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The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability
... Leaders in business, industry, and government are coming to the realization that society and its economic constructs necessarily operate within natural boundaries and that, by acting as if they do not, businessas-usual has caused or exacerbated the pressing economic, social, and environmental crises of our time (Anderson, 1999;Anderson & White, 2009;Edwards, 2005;Fullerton, 2015;Hawken, 1993;Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins, 1999;Rockstrom et al., 2009;Steffen et al., 2015). A logical extension of this new realization is that nature itself may provide guidance for the sustainable operations of businesses (Edwards, 2005;Fullerton, 2015;Hawken, 1993;Hawken et al., 1999). ...
... Leaders in business, industry, and government are coming to the realization that society and its economic constructs necessarily operate within natural boundaries and that, by acting as if they do not, businessas-usual has caused or exacerbated the pressing economic, social, and environmental crises of our time (Anderson, 1999;Anderson & White, 2009;Edwards, 2005;Fullerton, 2015;Hawken, 1993;Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins, 1999;Rockstrom et al., 2009;Steffen et al., 2015). A logical extension of this new realization is that nature itself may provide guidance for the sustainable operations of businesses (Edwards, 2005;Fullerton, 2015;Hawken, 1993;Hawken et al., 1999). After all, nature has been thriving within boundaries for eons. ...
... Ecology is the scientific study of "nature's economics," and it has articulated the principles under which the global recycling of matter and consumption of energy are sustainable. By understanding and adopting principles of natural design and organization as articulated by ecology, it is anticipated that businesses can adopt practices that will allow them to thrive while at the same time help solve economic, social, and environmental crises (Edwards, 2005;Fullerton, 2015;Hawken, 1993;Hawken et al., 1999). ...
... Supporting smaller, socially-oriented enterprises and encouraging them to work locally or regionally in connected networks that are loosely rather than tightly coupled (Weick, 1976) may help with the organizational resilience issue, although the ecological issue of diversity and species loss is more problematic. Smaller enterprises that use more eco-friendly policies, however, such as the organic farming approaches discussed by Pollan (Chevat & Pollan, 2009;Pollan, 2007), the leasing rather than selling policies (Hawken, 1993;Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins, 1999) discussed in the Ecology of Commerce, or deliberately employed servicization and dematerialization strategies (Waddock & McIntosh, 2011), may have approaches that place less ecological stress on the natural environment and thereby help enhance ecological resilience. ...
... Industrial animal production, as documented in Fast Food Nation and elsewhere (Pollan, 2007;Schlosser, 2001), is harmful to the animals, requires extensive use of antibiotics to prevent disease, and has huge ecological consequences associated with waste. Organic farming, on the other hand, creates a more diverse and productive environment, i.e., a healthier and more resilient farm, where the notion of "waste equals food" is approached (Hawken, 1993). ...
... The role of organizations as a solution provider is important since they are the drive of economic development owning the resources and capacity to implement the sustainable solutions. Organizations have responsibility on their shoulders to ensure a sustainable world [8][9][10][11]. ...
... (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 6 July 2024 doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0489.v18 ...
The apparel manufacturing industry's growth over recent decades has heightened concerns about its environmental impact, including resource use, energy and water consumption, waste generation, chemical disposal, and greenhouse gas emissions. Companies have responded by initiating environmental actions and enhancing legitimacy through environmental disclosures. This study examines the nature of these disclosures among Sri Lankan apparel manufacturing companies to understand corporate priorities and identify areas for reporting improvement. Publicly available data from web pages and standalone reports were analyzed using content analysis. Findings indicate that only 23% of registered companies disclose environmental performance, while 60% of key industry players provide higher levels of transparency. Disclosures cover greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint, renewable energy, energy and water use, waste management, biodiversity, and environmental certifications. Key players offer detailed information on specific areas like carbon footprint, energy use, and waste management. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive and transparent environmental reporting to promote sustainable practices within the Sri Lankan apparel industry.
... Historian Jeremy Caradonna (2014) offers a comprehensive account of the evolution of sustainability in his book Sustainability: A History. He traces its origins from the emergence of early environmentalism in the 1960s, the influential wake-up call of the Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972) in the 70s, the visionary ideas of a sustainable society put forth by Lester Brown (1981), to the development of an inter-governmental framework with the publication of the Brundtland report (Wced, 1987) and its subsequent integration into the neoliberal economy (Hawken, 1993;Hawken et al., 1999;Schmidheiny, 1992;Weizsacker et al., 1997). ...
... The Neoliberal typology of sustainability relies on neoliberal, free market mechanisms to resolve the issues related to sustainability. This school of thought co-evolved with the neoliberal economy in early 90's when the inter-governmental vision of sustainable development was translated to a full set of market institutions to internalize the environmental externality in capitalism (Hawken, 1993;Schmidheiny, 1992;Welford, 1997). Nowadays, this market structure consists of corporate carbon trading, Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Triple Bottom-Line (TBL) reporting, Sustainable Finance / Green Finance / ESG investment. ...
Design’s increasing participation in sustainability raises questions on what sustainability it serves and how. Contextualized in a cartography of sustainability discourse and its four typologies, we establish that design’s efforts on sustainability to date are largely affiliated to the mainstream socio-technological pathway, a continuation of the modernization project deepening the crises. This affiliation, while granting design access to the increasingly active field of sustainability, risks reducing its versatile epistemology to amusing representation. Drawing from Human-Nature Relationships (HNR) research, we propose the utilization of the "sustainability space" as an analytical tool. The processual, embodied, and affective qualities inherent in design are evident in the reconfigured "sustainability space". This analytical lens highlights the unique potential design practice and research holds in becoming a new attractor for an alternative path of sustainability transformation. We offer three research directions and provide key theoretical repertoires for this emerging research agenda.
... Thus, the authors jointly emphasize that sustainability depends on maintaining ecological health and balancing current needs to ensure long-term, high quality human life. Hawken (1993) emphasizes the importance of creating an economy that can continue sustainably without depleting natural resources or causing serious ecological damage. Also, McKibben (1989: 55) reinforces that sustainability is necessary in all spheres of life, calling for a profound cultural and societal shift that values long-term environmental health over short-term economic gains. ...
This study examines the impact of institutionalization maturity on sustainability maturity among publicly traded companies in Türkiye. Institutionalization refers to the formalization and standardization of organizational practices, ensuring stability and efficiency. Sustainability maturity, on the other hand, reflects an organization's ability to integrate environmental, social and economic dimensions into its operations. Using data obtained from the Public Disclosure Platform (KAP), this research applies correlation and regression analyses to assess the relationship between institutionalization maturity and sustainability maturity. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship, with institutionalization maturity explaining 31.2% of the variation in sustainability maturity. Additionally, institutionalization maturity is consistently high across firms, whereas sustainability maturity exhibits greater variability, indicating the influence of external regulatory and industry-specific factors. The results suggest that firms aiming to enhance sustainability performance should prioritize strengthening their institutional structures. Moreover, policymakers can develop more cohesive regulatory frameworks to ensure more consistent sustainability practices across industries.
... The term "green economy" -widely used in Poland as well -originates from Anglo-Saxon literature (Carson, 2002;Ehrlich, 1995;Schumacher, 2010), where it began to be discussed in the context of reports by the Club of Rome, such as The Limits to Growth (1973) (Meadows et al., 2004(Meadows et al., , 2022, and later publications by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). The idea of the green economy gained significance as a concept integrating industrial development with environmental protection (Hawken, 2010) while simultaneously striving to minimise the negative impact of industry on ecosystems. In particular, it has included the promotion of low-emission technologies and renewable energy sources, which are key elements of energy policy and state support for a low-emission economy. ...
This study explores green management as a catalyst for organisational maturity, competitive advantage, and longevity in family businesses. The research employs a systematic review of Polish and international literature (2010–2024) and key reports from UNEP and OECD. It identifies strategies, challenges, and best practices for implementing green management in family enterprises. Four main green management approaches are outlined: emission reduction, adoption of renewable technologies, promotion of sustainable business models, and green human resource management. Family businesses, with their long-term vision, local community ties, and intergenerational value transmission, are well-positioned for green management. However, barriers such as financial conservatism and resistance to innovation may hinder adoption. Green management enhances family business maturity and resilience through sustainable practices like circular economy strategies and green HRM. It also strengthens competitive advantage by aligning ecological initiatives with family values, fostering customer trust, and adapting to regulatory demands. This study provides actionable insights for integrating green management into family businesses, emphasising its role in sustainable development and enterprise longevity.
... In this way Save Plastics has been contributing to a circular economy for more than thirty years, putting the mantra of seeing waste as value in practice (e.g. Hawken, 1993;Braungart and McDonough, 2002;Hysa et al., 2020;Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2021). Save Plastics has been concretizing a circular economy by producing a waiver of products for public spaces. ...
There is more and more to do on making better use of plastic waste. The plastic issue has been stressed several times by many governments, public agencies, businesses and academics. The concern over plastic waste resulted in plastic roadmaps and plastic pacts that aim to establish a circular plastic economy in different regions. Though, what is much needed to tackle this kind of issue, is the kind of entrepreneurship that uses creativity that kindles innovation for a circular economy. Currently, one of the main issues with regards to plastic waste in Europe is finding application for the use of residual ‘mix plastic’ waste stream. Where mono streams of plastic waste are often successfully recycled, resulting in valuable circular resources, the fraction that remains after sorting, referred to as mix plastic, is left without purpose and is often incinerated. When scrutinizing the issue of valuable use of mix plastic waste, two perspectives are being used in this case study. First of all we map the material flow of plastic waste streams. Although a high level analysis gives an idea of the magnitude of the problem, it is not fit to understand regional situations. Local analysis are needed to identify valuable use of waste and understand where incineration can be prevented. Secondly, circular strategies and end-of-life solutions for putting waste to valuable use are identified and studied. To this end, the business model and operational process of the Green Plastic Factory are scrutinized. In this paper we present the case of the Green Plastic Factory, a production plant to foster the local circular economy. This factory concept can be put into use on a local scale. The Green Plastic Factory adopts a technology referred to as intrusion-extrusion moulding (IEM), which combines the extrusion process with shaping material in a mould: intrusion. This IEM factory set-up can handle high contaminations that are typical for low quality mix plastic. In this way the Green Plastic Factory provides solutions to left-over waste streams, which are typical for household waste.
... Para la década de los años 90, la sostenibilidad empezó a incorporarse de manera más activa y popular en el sector empresarial. Hawken (1993) sostuvo que, a pesar de los eventuales detractores, la sostenibilidad no debe concebirse como una suerte de impedimento para el éxito financiero, sino que debe entenderse como una oportunidad que brinda la posibilidad a las compañías de generar valor a largo plazo. Llegando el siglo XX a su final, se fortaleció esta perspectiva mediante la introducción del famoso concepto del triple resultado que sugirió que las compañías deberían valorar su rendimiento no solo en los tradicionales aspectos económicos, sino también, teniendo en cuenta su repercusión social y medioambiental (Elkington, 1997). ...
Es crucial incorporar aspectos ambientales, sociales y económicos en las estrategias empresariales para fomentar la sostenibilidad como eje central en la toma de decisiones dentro de la organización. El presente artículo, aborda la manera eficaz de fusionar estos elementos en los procesos de toma de decisiones corporativas, propiciando la transición a modelos de negocio mucho más sustentables y resilientes. Se brinda un marco teórico descifrado y simplificado, elaborado para orientar a las compañías en la creación de modelos altamente responsables y competentes. Este código descifra cinco elementos fundamentales, a saber: cultura organizacional, gestión estratégica, innovación tecnológica, diálogo abierto con los grupos de interés, desarrollo continuo del capital humano e inversión sostenible. A partir de un enfoque cualitativo de naturaleza hermenéutica e interpretativa, se realizó un metaanálisis de literatura académica, lo que permitió explorar a profundidad las diversas complejidades que implica incorporar la sostenibilidad en las decisiones corporativas. Los hallazgos encontrados proporcionan un conjunto de lineamientos prácticos destinadas a líderes de empresas que deseen organizar sus metas financieras acordes al nuevo estándar para la toma de decisiones sostenibles empresariales. Esta metodología impone un nuevo paradigma para la toma de decisiones, potenciando la responsabilidad del empresariado y la creación de valor social.
... The restorative concept, depending on the area or discipline, acquires one meaning or another (Morseletto, 2020). One of the instructors of the concept in the tourism introduction resides in Hawken (1993), who used the concept of restorative economics to describe an economy that combines commercial activities with (restorative) environmental practices. Later, Hofstra and Huisingh (2014) attributed to the regenerative concept the virtues of restoring, renewing, revitalizing and ensuring the rebirth of energy sources and materials, taking into account the future needs, desires and desires of society and nature. ...
Heritage routes have become an important claim since the origins of tourism, being highly considered more recently as a privileged tool for planning integral local development. On this occasion, Heritage routes will be studied in depth, from a socioeconomic perspective and the factors that make them up as agents of development; as well as, in the conceptual framework of sustainable territorial development, delimiting key concepts of the new public, circular and regenerative paradigms and others . Finally, the scope of this integral development model will be contrasted in the case of the famous Jesuit Missions Route of Chiquitania, highly appreciated in Latin America. Verifying the data of denizen and tourists consider that the infrastructures are of medium quality and the data of tourists and townsmen consider the route has achieved the improvement of the cultural and natural heritage, although it has not contributed to complementing or promoting traditional activities (mining and agriculture). Therefore, it can be considered, following the premises of the integral development model indicated that, heritage routes can activate the revaluation and care of cultural and natural heritage, the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of rural populations. Its development as a quality tourism product will depend on investment in infrastructures and communications.
... Accordingly, sustainability requires that society uses no more resources than can be replenished. This can be explained using input-affair models of resource use and expressed in terms of the ecosystem's carrying capacity (Hawken, 2015). ...
... According to Paul Hawkins, the author of the Ecology of Commerce A Declaration of Sustainability, the single most important damaging aspect to destroying the earth, in the past and now, is the failure of a company to include the cost of replacing the product or process it takes from the earth. 7 In the EU and Germany these kinds of costs are routinely taken into account along with the costs to society. The "triple bottom line" has been the norm in German business for many years. ...
... These conversion methods play a role in the efficient use of energy, allowing it to be produced, distributed and stored in order to sustain the most sustainable global energy demand. Increasing efficiency and integrating renewable energy sources into these systems are fundamental to address environmental challenges and promote energy sustainability [1]. ...
In this paper, we will look at how improving energy efficiency and switching to renewable sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric) can support long-term sustainable development. Worldwide, energy efficiency is becoming the central solution for reducing the carbon footprint, reducing pollution and preserving resources, in the context of climate change and the depletion of natural resources. Thus, energy efficiency contributes to minimizing energy losses in conversion and use processes, which leads to reduced costs and pollution. It also supports energy security and reduces dependence on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas, which are polluting and limited sources. Another crucial element is technological innovation, which includes the development and implementation of new technologies such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, geothermal power plants and energy storage systems. The shift towards a sustainable energy system is thus a key direction in mitigating climate change, preserving natural resources and improving quality of life, he said, while supporting the transition to a more secure and energy-sustainable future.
... Organizational behavior scholars have called attention to organizational culture in relation to sustainability issues for more than two decades (e.g., Harris and Crane, 2002). The question of whether organizational culture is 'fit for purpose' to help facilitate the sustainability transition is of particular interest, especially in business organizations whose social and environmental impacts weigh heavily on prospects for a more sustainable future (Hawken, 1993). Cultural factors are central to sustainability concerns because human activities (the causal factor underlying our currently unsustainable societal systems) are largely driven, maintained, and conditioned by mental models and cultural norms, standards, and expectations (Dreyer et al., 2021;Kania et al., 2018;Packalén, 2010). ...
Introduction
There is widespread belief that organizational culture plays a crucial role in transitioning organizations for sustainability, but we currently lack understanding of how supportive cultures develop. The goal of this study is to empirically investigate how a culture of sustainability (COS) develops within a varied sample of real-world organizations.
Methods
A qualitative cross-sectional design was utilized in this study using 14 semi-structured qualitative interviews with leaders of organizations perceived as having a strong COS or being on a good path toward that. The interviews explored how the leaders from various organizations experienced the development process of a COS from the initial emergence to the time of the interview. The qualitative data were analyzed using template analysis combined with applying a team-based approach to open coding.
Results
The results indicate that while COS development is not a direct, clear, or linear process, there are several common factors that descriptively capture the process of COS formation. The analysis revealed four general stages of COS development (emergence; visibility and engagement; institutionalization and system alignment; ingrained and habitualized practice) and three key contextual moderators (organizational characteristics; external stakeholders/societal culture; business case).
Discussion
This study makes an important contribution to the limited empirical literature on the development of organizational culture over time. Understanding key factors, relationships between factors, and COS stages can help leaders establish realistic expectations and strategies for developing and strengthening COS within their organizations.
... industrialization, and reflect on cultural norms associated with the industrialized worldview. To develop the storyline, the exhibits team and I drew heavily on: ecological footprint analysis, which was just emerging as a way to measure and track human impacts (Wackernagel & Rees, 1998); seminal publications about ecological economics and the industrialized worldview, especially the Human-Nature split (Daly & Cobb, 1994;Hawken, 1993;Winter, 1996); and philosophical reflections about ecocentrism and cultural adaptation (Rowe, 2002). Details about how these lines of thought informed our work and what the team came up with have been published elsewhere (Sutter, 2006(Sutter, , 2008. ...
With climate change and other Anthropocene trends affecting millions every day, there is a clear need to help people find ways to live more sustainably at local, regional, and global scales. Humanity has known this for decades, and museums have a prominent role to play as trusted and accessible sources of information and inspiration, yet few have made addressing sustainability their main focus. Based on 25 years of gallery and research projects at a medium-sized museum of natural history and Indigenous cultures, this paper looks at museum-driven sustainability education (SE) from a curatorial perspective. Using an autoethnographic lens and cultural evolution as a frame of reference, I highlight the value of SE by reflecting on how it has informed past and current gallery and research projects. I also draw insights about SE from these projects and outline a general SE framework aimed at all members of the museum community.
... Elkington (1997) introduced the Triple Bottom Line, emphasizing the integration of economic, environmental, and social factors into business practices. Other notable figures include Anderson (1998), founder of Interface, and B Lab, the organization behind B Corporation certification (Honeyman 2014;Hawken 1993;Clayton and Radcliffe 1996). Sustainable business seeks long-term value creation for companies, society, and the environment, minimizing negative impacts. ...
This research investigates the role of behavioral accounting as a catalyst in the organizational transformation process towards sustainability using phenomenological methods. The study aims to explore how behavioral accounting identifies individual behavioral factors, designs efficient sustainability systems, and enhances organizational commitment to sustainable practices. The research employs observation, secondary data analysis, and semi-structured interviews with organizational internal team, analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings indicate that behavioral accounting contributes to organizational sustainability by enhancing transparency in accounting information, thereby minimizing the risk of fund misuse and ensuring efficient resource allocation. This research supports behavioral accounting as pivotal in shaping a sustainable organizational culture, offering both theoretical insights and practical implications.
... El éxito empresarial y el desarrollo de prácticas ambientales sostenibles no deben ser vistos de manera antagónica, y por el beneficio del planeta y las generaciones venideras no deben serlo, en tanto que el medio ambiente se integra plenamente con los negocios, y estos a su vez, con las economías globales (Hawken, 1993). Nace así un enfoque que trasciende las medidas tradiciones éxito basadas en la rentabilidad, retorno de la inversión y valor para los accionistas; conocido como el patrón de triple resultado (Elkington, 1997), sirve de marco para evaluar el desempeño de los negocios, proponiendo que las empresas deben considerar el impacto de sus acciones en tres dimensiones: económica, social y ambiental. ...
La presente investigación propone una estrategia empresarial sostenible para incursionar en mercados emergentes en el contexto actual, destacando la necesidad de integrar consideraciones ambientales, sociales, económicas y de gobernanza en las decisiones estratégicas de las empresas. Se mencionan los antecedentes históricos del concepto de sostenibilidad, así como las tendencias actuales y los desafíos que enfrentan las organizaciones para implementar prácticas sostenibles de manera efectiva. Las estrategias empresariales son fundamentales para anticipar y actuar ante escenarios futuros, y la sostenibilidad competitiva les permite adaptarse a un entorno en constante cambio. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la propuesta ha sido desarrollada bajo un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño no experimental, documental y exploratorio, empleando como técnica el análisis temático para identificar y analizar las características de las dimensiones emergentes en la sostenibilidad competitiva empresarial. Dentro de sus resultados destaca la descripción de las dimensiones: Económica – Productiva, Equidad Social, Gobernanza – Estabilidad y Medio Ambiental. Estas dimensiones son cruciales para mejorar el desempeño interno y externo, ser efectivos en el logro de sus objetivos, optimizar su productividad, minimizar costos y maximizar los resultados para todos sus interesados. La estrategia presentada busca que las empresas estén mejor posicionadas para afrontar los desafíos y aprovechar mejor las oportunidades, pues cuentan con un diferenciador clave (sostenibilidad), que les permite ser más competitivas tanto en mercados emergentes como en mercados saturados.
... In order to attain sustainability and low-carbon, resource-efficient circumstances, technological innovation is necessary for the implementation of a green economy (Fernando et al., 2023). Hawken and Shah (2010) highlighted that the combination of business and environmental conservation is an activity that involves economic retrieval. A recovery-oriented company's main goal is to provide sustainable goods or advance sustainable societies (Rastogi et al., 2024). ...
Manufacturers have to offer truthful information about their ecofriendly goods to win over consumers. However, some producers lie to consumers by claiming that their goods are completely green. Therefore, we need to conduct studies on consumer behavior and their response to information about green goods. This research investigates the relationship between the asymmetry of information about green products, the quality of online reviews, consumers’ trust to believe, review adoption, and their purchase behavior. The survey included 300 consumers who purchased green goods. Partial least squares structural equation modeling evaluated the data for the research, and social media channels shared an online questionnaire for the research. The results show that online review quality positively affects propensity to trust reviews, review adoption, and purchase behavior. We also found that information asymmetry positively influences online review quality, adoption, and green product purchasing behavior. The propensity to trust reviews was beneficial for both purchase behavior and review adoption, and review adoption was helpful for the purchase of green products. Our findings show that information asymmetry highlights the importance of consumer reviews to consumers’ decisions to purchase green products. Therefore, consumer feedback and knowledge asymmetry both influence the use of green products. Manufacturers of environmentally friendly goods must adjust their products, production methods, packaging, and advertising to balance perceived value and consumer trust while developing their green marketing strategy.
... Furthermore, restoration is an important additional element of regenerative tourism. It means to "repair/ give back/build up again" (Morseletto, 2020, p. 764), and a restorative economy describes an ecosystem that blends enterprise activities with environmental and restorative practices (Choi & Kim, 2024;Hawken, 1993). Tourism stakeholders need to focus on preserving, rebuilding, and improving destinations (Zaman et al., 2022). ...
With its focus on repairing, restoring, and rebuilding, regenerative approach marks a strategic shift for the tourism businesses. The purpose of this study is to explore regenerative tourism from the consumers' perspective. The study employed a two-step approach to reach its goals. The findings reveal that regenerative tourism includes two key dimensions: sustainability and restoration. Moreover, regenerative tourism is perceived as inspiring, and it has a positive impact on both personal legacy and consumers' willingness to participate again. Academic research in this domain is scarce, and the study provides a crucial exploration of the regenerative actions from the consumers' perspective. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Paul Hawken distilled ideologies within The Ecology of Commerce (Hawken, 1994) and of Natural Capitalism -The Next Industrial Revolution (Hawken et al., 2013) to address the unsustainable and morally impoverished aspects associated with social and environmental externalities. Boulding (1966) highlighted the need for a more enlightened economic perspective within his metaphor of cowboy vs spaceship economics. ...
The necessity of increasing biodiversity conservation efforts has been highlighted by planetary boundary research. Through review and critical thinking, this paper aims to highlight inadequacies within historic and current environmental ideologies, many of which continue to entrench flawed conservation trajectories. The first part of this paper reviews the context in which the term conservation has been viewed within society, particularly between 1950 and the present day, revealing an early
preservationist purpose that was embedded within a larger context of
environmental plunder. It examines differing social, scientific and economic
dimensions as well as certain approaches to environmental awareness within that
period, particularly as it applies to the historic and emerging value of protected areas. It does this through the lenses of divergent thinking, including sequential iterations of colonialism, neoliberalism, “new conservation”, convivial conservation and ecocentrism. By juxtaposing the gradual increase in environmental awareness with socio-political and economic milestones within the last 70 years, it illustrates why firstly, truly reformist thinking has not gained traction and secondly, why exploitative and inherently unsustainable forms of environmentalism have endured within policy. By illuminating these factors, the duplicity of certain conservation trajectories is exposed. Contrastingly, some unlikely alliances between previously antagonistic socio-environmental ideologies are introduced. The second part of the paper deals with how emerging environmental principles are being applied (or not)
within South Africa’s proud conservation history. It asserts that the post-Apartheid
transformation within the environmental sector was incomplete, resulting in the
retention of both social and environmental exploitation within policy. With the
perpetuation of inadequate measures to stem global (and local) biodiversity loss,
despite its now obvious need, the paper concludes with a set of actionable
recommendations that have general application to conservation policy makers,
researchers and practitioners including those within the South African context. The
urgency of addressing the transgressed biodiversity planetary boundary, amidst
inertia preventing rectification, provides the motivation underpinning this paper.
... Como referido, a sustentabilidade ambiental que o ensino da Geografia indaga promover, tem em consideração o equilíbrio ecológico e social, onde Hawken (1993) considera que a promoção da equidade social, garante um acesso justo, por exemplo, à água potável, à energia ou, também, a novas oportunidades de emprego sustentáveis, procurando este equilíbrio sem esquecer o crescimento económico, não originando o redução da qualidade de vida da população (Hawken, 1993;Turner, 1993;Danish, 2024), atendendo-se ao facto de que a viabilidade económica das práticas sustentáveis é alcançada através do desenvolvimento de indústrias verdes, como as energias renováveis, a reciclagem ou o turismo ecológico, algo, também, bem presente nos currículos de Geografia de diferentes países (Morgan, 2003). ...
Este libro aporta una visión aplicada sobre la cuestión de enseñar a “ser ciudadanía”. Nos muestra, como los contextos educativos formales y no formales son espacios privilegiados para este aprendizaje. Para ello en cada capítulo se muestran diferentes procedimientos didácticos, a modo de prácticas investigadoras y metodologías innovadoras, que revierten en nuevos conocimientos para contribuir a la adquisición de una competencia ciudadana integral. No hay un buen aprendizaje sobre la ciudadanía plena, sino se incluye: la alfabetización cívica, la adopción consciente de los valores propios de una cultura democrática fundamentada en el respeto a los derechos humanos, la concienciación para la mejora del medio ambiente y la argumentación científica para el cuidado de los espacios urbanos y rurales. La lectura de este texto nos invita a dedicar tiempo reflexivo y crítico acerca de los grandes problemas éticos de nuestro tiempo y nos ofrece valiosas herramientas innovadoras para el ejercicio de la tan deseada ciudadanía activa.
... Several studies asserted the existence of substantial contradictions between the bases of capitalism and the concept of sustainability in its various spheres. Among these contradictions in the economic sphere is the concept of growth as one of the bases of capitalist economy and its exploitation of resources (Cato, 2009;Hawken, 2005;Kovel, 2007;Porritt, 2007;Schweickart, 2008Schweickart, , 2009. As a result, the concept of green economy emerged as a corrective economic system based on the establishment of a stable and balanced economic structure instead of growth. ...
Despite the apparent agreement today on the concept of sustainability, the means to achieve it holistically are still controversial. “Just sustainability” concept has recently gained traction, casting doubt on whether sustainability can be attained under capitalism. On the social level, many recent urban studies have been concerned with the concept of social justice and the distribution of resources and wealth as a means to achieving socially equitable sustainability. In this regard, a few questions are brought up: can social sustainability be achieved under capitalism? Are Islamic built environments a viable alternative? Many contemporary studies have described Islamic built environments as sustainable and strived for defining their sustainability criteria. However, they mostly focused on the built environment’s physical environmental aspects without relating them to the socio-economic spheres. Using the concepts of power and rights as key analytical tools, the paper examines a few capitalist utopian reform approaches and compares them in terms of their ability to achieve just sustainability with Islamic built environments. Several examples from primary Islamic history books will be used to examine Islamic built environments. It is concluded that Islamic built environments have attained the just sustainability that contemporary reform approaches sought to accomplish.
... The findings show that Banks' Customer-Related Practices (BCRP) have a significant positive effect on Green Environment Performance (GEP), suggesting that engaging customers in environmentally friendly banking activities is an effective strategy for improving a bank's environmental performance. This aligns with previous studies, which suggest that increasing customer awareness and participation in green financial products leads to tangible environmental benefits, such as reduced resource consumption and carbon emissions (Shaumya & Arulrajah, 2017;Hawken, 1994;Elkington, 1997). However, the study also revealed that BCRP does not significantly impact Green Financing (GF). ...
Objective: This study is to investigate a green banking model based on green banking practices, green financing, and green environment to enhance sustainability development goals (SDGs). Theoretical Framework: The research focuses on developing green banking and financing practices to improve environmental performance in the Indonesian banking sector. Green Banking emphasizes sustainability in banking operations and products, while Green Financing promotes funding environmentally friendly projects. The study also draws on Stakeholder Theory, highlighting that banks are accountable to a wide range of stakeholders. Method: The research stages include the development of instruments, questionnaire distribution, data collection, and data processing using a sample of 54 respondents, selected using convenience sampling. Data testing and processing were carried out using SmartPLS software. Results and Discussion: The analysis of banking employees and practitioners revealed that Banks' Customer-Related Practices (BCRP), Employee-Related Practices (BERP), and Operation-Related Practices (BORP) positively impact Green Environment Performance (GEP), whereas Banks' Policy-Related Practices (BPRP) do not. Additionally, while BCRP, BERP, and BORP showed no significant influence on Green Financing (GF), BPRP demonstrated a notable positive effect on Green Financing (GF). This result also show that Studies on Bank’s customer behavior change towards sustainability and its influence on the SDGs. Research Implications: Banks can implement specific green practices to improve their sustainability development goals (SDGs). The study reinforces Sustainability Theory by highlighting the importance of balancing environmental, social, and economic concerns in banking operations, confirming the need for a "Triple Bottom Line" approach in business models. Originality/Value: The originality of the research is demonstrated through its Studies on Bank’s customer behavior change towards sustainability and its influence on the SDGs by integrating multiple theoretical perspectives.
... Some recent attempts to do so have been made and more are sure to follow. All these speculative efforts suggest positive actions that can be taken, although some paint a pretty pessimistic picture of our situation and likely future (Hawken, 1993;Greer, 2008;Collins, 2011;Hertsgaard, 2011;Oreskes & Conway, 2014) while others are more optimistic (Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins, 1999;Hawken, 2007;Kahn, 2010;Lovins & Cohen, 2011;Laszlo & Brown, 2014). Some imply or advocate deep levels of true transformation (McKibben, 2010;Klein, 2014) while others suggest a fairly modest level of institutional and societal change, at least initially (Hawken, 2007;Senge, Smith, Kruschwitz, Laur, & Schley, 2008;Hart, 2010). ...
... The estimated age of the Earth, which we obtain by extrapolating from the known age of the oldest known rock at 3.8 billion years, demonstrates nature's success in sustainability (Benyus, 2002;Smart et al., 2016). The way for societies to reach a constructive level rather than destructive is to understand nature's long-standing order, to apply the inspirations taken from it in product and production network development, to focus on the use of renewable or recyclable resources in all production processes, to reuse waste in the production process, and ultimately to use the resources provided by nature at a rate that will allow them to renew themselves naturally (Hawken, 1994), that is, sustainability. ...
The accelerating exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources and the urgent need for sustainable practices have prompted the exploration of alternative methodologies in production processes. Food webs illustrate the predator-prey relationships between species in natural ecosystems, and their properties can offer valuable insights for improving economic and industrial systems, potentially leading to reduced emissions, costs, and improved process efficiency. While some food web metrics have been used for various purposes like establishing industry-nature analogies, comparing industrial networks to natural ecosystems, and configuring industrial networks, investigation of the role of the connectance metric in designing industrial networks, particularly in optimizing theoretical EIPs, is still scarce. This study investigates the role of connectance in optimizing industrial networks within eco-industrial parks, specifically focusing on the construction sector. A scenario analysis for seven conceptual eco-industrial parks serves as an illustration of how this approach can be used. The food web metric values of these eco-industrial parks are compared among themselves and against biological averages. The results reveal that maximizing connectance in eco-industrial parks is not an effective strategy for network optimization, as indicated by previous literature which points to potential instability. Instead, configurations that closely resemble natural food web metrics may provide better sustainability and efficiency if the limitations of the study are addressed, and the validity of this assumption is confirmed through quantitative tests. This study contributes theoretically by developing a guide for designing eco-industrial parks and introduces two key methodologies: based on particular criteria, a method for identifying and selecting potential future industrial symbiosis implementations targeted a sector and an innovative approach for sector-specific park design based on natural objectives and constraints, serving as a valuable decision-making tool for practitioners and policymakers.
... The definition of restorative economies continues to evolve, but the idea centers on combining business activities with environmental restoration, aiming to foster new investments and business opportunities that reverse environmental degradation instead of ignoring or contributing to it . In The Ecology of Commerce, Hawken (1993) states that the "restorative economy tries to create a market in which every transaction feeds the integrity of the commons, as opposed to what we know today, when consumption causes degradation and harm." As such, restorative economies are supposed to be decoupled from, rather than dependent on, the consumption of finite resources. ...
A restorative economy is a melding of environmental restoration and business activities, with interactions and feedbacks that contribute positively to society through enhancing multiple social, cultural, environmental, and financial well-beings. Ecosystem services, which can be used to document and quantify the benefits of healthy functioning ecosystems, are likely to be crucial to the success of restorative economies in the scoping and planning phases, and as metrics of success while projects are underway. Describing and quantifying whole “bundles of benefits” delivered by healthy intact ecosystems will help to draw attention to the value of conservation and restoration. Restorative economies focused on single “tradable” services such as carbon sequestration may be problematic in the marine environment given that our oceans are “commons” without clear definitions of ownership. In this article, we focus on the role of ecosystem services in restorative marine economies, with examples from Aotearoa New Zealand where indigenous cultural values and rights are at the forefront of marine conservation and restoration. To reduce investment risk and secure financing for restorative economies, better quantification of ecosystem services and the development of multiple well-beings frameworks (encompassing social, ecological, cultural, and financial benefits to communities) will likely be required. This will also promote effective communication and monitoring of the multiple benefits obtained from restored ecosystems, which will ultimately serve to sustain and expand restorative economy endeavors.
... Sürdürülebilirlik, gelecek nesillere de kaynak aktarımı ve çevreye verilen zararlara yönelik düzeltici adımların hayata geçirilmesi olarak tanımlanabilir (Hawken, 2015). Sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımında öne çıkan en önemli nokta, kaynakların sınırsız tüketiminin engellenerek, bireylerin sürdürme kabiliyetinin geliştirilmesidir. ...
Bu çalışma, çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik boyutlarıyla sürdürülebilirlik kalkınma hedeflerini merkeze alan çalışmaların iletişim alanında hangi kapsamda ve yöntemle ele alındığını inceleme amacı taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle, Web of Science veri tabanında iletişim alanındaki Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri ile bağlantılı çalışmalarda ön plana çıkan tema ve metotları keşfetmek, bu çalışmaların uygulama alanında mevcut ve muhtemel gelişmelerle bağlantı düzeyini saptamak ve gelecek dönem yapılacak araştırmalara bir kaynak oluşturabilmek amacıyla 2021-2022 yılları arasındaki bağlantılı çalışmalar; yazar sayısı, kapsam/yöntem, araştırma alanı, sonuç, anahtar kelimeler ve atıf sayısı değişkenleri bağlamında bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. İlgili çalışmaların ağırlıklı olarak sürdürülebilirliğin çevresel boyutlarına odaklandığı, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik ile bağlantılı olarak gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların disiplinler arası bir nitelik taşıdığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca analiz sonucunda, ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik üzerine gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik merkezli çalışmalara göre kısıtlı olduğu ve çalışmaların genelinin BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerinin sınırlı boyutlarına odaklandığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada saptanan diğer önemli bulgular ise, ilgili çalışmaların sektörel trendlerle uyumunun sınırlılığı ve bilgisayar destekknojli yeni araştırma yöntemlerinin kısıtlı düzeyde kullanımıdır. Bu nedenle, sürdürülebilirlikle bağlantılı kalkınma hedeflerinin iletişim disiplini içerisinde, sektörel ve akademik düzeyde yeni eğilimler göz önünde bulundurularak, mevcut ve potansiyel araştırmacılara yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir.
... In other words, sustainable marketing shows an evolution that integrates the standard economic and technical view with emerging concepts of communication marketing and social, ethical, environmental, and intergenerational perspectives in a sustainable development program . Companies are dominant economic units that turn natural and social resources into products and services (Hawken, 1993), thereby playing an essential role in the success or failure of sustainable economic development. Within companies, marketing performance is a strategic decision to turn resources into customer value (Pantelic et al., 2016). ...
The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively examine the impact of sustainable marketing strategies on enhancing customer equity within the market. The study aimed to assess how the implementation of sustainable marketing practices influences the long-term value and loyalty of customers towards a brand or company. A mixed-methods approach was necessary due to the complex nature of the study and the need to identify relevant variables. The qualitative part thoroughly explored sustainable marketing categories and aspects through expert interviews and grounded theory. This process resulted in identifying six core classifications and 13 distinct categories. These categories were then validated using the Fuzzy Delphi technique and expert input. Moving to the quantitative phase, these categories were incorporated as crucial variables. In the quantitative phase, the impact of sustainable marketing on customer equity was analyzed using the PVAR model tailored for detergent companies based on the variables identified in the qualitative phase. The findings showed that sustainable marketing with the customer equity approach had a negligible influence on consumer behavior and organizational performance.
... Implementing a green economy requires technological innovation to achieve sustainability and low-carbon, resource-efficient conditions (Fernando et al., 2023). Hawken (2010) emphasized that merging environmental conservation and business is an economic retrieval activity. The primary purpose of a recoveryoriented company is to make its products sustainable or promote a sustainable society. ...
Manufacturers must convey accurate information about their green products to gain consumer trust. However, some manufacturers provide misleading information by falsely claiming that their products fully adhere to green concepts. Consequently, research is needed to examine customer behaviors and how they respond to information about green products. This study models the relationship between green product information asymmetry, online review quality, the propensity to trust and adopt reviews, and green product purchasing behavior. The study participants were 479 consumers who purchased green products. Data for the study were collected through an online questionnaire that was distributed on social media platforms and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that information asymmetry positively affected online review quality, review adoption, and green product purchasing behavior, while online review quality positively affected participants' propensity to trust reviews, review adoption, and purchasing behavior. The propensity to trust reviews positively affected review adoption and purchasing behavior, and review adoption positively impacted green product purchases. These results show that information asymmetry highlights the importance of consumer reviews in green product purchasing behavior. Therefore, both information asymmetry and consumer reviews influence green‐product consumption. When constructing green marketing strategies, green product manufacturers must focus on a combination of perceived value and consumer trust and modify their products, production processes, packaging, and advertisements accordingly.
... Since Stahel (1989) first formally used the term circular economy, there have been various attempts to define CE. The most common authors (McDonough and Braungart, 2005;Hawken, 2009;Raworth, 2016;Skorupskaitė, and Junevičius, 2017; and organisations (European Commission, 2006;World Economic Forum, 2010;European Environment Agency, 2015;McKinsey & Company, 2017; World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2018; United Nations Environment Programme, 2020; European Parliament, 2021) provide resourceoriented definitions, highlighting the need to create closed loops in material flows and to reduce the consumption of raw resources and the associated harmful environmental impacts. The definitions highlight several key aspects of the circular economy concept. ...
In order to implement a closed-loop system, which leads to a more responsible and efficient management of resources, the traditional principle of “take, use, throw away” has been gradually replaced by more sustainable circular economy principles in recent years. However, even if it is recognised that resources are limited and that the linear model is no longer viable, the tourism industry as a whole has not shown a clear and decisive shift towards a more circular tourism model. And it is circular economy solutions and circular economy principles applied in the tourism sector that would allow changing trends and reduce the use of natural resources, waste, and CO2 emissions. The aim of the research is to investigate the peculiarities of the application of circular economy principles in the tourism sector. The research was carried out in 12 establishments in the tourism sector using the qualitative research method of interviews. During the research, it was found that the “Reduce-Repeat-Recycle” (3R) principle is mostly applied in establishments providing hospitality and accommodation services based on the principles of the circular economy. The principles of the circular economy are applied in order to promote sustainability, solve environmental problems, optimize the use of resources, and reduce waste. However, despite the obvious benefits of circular economy practices, establishments also face challenges in their implementation.
Climate changes that is ongoing in recent decades have strengthened the interest in the environment within several professions. Within social work, several approaches have been created that deal with the issue of the importance of the environment for social work clients. The goal of the contribution, which is anchored in the theories of environmental justice, is to approach the current trends of reflecting the environment in the context of social work. In this context, the optics of the social work profession is also changing, which is connected with new tasks and competencies of social workers. The contribution, which has the character of a theoretical study, does not aim to present the issue in its complexity, but to offer the reader an answer to the questions "What importance is given to the environment in contemporary social work?" and "What is environmental social work?". Classical methods of theoretical research, such as analysis, synthesis and comparison, were used to process the contribution.
Moving from the perspective that employee ownership and governance open developmental pathways and possibilities toward thriving in bridging the polarities in the workplace considered inherent within wealth creation and voice, this chapter draws from the author's longitudinal Carris Reels case study. In examining the transition from a successful, respected and endeared family-owned business one with 100% shared employee ownership and governance, concepts and constructs are applied from the fields of employee ownership, corporate governance, organization development and change, adult development, human resources, business management and innovation.
Ecolinguistic Learning Modules have been created to help in changing the education of English language and linguistics to embed critical thinking that considers sustainability. The modules are designed to aid educators in the task of guiding learners towards a wider understanding of the systems that dictate much of our daily lives and of the ways language and its use moulds our social cognition. Sustainability as an essential concept in the modules is analysed and redefined to ascertain it considers other-than-human lifeforms and the ecosystems that life depends on. Education for sustainability and its suitability as a framework for Ecolinguistic Learning Modules is examined critically, as it is a political educational tool that can be easily misused for diverse purposes. This chapter further introduces the theoretical foundations of this practical tool and explains the different functions and the overall structure of the modules. Special attention is given to learner identities and the importance of identity reflection in developing professional and personal identities that are responsive to and responsible towards the conditions of the world.
The study examines key scientific theories that have influenced the formation of social responsibility, in particular: the theory of responsibility and equality, the theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the ecological approach to social responsibility, and the theory of ethical responsibility. The key concepts, scientific works, and representatives of the scientific and practical communities that form the foundations of each approach are analyzed. The article concludes that the phenomenon of social responsibility is multidimensional, covering the personal, micro-, national, and global levels. At the same time, in the context of the challenges facing Ukraine in the context of creating a renewable economy, the importance of initiatives by companies, in particular state-owned enterprises, to adhere to the principles of responsibility, as well as state support, which ensure the creation of favorable conditions for sustainable development, is emphasized. Thus, the study forms a scientific basis for developing strategies for implementing social responsibility in the activities of state-owned enterprises.
In relation to the established field of leadership, environmental leadership emerged as a distinct academic focus later, in response to growing environmental awareness in the mid-20th century. Events such as the first Earth Day in 1970 highlighted the need for leadership in conservation and sustainability. The Brundtland Commission’s 1987 report, Our Common Future, further emphasized the critical role of leadership in advancing sustainable development, calling for visionary, political, collaborative, grassroots, corporate, and educational leadership to address the multifaceted challenges of sustainability. The current VUCA world demands leadership styles and adaptive approaches that can effectively address the “wicked” problems associated with the triple planetary crisis—issues that often lack clear solutions and for which traditional leadership approaches are inadequate. The study of environmental leadership has evolved with an increasing emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches that recognize the complex nature of environmental challenges and the need for leaders who can navigate them. Effective environmental leadership requires employing a range of strategies to inspire, influence, and mobilize individuals, organizations, and communities toward sustainable practices. This chapter explores the application of various leadership theories and concepts in environmental leadership, demonstrating their relevance and effectiveness in fostering environmental sustainability at community, organizational, national, and international levels.
This research explores adaptive residential architecture in Jaipur, focusing on integrating climate-responsive design and nature-inspired innovations. The rapid urbanization of Jaipur presents challenges such as water scarcity, extreme weather, and the need for sustainable development. Addressing these issues through climate-responsive architecture and eco-friendly urban planning is crucial for preserving the city’s heritage while promoting environmental sustainability. The primary aim is to address the challenges posed by Jaipur’s arid climate, including the urban heat island effect and inadequate cooling solutions. The study proposes a design framework incorporating advanced building envelopes, biomimetic elements etc. By leveraging dynamic facades and sustainable materials, the solution enhances natural ventilation and cooling efficiency. The findings highlight that integrating these strategies not only mitigates environmental impacts but also improves residential comfort and energy efficiency. The research concludes that adaptive and nature-inspired design approaches can significantly advance sustainable architecture in arid urban settings.
The widespread implementation of digital technologies is considered a key prerequisite for increasing the sustainable competitiveness of national economies. Information and communication technologies not only offer economic restructuring potential but also provide new opportunities for all citizens in access to various services, including high-quality education and medicine. Consequently, such advancements contribute substantively to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and foster inclusive growth. This study aims to undertake a comprehensive analysis of both theoretical and practical frameworks concerning the implementation of sustainable development and to evaluate the potential of leveraging digital technologies to advance sustainable competitiveness. This study examines the link between digital inclusion and its long-term impact on global economic development. Systematisation of the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable competitiveness is carried out in the context of the impact of digital technologies on market dynamics and the distribution of sustainable competitive advantages between countries. The potential of digital transformation within a sustainable development framework can trigger significant economic transformations aimed at improving living standards and strengthening international competitiveness. The study's forecasting of the impact of sustainable competitiveness on economic growth underscores the need for national economies to adopt appropriate strategies for inclusive growth.
The ambiental part of the great thesis to end my degree in Geography, in which Matozinhos is one of the Portugal's cities that are investing in the eletric mobility and the well-fare of their citizens in terms of the susteinability!
Earth is facing a rapid change in biodiversity, posing significant threats to human health and ecosystem stability. Concurrently, increased urbanization is causing humans, especially children in urban areas, to grow more disconnected from nature, resulting in a lack of perceptual and learning capabilities in nature-based domains. Early childhood exposure to biodiversity is crucial for fostering awareness and conservation efforts. Successful biodiversity conservation must consider children’s perception, preferences, and valuations of biodiversity. This article reviews literature on three aspects of children’s relationship with biodiversity: their perception of biodiversity, preferences for diverse habitats, and valuation of biodiversity and conservation advocacy. The review emphasizes plant and habitat biodiversity due to their foundational role in ecosystems and relevance to children’s nature experiences. Humans are often thought to have a natural affinity for nature, sometimes termed "biophilia", although this connection does not always translate into children’s environmental awareness or accurate biodiversity perception. Children’s preferences for biodiversity are mixed, with some studies showing a favor for biodiverse environments, while others indicate a preference for less biodiverse, more familiar settings, suggesting that their choices are influenced by a variety of cultural, social, and individual factors. Children’s valuation of biodiversity encompasses intrinsic, instrumental, and relational aspects, with studies indicating that they value biodiversity through their attachment and emotional connections to nature, although their awareness of its broader ecological and economic significance is often limited. The review identifies critical gaps in biodiversity research, emphasizing the need for mixed-methods approaches, the inclusion of younger age groups of children, comparative cross-cultural studies, and a focus on biodiversity as an interconnected system rather than focusing on individual species. Including children’s perspectives is crucial to influencing future conservation attitudes. Addressing lay people’s limited understanding of biodiversity and directly exposing children to biodiversity are also essential for effective valuation and conservation strategies.
In this chapter, the basic principles of chaos theory and its contributions to management practices are discussed. Chaos theory is considered in the context of combating complexity, disorder, and uncertainties that may occur, based on the fact that everything in the universe operates under specific and deterministic rules and laws. In this context, chaos theory emphasizes that all parameters and variables in the system should be considered holistically in terms of their relations with each other, with the idea that any malfunction of a perfectly working system will affect the whole system, based on the premise that the strength of a chain is proportional to its weakest link. Chaos theory supports the idea that if all parameters of the system are fully and accurately understood in a certain equation, probabilities will disappear, and order will be established. Therefore, chaos theory makes important contributions to management practices. For this reason, this study explores chaos theory's role in management and sustainability.
The sophistication of technological developments has created a global tension
characterized by mutual distrust, the quest for dominance and resistance to
dominance. There have been prevalent narratives of knowledge production
and its monopoly by a particular bloc in the international political system.
Peace seems evasive, with the recurrent allegations and counter-allegations
by global powers threatening human and sustainable development. Sadly,
common legacies like the Silk Roads that once served as routes to the mutual
exchange of ideas and collective action have become the subject of ideological
strife. Using a historical dimension with extant contemporary sources, this
study thus specifically examines how tangible entities, like Chinese paper, and
intangible ideas, like the Indo-Arabic numerals, facilitated knowledge diffusion
along the ancient Silk Roads, with an emphasis on the development of
computing technologies. This study adopts a multimodal qualitative research
method, which includes textual analyses, expert interviews, documentaries,
and digital archival information for data gathering and analyses. The research
findings reveal the political neutrality of the Silk Roads at its nascent stage
and how mutual cooperation catalysed the dissemination of knowledge along
its routes, for example, in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The study also
found that Chinese paper facilitated mechanical production, transmission
and the accessibility of knowledge because of its durability and cheap cost.
At the same time, Al-Khawarizmi’s refinement of the Indo-Arabic numerals
laid a strong foundation for almost all aspects of today’s computing
technologies, such as cryptography, Internet encryption, programming,
artificial intelligence, and so on. This study established that the Silk Roads
is a concrete phenomenon, and its impacts go beyond political abstractions
and colourations, as demonstrated by the ingenuity of the Sogdians. It was
thus recommended that UNESCO, its partners and beneficiaries, such as
the grantees, continue to engender global enlightenment about the people
who imparted (and were imparted) by the activities that occurred along
the Silk Roads. This will continue to stimulate consciousness about the
interdependence of the human race in the quest for global development and
a more peaceful world.
Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde Yer Alan Enerji, Otomotiv ve Gıda Sektörlerinin Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri İle Analiz Edilmesi
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