No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
... For example, the denotative content (characteristics) of visual images, and the connotative content, such as the level of abstraction (e.g., symbolic images, decontextualization, portrayal of distance), may be associated with news outlets' ideological leanings and can lead to the socio-political manipulation of an issue (Duan et al. 2017). Therefore, the process of visual framing is highly ideological (Hall 1973), where images do not portray an objective reality (Urry 1992) but instead are created, edited and/or selected to communicate a particular way of understanding (O'Neill 2013). The repetition and normalization of these images, or in contrast, the absence of images, represent an influence on empowering voices and promoting particular ways of conceptualizing a concept, while disempowering and marginalizing others (O'Neill 2013). ...
... This was conducted by investigating the main themes, patterns and concepts portrayed in the visual news coverage via crosstab que-ries of all codes against each other in NVivo. It also drew on the context provided by article titles and image captions as they helped to place the viewer in relationship with the image (Hall 1973;O'Neill 2013O'Neill , 2019. As online news media images may have a contradictory relationship with the articles they accompany because image selection and article writing are often two separate processes within a newsroom (Anne DiFrancesco and Young 2011), the coders also recorded alignment of the caption with interpretation of the image. ...
During extreme heat events (EHEs) the public often learns about health protective actions through the media. Visual news coverage can act as a powerful tool to help convey complex health protective actions to the public. Despite the importance of images in helping the public understand the risk, there has been no systematic analysis to assess what images have been used by media outlets in Canada during EHEs. This paper helps to fill that gap by analyzing how the Canadian media visually communicated the risks of extreme heat to the public during the unprecedented 2021 Heat Dome. A review of thousands of online news media articles published about the 2021 Heat Dome in Canada was conducted on five subscription news databases. Overall, 845 images were coded to identify denotative, connotative, and ideological content. Only 16% of these published images implied that heat was dangerous, of which only 40% depicted people, and 46% implied human suffering. Our findings demonstrate that the majority of images used in Canadian news coverage on the 2021 Heat Dome are incompatible with, and frequently contradict, evidence-based heat protective actions. Governments, public health agencies, and other stakeholders engaged in distributing heat preparedness messaging (e.g., journalists) should prioritize improving the images of extreme heat in news coverage to align with evidence-based public health messages. With rising global temperatures due to climate change and the associated increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events, prioritizing these actions is critically important to offset the threat posed to public health.
... However, it is recognized that photographs do not simply record objective truth. Rather, they always have a point of view, and whereby they offer one visual interpretation of an event through ways in which the content is selected and framed (Hall, 1973;Sontag, 2003). These qualities of the news photographs make them an interesting barometer of the images of scientists under specific cultural, political and social conditions. ...
... Along these 11 dimensions each photograph was analysed, with reference to the caption and the headline of the report when necessary. The caption, although formally separated from the photograph, tend to be accessed together with the image by newspaper readers, as they usually rely on the caption to interpret what the person in the picture is doing and how her expressions ought to be read (Hall, 1973). Headlines are considered the most prominent feature of news discourse (Van Dijk, 1988) and they help create the best context to interpret the news. ...
Photography plays an important role in science communication. This study investigates the photographic portraits of scientists in the news media in China from 1949 to 2022. The data consist of 1,071 photographs published in People’s Daily, the most influential newspaper in China. The photographs are analysed according to a framework based on previous studies on the visual representation of scientists. Analysis shows an overall image of scientists that demonstrates distinctive ‘Chinese’ features, such as the prominence of group photos and governmental honours. Diachronically, the visual image of scientists evolved from the early farmer scientists acclaimed in midst of political struggle to social elites and stars celebrated as China’s hope for indigenous innovation. The study enriches our understanding of the visual representation of scientists in China, and sheds light on the influence of culture, politics and social positioning of science and technology on the image of scientists created by the media.
... En este sentido, resulta interesante cómo los medios de comunicación representan, comunican y construyen determinadas imágenes sociales sobre la migración y los sujetos migrantes, ya que son una de las principales fuentes de información y generación de sentido, producción de la realidad social, fuente de conocimiento para la elite y sociedad civil en general (Ivanova y Jocelin-Almendras, 2021;McCombs y Evatt, 1995;Van Dijk, 1993;Verón, 1994). Así, al resaltar unos aspectos por sobre otros, los medios influyen en el modo en que la gente piensa sobre ciertas temáticas, privilegiando las voces hegemónicas, siendo fuentes de aprendizaje de prejuicios y formas de discriminación (Hall, 2010;Van Dijk, 2005). ...
... y construye sus propias opiniones(Wilmott, 2017). SegúnBurgin (1982), las fotografías se decodifican de forma instantánea y natural y su elección en un texto del artículo no es al azar, sino que depende en gran medida del fotógrafo y del editor.Hall (2010) confirma que, aunque las fotografías de noticias aparecen como representaciones objetivas y naturales del mundo real, la selección de una imagen para las noticias es un procedimiento muy ideológico que estará influenciado por la originalidad, la polémica y la importancia de cada noticia. En el caso de la fotografía en un periódico, prim ...
Media representation is crucial because all knowledge of political and social issues is inevitably and inherently mediated. The main objective of this article is to analyze the visual representation of migrant women during the period 2015-2019 in three Chilean newspapers: El Mercurio, La Tercera, and Publimetro. To achieve this objective, a corpus of 705 photographs published in these newspapers was examined using a visual analysis methodology. The results show that migrant women are visually circumscribed within larger collectives, during travel, transit, and border crossings; at times, they are also depicted in relation to work and housing, as well as their country of origin and these representations often involve racialized markers; and, in some cases, portray them from a maternal or wife role. Thus, it is concluded that these visual representations position migrant women as another passive individuals without agency.
... Unter Berücksichtigung des vollen Bedeutungsumfangs des Begriffs der Anrufung, wie von JudithButler (1997) ausführlicher dargelegt. 4Als Master-Studentin (vgl.Hall 2010Hall [1973). ...
... Unter Berücksichtigung des vollen Bedeutungsumfangs des Begriffs der Anrufung, wie von JudithButler (1997) ausführlicher dargelegt. 4Als Master-Studentin (vgl.Hall 2010Hall [1973). ...
Wie werden Gesellschaften in Zeitschriften betrachtet und welche Übersetzungsleistungen bieten jene in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Kontexten? Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, analysieren die Beiträger*innen des Bandes das Zusammenspiel von Textgestaltung, Design, Inhalten, Infrastrukturen und Zielgruppen von Zeitschriften. Sie erweitern den Blick im Rahmen einer differenzierungstheoretischen Forschungsagenda und betrachten Zeitschriften als materialisierte Zeichensysteme und kommunikative Artefakte innerhalb der materiellen Kultur der Gesellschaft.
... News values are latent organizing structures that shape what news organizations judge as newsworthy (Hall, 1973). Much of the literature on news values begins with a descriptive account of the guideposts journalists and editors use to judge newsworthiness based on textual analysis, and ends with a call for news to expand beyond elite myopia. ...
... 42). Gitlin (1980) similarly addressed news values through a critique of conservatism and anti-protest rhetoric in news coverage, and Hall (1973Hall ( , 1978 argued against dominant journalism's latent valorization of a conservative social order that normalizes the subjugation of minorities. On the other hand, journalism outside of dominant venues, often written by and for members of marginalized communities, has regularly used an alternative set of news values including solidarity, social cohesion, and community-building in the traditions of the Black press, ethnic press, and social movement journals (Awad, 2011;Ostertag, 2006;Williams Fayne, 2021). ...
Solidarity is a longstanding, though seldom acknowledged, news value in coverage of marginalized communities. As a principled commitment to social justice, solidarity as a news value helps account for news stories that deviate from elite focus and individualistic framing, which have been regularly critiqued in scholarship on dominant news values. This article contributes a grounded framework for locating and analyzing types of solidarity that operate as news values in reporting on marginalized communities. Through qualitative textual analysis of articles published as part of the 2016 San Francisco Homeless Project, this study finds that news values of intragroup solidarity, civic solidarity, political solidarity, and moral solidarity unevenly arise in coverage of local homelessness, and each have implications for whose perspectives are rendered newsworthy. The majority of stories that exhibit solidarity as a news value are aligned with either civic solidarity or political solidarity, which means they maintain focus on the city and critique the structure of the housing market but do not necessarily move journalists toward more inclusive sourcing of people experiencing homelessness. In contrast, intragroup solidarity stories offer a grounded narrative of “we take care of us,” and moral solidarity stories amplify a narrative of “let us live – here’s what we need from you.” These stories represent the perspectives of people subjected to enduring social injustice. Moral solidarity offers the strongest value for journalism that represents marginalized communities because it renders people whose dignity is denigrated by current systemic arrangements newsworthy and amplifies their urgent appeals for concrete changes.
... In general, two main characteristics of making "good news" were indicated by the scholars: first, the news story is defined as a description, distinguishing between harmony and conflict; the second one is the valance of the language used in the story (McIntyre, 2016, p. 224). For Hall (1981), news stories are based on three factors: action, temporal recency, and newsworthiness. In such way, the story connects to a recent event (p. ...
... In the literature, there are many studies (Allern, 2002;Gans, 2004;Brighton & Foy, 2007;Steensen, 2011;Bednarek & Caple, 2014, 2017Harcup & O'Neil, 2017;Trilling, Tolochko & Burscher, 2017) that examined newsworthiness and news values under different categories. By referring to textbooks and research on journalism, Allern (2002) cited six major new values; significance (the importance of event), identification (geographical or cultural proximity), sensation (the element of surprise), timeliness (proximity in time), conflict (controversial issues), and salience (familiarity of the topic). ...
The Internet and Web 2.0 have changed the communication and information systems. Social media has emerged as an alternative or a developed version of traditional media. In this respect, journalism is obliged to keep up with the new technology. Social media has become an effective platform for information and news sharing. Traditional understanding of news values and newsworthiness has been reconstructed within this period. Concepts such as share, like, comment, etc. have become significant for news values and newsworthiness in digital age. In this context, this study aims to find out how news values have changed on social media by focusing on Instagram. To this end, three newspapers, which have highest circulations in Turkey were sampled over a one-month period. Content analysis was selected as research technique. Based on research questions, three-step analysis was conducted. The findings were discussed in the conclusion. A new term – insta-worthiness – is suggested in this study to clarify the main components of news values on Instagram.
... Cripps (2021) posited that the mainstream media acts to reinforce dominant hegemonies, both producing and legitimising the lens through which issues are viewed. This echoes Hall's (1973) assertion that news values are part of an ideologically constructed way of perceiving the world that favours and reinforces the perspectives of the powerful. Building on this, the cultivation theory proposes that media consumption impacts individuals' perceptions, such that their opinions about the world will come to match what is most frequently portrayed in the media (Weitzer and Kubrin 2004). ...
Missing White Woman Syndrome has been widely acknowledged within traditional mainstream media, resulting in a heavy focus on missing white women and a simultaneous underrepresentation of missing women from minority ethnic communities. However, less is known about whether this has carried through to social media, wherein users play a key role in determining what becomes widespread news. This review seeks to examine this issue with reference to existing research. It begins by exploring the concept of newsworthiness and the ways in which social media influences the distribution of news. It will then review the concept of the ‘ideal victim’, and its continued association with ethnicity. Finally, the review will examine Missing White Woman Syndrome and the ways in which it has historically manifested within traditional media and continues to manifest on social media. The review will conclude with a discussion on findings and avenues for future research in Ireland and internationally.
... My discussion has so far emphasized that crime maps, like images (Hall 1973), are never free of ideology. Crime maps, in this understanding, become visual regimes with coercive, normalizing and stigmatizing effects (Brown and Carrabine 2019) and possess denotative and connotative meanings (Hall 1973: 226): On the one hand, their "codes of denotation are precise, literal, unambiguous:" they visualize and locate violence across urban spaces. ...
By drawing on research on territorial stigmatization, critical cartography, and visual criminology, this article develops a critical literacy of crime maps to scrutinize their ability to function as adequate representations of crime. Focusing on online newspaper crime maps of homicides published by one of Chicago’s major newspapers, the Chicago Sun-Times , this article argues that crime maps assign a criminogenic character to urban spaces by spatially inscribing homicides onto community maps. In particular, this article devotes attention to the power of crime visualizations through cartography, developing strategies to educate readers about how to critically think about and read crime maps’ visualizations of the spatiality of crime. This article is intended as both a critique of crime maps’ spatio-visual practices as well as an attempt to develop a critical literacy of crime maps.
... Medyanın güç ve iktidar ilişkileri kapsamında hegemonyayı inşa ederken normatif ve rıza imalatına dayanan rolü (Herman ve Chomsky, 2012) ve toplumsal konularda yönlendirme (Örs, 2014) işlevleri olduğu sıklıkla dile getirilmektedir. Fotoğrafın ideolojik bir seviye olduğu görüşü (Hall, 1973, Oestreicher, 1985 gerçekliğin vurgulanan ya da kurgulanan tematik ayrıntılarını açıklamaktadır. İdeolojinin mitsel (Özerkan, 2002) ve gerçeklik alanı ile olan ilişkisi (Tagg, 1988) dışında nesnel ve öznel bakışın fotoğrafı ideolojik baskılanma aracına dönüştürdüğü de söylenebilmektedir. ...
Fotoğrafik anlatı, kritik ana odaklanmış bir görüntü üzerinden anlamlandırma süreçlerini vurgulamaktadır. Hareketsiz bir görüntünün içerisinde ana ve yardımcı ögelerle konumlandırılma biçimleri ile katmanlar arası ilişkiler fotoğraflara kimlik kazandırmaktadır. Fotoğrafların simgeler ve göstergelerle ideolojik tavırları aşan bir estetiğe sahip olması onu mükemmel hale getirebilmektedir. Her fotoğrafın öncesi ve sonrası bir hikayedir. Fotoğrafın kendisi ise o hikâyenin en şok edici ve ön plana çıkarılan kodlanmış bir yapıyı ifade etmektedir. Bu nedenle fotoğrafı inceleyen izleyici öznenin perspektifini ham gerçeklikten ayrıştırmak gerekmektedir. Fotoğraf, göstergebilimsel açıdan birtakım kodlarla süslenmiş olup ortak bir dille çözümlenebilmesi için bazı kültürel ve anlam bilimsel yöntemlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Görsel çözümlemeler, görüntünün arka planını anlamak ve doğru yorumlamak üzere yapılan bilimsel tekniklerle hazırlanmış çalışmalardır. Görmenin anlamak ile eşdeğer tutulduğu ve görsel iletişimin giderek önem kazandığı yeni medya döneminde fotoğraf anlatısı üzerine göstergebilimsel çözümleme konusu da sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Fotoğraf, bir belgedir, anı kaydeden ve kanıt niteliğinde görsel bir kimliğe sahip olması sebebiyle içerdiği anlamın düz ya da yan anlamının nelere karşılık geldiği konusu, ilk kez yirminci yüzyılda yapılan çalışmalar ile başlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, fotoğraf konusunda kült olarak kabul edilen Pulitzer ödüllü beş fotoğraf üzerinden göstergebilimsel çözümleme yapılmaktadır.
... The use or absence of specific words, cliched expressions, stereotypical images, sources of information, and sentences that offer thematically supportive clusters of information or conclusions are all examples of textual frames. 28 In news reporting, frames are typically used to cover three objects: political events, issues, and actors. 29 Twitter trends have benefited ISIS, and creating/ appropriating trends brought the group attention that would not have otherwise been seen on social media. ...
Terrorist organizations have long realized the invaluable benefits of various media platforms, particularly social media, in achieving their tactical, operational and strategic goals. They have figured out how to make an impact through social media. Researchers have found that media plays a significant role in disseminating messages supporting terrorism. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, terrorism has attracted much media attention. ISIS, in particular, has produced the most technologically sophisticated propaganda compared to other terrorist groups. Since terrorism has received so much media attention, it is vital to understand how it is presented in international news. This study, therefore, examines terrorists' use of media while focusing on ISIS as a case study. Research findings suggest that employing media as a weapon in combat is vital to ISIS's strategy to establish a hypothetical Islamic caliphate. ISIS uses media for three central goals: promoting its propaganda, recruiting new fighters, and inciting violence. The article employs framing theory, a study of comparative journalism and global media coverage of terrorism. This paper also explores the idea that media coverage may very well encourage acts of terrorism.
Bibliography Entry
Sunawar, Lubna. 2022. "Media Reporting of Terrorism: A Case Study of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)." Margalla Papers 26 (2): 62-71.
... News sources help journalists to tell sides of the story that they lack the knowledge of (Sundar, 1998). Similar to framing of texts in news stories, visual framing can suggest a particular way of emphasis and presentation by including or excluding persons or items in a photo and by the number of photographs covering an event (Hall, 1973;Messaris and Abraham, 2001). Visuals are also effective in augmenting the textual content, focusing the attention of the readers on the news story, and engaging more fully with the content. ...
North Korea is one of the most secretive and closed countries in the world that is still under communist rule. This paper presents a comparative content analysis of the overall framing in the online news coverage of the assassination of Kim Jong Nam, the estranged half-brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, from The New York Times and Chosun Ilbo (N = 154). Results showed that while U.S. and South Korean newspapers displayed considerable similarities among the use of texts, visuals, sources, and news frames, differences existed in the use of hyperlinks and news tones. This study not only adds to the body of work in framing theory by examining the coverage of Kim Jong Nam’s sudden death from the lens of two different news media, but also contributes to international communication by exploring how international newspapers covered the same event related to North Korean political figures. The implications are discussed.
... Both the photo and its caption are considered in coding news values. This is because of the close relationship between a photo and its caption (Hall, 1973;Sontag, 2003). Moreover, in terms of news values, it has been found that the caption may construe news values that are not construed in the photo (Bednarek and Caple, 2017). ...
This study investigates how floods are presented as newsworthy in the photo galleries of Associated Press (AP) and Xinhua News Agency (Xinhua), two news outlets with different cultural and political backgrounds. A distinction is made between international floods, that is, Their floods, and domestic floods, that is, Our floods. The data consists of around 1500 photo-caption complexes. The analysis adopts the framework of Discursive News Values Analysis. The findings show a similar tendency to highlight Negativity, Impact, Personalization and Superlativeness in presenting Their floods by AP and Xinhua, though the two differ in Proximity and Positivity. By contrast, Our floods are presented differently. Negativity, Impact and Personalization are foregrounded in AP’s presentation of floods in the United States, whereas Xinhua’s presentation of floods in China gives prominence to Negativity, Positivity, Personalization and Superlativeness. The study is significant for its attention to cross-cultural comparison and the genre of online photo galleries.
... Our evaluation of the UFC's brand profile is informed by an amalgamation of research orientations, including brand psychology (Fog et al., 2003;Jansson-Boyd, 2010), narrative persuasion (Bruner, 1991), and semiotic and discourse analysis (Williamson, 1978;Hall, 1981). We first analyzed each video separately to reveal their own communicative features and contributions to the UFC's overall identity. ...
Using three highly visible promotional videos from the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), we perform a critical examination of the UFC’s branding during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first is a recorded endorsement from President Donald Trump, the second introduces the origin of an international pay-per-view series called “Fight Island” and the third is an end of year retrospective of the UFC’s performance in 2020. Employing content analysis grounded in brand psychology and narrative persuasion, we deconstruct the visual communication and story-based elements within this advertising to reveal how the company has adopted an identity of heroic dominance and defiance. This persona is built from a cognitively biased and framed suggestive notion which the UFC uses to market themselves as the lone organization fearless enough to “conquer” COVID-19 through the continuation of live events and overcoming obstacles posed by government regulation and media criticism. Ultimately, we find three dominant narratives actively established from this identity and heavily employed in their subsequent branded content: “Sport Must Go On,” “Unstoppable Force,” and “World Gone Crazy.” We conclude by arguing that the UFC’s branding reifies the tenuous social and political position the young sport occupies by marketing the combat sports company as different than other mainstream sport leagues, through repeated celebration of the Dana White (President of the UFC) as a heroic figure, by their disavowal of caution in the face of a pandemic, and in portrayal of the mainstream media as a jealous enemy.
... Furthermore, Bell (1991) divided news values into three groups: (1) news content, which included values like recency, unexpectedness and superlativeness, (2) the news process itself, including continuity, competition and prefabrication, and (3) the quality or style of text which includes values like clarity, brevity and color. Similar to Bell's (1991) connection of news values with mainstream ideologies held in society, Fowler (1991) conceptualized news values as culturally and socially constructed, not natural, something Hall (1973) emphasized a few decades earlier. ...
This study employs the news values theory and method in the examination of a large dataset of international news retrieved from Instagram. News values theory itself is subjected to critical examination, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. Using a mixed method that includes content analysis and topic modeling, the study investigates the major news topics most ‘liked’ by Instagram audiences and compares them with the topics most reported on by news organizations. The findings suggest that Instagram audiences prefer to consume general news, human-interest stories and other stories that are mainly positive in nature, unlike news on politics and other topics on which traditional news organizations tend to focus. Finally, the paper addresses the implications of the above findings.
... Therefore, if there are fewer "voices" telling the rest of the media what is news and what is not, there is a greater chance that there will be a greater number of events that remain outside the news agenda (priming that generates gatekeeping and, in derivation, volitional omission and censorship). As a consequence, it seems that the reality is that only a small number of events become reviewed news (Hall, 1973). ...
This research reflects, from a theoretical perspective, how most of the international events that reach the rest of the media are disseminated through news agencies, causing the well-known «ventriloquist effect»: multiple media, a single voice; and explores how online platforms have fostered this phenomenon, causing a structural increase in misinformation. In this sense, the research aims to understand the development of the «ventriloquist effect»with the progress of «new media»and, as a consequence, the increase of disinformation. For this grounded theory documentary analysis, the methodological procedure was based on the bibliographic review of the literature in the international reference databases (WoS and Scopus), carrying out an analysis of primary studies to synthesize the information. The results indicate, among other issues, that social networks foster spaces of structural misinformation in the current ecosystem. In conclusion, the relationship between the "ventriloquist effect" and misinformation,which arises from reticularly and information-digital decentralization, is determined.
... Por tanto, si hay menos «voces» diciéndole al resto de los medios qué es noticia y qué no, hay más posibilidades de que haya un mayor número de hechos que queden fuera de la agenda informativa (priming que genera el gatekeeping y en derivación, la omisión volitiva y la censura). Como consecuencia, parece que la realidad es que solo una pequeña cantidad de hechos pasan a ser noticias reseñadas (Hall, 1973). ...
Esta investigación reflexiona, desde una perspectiva teórica, cómo a través de las agencias de noticias se difunden la mayoría de los acontecimientos internacionales que llegan al resto de los medios de comunicación, provocando el conocido «efecto ventrílocuo»: múltiples medios, una sola voz; y se indaga sobre cómo las plataformas onlinehan fomentado este fenómeno, provocando un aumento estructural de la desinformación. En este sentido, la investigación tiene por objetivo conocer el desarrollo del «efecto ventrílocuo» con el progreso de los «nuevos medios»y como consecuencia, el aumento de la desinformación. Para este análisis documental de teoría fundamentada, el procedimiento metodológico se ha basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura en las bases de datos internacionales de referencia (WoSy Scopus), realizando un análisis de estudios primarios, con el fin de sintetizar la información. Los resultados indican, entre otras cuestiones, que las redes sociales fomentan espacios de desinformación estructural en el ecosistema actual. En conclusión, se determina la relación entre el «efecto ventrílocuo» y la desinformación, que surge como consecuencia de la reticularidad y descentralización informativo-digital.
... Por tanto, si hay menos «voces» diciéndole al resto de los medios qué es noticia y qué no, hay más posibilidades de que haya un mayor número de hechos que queden fuera de la agenda informativa (priming que genera el gatekeeping y en derivación, la omisión volitiva y la censura). Como consecuencia, parece que la realidad es que solo una pequeña cantidad de hechos pasan a ser noticias reseñadas (Hall, 1973). ...
Esta investigación reflexiona, desde una perspectiva teórica, cómo a través de las agencias de noticias se difunden la mayoría de los acontecimientos internacionales que llegan al resto de los medios de comunicación, provocando el conocido «efecto ventrílocuo»: múltiples medios, una sola voz; y se indaga sobre cómo las plataformas onlinehan fomentado este fenómeno, provocando un aumento estructural de la desinformación. En este sentido, la investigación tiene por objetivo conocer el desarrollo del «efecto ventrílocuo» con el progreso de los «nuevos medios»y como consecuencia, el aumento de la desinformación. Para este análisis documental de teoría fundamentada, el procedimiento metodológico se ha basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura en las bases de datos internacionales de referencia (WoSy Scopus), realizando un análisis de estudios primarios, con el fin de sintetizar la información. Los resultados indican, entre otras cuestiones, que las redes sociales fomentan espacios de desinformación estructural en el ecosistema actual. En conclusión, se determina la relación entre el «efecto ventrílocuo» y la desinformación, que surge como consecuencia de la reticularidad y descentralización informativo-digital.
The current paper attempts to contextualize Jurgen Habermas' theory of public sphere to the presentation of Imran Khan's third wedding news through Pakistani media. The purpose of the current study is to see how the media presents the news in order to indoctrinate the public opinion and then directs it to formulate a specific approach on particular news. Furthermore, it highlights the strategies including lexical choices, use of pictures, and framing, which helps shaping the public opinion. The data for the present study consists of the news published in Pakistani leading Urdu newspapers of 20th February 2018 as well as the political cartoons shared on social media. For data analysis the study has its roots in Habermasian notion of "public sphere" particularly the role of media in re/shaping public opinion. In addition to this Kress & Van Leeuwen's critical multimodal discourse analysis and Van Dijk's textual model is used to analyze data. An open-ended questionnaire is also administered to seek people's opinion on media's role in maneuvering public opinion. The results indicate that the Habermas' idea of public sphere has been reshaped by the media which presents the news in such a way that it changes public opinion about a political leader.
Chapter 2 examines how the rise of Adolf Hitler and his strident antisemitism and nativist ideology were received and framed by the Australian press during the first decade of his political life. When did Hitler and his Nazi Party enter the nation’s consciousness, and why? The press coverage reveals the limitations, routines and hierarchical structures of Australian journalism during the 1920s, as well as the social, political and cultural values of the era. The chapter introduces some of the journalists who feature prominently in the book: among them, Godfrey ‘Geof’ Blunden, Ronald Monson, Ronald Selkirk Panton, Elizabeth Riddell and Sam White. By analysing their young lives, we can see how exclusionary Australian attitudes to race—written into national law by an infamously prohibitive immigration policy—shaped their values and attitudes, and those of the mainstream Australian press more broadly. The very foundation of Australia’s racial attitudes was disturbingly derived from the doctrines of nineteenth-century Social Darwinism that underwrote the National Socialists’ hatred of Jews and others. I argue that the treatment of the distant events in Germany illuminates an historical pattern of responding to the persecution of the Jews and later, the Nazis’ extermination campaign.
The current paper attempts to contextualize Jurgen Habermas' theory of public sphere to the presentation of Imran Khan's third wedding news through Pakistani media. The purpose of the current study is to see how the media presents the news in order to indoctrinate the public opinion and then directs it to formulate a specific approach on particular news. Furthermore, it highlights the strategies including lexical choices, use of pictures, and framing, which helps shaping the public opinion. The data for the present study consists of the news published in Pakistani leading Urdu newspapers of 20th February 2018 as well as the political cartoons shared on social media. For data analysis the study has its roots in Habermasian notion of "public sphere" particularly the role of media in re/shaping public opinion. In addition to this Kress & Van Leeuwen's critical multimodal discourse analysis and Van Dijk's textual model is used to analyze data. An open-ended questionnaire is also administered to seek people's opinion on media's role in maneuvering public opinion. The results indicate that the Habermas' idea of public sphere has been reshaped by the media which presents the news in such a way that it changes public opinion about a political leader.
Haber değerlerinin etik ikilemlere yol açabilen kriterler olup olmadığını, haberciyi insanın değerine aykırı bir değerlendirme yapmaya teşvik edip etmediğini anlamak bu çalışmanın amacıdır. Bu zeminde yerel basın mensuplarının deontolojik, teleolojik etik öğretilerinden ve Kuçuradi etiğindeki değerlendirme biçimlerinden hangisine uygun hareket ettiği yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik yöntem kullanılarak ortaya konmuştur. Amaca uygun olarak belirlenen katılımcılardan kartopu örnekleme stratejisiyle diğer katılımcılara ulaşılmış, en az 3 yıl tecrübeli 10 gazeteciyle mülakat yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler MAXQDA programında tahlil edilmiş, 13 alt tema, 5 temaya ulaşılmıştır. Gazetecilerin, deontolojik ve teleolojik etik öğretilerinin kesiştiği, değer atfetmeler ile değer biçmelerin bir arada bulunduğu çatışmalı bir noktada çalışmak zorunda kaldıkları tespit edilmiştir.
This study's aim is to understand whether news values are criteria that can lead to ethical dilemmas, whether they encourage the reporter to make an evalua- tion contrary to the value of human beings. In this context, it has been revealed using the interpretive phenomenological method, which of the deontological, teleological ethical teachings and Kuçuradi's ethics evaluation forms, the mem- bers of the local press act in accordance with. 10 journalists with at least 3 years of experience reached with the snowball sampling strategy have been inter- viewed. The interviews were analyzed in the MAXQDA software, 13 sub-themes, 5 themes were reached. It has been determined that journalists, have to work at a conflicting point where the teachings of deontological and teleological ethics intersected and where value attributions and valuations actions, coexisted..
This chapter explores established and emerging routines and practices of news production to consider how they shape news content and to ask what these practices mean for who has power over what becomes news. Formative studies and concepts such as gatekeeping and news values are introduced. Several newly evolving routines and practices of digital journalism—including aggregation, curation, and the use of audience analytics and algorithms—are explored to consider the role of digital technology in shaping news production. Findings from a range of studies are synthesised to evaluate the extent to which these practices replace or supplement existing practices, what distinguishes the routines and practices of today from the past, and what implications these distinctions have for news quality now and in the future.
Margalla Papers is a biannual publication of the National Defence University, the premier institution for security and strategic studies.
The holistic digitalization of human lives impacts nature-based tourism (NBT). More than simply enhancing experiences, digital technology provides lifestyle scripts, identity myths, and marketplace cultures associated with the consumption of nature - referred to here as digital technocultures. Following consumer-dominant perspectives on tourism experience and value creation, this thesis argues that digital technocultures drive how tourists value themselves as experiencers, as well as nature, on site. NBT tourists and their experiences, the thesis argues, are contested among different digital and disconnected selves. Tourists assemble valued digital “experiencers” and link them to valued in e-tribes according to identity projects driven by digital technocultures. At the same time, tourists negotiate technocultures disciplining their lifeworlds in order to embody a valued escapist, liberated and disconnected Self-in-nature. Thus, I argue, NBT tourists as experiencers are fragmented into a heterotopia of valued identities. Moreover, digital technocultures discipline, abstract, and extremify specific experiential aspects of nature. These are sought, desired, imagined, and experienced as digital hyperrealities in NBT according to consumer cultures which I refer to as "pornification of wilderness".
The thesis explores implications of digitalization for NBT and digital-free tourism. It adopts a mix of novel, in-depth, and interpretive methodologies: netnography, immersive netnography, and field group interviews.
Noelle Mason’s Coyotaje (2005) echoes the activist traditions of needlework to address the ongoing depiction of undocumented immigrants in the news media. Across a series of 12 tapestries, Coyotaje depicts undocumented immigrants making their way on foot and smuggled in cargo across the US-Mexico border. My efforts here are focused on aligning Coyotaje as a critique on the depiction of undocumented immigrants in news media and the impact such depictions have on the viewing public. Each chapter of this thesis will break down the elements of Coyotaje that will support the argument that the series is a form of critique. The first chapter will cover Mason’s practice, the series, and its critical reception along with two interviews. In these two interviews, Mason offers insightful views on the nature of news media images which will be used as a guiding voice for this argument to situate Coyotaje as a commentary and critique on the negative visual framing of undocumented immigrants in news media images. The second chapter will look at the social context series and trace the development of immigration policies of the U.S since the 1960’s parallel to the growth of the anti-immigration narrative circulated by the news media. Additionally, this chapter will outline how the creation, editing, and circulation of images of undocumented immigrants are framed to affect public perception. The third chapter will investigate the role embroidery plays in giving Coyotaje its potency as a form of critique. This section will outline how the series echoes the historical traditions of textiles to act as a form of protest against institutional abuse and to advocate for social justice.
In this chapter, I will provide a discussion of what constitutes sexual violence from a feminist, rather than legal, perspective. In the first part of the chapter, based on what previous studies on the topic have unveiled, I will outline some of the most pervasive rape myths, and how these are often used in the news to construct dominant rape narratives. The second part of the chapter will be dedicated to presenting the value of sexual violence to news media and how this is discursively constructed, rather than inherent. This will then lead into a broader discussion of discourse and the role of the media in maintaining the status quo.
This chapter investigates whether (and in what ways) the decision by Malawi’s leading print newspapers, Times Group (Times) and Nation Publications Limited (NPL), to adopt the digital first strategy of news reporting has helped the news organizations to remain relevant and competitive in the fast-paced digital world. Both Times and NPL were quick to embrace technology and establish online desks in the early 2000s. The desks later became custodians of the digital first strategy designed to complement the print newspaper. This was to avert the competition posed by social media and to ensure their readers have access to timely and credible news while waiting for the print newspapers. While some stories are published online only, most news stories end up on the front pages of the print newspapers. This study focused on news stories that were first published on Facebook pages and later as front-page stories the following day. A total of fourteen news stories were sampled. Two news concepts: slow news and 24-hour news cycle, which explain the different mechanisms involved in live coverage of daily news for digital platforms and print newspapers, were employed to guide the investigations. The major finding is that the digital first strategy has helped the two media houses to remain relevant at a time social media have become the source of real-time news for the citizens. However, the tendency of publishing on front page news stories that made headlines on social media the previous day without adding value risks the future of the print newspapers.KeywordsDigital firstPrint newspapers24-hour news cycleSlow newsScoopsMalawi
Citizen journalism has evolved due to Internet technology and technologies such as smartphones, digital cameras and social media, which have exposed its relevance and function. Humanity is now living in an era of information, connectivity and technology. In general, the fundamentals of the media have altered over time. Citizen journalism, interactive journalism, user-generated media, participatory journalism and public journalism remove the intermediary between the news and the audience. Without question, citizen journalism raises public awareness of significant international events and can influence government policy in specific ways (Anon 2013). Furthermore, since the Internet’s speed has increased and its cost has dropped considerably in recent years, citizen journalism has become increasingly important (Sturgies 2012). Is this, however, a beneficial effect? Is it not feasible to see this occurrence as a danger? In short, this chapter analyses visual news utilising media and linguistics techniques to ascertain how visuals may help or hurt the aim of news transmission, especially in gory and emotionally charged circumstances as xenophobic news images on various news channels and social media.KeywordsCitizen journalismXenophobiaSouth AfricaSmartphonesSocial mediaVisual rhetoric
Wie werden Gesellschaften in Zeitschriften betrachtet und welche Übersetzungsleistungen bieten jene in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Kontexten? Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, analysieren die Beiträger*innen des Bandes das Zusammenspiel von Textgestaltung, Design, Inhalten, Infrastrukturen und Zielgruppen von Zeitschriften. Sie erweitern den Blick im Rahmen einer differenzierungstheoretischen Forschungsagenda und betrachten Zeitschriften als materialisierte Zeichensysteme und kommunikative Artefakte innerhalb der materiellen Kultur der Gesellschaft.
In Zimbabwe, media activists have used several strategies to prise open the media space. The emergence of media policy reform activism (MPRA) in the last decade of the twentieth century in Zimbabwe has transformed media policies in several ways. However, the strategies of activism and the extent to which these strategies have influenced media policy transformation have not been adequately researched. Thus, using in-depth interviews with some MPRA under the Media Alliance of Zimbabwe (MAZ), the government, other media policy stakeholders and documentary analysis, this study examines the strategies used to impact media policy reforms and the extent to which the strategies have influenced the policy reform process. The study established that media reform activists in Zimbabwe use numerous strategies to open media systems. Nonetheless, there is a standoff between MAZ and the state over several issues which include but are not limited to the source of funding and ideologies.
Questions regarding implicitness, ambiguity and underspecification are crucial for understanding the task validity and ethical concerns of multimodal image+text systems, yet have received little attention to date. This position paper maps out a conceptual framework to address this gap, focusing on systems which generate images depicting scenes from scene descriptions. In doing so, we account for how texts and images convey meaning differently. We outline a set of core challenges concerning textual and visual ambiguity, as well as risks that may be amplified by ambiguous and underspecified elements. We propose and discuss strategies for addressing these challenges, including generating visually ambiguous images, and generating a set of diverse images.
Violence against women is one of the most common violations of human rights in
the world. Women have been subjected to honor violence throughout history and
continue to being subjected to such violence in different cultures worldwide. Killing
in the name of honor are justified in a society when the rules of honor are dictated
by men and shaped around women’s bodies and sexuality, which are disregarded
by women. The study aims to understand whether the way media treatments
femicide reinforces the existing perception of honor or not. In other words, the
purpose of the study is to examine if the media uses a patriarchal language, how it
captures the victims and perpetrators, how it normalizes and justifies the violence
while publishing the news about honor killings. News regarding violence against
women, published in two of the national newspapers daily between 2012-2014
were examined within the scope of the study and femicide reports committed on behalf of honor were selected. Selected news is analyzed using critical discourse
analysis. As the result of this analysis, it was observed that the news on honor
killings focused more on the popular aspect of the murder in a sensational manner.
Such news used a patriarchal language, justified the violence based on the honor
issues, and emphasized that women were killed due to their lack of obedience towards their husbands, and that they dishonored their family.
Mainstream press coverage of public disaster events produce mythological narratives of heroism, sacrifice and authority. Press coverage of Hurricane Harvey in the late summer of 2017 proved to be an important historical moment in disaster coverage. A visual textual analysis of 106 front page photos of newspapers from August 28, 2017, to September 4, 2017 was conducted. The results show that news media represented people of color as displaced migrants and women as damsels in distress, while white men were represented as saviors and caretakers who brought order back to the chaos surrounding the storm’s social impact in the Houston community.
Fear is a human emotion that allows a person to survive. It has a function to ensure the continuity of life. The definition of fear has changed over time. Along with human development, transition to sedentary life, the industrial revolution, and modern life, fear and the things feared have changed. Fear has started to be marketed, especially in post-industrial societies. The governments have seen that fear and violence work to regulate, control, and passivate people. Political governments have had the unique opportunity to use fear as a mechanism for control and surveillance. The governments have aestheticized the fear and presented it indirectly with the support of media. The masses have been shaped as weak, scared, anxious, and helpless in the shadow of fear and violence. This study tries to shed light on the attempt to persuade the society about the legitimacy of the military government by presenting fear and violence to people in aestheticized forms in the 1980s in Turkey.
Asylum seekers to Australia in the early twenty-first century have been largely depicted in the national press as an anonymous threat demanding military action and offshore detention. Australia’s responses to asylum seekers have taken place within a paranoid atmosphere of a nation under siege. This essay examines the negative narratives regarding asylum seekers in Australia and the historical and cultural structures they are built upon. The essay suggests eyewitness accounts as a way to pierce the blanketing anonymity of asylum seekers in the media and traces some of the methods made possible by social media and corresponding networks to bring these narratives to the public at large.
During health pandemics such as the globally menacing COVID-19, the news media act as primary sources of information for the majority of the population. However, due to the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dearth of studies in Zambia and Africa that explore the coverage of the pandemic in local media. This article employs Foucauldian discourse as theoretical lens to analyse the representation of the COVID-19 pandemic in two selected media platforms—the Zambia Daily Mail and Mwebantu.com. Purposively selected stories on the COVID-19 pandemic were subjected to a Foucauldian discourse analysis in order to unpack language, power and knowledge struggles in the coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected Zambian media outlets. Findings show that both Zambia Daily Mail and Mwebantu were hardly analytical and critical in their coverage of the pandemic. The two publications simply regurgitated statistics on numbers of infections, recoveries, and mortality rate as announced by government officials, albeit with minimum effort to digest and unpack complex discourses for the “ordinary” reader. Moreover, in both publications, public health experts and government officials were “privileged” to authorise meanings and “truths” about COVID-19.
This chapter considers the significance of bystander social media videos in bounding police use of force and negotiations of police legitimacy. Bystander social media videos of police–civilian encounters can reveal processes of criminalization and legitimation. They can also challenge the status quo on police responsibility and accountability within socially and politically organized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex communities (LGBTQI). Differing understandings on police use of force and degrees of use of force used are central to divergent police and public perspectives on legitimate police use of force. The chapter argues that the exposure and scrutiny of questionable police practices through bystander social media videos can enable audiences to better evaluate proportionality within context and question the lawfulness of police conduct and the necessity of police powers. The chapter makes the case for the concept of ‘dynamic legitimacy’: the repeat viewing and sharing capacities of Web 2.0 social media networks that can standardize legitimate police practice through real-time demands from online audiences for greater justification of police conduct. These demands can exhaust standard police responses through a potentially infinite claim–response dialogue.
This chapter and the next demonstrate the very different thinking informing the project of cultural criminology. Since cultural criminology is a broad church covering many topics and approaches, I focus on the key foundational texts that specifically introduce the project as a project and on four exemplary texts produced by the key authors of the foundational texts. Between them these offer several statements of intent covering an array of theoretical and methodological ambitions as well as some concrete examples of the approach-in-action. This chapter starts with a critical overview of the introductory texts and then focuses on Keith Hayward’s City Limits (2004) and an article by Jock Young (2003), attempting to combine a Mertonian structuralism with a Katzian phenomenology, called ‘Merton with energy: Katz with structure’. In both examples, the key difference from a conjunctural approach is shown to be their failure to adopt a specific, concrete starting point, in favour of starting with theory. Neither text lacks ambition or imagination. They are also theoretically sophisticated. However, not being disciplined by historical particularities as must be the case with conjunctural analysis, their theorising is shown to be simply speculative. Although not intentionally, their work, which is similar along many dimensions, seems to be wanting to produce a general theory of ‘expressive’ crime in late modernity, an ambition, like all attempts at general theorising about something as multi-faceted as crime, that is doomed to failure.
This themed issue provides a comprehensive overview of journalism scholarship that variously builds on, develops, and re-examines the conceptual and methodological framework of “news values” research in the digital age. As such, it purports to demonstrate, explore and reflect on its distinctive merits and limitations, both actual and potential, as a distinctive approach to understanding ideas, practices, and experiences of “newsworthiness”, and indeed “news”, in the contemporary media environment and society, where the vectors of change affecting “news” production, circulation and use have been manifold. In doing so, the special issue brings together contemporary conceptual, methodological and/or empirical studies that variously contribute to the outlined research agenda. It does so by presenting scholarly work (1) situated across the constituent dimensions of news values analysis, articulating interactions between material, cognitive, social, and discursive perspectives; (2) considering the diversity of news actors and normative conceptions that make up the fragmented field of journalism; (3) crossing disciplinary boundaries within the heterogenous domain of journalism studies by integrating theoretical perspectives and exploring multi-method approaches; and/or (4) engaging digital media(technologies) or tools either as an object of study or a methodological approach.
The present study propounds a novel discourse-semantic approach that problematizes the social semiotic analysis of visual narrative in two respects: (i) the lack of a model that can explain the plurifunctional structure of visual acts of communication in general and (ii) the failure to provide the deep structure underlying the characters and/or objects in visual narrative in particular. Redressing these two shortcomings, the approach is methodologically geared towards analysing the visual narrative grammar that encodes the 2017 BBC image-enabled news story of Islamic State (IS). The proposed approach rests on two theoretical models: (i) Roman Jakobson’s (1960) communication model of language functions; (ii) Algirdas Julien Greimas’s (1966, 1987) structural-semantic model of actant grammar. The study has reached two major findings. First, theoretically, the visual narrative analysis of images demands the presence of both (1) a theory that can adequately explain the plurifunctional structure associated with the semiotic complexity of visual communication and (2) a structural-semantic model that reveals the deep structure of the actants that enable the dramatis personae to relate to the events featuring in the mono-/multimodal discourse of narrative. Second, on a practical level of the BBC’s visual storyline, IS has been represented within three actant-based enunciation-spectacles: (a) victimhood with Subject versus Object, (b) beneficiariness with Sender versus Receiver, and (c) villainy (self-presented and other-presented) with Opponent/Victim versus Helper.
Expanding on the theoretical concerns and practice-based challenges outlined in the previous sections of the book, this chapter focuses on the fatal police-involved shooting of a mentally ill man on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in May 1998. The chapter includes an in-depth framing analysis of the news media coverage of the incident, primarily in print and online immediately following the fatal shooting and during the coronial inquest into Paul Klein’s death. The personal and professional reflections of a number of the individuals involved in and impacted by the incident also feature. While the case study is, in many aspects, representative of the examples selected for analysis in the Australian context and as part of the broader study, it lends itself as unique in that—not unlike the death of Roni Levi on Bondi Beach the year before—the Paul Klein incident was extensively and graphically recorded by media professionals, who were present at the scene of the shooting. In this way, the Paul Klein incident offers an interesting counterpoint to the contemporary media ecosystem wherein professional journalists are frequently trumped in their coverage of such news stories by the visuals captured by ordinary bystanders and citizen journalists.
O artigo analisa cinco fotografias de autoria do fotógrafo Evandro Teixeira, publicadas no Jornal do Brasil, em 1968. As imagens registram episódios da história política brasileira, ocorridos durante a ditadura civil-militar: o funeral do estudante Edson Luís, sua missa de sétimo dia, a Sexta-feira Sangrenta e a Passeata dos 100 Mil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As imagens analisadas mostram como o corpo político é o elemento central desse importante documento visual.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.