Baumol
- G Becker
- K Murphy
Baumol, W. 1996. Entrepreneurship, management, and the structure of payoffs. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Becker, G., & Murphy, K. 1992. The division of labor, coordi-nation costs, and knowledge. Quarterly Journal of Eco-nomics, 107: 1137-1160.
Uncertainty and technological change Conference on growth and development: The economics of the 21st century Perceiving and managing business risks: Differences between entre-preneurs and bankers
- N D Rosenberg
- H Simon
- L Lave
Rosenberg, N. 1994. Uncertainty and technological change. Conference on growth and development: The economics of the 21st century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Center for Economic Policy Research. Sarasvathy, D., Simon, H., & Lave, L. 1998. Perceiving and managing business risks: Differences between entre-preneurs and bankers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 33: 207-225.