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Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, Vol. 1
... The omnivorous diet of C. splendens allows it to exploit a wide range of habitats and food resources. At the same time, H. rustica, an insectivore, depends more on the availability of open spaces for foraging rather than specific vegetation types [62]. This highlights their role as generalists within the avian community, capable of utilizing a variety of environments (Figure 5b). ...
... S. chinensis is primarily granivorous and benefits from shrub habitats that offer seeds and shelter. A. strita, C. asiaticus, M. orientalis, P. cafer, and S. caprata formed a separate group of bird species showing close association with shrubs, which provide fruits, seeds, nectar, and insects as a diet with ample foraging opportunities and nesting sites [62]. S. caprata and M. orientalis are understory insectivores, and they benefit from complex ground habitats like shrubs that offer diverse insect prey. ...
... Along with the rocks and bryophytes, soil features were not found to influence birds. However, A. tristis and D. macrocercus show strong affinities with herbaceous vegetation. A. tristis, known for its highly adaptable foraging habits, prefers varieties of diets, including fruits, seeds, nectar, and insects [62], and herbs provide ample ground-level resources. D. macrocercus lives on seeds and insects, and its insectivorous habit is benefitted from open areas with herbaceous cover that facilitate its aerial hunting strategy for insects. ...
Birds, potential pollinators and bio-indicators of ecosystem health, are important components of the global ecosystems. Habitat degradation and anthropogenic disturbance have influenced their survival. Here, we highlight the bird diversity and habitat preferences in scrublands in the Eastern Ghats by considering nine scrub sites. We documented 128 bird species, where Passeriformes were most abundant with 77 species. Shrub cover, herbaceous vegetation, exposed rock surfaces, bryophytes vegetation, and soil characteristics were studied to assess habitat preferences using analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and redundancy analysis. The studies on nine selected sites revealed reduced bird diversity in places of high anthropogenic disturbances and interrupted foraging. Argya strita, Cinnyris asiaticus, Merops orientalis, Picnonotus cafer, and Saxicola caprata showed close association with shrubs with ample foraging opportunities and nesting sites; Gracopica contra and Picnonotus jocosus showed preferences for herbs. C. asiaticus was not found to be associated with any vegetation. While herbs and shrubs have a strong and positive correlation, bryophytes and rocks exhibited strong but negative relationships. Scrubland sites with greater vegetation diversity and structural complexity supported more birds, indicating the significance of habitat characteristics in bird’s distribution. The present study at Koraput provides a basis for site-specific conservation to preserve the avian biodiversity in the Eastern Ghats of India. It also highlights the need for long-term monitoring and adaptive management to address environmental changes and ensure the preservation of these ecosystems.
... The area is rich in biodiversity, and its faunal composition is noticeable. The earlier publications on avifauna of Bastar region areby (D'Abreu 1931(D'Abreu & 1935 and (Hewetson 1956) Madhya Pradesh which partly covers the eastern districts of former Central Provinces; (Ali and Ripley 1987;Grimmett 1998Grimmett , 2016Rahmani, 2012) Owing to ecological changes caused by the impact of development activities like an increase in the number of Iron Ore mines, new railway and power projects, Chhattisgarh Wildlife Society was assigned to carry out avian surveys and recorded 160 species Feasibility for creation of a Protected area for Birds in Kanker, Kondagaon The past studies on birds in the Bastar division were mainly 97 species by Majumder (1984) and 92 species from ITR by Saha (1995). The earlier published paper by (Chandra and Singh 2004); focused on the birds of Madhya Pradesh, including Chhattisgarh. ...
... It is situated 468 km from Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh. These three areas are situated in the western Deccan Bastar Plateau (200-1200 m asl) of Chhattisgarh ( Fig. 1 Ali andRipley (1987, 1989), Grimmett et al. (2016), and Rasmussen and Anderton (2012). The investigations encompassed different diurnal periods and seasons to ensure comprehensive data collection. ...
... Based on their feeding habits, birds have been classified based on a study by Ali and Ripley (1987) and found as carnivorous -54 (21%), Frugivorous -7 (2.72%), Granivorous -12 (4.66%), Insectivorous -96 (37.35%), Nectarivores -6 (2.33%), Omnivorous -85 (31.9%). ...
... Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Latham, 1790 is commonly known as Oriental White Ibis, Black-necked Ibis and Oriental Black-necked Ibis. Based on locality and language, many names of Black-headed Ibis (BHI) are used in India such as, Sapheda bajha (in Hindi), Bujja (in Rajasthani) and Saratika (in Sanskrit) (Ali and Ripley, 2007). The BHI is a large (65-75 cm long), wading, nomadic, and white-water bird. ...
... During the breeding season, bare regions under the wings turn into brighter red colour (Hancock et al., 2001). Juveniles differ from adults in their plumage, size, coloration of naked body regions (such as the legs, head, neck, and underwing), and morphological features (Ali and Ripley, 2007). In mature Ibis, the top of the head and throat are completely black and have no feathers (Beckmann et al., 2015). ...
... In eastern India, it is relatively rare while farther east in Bangladesh and northeastern India, it is known only from sporadic records (Kazmierczak, 2000). Its distribution in India depends on the availability of water and food (Ali and Ripley, 2007). ...
The Black-headed Ibis (BHI) Threskiornis melanocephalus is a large white-water bird with a long, downcurved black bill and a prominently exposed black head and neck. It is sporadically distributed in the oriental region of Earth. Waterbirds are key indicators of the quality and importance of wetlands. They preferred a wide variety of habitats, including freshwater and saltwater marshes, lakes, and ponds, as also rice fields, freshly ploughed crop fields, irrigation canals, riversides, reservoirs, urban lakes, open sewage gutters, grazing lots, and garbage dumping sites, etc. for both feeding and non-feeding activities. BHI diets are extremely diverse; they typically consume invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, reptiles, animal carcasses, mammals, vegetable materials, and domestic waste. The breeding season of BHI is from June to October. BHI built 'platform nests', which consisted of an irregularly placed, loose assemblage of twigs and sticks but sometimes they also use threads and pieces of plastic bags, grass, and Green plant material and built on top of Acacia, Prosopis, and Ficus trees in or near wetlands. The major threats are hunting by stray dogs, disturbance by human settlement, agricultural conversion, collection of eggs and nestlings, and cutting down of trees used for breeding and roosting. Habitat destruction, urbanization, artificial lightning and noise, bird-vehicle collision, pollution, invasion of exotic species, tourism, and eutrophication cause negative impacts on water bird's survival, including the BHI.
... Ibisbill is a resident bird of the Himalayas and its distribution in India is mostly limited to the Union Territories and states that fall under the Indian Himalayan Region (Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh). Ibisbill is said to descend to the foothills of northern West Bengal and east Assam mostly to hill streams on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River (Ali & Ripley, 1971). One of the earliest known records of Ibisbill in Assam was reported from Nameri National Park, where it was described as a very rare species in Assam (Saikia & Bhattacharjee, 1990). ...
... Wallcreeper was identified by its blackish-brown wing with bright crimson shoulder and outer edge, the primaries with round white spots very prominent in flight. The tail is comparatively short having a blackish brown with a grey tip and the outer rectrices are mostly white in colour (Ali & Ripley, 1971). ...
... The Ibisbill was identified by its distinct downward curved red bill, black facial mask and breast band (Ali & Ripley, 1971). Both species are classified as Least Concern due to their large geographical range (IUCN, 2019). ...
The presence of Ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha Struthersii) and Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) was investigated in Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam. The sanctuary was chosen as the study site due to its proximity to the eastern Himalayan foothill region, which has a few hill streams. Six sampling locations near hill streams were chosen at random, and point count surveys were undertaken from December through March 2021 and 2022. Ibisbill and Wallcreeper were sighted in the study area, indicating their regular visits to the sanctuary during the winter season. The sanctuary is Assam's third known distribution record for Ibisbill and sixth known distribution record for Wallcreeper. These observations help to identify critical habitats, conservation priorities, and improve understanding of bird biodiversity, all of which help to make conservation efforts more effective.
... Bird surveys are one of the most commonly used methods for biodiversity assessment (Watson, 2003). India has more than 1352 bird species which is equivalent to 13% of the 9600 bird species of the world of which 81 species are endemic to India (Ali and Ripley, 1987). Odisha also has got a great diversity of bird species within its boundary, currently reported to be 583 species (eBird, 2019). ...
... The dusk was the excellent time for bird surveys as most of the birds either come out or go to their respective roosts for their roosting and feeding purposes. Field guides were referred for field identification (Ali and Ripley, 1987;Grimmett et al., 1999). eBird by Cornell Lab, an official app and website was accessed to identify some of the unidentified birds captured in photographs during the field survey. ...
The abundance and species diversity of birds in Dhaltangarh Reserve Forest, Jagatsinghpur district of
Odisha has been studied. The habitat type and size of the forest are the main criteria which influence
the diversity and species richness. The Daltangarh is found to be rich in avian species diversity and
many wild animals including some medicinal plants. In winter, the diversity of bird species was found
to be increased though the number of residential birds is high throughout the year. Transect count and
point count methods were used to study the abundance of birds. The observation was conducted by
periodically walking along the study area early in the morning and late in the afternoon. A total of 105
bird species were grouped and 44 families were recorded. An appropriate management plan needs to be
drawn to safeguard the birds in these sites is essential to protect birds from these areas.
... Yellow-wattled Lapwings were sighted more frequently in the summer season due to the pervasiveness of their breeding period (April to July) [39,40]. This study coincided with Mishra et al. [13] in river lapwings and Charalambidou et al. [41] in spur-winged lapwings (Vanellus spinosus). ...
... Numerous waterbirds showed comparable outcomes [51,52]. During the breeding season, Yellow-wattled Lapwings prefer dry, open fallows or wasteland [39,40]. Chalfoun and Schmidt [53] suggested that animals typically select breeding environments that maximize the likelihood of successful reproduction. ...
This field study investigated the population structure, distribution pattern and habitat utilization of Yellow-wattled Lapwings. The line transect method was used to estimate the density of Yellow-wattled Lapwings. An average of 394 individuals including 77 chicks of Yellow-wattled Lapwings have been registered with an average density of 38 birds per km. The outcome of the GLM analysis exhibited, that Bakshi Ka Talab had the highest lapwing count while, Malihabad had the lowest lapwing count. A significant lapwing count in the year 2021 was confirmed. The winter season had the lowest lapwing counts, whereas the summer season had the highest values. Moreover, the largest lapwing counts were estimated in uncultivated while, the lowest lapwing count was documented in river habitat types. There was a significant difference in the mean flock size across the seasons and the habitat types. Being sighted in flocks of various sizes the distribution pattern was found to be clumped in Yellow-wattled Lapwings. The results of the factorial ANOVA showed a significant difference in the habitat utilization of Yellow-wattled Lapwings across study sites, years, seasons and habitat types. Uncultivated habitat types were the most utilized habitat types during summer seasons.
... While individual ibises were not marked or individually identified, our sampling efforts included intervals of at least one week on each route, treating each sample or recording as independent. 28 During encounter, species and their developmental stages (i.e., adult and juvenile) were identified through coloration as per Ali and Ripley 29 and Rasmussen and Anderton. 30 Notably, differentiation between male and females was not possible because the three species show little dimorphism. ...
... Secondly, we considered the age of the ibises, classifying them as either adult or juvenile based on plumage coloration and size. 29,30 Thirdly, we sought to identify environmental variables influencing foraging success, including the date of recording, season, foraging habitat, and water depth (cm). Given that ibises in this region forage throughout the day, and day length changed seasonally. ...
It has been considered that the coexistence of similar species is facilitated by the differentiation in their foraging habits. We sought to test this hypothesis by evaluating the foraging behavior and factors influencing the foraging success of three coexisting ibis species-Black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Red-naped ibis (Pseudibis papillosa), and Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)-in the semi-arid landscape of western India from January 2020 to April 2022. Overall, foraging parameters were similar among the species, except for inter-individual parameters (P < 0.05) and for the number of locomotion turns each species performed. Probing and the number of nearby wading birds significantly and positively influenced the foraging success of all the Ibis species studied. Seasonal variations affected the foraging success only for the Red-naped Ibis and within a season, the foraging success was significantly different between species. All species showed different water depth utilization for foraging. Red-naped Ibis used habitats other than wetlands without impacting its foraging success. Also, the foraging success differed between adults and juveniles of the Red-naped ibis but remained consistent for the Black-headed ibis. These findings can aid the future development of hypotheses related to how similar species coexist and help in management and conservation efforts for these species.
... In another study Khan [51] reported breeding from February to May with reduced activity continuing until July. Similarly, Negi & Lakhera [11] observed that black francolin breeding calls started in April-May, whereas, Ali and Ripley [52] recorded breeding from March to May across regions. Pomeroy [53] noted that black francolin mostly breeds between mid-April and late May. ...
Limited research exists on the breeding ecology of the black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) in northern Pakistan. This study assessed egg dimensions, clutch size, hatching, fledging, and overall breeding success across different habitats and nests (n = 25) at Totali Game Reserve, Buner. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to analyze the effects of nest site characteristics and nest traits on breeding parameters. Egg dimensions were consistent across sites whereas bush nests had slightly wider eggs. The average clutch size was 5.9 ± 1.7 eggs, with an average of 4.8 ± 1.0 hatchlings per nest. A total of 111 chicks fledged, averaging 4.4 ± 1.0 per nest, yielding an overall breeding success rate of 75.5%. Nests containing six eggs had higher hatching success (76.6%). GLMs results showed a significant positive relationship between clutch size and hatchling, while nest site and traits had no significant effects. However, fledgling success was positively influenced by hatchling numbers, with nests in wetland habitats yielding significantly more fledglings (4.6 ± 0.9) than those from dryland habitats (4.0 ± 1.2). These findings suggest Black Francolins prefer nesting in wetland areas in bushes, likely due to better protection and favorable conditions
... During migration from breeding areas to winter quarters, birds are killed for food consumption in Northwest India and East Africa (BirdLife International 2016; Ali and Ripley 1987). The government of Nagaland in 2012 started a campaign to save the falcons. ...
... They are highly arboreal, even preferring to drink water by sliding down a branch of trees, swift flyers, and they exhibit local movement. In the Himalaya hill stations and upland valleys, wedge-tailed green pigeon is a common summer visitor [3]. The African group of Treron (greenpigeons) may have evolved from the Oriental dry-country or more likely Oriental evergreen-forest [4]. ...
On the basis of seed dispersal, green-and imperial-pigeons have a remarkable impact for nature. Very few papers were helped to accumulate the findings of this write-up. Like other birds, these pigeons are decreasing due to habitat loss and hunting pressure not only in Bangladesh but also all over the world. To conserve this significant bird species, need to implement long-term studies.
... Photographs of birds were taken using a high-resolution camera (p 900). Field identifications of birds were carried out with the help of various guides such as--Ali and Ripley (1983) and Kazmierczak and Perlo (2000). Identification of the species and analysis were done using Microsoft Excel, AI app Merlin, Avi base and GoogleLens. ...
Gamgul-Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the northwest of Chamba district, sharing its boundary with Jammu and Kashmir. Renowned for being the oldest and most prominent "Shikargarhs" (hunting grounds), during the pre-independence era, the area was famous for harboring a good population of brown bears, Kashmiri stag (Hangul), and Musk deer. The study reveals the presence of 58 species of birds under 53 genera, 23 families, and 8 orders. Analysis of data on abundance showed that there are 26 very common, 19 common, 9 uncommon, and 3 rare species of birds in the sanctuary. Feeding guild analysis of bird species showed that there are 6 carnivores, 6 frugivores, 7 granivores, 19 omnivores, and 20 insectivores, which depicts that over 67% of birds have restrictive or narrow feeding guilds.Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis), which is a nearly threatened species, and the elusive Koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha) were also reported during the study. Nine species of mammals, grouped into 8 genera, 7 families, and 4 orders, are recorded in the sanctuary.The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and leopard (Panthera pardus) are the two vulnerable species, reported in the sanctuary. As per IUCN Global Population Trend Assessment, 17 species of birds and 5 species of mammals reported in this study are listed in the global declining population trend. The study also reveals that the mammal known as the Hangul (Kashmiri Stag), after which the sanctuary was named, ceases to exist there.
... Safari Park Malakand in Chakdara Dir (L) has been selected as the current study area from November 2021 to September 2022. Observation was done with the help of cameras, videos and guides (Ali and Ripley, 1983;Grimmett et al., 2008;. et al., 2017). ...
Captive breeding is the process of raising wild animals under controlled conditions in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. In this study, the conditions of animals kept in wild park located in Dir lower District of Malakand were analyzed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of the vertebrate fauna and to identify important problems regarding its captive breeding, conservation and management. This study suggests that mitigation measures can be taken as planning for future conservation and development. This study aims to investigate the status of different wild animals from November 2021 to September 2022 and understand the basics of conservation and management of Malakand Wildlife Park. The park covers 240 acres and is fenced. Animals are treated with good care and environment. Some of the species of animals protected in the park include leopard, urial, gray goral, monkey and pheasant which are included in the IUCN list of threatened or endangered species. The park also has a well-developed Kalij breeding Centre. This protected park also aims to promote tourism and raise the awareness of local communities to be directly involved in the management and protection of wildlife and the environment.
... Large flocks (~3000) of Black-tailed Godwits are regularly observed in the delta (Das et al., 2022;Khan, 2018), situated at the conjunction of the Central Asian Flyway and the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Some studies (Ali and Ripley, 1983;Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005;Sangha, 2021) suggested the occurrence of both limosa and melanuroides. But Bamford et al. (2008) have suggested that the melanuroides subspecies (including the then yet-to-be-discovered bohaii subspecies) is confined to the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, thus excluding India and Bangladesh. ...
During the non-breeding season (September–April), Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh. We hypothesize that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, at the overlap between the Central Asian and East Asian–Australasian flyways, may host three subspecies that breed in disjunct areas of temperate and northern Asia: L. l. limosa, L. l. melanuroides, and L. l. bohaii. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype network and biometric analysis to determine subspecies in captured individuals, and deployed GPS–GSM transmitters to verify breeding areas of individuals with subspecies assignments. To test for differential habitat preferences, we sampled birds at two ecologically distinct habitats known to host the largest concentrations of non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits in Bangladesh: Nijhum Dweep National Park, a tidal coastal habitat with brackish water on the south-central coast, and Tanguar Haor (‘backmarsh’), a seasonal freshwater floodplain in the north. During the non-breeding seasons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, we sampled and measured 93 Black-tailed Godwits, 54 of which were equipped with GPS–GSM transmitters. Our mtDNA haplotype network analysis confirmed the presence of limosa, melanuroides, and bohaii subspecies at the study sites. Thus, indeed, Black-tailed Godwits subspecies, despite having distinct breeding ranges, exhibit (partially) overlapping non-breeding ranges in Asia. The subspecies composition differed significantly between sites, with limosa and bohaii dominating in Tanguar Haor and melanuroides in Nijhum Dweep. Of the 21 individuals that were tracked to their breeding grounds, 18 migrated to the expected breeding range of their respective subspecies. However, one bird with a limosa haplotype migrated to a known breeding area of bohaii, whereas two birds with melanuroides haplotypes migrated to the supposed breeding range of limosa. Therefore, while ecological factors at both ends of the flyways may shape the morphological and behavioural differences between Black-tailed Godwit subspecies, their delineations and possible gene flow require further studies.
... By providing nesting material and protective cover, it created vital microhabitats for species that thrive in human-altered landscapes Joshi et al., 2019). Seasonal trends further underscored the importance of these habitats, with higher bird activity observed during monsoon and post-monsoon periods when wetland productivity peaks (Ali & Ripley, 1987;Sundar & Subramanya, 2010). The study underscores the dual role of small wetlands as biodiversity reservoirs and ecological buffers in human-dominated landscapes. ...
Small wetlands, despite their ecological significance, are often overlooked in biodiversity conservation. This study investigates the role of Typha angustifolia-dominated wetlands in supporting avian diversity in semi-urban landscapes. This year-long study (January-December 2024) investigated bird population in small wetland dominated by Typha angustifolia at the Biodiversity Lab of Sant Guru Ghasidas Government Post Graduate College, Kurud, Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 52 bird species from 12 orders and 30 families were recorded, with a Shannon-Wiener Index indicating moderate species diversity and ecosystem stability. Simpson's Index (D) and Dominance Index (1-D) reflected high diversity and evenness within the bird community in this small wetland. Bird species were categorized based on habitat association: primary association (15%), including species such as Amaurornis phoenicurus and Ploceus philippinus, relied significantly on the wetlands; secondary association (31%), including Upupa epops and Turdoides striata, utilized the wetlands for specific needs; and occasional association (46%), including Hirundo smithii, exhibited opportunistic interactions. Foraging activities were observed in 52% of species, highlighting the habitat's trophic diversity. Dietary preferences ranged from carnivory (15 species) and insectivory (13 species) to omnivory (13 species) and granivory (10 species), with nectarivory (1 species) playing a minimal role. This wetlands supported critical ecological interactions, including nesting, foraging, and roosting. Dense Typha stands provided essential resources for species such as the Ploceus philippinus and Amaurornis phoenicurus, while predatory birds like the Elanua caeruleus and Ceryle rudis benefited from abundant prey. Despite its classification as invasive, Typha angustifolia played a crucial role in creating microhabitats and supporting biodiversity in this human-impacted ecosystem. These findings highlight the significance of small wetlands into biodiversity conservation plans and implementing sustainable wetland management practices. The findings highlight the importance of long-term management of small wetlands, their potential with ecological advantages, and incorporate small wetlands into biodiversity conservation strategies.
... The birds were identified through direct observations using binoculars (Olympus, 12 x 50) and photographs were captured by Canon EOS 1300D (DSLR camera). The identification of birds was done using field guides such as (Ali and Ripley, 1983;Grimmett et al., 2014). For taxonomy updates followed, common and scientific names as per (Praveen et Taluka (orange) and Jamnagar district (yellow) in Gujarat state of Western India | C-Location of Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary (red square) in Jamnagar city and Jamnagar Taluka (blue line areas). ...
Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary (KBS) near Jamnagar in Gujarat is positioned under the Indo-Asian Flyway and declared as the fourth wetland of Gujarat's Ramsar site; these wetlands serve as important wintering and stopover sites for birds. The present study aimed to collect information regarding the species richness, status, and feeding guilds of avifauna at KBS, Jamnagar City, Gujarat, India from April to December 2019. The point count and box line transect method was employed under a total of 28 surveys (Samplings N=56). A total of 146 bird species, 106 genera, 50 families, and 20 orders were recorded; of which 75 species were terrestrial and 71 water birds. Nonpasserine birds were more prevalent (97 species, 66%) than Passerine (49, 34%). Birds of Order Passeriformes (49/19 species/families), family Scolopacidae (17 species), and species Fulica atra-Common Coot (45.14 Mean/survey) were the most superior during the survey. The majority of the 92 species were resident (63%) and 45 species were winter migrants (31%); very rare species (89) had the highest abundance status. 11 species of birds are considered Near Threatened, and 01 Vulnerable category; 01 species in Appendix-App I, 12 in App II and 02 in App III; 10 species in Schedule-Sch I, 134 in Sch II and 02 in Sch IV. Carnivores (52 species) and omnivores (45) feeding guilds have the most number of species out of the 12 avian feeding guilds. The study areas reveal high species richness (d = 14.81) and diversity (H' = 4.016, α = 21.74) during the survey. This study provides baseline data for future research in monitoring the avifauna in the sanctuary and demonstrates the importance of the area in bird conservation.
... The taxonomic position (family and order), common names and scientific names of the recorded bird species followed the checklist provided by Praveen and Jayapal (2023). Feeding guilds and foraging behaviour techniques were categorized based on the combination of direct observations with focal sampling methods and as per the description given by Ali and Ripley (1987). A detailed record of each bird species was maintained, including their food preferences, foraging techniques, and habitat utilization in the study area. ...
Understanding the foraging ecology of wetland birds is essential for effective conservation and management strategies. The present study aimed to explore wetland birds' foraging guild structure, habitat characteristics and foraging techniques. The study was conducted at Dighal wetlands, an important bird area (IBA) in the Jhajjar district of Haryana, India, from April 2021 to March 2023. Ninety species of wetland birds, representing 23 families and 12 orders, were identified, with 30 being residents, 4 summer migrants, and 56 winter migrants. Utilizing multivariate techniques, birds were categorized into four foraging guilds (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and insectivores) and five distinct habitats (Terrestrial land, Agricultural land, Marshland, Shallow water, Deepwater). Marshland (70) recorded the highest number of species, followed by shallow water (65), agricultural land (45), terrestrial land (43), and the least observed in deep water (31). Carnivores constituted the dominant group (43.3%), followed by omnivores (30%), insectivores (20%), and herbivores (6.7%). Dabbling (18) emerged as the predominant foraging technique, followed by pecking (17), picking (16), probing (14), and others. The Dighal wetland emerged as a crucial resource for diverse bird species, serving as an important wintering ground and food source. This study deepens the present understanding of avian guild structure and offers valuable insights for conservation strategies to safeguard wetland bird populations.
... higher than adult peahen weight ( Figure 5). The weight of the adult peafowl in the present study is similar to what Ali and Ripley (1983) documented. The initial laying age was 2.00±0.13 ...
The research was carried out in a few selected regions of Bangladesh from July 2022 to June 2023 to explore the current status, reproductive behavior, and health management of captive common peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Ten peafowl farmers were interviewed using pre-structured questionnaire to collect primary data. The data were processed, and then illustrated in tabular form employing descriptive statistical analyses. The majority of the farmers were aged between 31 to 50 years, with 50% engaged in business. They became interested in peafowl farming through social media, other farmers, and friends. Notably, most of the farmers reared India Blue variety of common peafowl. They had neither prior experience nor participated in any training programs on peafowl farming. The adult male peafowl (peacock) significantly (P<0.0001) outweighed female peafowl (peahen). The age of first laying for peahens was around 2 years. Majority of the farmers reared 21 to 60 birds with an average egg production of 22.90±1.43 eggs/bird/year. The mean egg weight and clutch size were 95.70±4.54 g and 9.30±0.47 eggs, respectively. The average incubation time was 28.90±0.43 days. Fertility and hatching rates were 87.30±1.40 and 74.30±1.07%, respectively. Majority of the farmers (80%) used poultry feed for feeding peafowls and routinely used drugs and additives in the feed and water. Forty percent of the farmers sought veterinary advice and 60% implemented general biosecurity procedures. The prevalence of Newcastle disease (20.70%) was significantly (P<0.0001) higher compared to other diseases. Despite numerous challenges, peafowl farming in Bangladesh was found to be highly profitable in comparison to the costs. However, effective training programs, research initiatives, and strategic marketing efforts are crucial for the development of peafowl farming as a new income generating venture in the country. Therefore, peafowl farming could flourish with targeted interventions and support from both the government and private enterprises in Bangladesh. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 6(1): 21-32, 2024
... We grouped the recorded bird species into four important functional trait categories and their sub-categories, namely habitat use (forest generalist, forest specialist, open area, rocky area, and wetland), feeding guilds (carnivores, frugivores, granivores, insectivores, nectarivores, and omnivores), foraging stratum (aerial, canopy, midstorey, ground, understorey, and water) and migratory status (altitudinal migrant, resident, summer visitor, and winter visitor) (see Table S1) based on literatures (Ali & Ripley, 2002;Wilman et al., 2014;Grimmett et al., 2016;Tobias et al., 2022;IUCN Red data list, 2024) supplemented with field observations. These functional traits are key parameters to understand the life history strategies and ecosystem services provided by bird communities in the ecosystem (agropastoral system and natural forest in the present case). ...
The ever-increasing demand for agricultural products due to global human explosion has resulted into deforestation and forest fragmentation leading to biodiversity loss. These paradigms have urged to identify and adopt agroforestry practices that uphold and restore biodiversity. The high elevation traditional agropastoral system prevalent in the Himalaya is one among such practices, but biodiversity wealth and ecosystem functioning of this system are not understood properly. Here, we have undertaken a study to understand the potentiality of multifunctional agropastoral mosaics located in Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, India, in retention and conservation of temperate avifauna. We used point count method along set transects spread across five study sites spanning elevation range of 2300–3700 m to sample birds. We observed 88 bird species during the study among which 56 species including four Eurasian high montane biome species and seven Sino-Himalayan temperate forest biome species were observed in agropastoral system. Similarly, the community composition between the agropastoral system and nearby forest ecosystem (taken as control sites) differed significantly between the systems indicating the high conservation significance of agropastoral landscape mosaics for high elevation birds. Species richness and density of birds grouped into different functional categories were equivalent (or even higher in agropastoral) in both systems across the seasons. We found that these birds provide potential ecosystem services such as pest control, seed dispersal, nutrient decomposition, waste disposal, and pollination. Our results suggest that the agropastoral mosaics reflecting high habitat heterogeneity complement natural forest in retention and conservation of high elevation birds in the Himalaya. Hence, appropriate conservation measures must be undertaken to safeguard this unique multifunctional ecosystem and its avifaunal diversity.
... Survey was conducted from March-2023 to April-2024 in the morning 6.30 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. and evening 5.00 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. Nikon Action 10x50 mm binocular was used to observe the birds. Field guides were used to identify birds (Ali and Ripley, 1987;Grimmett et al.,2010) [2,10] . Birds observed during the survey were categorized based on their migratory nature into resident and migrant and based on their feeding habits also categorized as insectivore, nectarivore, omnivore, scavenger, frugivore, carnivore and granivore. ...
... According to Naher & Khan (2009), Pallas's Fish Eagles use dry twigs of black plum Syzygium cumini, soft materials such as water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, marsh herb Enhydra fluctuans, sticks of figs Ficus spp., or shimul/silk-cotton Bombax ceiba and straw as nesting material. According to Ali & Ripley (1968) and Smythies (1953), the nest consists of sticks, hay, rushes, straw, fine twigs and green leaves, while Pavel (2019) reports Pallas's Fish Eagles as mostly using Ipomoea for nesting. ...
Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus is globally endangered and one of the least known birds of prey. Based on ground observations combined with tracking data we report on the breeding attempts in Bangladesh of an adult female tagged during the non-breeding period of 2020 in Mongolia. This study provides information about the migration and nesting of this female. The adult female traveled an average of 2,867 km during her migratory journey, taking an average of 30 days to travel twice from Mongolia to Bangladesh and once from Bangladesh to Mongolia during our period of monitoring. She used up to 10 sites for stopovers, although only one of these sites was used more than once. She built a nest in the first half of November in both years. Trees rather than artificial structures were chosen in both years for nest-building: Bombax ceiba in 2020/2021 and Neolamarckia cadamba in 2021/2022. The estimated home range was small during both breeding attempts (0.34 km² in 2020/2021 and 0.08 km² in 2021/2022). Breeding attempts were unsuccessful in both years. In the first year of observation, the nest was abandoned during the incubation stage. In the second year, two chicks hatched successfully but the nest was destroyed during a storm, resulting in the death of at least one chick as well as the female. Using the observation history of this individual, we highlight some of the difficulties faced by the small breeding population of Pallas's Fish Eagle in Bangladesh. Our results have implications for the implementation of measures to improve nesting success of this endangered species.
... Множество информация за редки наблюдения на специфични поведения при царския орел и грабливите птици като цяло са посочени в множество публикации, които бяха ползвани: Dixon (1933), D'Andira (1967, Altmann (1974), Lafontaine (1976), Ali & Ripley (1978), Bildstein (1978), Brockmann & Barnard (1979), Dick & Fenton (1979), Gerrard et al. (1980), Harmata (1982), Iankov (1983), Mearns & Newton (1984), Ortega & Berkoff (1987), Blumstein (1990), Naoroji (1990), Temeles & Wellicome (1992), Simmons & Mendelsohn (1993), Janossy et al. (1993), Mrlik & Pavelka (1996), Roche (1996), Corso & Forsman (1997), Petrovicz (1998), Halley & Gjershaug (1998), Crane & Nellist (1999), Heintzelman (2001), Arroyo & Garcia (2002), Morgan et al. (2003), Pandolfi (1996), Clemons (1990), Margalida & Bertran (2003), Brown et al. (2003), Penteriani & Ferrer (2004), Kitowski (2005), Bosch et al. (2007), Danko (2007) и др. ...
A study on the seasonal dynamic, ecology and behavior of non-breeding Eastern Imperial Eagles in, at the time, the most important settlement area for the species in Bulgaria. Observations on pair formation among immatures and the behavior of temporary pairs. Kleptoparasitism as an important foraging strategy for the species. Interspecific relationships with other raptors.
... Calls of species were used to confirm the presence of species; however, species were recorded only after their sighting. Birds were identified by using field guides (Ali & Ripley 1983;Grimmett et al. 2011). Standardized common, and scientific nomenclature are following Praveen et al. (2021bPraveen et al. ( & 2024. ...
The updated checklist of birds at Kuvempu University Campus including present and past records, now contains 229 species, belonging to 16 orders and 62 families. A family-wise analysis showed that Accipitridae dominated the avifauna of the region (16 species), followed by Muscicapidae (14 species), Picidae (11 species), Columbidae (9 species), Strigidae (8 species), and Cuculidae, Alaudidae, Sturnidae, & Motacillidae (7 species each). The community consists of 83% (190 species) resident and 17% (39 species) winter migrant species. The study also documented four species of birds that are classified as ‘Near Threatened’ (Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus, Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus, and Grey-headed Bulbul Microtarsus priocephalus), one ‘Endangered’ Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, and one ‘Vulnerable’ Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The campus harbours 69 species, of which 14 are endemic to both the Indian Subcontinent and the Western Ghats. The study highlights the impact of anthropogenic activities as the main cause for the loss of diversity of birds and their habitats and emphasizes the urgent need to conserve this biodiversity-rich area with long-term monitoring programs.
... Birds were observed by using Olympus Binoculars (10x50) approaching nearby possible distance from the flock without disturbing them and photographed using Nikon DSLR with 150 -500mm zoom lens from 5 am. to 1 pm and 2 -5 pm at the time of return from the roosting sites on the same day. Identification and recording and evaluation of the species has been done with the help of field guides (Rahmani et al. 2016, Ali and Ripley 2001, Grimmett et al. 1999. A standardized check list of the ducks and geese has been prepared (Manakandan and Pittie 2001). ...
As a part of the Asian Waterbird Census (AWC), surveys on ducks and geese were made at five (5) major waterbird congregation sites of Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP) during 2020-2024. A total of 18 species of ducks and two species of geese belonging to the family of Anatidae were recorded during the period. The duck species includes 14 migratory and 4 resident species and the two migratory geese species. Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica was the most abundant and dominant species in terms of population followed by Gadwall Anas strepera and Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina and minimum value was observed in Greylag Goose Anser anser. The
... Barn Owl (Tyto alba) is a nocturnal bird which mainly forages on the small mammals such as rats, mice and gerbils (Ali and Ripley, 1967). It hunts the live prey and consumes the whole body and regurgitates the undigested items such as bones and fur in a solid form of pellets through mouth. ...
... is Booman Anthai (Tamil) (Ali & Ripley 1983 (Marti 1987 Holt et al. (2016) this owl hunts from perches overlooking the water from where it swoops down and seizes prey from the water. ...
... Several irregular visits were also made during different hours of the day. For species identification, Avian fauna books and field guides including Ali and Ripley (1987), Ali et al. (2001), Robert (1991Robert ( , 1992, Grimmette and Inskipp (2001) and Grimmett et al. (2008) were used. ...
Borith Lake (36° 25' 52" N, 74° 51' 40" E), Hunza District, Gilgit Baltistan, was surveyed for avian diversity from 2021-2022, revealing 207 species across 18 orders and 45 families. The top 18 bird orders by species count were: Passeriformes
In the present-day world, human-induced ecological and landscape changes are occurring at a pace that many species of wild animals and plants are unable to cope with. It is becoming clear that active management interventions are required to conserve wildlife. So one of the goals of the behavioural studies should be to contribute to wildlife conservation. In this chapter, examples of vertebrates are taken so that varying degrees of trends, commensalism and conservation are recorded, and accordingly, mitigation measures on the ground are executed. At the macro level, it should be recognized that human lives and the environment are linked with animals, and there are real-world consequences of losing wildlife.
Swiftlets (Collocalia, Aerodramus) make up a guild of birds which prey on a wide range of aerial insects and spiders. The studies reviewed here show their prey to include 19 orders and 55 families of insects plus spiders. Most swiftlets seem to take whatever is available at the time and place, with site to site and year to year differences noted. One species (black-nest swiftlet) appears to be a swarm-feeding specialist. Prey size ranged from <1 to 13 mm in body length and is related to swiftlet body size. Habitat and elevational differences may represent resource partitioning in foraging strategies.
A research was done to assess the avian biodiversity along the Jhalana Forest roadside, in close proximity to the Jagatpura Flyover in Jaipur. The study was conducted for duration of one year, spanning from January, 2023 to Febraury, 2024. The intensity and frequency of human-animal conflicts has escalated in recent decades due to the exponential increase in the human population over the past century and the subsequent encroachment of human activities on wilderness areas. Jhalana Forest Reserve (JFR) presents the characteristics of island biogeography in the heart of Jaipur, which is a city of 3.1 million people. The comprehensive checklist of birds given here consists of 218 species recorded from the Sanctuary belonging to 72 families. Out of which 13 species are common resident, 6 are not common passage migrant, 48 not common resident, 7 not common summer visitor, 30 not common winter visitor, 1 common passage migrant, 7 common winter visitor, 1 locally common passage migrant, 82 locally common resident,4 locally common summer visitor,17 locally common winter visitor and 2 vagrant species. 29 Family show the lowest representation with only one species each. Family Accipitridae shows the highest number of representatives of 16 species in the area. Species like, Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyuran) migrate to the area only during their breeding season, i.e. in monsoon. The list consists of 9 species listed in the IUCN threatened list, and 4 endemics. Jhalana covers an expanse of 20 square km. The Rajasthan Forest Department officially designated Jhalana as a Leopard Reserve in 2017. Jhalana was inaugurated for public visitation in December 2016. The Jhalana forest harbors a wide variety of trees, which may play a crucial role in the proliferation of bird species.
Background
Wetlands, globally, face significant threats from human activities, and waterbirds, as key indicators of wetland health, are essential to maintaining ecological balance. Any long-term conservation measures should prioritize coordinated habitat preservation, wetland restoration, and sustainable management practices involving local communities. Monitoring and analyzing waterbird population trends are critical for understanding restoration, conservation, and management practices.
Methods
The present study was carried out in five bird sanctuaries Chitrangudi, Kanjirankulam (Ramsar sites), Therthangal, Sakkarakottai, and Mel-Kel Selvanoor of Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India, over one year (April 2022 to March 2023). Monthly surveys using direct and block methods, with additional fortnightly visits during the breeding season, were conducted from vantage points to record species diversity, nesting activity, and conservation threats. Assessments of the residential status, national status (SOIB), and Convention for Migratory species (CMS) status were done along with the alpha and beta biodiversity profiles, principal component analysis, Pearson correlation and other statistical methods performed to assess breeding waterbirds community structure. Threats to the breeding waterbirds were categorised into high, medium, and low impacts based on degree of severity and irreversibility.
Results
The avifaunal checklist revealed a diversity of waterbird species utilizing the sanctuaries for breeding. Notable findings include two Near-Threatened species like, Asian Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, and Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis , where Asian Woolly-necked Stork recorded only in Therthangal Bird Sanctuary. Avifauna of each sanctuary with breeding waterbirds in parenthesis is as follows: Chitragundi 122 (13); Mel-Kel Selvanoor 117 (19); Therthangal 96 (23); Sakkarakottai 116 (17) and Kanjirankulam 123 (14). The breeding activity (incubation in nests) was from November to February except for Glossy Ibis and Oriental Darter whose breeding started in December; Spot-billed Duck and Knob-billed Duck breed only during January and February. Among the 131 species recorded from all the sanctuaries, 78% were resident birds; 27% were breeding waterbirds, and 21% were Winter visitors. The SOIB and CMS statuses underscore the necessity of implementing effective conservation measures to protect breeding habitats amid anthropogenic pressures. Water unavailability and nest tree unavailability in the sanctuaries are found to be the high degree threats to breeding waterbirds than others. This research provides critical baseline data for the forest department’s future wetland management plans.
The chapter on “Innovative Research and Future Directions: Bridging Tradition with Modern Science with Special Reference to Northeastern India” explores the dynamic interplay between traditional knowledge systems and contemporary scientific methodologies in the realm of natural product research. Focused on the context of Northeast India, a region renowned for its rich biodiversity and cultural heritage, this chapter delves into the evolving landscape of research and development, highlighting key trends, challenges, and opportunities. Beginning with an exploration of how traditional wisdom informs modern scientific inquiry, the chapter elucidates the complementary nature of indigenous practices and scientific methodologies in uncovering the therapeutic potential of natural products. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing phytochemical analysis, bioassays, and genomic studies, researchers have made significant strides in elucidating the biochemical mechanisms underlying the efficacy of traditional remedies.
The non-protected forests of the eastern Himalaya are crucial for biodiversity conservation. With pronounced elevation gradients over short distances and a high woodpecker diversity, this region is ideal for investigating sympatric woodpeckers. With this outlook, the current study was carried out in Darjeeling, eastern Himalaya, across an approximate elevation range of 250–2300 m, to explore the foraging niche dynamics among woodpeckers inhabiting non-protected tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests. The results revealed significant variations in species preferences across different niche dimensions. While woodpeckers preferred snags and sick trees, most observations occurred on live trees, likely due to the limited availability of snags. Large-bodied woodpeckers favoured large, tall trees, consistent with optimal foraging theory. The grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, despite its smaller size, preferred large trees but selected smaller substrates. Species-specific foraging heights indicate vertical stratification, while distinct substrate preferences demonstrate resource partitioning. Shifts in foraging behaviour across elevations reflect environment-induced niche specialisation. Tropical forests exhibited greater woodpecker diversity and abundance. Species pairs, such as the greater yellownape and grey-headed woodpecker, showed significant overlaps in niche preferences, while the grey-capped pygmy woodpecker and crimson-breasted woodpecker were the most distinct from the rest of the community in their respective habitats. Additionally, some woodpeckers exhibited varying niche preferences across elevation bands, indicating a mix of generalists and specialists within the community. The study underscores the need for a broad conservation approach that considers various ecological dimensions across an elevation gradient for effective conservation of woodpeckers in the Himalaya.
Background This study examines the nesting and foraging ecology of the Asian Openbill ( Anastomus oscitans ) in Perak, Malaysia, focusing on Pulau Bangau and nearby rice fields. Pulau Bangau, located within the Perak River, emerged as an ideal nesting site due to its isolation, availability of large nesting trees such as berembang or Sonneratia caseolaris , and proximity to extensive rice fields serving as primary foraging grounds. Methods Fieldwork conducted from September 2022 to February 2023 documented nesting site preferences and foraging activities through visual observations, photographic documentation, and drone imagery. Results The findings reveal that proximity to water bodies, abundant food sources, and minimal disturbances are critical factors influencing nest site selection, consistent with patterns observed in other regions. Observations in nearby rice fields recorded significant stork activity, emphasizing the importance of agricultural landscapes in supporting the species. Ulu Dedap Blocks B and D were identified as key foraging areas, with the highest stork counts and observation frequencies. The study underscores the interdependence between nesting and foraging habitats, highlighting the energy efficiency and reproductive success associated with close habitat connectivity. However, reliance on agricultural landscapes poses challenges, including habitat degradation and food availability disruptions due to land-use changes. Conclusion These findings have important conservation implications, advocating for the protection of Pulau Bangau and sustainable management of rice fields. Integrating biodiversity-friendly practices in agriculture and preserving mature trees are critical for safeguarding the species' habitats and ensuring its long-term viability in Malaysia.
Birds show sign of differences in behavior and physiology during life history states (LHSs) which reflect the adaptive strategy for continued existence. The long-distance night migratory songbirds undergo behavioral shifts during the migratory journey; from inactivity to intense activity. Here, we aim to investigate the differences in seasonal responses and the blueprint of activity and rest in different life history states (LHS) in blackheaded (Emberiza melanocephala; group 1) and redheaded Buntings (Emberiza bruniceps; group 2) that inhabit overlapping breeding and wintering grounds. Adult photosensitive buntings of both groups were acclimatized in an outdoor aviary for a week and then divided into two groups. A set of buntings remained in an outdoor aviary and their changes in body mass, body fattening, and testis growth were measured under increasing natural day length conditions (NDL). Another set of buntings was transferred in 8L: 16D (8 h of light and 16 h of dark) for one week followed by 13L: 11D (13 h of light and 11 h of dark) photoperiods until they developed night-time activity (Zugunruhe). The rate of induction of seasonal cycles of body mass, fat gain and testis growth under an identical inductive photoperiod was significantly faster in blackheaded buntings as compared to redheaded buntings. Buntings showed significant differences in their activity-rest pattern. This suggested that both the species of buntings had different migratory strategies to reach their appropriate breeding grounds. Overall, it can be concluded that despite being closely related, sharing breeding and overwintering grounds, the buntings differ in their migratory decisions.
A Merlin (Falco columbarius) specimen collected in Pie-monte (NW Italy) in the winter of 1952 and preserved in the "Admetos Rolando Barberis" collection is here attributed to F. c. insignis, a sub-species breeding in northeastern Siberia, east of the Yenisey River. This form is reported for the first time in Italy and Europe.
We conducted the present study in two freshwater lakes in the Mysore district of Karnataka, India, from December 2023 to May 2024, with the aim of evaluating the diversity, relative abundance, and feeding guilds of avifauna in Giribetta and Hadinaru lakes. The “point count” method was used to evaluate the species composition of birds. A total of 5,790 individuals, representing 106 species from 18 orders and 48 families, were recorded. Four species were in the near-threatened category: Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) , Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) , Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) , and Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) , while the others were of least concern. In terms of species richness, Giribetta Lake had 87 species belonging to 18 orders and 42 families, as compared to Hadinaru Lake, which had 86 species from 16 orders and 40 families. The two areas had similar species composition, with a Sorenson index of 76.3% and a Jaccard index of 61.7%, which indicates that the species diversity is fairly similar across the habitats. Based on the diet and foraging habitat, the recorded bird species were classified into eight major feeding guilds, which revealed a higher abundance of carnivorous and insectivorous birds, followed by omnivorous, granivorous, frugivorous, nectarivorous, herbivorous, and mixed guild types. It is expected that this study will provide a preliminary database for the waterbirds of this area, useful for further research and assessment.
The current study aims to comprehend the population status and distribution of the Indian Swiftlet ( Aerodramus unicolor , family: Apodidae) using primary and secondary data. We acquired the population data from the secondary literature and presence data from open source (GBIF.org). We conducted surveys to document the breeding and foraging locations of the species in the Western Ghats, West Coast and Offshore islands of Maharashtra. After estimating the population, we used the presence data to create a model predicting species distribution in current and future scenarios. The Indian Swiftlet’s current distribution is from Southwest Maharashtra to Kerala and Sri Lanka. In future, the changing climate might restrict it to the southern Western Ghats and some pockets in Sri Lanka. Burnt Island, home to the largest known colony, deserves conservation attention. We recommend population surveys and immediate conservation efforts to ensure the survival of the Indian Swiftlet endemic to India and Sri Lanka.
The first breeding site of Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops persicus) in Peninsular India was observed in the Andivillai saltpans of Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. We found a total of 28 breeding burrows distributed into three subsets in the stretch of 30 m. Among 28 nests, 16 were active and 12 were inactive/unused. The active nest-tunnels have a mean tunnel length of 1.53±0.53 m and nest-mouth diameter of 9.93±1.48 cm. While the females excavated tunnels and started brooding males were guarding the colony. The male very often fed the female brooding inside the nest till the hatchlings appeared, and later both parents were observed feeding their chicks during the day. The chicks were first observed peeping out of the tunnels on 22 August 2023. At the end of September few juvenile birds were seen flying along with the adults foraging in the open sky. The Blue-cheeked Bee-eater is considered a passage migrant and winter visitor to the northwestern part of India and vagrant in Southern India, but this study confirmed its breeding in Southern India. Additionally, the study provides baseline information on the breeding ecology of the species in India.
The avifaunal diversity assessment is a valuable ecological tool, providing a significant measure for assessing the quality and quantity of various habitats. Karsog is located in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, India, in the Pir Panjal Himalayan range. Avifaunal study was conducted on a monthly basis in the Tehsil Karsog from December 2023 to June 2024. The study revealed the presence of 91 bird species, spanning over 63 genera, 38 families, 12 orders. The Order Passeriformes was the most diverse with 64 species, while Bucerotiformes and Strigiformes were represented by one species each. The Muscicapidae, with 12 species, was the dominant family in the study area. Analysis of data on relative abundance showed that of the 91 species recorded, 23 species (25.27%) were very common, 27 species (29.67%) were common, 26 species (28.57%) were uncommon, and 15 species (16.48%) were rare. Among the documented avifauna, 2 species, the Alexandrine Parakeet and the Himalayan Griffon are Near Threatened species as categorized by the IUCN Red List (2024). Assessment of data on feeding guild shows that, out of 91 species, 2 species (2.19%) are granivores, 3 species (3.29%) are carnivores, 11 species (12.08%) are omnivores, 17 species (18.68%) are insectivores and 58 species (63.73%) have varied type of feeding habits. It shows that 22 species (24.17%) have a narrow feeding guild meaning that they rely on limited type of food resources. Further analysis of data on the population status reveals that 17 species (18.68%) have declining population trend as per the IUCN global population trend assessment. This emphasizes the importance of implementing conservation strategies in the area under investigation.
The Asian openbill stork (Anastomus oscitans) is commonly found among the nine stork species in India. In this study, we explored the correlation between average rainfall (AR) and nest count (NC) within the Asian openbill stork population in Barachaka village, Bankura district, West Bengal, India. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.483; P < 0.05) emerged between the stork population (SP) and the AR. The recorded AR during the study period was 301.05 ± 77.95 mm, while the SP and NC were 394.21 ± 47.75 and 4098.71 ± 597.29 respectively. Significant associations were found between NC and SP (χ2 = 5.714; P < 0.05), revealing a relative risk (RR) of 3.50; 95% CI = 1.78–3.68. Utilizing binary logistic regression with a forward stepwise (Wald) approach, AR was found to be significantly linked to SP (Wald = 7.055; P < 0.01). The overall model demonstrated statistical significance at χ2 = 20.744; P < 0.01 (Cox and Snell R2 = 0.579). The COVID-19 lockdown emerged as a significant factor influencing the elevation of NC. During this period, NC exhibited a significant increase in the number of study sites (χ2 = 4.800; P < 0.05), with RR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.26–3.17. This study represents a pioneering effort to comprehend the impact of the pandemic situation on the Asian openbill stork population.
Courtship displays are crucial for bird’s mate attraction and reproductive success (Ali & Ripley 1980). Males primarily exhibit these behaviors, sometimes involving interactions with females (Huxley 1914; Bastock 1967; Ota et al. 2015; Soma & Iwama 2017). These displays reflect male quality, aiding in reproductive success (Mitoyen et al. 2019), showcasing eye-catching dances, acoustic calls, and use behavioral elements for potential mate (Ali & Ripley 1983; Houck & Reagan 1990). The Orange-headed thrush (Geokichla citrina), belonging to the family Turdidae, is a terrestrial bird distributed across various parts of Asia (Collar 2005). In Bangladesh, this species is categorized as a common resident (Khan 2018). Breeding seasons for the Orange-headed thrush are documented from February to June (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005; Grimmett et al. 2011; Sashikumar 2011; Singal 2019). However, information in terms of its breeding display is insufficient. This study presents three observations of the Orange-headed thrush's courtship behavior, focusing on female responses and shedding light on its breeding strategies in Ornithology.
In this study, which was carried out in the spring of 2022, a total of 20 points including 10 presence (nest) points and 10 absence points of Hoopoe Lark (Alaemon alaudipes) were investigated in an area of approximately 2000 hectares, in the vicinity of the Persian Gulf in Bushehr and Tangestan townships, Bushehr province, southern Iran. The characteristics of each nest as well as the environmental characteristics were investigated. The large and small internal nest diameters are 8.1±1.19 and 6.55±1.01 cm, respectively. The average large and small external diameter of the nests is 13.60±1.71 and 11.8±1.47 cm, respectively. The average depth of nests is 4.40±1.07 cm. The average distance from the bottom edge of the nest to the ground surface is 17.3±7.04 centimeters. The volume of the nests was 181±68.08 cubic centimeters. The average distance between nests is 1244.88±665.71 meters. Seven out of 10 nest directions are toward north, two is slightly towards the east and one slightly towards the west. Three environmental variables, including the distance to the asphalt road, the number of short shrubs and the percentage of bare land have significant relationship with the nest points. The nest points have a positive significant relationship with the number of short shrubs and the percentage of bare ground and had an inverse relationship with the distance to the asphalt road. The average height of the bushes on which the nests are built is 48.9±9.31 cm.
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