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... Unter Berücksichtigung des vollen Bedeutungsumfangs des Begriffs der Anrufung, wie von JudithButler (1997) ausführlicher dargelegt. 4Als Master-Studentin (vgl.Hall 2010Hall [1973). ...
... Unter Berücksichtigung des vollen Bedeutungsumfangs des Begriffs der Anrufung, wie von JudithButler (1997) ausführlicher dargelegt. 4Als Master-Studentin (vgl.Hall 2010Hall [1973). ...
Wie werden Gesellschaften in Zeitschriften betrachtet und welche Übersetzungsleistungen bieten jene in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Kontexten? Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, analysieren die Beiträger*innen des Bandes das Zusammenspiel von Textgestaltung, Design, Inhalten, Infrastrukturen und Zielgruppen von Zeitschriften. Sie erweitern den Blick im Rahmen einer differenzierungstheoretischen Forschungsagenda und betrachten Zeitschriften als materialisierte Zeichensysteme und kommunikative Artefakte innerhalb der materiellen Kultur der Gesellschaft.
... In general, two main characteristics of making "good news" were indicated by the scholars: first, the news story is defined as a description, distinguishing between harmony and conflict; the second one is the valance of the language used in the story (McIntyre, 2016, p. 224). For Hall (1981), news stories are based on three factors: action, temporal recency, and newsworthiness. In such way, the story connects to a recent event (p. ...
... In the literature, there are many studies (Allern, 2002;Gans, 2004;Brighton & Foy, 2007;Steensen, 2011;Bednarek & Caple, 2014, 2017Harcup & O'Neil, 2017;Trilling, Tolochko & Burscher, 2017) that examined newsworthiness and news values under different categories. By referring to textbooks and research on journalism, Allern (2002) cited six major new values; significance (the importance of event), identification (geographical or cultural proximity), sensation (the element of surprise), timeliness (proximity in time), conflict (controversial issues), and salience (familiarity of the topic). ...
The Internet and Web 2.0 have changed the communication and information systems. Social media has emerged as an alternative or a developed version of traditional media. In this respect, journalism is obliged to keep up with the new technology. Social media has become an effective platform for information and news sharing. Traditional understanding of news values and newsworthiness has been reconstructed within this period. Concepts such as share, like, comment, etc. have become significant for news values and newsworthiness in digital age. In this context, this study aims to find out how news values have changed on social media by focusing on Instagram. To this end, three newspapers, which have highest circulations in Turkey were sampled over a one-month period. Content analysis was selected as research technique. Based on research questions, three-step analysis was conducted. The findings were discussed in the conclusion. A new term – insta-worthiness – is suggested in this study to clarify the main components of news values on Instagram.
... Medyanın güç ve iktidar ilişkileri kapsamında hegemonyayı inşa ederken normatif ve rıza imalatına dayanan rolü (Herman ve Chomsky, 2012) ve toplumsal konularda yönlendirme (Örs, 2014) işlevleri olduğu sıklıkla dile getirilmektedir. Fotoğrafın ideolojik bir seviye olduğu görüşü (Hall, 1973, Oestreicher, 1985 gerçekliğin vurgulanan ya da kurgulanan tematik ayrıntılarını açıklamaktadır. İdeolojinin mitsel (Özerkan, 2002) ve gerçeklik alanı ile olan ilişkisi (Tagg, 1988) dışında nesnel ve öznel bakışın fotoğrafı ideolojik baskılanma aracına dönüştürdüğü de söylenebilmektedir. ...
Fotoğrafik anlatı, kritik ana odaklanmış bir görüntü üzerinden anlamlandırma süreçlerini vurgulamaktadır. Hareketsiz bir görüntünün içerisinde ana ve yardımcı ögelerle konumlandırılma biçimleri ile katmanlar arası ilişkiler fotoğraflara kimlik kazandırmaktadır. Fotoğrafların simgeler ve göstergelerle ideolojik tavırları aşan bir estetiğe sahip olması onu mükemmel hale getirebilmektedir. Her fotoğrafın öncesi ve sonrası bir hikayedir. Fotoğrafın kendisi ise o hikâyenin en şok edici ve ön plana çıkarılan kodlanmış bir yapıyı ifade etmektedir. Bu nedenle fotoğrafı inceleyen izleyici öznenin perspektifini ham gerçeklikten ayrıştırmak gerekmektedir. Fotoğraf, göstergebilimsel açıdan birtakım kodlarla süslenmiş olup ortak bir dille çözümlenebilmesi için bazı kültürel ve anlam bilimsel yöntemlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Görsel çözümlemeler, görüntünün arka planını anlamak ve doğru yorumlamak üzere yapılan bilimsel tekniklerle hazırlanmış çalışmalardır. Görmenin anlamak ile eşdeğer tutulduğu ve görsel iletişimin giderek önem kazandığı yeni medya döneminde fotoğraf anlatısı üzerine göstergebilimsel çözümleme konusu da sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Fotoğraf, bir belgedir, anı kaydeden ve kanıt niteliğinde görsel bir kimliğe sahip olması sebebiyle içerdiği anlamın düz ya da yan anlamının nelere karşılık geldiği konusu, ilk kez yirminci yüzyılda yapılan çalışmalar ile başlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, fotoğraf konusunda kült olarak kabul edilen Pulitzer ödüllü beş fotoğraf üzerinden göstergebilimsel çözümleme yapılmaktadır.
... The use or absence of specific words, cliched expressions, stereotypical images, sources of information, and sentences that offer thematically supportive clusters of information or conclusions are all examples of textual frames. 28 In news reporting, frames are typically used to cover three objects: political events, issues, and actors. 29 Twitter trends have benefited ISIS, and creating/ appropriating trends brought the group attention that would not have otherwise been seen on social media. ...
Terrorist organizations have long realized the invaluable benefits of various media platforms, particularly social media, in achieving their tactical, operational and strategic goals. They have figured out how to make an impact through social media. Researchers have found that media plays a significant role in disseminating messages supporting terrorism. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, terrorism has attracted much media attention. ISIS, in particular, has produced the most technologically sophisticated propaganda compared to other terrorist groups. Since terrorism has received so much media attention, it is vital to understand how it is presented in international news. This study, therefore, examines terrorists' use of media while focusing on ISIS as a case study. Research findings suggest that employing media as a weapon in combat is vital to ISIS's strategy to establish a hypothetical Islamic caliphate. ISIS uses media for three central goals: promoting its propaganda, recruiting new fighters, and inciting violence. The article employs framing theory, a study of comparative journalism and global media coverage of terrorism. This paper also explores the idea that media coverage may very well encourage acts of terrorism.
Bibliography Entry
Sunawar, Lubna. 2022. "Media Reporting of Terrorism: A Case Study of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)." Margalla Papers 26 (2): 62-71.
... News sources help journalists to tell sides of the story that they lack the knowledge of (Sundar, 1998). Similar to framing of texts in news stories, visual framing can suggest a particular way of emphasis and presentation by including or excluding persons or items in a photo and by the number of photographs covering an event (Hall, 1973;Messaris and Abraham, 2001). Visuals are also effective in augmenting the textual content, focusing the attention of the readers on the news story, and engaging more fully with the content. ...
North Korea is one of the most secretive and closed countries in the world that is still under communist rule. This paper presents a comparative content analysis of the overall framing in the online news coverage of the assassination of Kim Jong Nam, the estranged half-brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, from The New York Times and Chosun Ilbo (N = 154). Results showed that while U.S. and South Korean newspapers displayed considerable similarities among the use of texts, visuals, sources, and news frames, differences existed in the use of hyperlinks and news tones. This study not only adds to the body of work in framing theory by examining the coverage of Kim Jong Nam’s sudden death from the lens of two different news media, but also contributes to international communication by exploring how international newspapers covered the same event related to North Korean political figures. The implications are discussed.
... Both the photo and its caption are considered in coding news values. This is because of the close relationship between a photo and its caption (Hall, 1973;Sontag, 2003). Moreover, in terms of news values, it has been found that the caption may construe news values that are not construed in the photo (Bednarek and Caple, 2017). ...
This study investigates how floods are presented as newsworthy in the photo galleries of Associated Press (AP) and Xinhua News Agency (Xinhua), two news outlets with different cultural and political backgrounds. A distinction is made between international floods, that is, Their floods, and domestic floods, that is, Our floods. The data consists of around 1500 photo-caption complexes. The analysis adopts the framework of Discursive News Values Analysis. The findings show a similar tendency to highlight Negativity, Impact, Personalization and Superlativeness in presenting Their floods by AP and Xinhua, though the two differ in Proximity and Positivity. By contrast, Our floods are presented differently. Negativity, Impact and Personalization are foregrounded in AP’s presentation of floods in the United States, whereas Xinhua’s presentation of floods in China gives prominence to Negativity, Positivity, Personalization and Superlativeness. The study is significant for its attention to cross-cultural comparison and the genre of online photo galleries.
... Our evaluation of the UFC's brand profile is informed by an amalgamation of research orientations, including brand psychology (Fog et al., 2003;Jansson-Boyd, 2010), narrative persuasion (Bruner, 1991), and semiotic and discourse analysis (Williamson, 1978;Hall, 1981). We first analyzed each video separately to reveal their own communicative features and contributions to the UFC's overall identity. ...
Using three highly visible promotional videos from the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), we perform a critical examination of the UFC’s branding during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first is a recorded endorsement from President Donald Trump, the second introduces the origin of an international pay-per-view series called “Fight Island” and the third is an end of year retrospective of the UFC’s performance in 2020. Employing content analysis grounded in brand psychology and narrative persuasion, we deconstruct the visual communication and story-based elements within this advertising to reveal how the company has adopted an identity of heroic dominance and defiance. This persona is built from a cognitively biased and framed suggestive notion which the UFC uses to market themselves as the lone organization fearless enough to “conquer” COVID-19 through the continuation of live events and overcoming obstacles posed by government regulation and media criticism. Ultimately, we find three dominant narratives actively established from this identity and heavily employed in their subsequent branded content: “Sport Must Go On,” “Unstoppable Force,” and “World Gone Crazy.” We conclude by arguing that the UFC’s branding reifies the tenuous social and political position the young sport occupies by marketing the combat sports company as different than other mainstream sport leagues, through repeated celebration of the Dana White (President of the UFC) as a heroic figure, by their disavowal of caution in the face of a pandemic, and in portrayal of the mainstream media as a jealous enemy.
... Furthermore, Bell (1991) divided news values into three groups: (1) news content, which included values like recency, unexpectedness and superlativeness, (2) the news process itself, including continuity, competition and prefabrication, and (3) the quality or style of text which includes values like clarity, brevity and color. Similar to Bell's (1991) connection of news values with mainstream ideologies held in society, Fowler (1991) conceptualized news values as culturally and socially constructed, not natural, something Hall (1973) emphasized a few decades earlier. ...
This study employs the news values theory and method in the examination of a large dataset of international news retrieved from Instagram. News values theory itself is subjected to critical examination, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. Using a mixed method that includes content analysis and topic modeling, the study investigates the major news topics most ‘liked’ by Instagram audiences and compares them with the topics most reported on by news organizations. The findings suggest that Instagram audiences prefer to consume general news, human-interest stories and other stories that are mainly positive in nature, unlike news on politics and other topics on which traditional news organizations tend to focus. Finally, the paper addresses the implications of the above findings.
... Therefore, if there are fewer "voices" telling the rest of the media what is news and what is not, there is a greater chance that there will be a greater number of events that remain outside the news agenda (priming that generates gatekeeping and, in derivation, volitional omission and censorship). As a consequence, it seems that the reality is that only a small number of events become reviewed news (Hall, 1973). ...
This research reflects, from a theoretical perspective, how most of the international events that reach the rest of the media are disseminated through news agencies, causing the well-known «ventriloquist effect»: multiple media, a single voice; and explores how online platforms have fostered this phenomenon, causing a structural increase in misinformation. In this sense, the research aims to understand the development of the «ventriloquist effect»with the progress of «new media»and, as a consequence, the increase of disinformation. For this grounded theory documentary analysis, the methodological procedure was based on the bibliographic review of the literature in the international reference databases (WoS and Scopus), carrying out an analysis of primary studies to synthesize the information. The results indicate, among other issues, that social networks foster spaces of structural misinformation in the current ecosystem. In conclusion, the relationship between the "ventriloquist effect" and misinformation,which arises from reticularly and information-digital decentralization, is determined.
... Por tanto, si hay menos «voces» diciéndole al resto de los medios qué es noticia y qué no, hay más posibilidades de que haya un mayor número de hechos que queden fuera de la agenda informativa (priming que genera el gatekeeping y en derivación, la omisión volitiva y la censura). Como consecuencia, parece que la realidad es que solo una pequeña cantidad de hechos pasan a ser noticias reseñadas (Hall, 1973). ...
Esta investigación reflexiona, desde una perspectiva teórica, cómo a través de las agencias de noticias se difunden la mayoría de los acontecimientos internacionales que llegan al resto de los medios de comunicación, provocando el conocido «efecto ventrílocuo»: múltiples medios, una sola voz; y se indaga sobre cómo las plataformas onlinehan fomentado este fenómeno, provocando un aumento estructural de la desinformación. En este sentido, la investigación tiene por objetivo conocer el desarrollo del «efecto ventrílocuo» con el progreso de los «nuevos medios»y como consecuencia, el aumento de la desinformación. Para este análisis documental de teoría fundamentada, el procedimiento metodológico se ha basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura en las bases de datos internacionales de referencia (WoSy Scopus), realizando un análisis de estudios primarios, con el fin de sintetizar la información. Los resultados indican, entre otras cuestiones, que las redes sociales fomentan espacios de desinformación estructural en el ecosistema actual. En conclusión, se determina la relación entre el «efecto ventrílocuo» y la desinformación, que surge como consecuencia de la reticularidad y descentralización informativo-digital.
... Por tanto, si hay menos «voces» diciéndole al resto de los medios qué es noticia y qué no, hay más posibilidades de que haya un mayor número de hechos que queden fuera de la agenda informativa (priming que genera el gatekeeping y en derivación, la omisión volitiva y la censura). Como consecuencia, parece que la realidad es que solo una pequeña cantidad de hechos pasan a ser noticias reseñadas (Hall, 1973). ...
Esta investigación reflexiona, desde una perspectiva teórica, cómo a través de las agencias de noticias se difunden la mayoría de los acontecimientos internacionales que llegan al resto de los medios de comunicación, provocando el conocido «efecto ventrílocuo»: múltiples medios, una sola voz; y se indaga sobre cómo las plataformas onlinehan fomentado este fenómeno, provocando un aumento estructural de la desinformación. En este sentido, la investigación tiene por objetivo conocer el desarrollo del «efecto ventrílocuo» con el progreso de los «nuevos medios»y como consecuencia, el aumento de la desinformación. Para este análisis documental de teoría fundamentada, el procedimiento metodológico se ha basado en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura en las bases de datos internacionales de referencia (WoSy Scopus), realizando un análisis de estudios primarios, con el fin de sintetizar la información. Los resultados indican, entre otras cuestiones, que las redes sociales fomentan espacios de desinformación estructural en el ecosistema actual. En conclusión, se determina la relación entre el «efecto ventrílocuo» y la desinformación, que surge como consecuencia de la reticularidad y descentralización informativo-digital.
... The media has long been recognised as supplying images and information through which we understand ourselves, our lives, each other and the world around us (e.g. Hall, 1973;Williams, 1960). It reflects as well as informs widespread, 'common-sense' and/or 'expert' knowledge on an infinite range of topics (Morant, 1998;Livingstone & Lunt, 1994;Rose, 1998). ...
The aim of the first chapter is to establish a rationale for the book and ‘set the scene’ for the chapters that follow. The chapter demonstrates that social class is a complex, situated and multifaceted phenomenon. The chapter addresses a number of key questions such as how do we determine someone’s social class? How has the nature of and understandings of social class changed over time? And what relevance does social class have to psychology as a discipline? Addressing the latter is important, especially since social class has often been regarded as the province of other disciplines such as sociology, politics and history. The chapter demonstrates the relevance of social class for psychology by examining a number of psychological ‘dimensions’ to this.
... The media has long been recognised as supplying images and information through which we understand ourselves, our lives, each other and the world around us (e.g. Hall, 1973;Williams, 1960). It reflects as well as informs widespread, 'common-sense' and/or 'expert' knowledge on an infinite range of topics (Morant, 1998;Livingstone & Lunt, 1994;Rose, 1998). ...
This book argues for the importance of considering social class in critical psychological enquiry. It provides a historical overview of psychological research and theorising on social class and socio-economic status; before examining the ways in which psychology has contributed to the surveillance, regulation and pathologisation of the working-class ‘Other’. The authors highlight the cost of recent austerity policies on mental health and warn against the implementation of further austerity measures in the current climate
The book pulls together perspectives from critical social psychology, feminist psychology, sociology and other critical research which examines the discursive production of social class, classism and classed identities. The authors explore social class in educational and occupational settings, and analyse the intersections between class and other social categories such as gender, race, ethnicity and sexuality. Finally, they consider key issues in debates around social class in the broader social sciences, such as the limitations of approaches informed by poststructuralist theory. This book will be a useful resource for both academics and students studying class from a critical perspective.
Katy Day is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Leeds Beckett University, UK. She is a feminist and critical social psychologist who has authored numerous publications examining discourses around social class and related issues such as austerity and worklessness, classed identities and intersections between gender and class.
Bridgette Rickett is Head of Psychology at Leeds Beckett University, UK, and Past Chair of the British Psychological Society’s POWES Committee. She is a feminist social/organisational psychologist whose research focusses on critical social psychological explanations of social class, health in the workplace, embodied consumption and mothering and families.
Maxine Woolhouse is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Leeds Beckett University, UK, with interests in feminist and critical perspectives in social psychology. Her research focuses on the gendered and classed dimensions of consumption and body management practices. She is a member of the British Psychological Society’s POWES Committee.
... The media has long been recognised as supplying images and information through which we understand ourselves, our lives, each other and the world around us (e.g. Hall, 1973;Williams, 1960). It reflects as well as informs widespread, 'common-sense' and/or 'expert' knowledge on an infinite range of topics (Morant, 1998;Livingstone & Lunt, 1994;Rose, 1998). ...
This chapter examines scholarship on a powerful institution which is a site for the reproduction of problematic discourses around class and classed subjects: the mass media. Focussing in particular upon the contemporary genres of ‘reality’ and ‘lifestyle’ programmes on television, we demonstrate how such popular programming reproduces meritocracy discourse and ‘psychologises’ issues such as worklessness as being the result of individual deficits and failures. The chapter also discusses work on more explicitly hostile depictions of poor and working-class people which invite judgement, ridicule and revulsion. It is argued that such media depictions, far from being innocuous or mere entertainment, inform people’s understandings of class differences and social and economic policies in ways that obscure exploitation and injustice, bolster class discrimination and discourage positive social transformation.
... This is reinforced by the understanding that while journalistic practises appeared "as a set of neutral, routine practises", they should, however, be perceived as an "ideological structure" that favours the perspectives of the most powerful groups. 62 In the same line it can be said that the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 F o r P e e r R e v i e w O n l y mass media constitutes the core naturalisation processes of ideas and hegemonic projects. 63 If it happens in democratic societies, even more so when government is exercised authoritatively. ...
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Media History on 13/08/2020, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13688804.2020.1804344.
... As Bennett (1996) finds, this type of socialization leads "national news organizations to the same information sources and, as a result, to much the same stories" (p. 373), which in turn can "naturalise" the perspectives of powerful elites (Hall, 1973;Harcup & O'Neill, 2017). ...
This article examines the peer-to-peer dynamics of Washington political journalists as Communities of Practice (CoPs) to better understand how journalists connect to and learn from each other and establish conventional knowledge. We employ inductive computational analysis that combines social network analysis of journalists’ Twitter interactions with a qualitative, thematic analysis of journalists’ work histories, organizational affiliations, and self-descriptions to identify nine major clusters of Beltway journalists. Among these are an elite/legacy community, a television producer community inclusive of Fox producers, and CNN, as its own self-referential community. Findings suggest Washington journalists may be operating in even smaller, more insular microbubbles than previously thought, raising additional concerns about vulnerability to groupthink and blind spots.
... that story as it was written was truthful but it kind of took a video to make it more truthful but the fact we released the story before the video made it even more truthful. (R29 LGBTQ Journalist) Dynamic bystander sousveillance digitises 20th-century pre-digital notions of the superability of photos as the most reliable form of recall (Sontag, 2004) and of text and image as the basis for news production (Hall, 1973). This shift in perspective and impact is reflected in a comment from an LGBTQ community news editor: ...
Social media has transformed public discourse on policing and the contest of control over the police image. This article draws on original, empirical research to conceptualise the phenomenon of the ‘social media test’ – the evolution of social media into a legitimate measure of police performance. Through in-depth interviews with police and non-police respondents the article maps the genealogy of, and provides perspective on, one of the first viral cases of bystander video of police excessive force in Australia filmed and uploaded to YouTube. The study shows the video’s impact on hegemonic mainstream and police news media narratives, processes of criminalisation and police accountability and the merit of narrative criminology in unpacking these phenomena. Police alluding to the ‘social media test’ in in-depth interviews shows that digital media in general and social media in particular can no longer be dismissed as peripheral or subsidiary to public discourse on policing in a digital society.
This chapter explores established and emerging routines and practices of news production to consider how they shape news content and to ask what these practices mean for who has power over what becomes news. Formative studies and concepts such as gatekeeping and news values are introduced. Several newly evolving routines and practices of digital journalism—including aggregation, curation, and the use of audience analytics and algorithms—are explored to consider the role of digital technology in shaping news production. Findings from a range of studies are synthesised to evaluate the extent to which these practices replace or supplement existing practices, what distinguishes the routines and practices of today from the past, and what implications these distinctions have for news quality now and in the future.
Margalla Papers is a biannual publication of the National Defence University, the premier institution for security and strategic studies.
The holistic digitalization of human lives impacts nature-based tourism (NBT). More than simply enhancing experiences, digital technology provides lifestyle scripts, identity myths, and marketplace cultures associated with the consumption of nature - referred to here as digital technocultures. Following consumer-dominant perspectives on tourism experience and value creation, this thesis argues that digital technocultures drive how tourists value themselves as experiencers, as well as nature, on site. NBT tourists and their experiences, the thesis argues, are contested among different digital and disconnected selves. Tourists assemble valued digital “experiencers” and link them to valued in e-tribes according to identity projects driven by digital technocultures. At the same time, tourists negotiate technocultures disciplining their lifeworlds in order to embody a valued escapist, liberated and disconnected Self-in-nature. Thus, I argue, NBT tourists as experiencers are fragmented into a heterotopia of valued identities. Moreover, digital technocultures discipline, abstract, and extremify specific experiential aspects of nature. These are sought, desired, imagined, and experienced as digital hyperrealities in NBT according to consumer cultures which I refer to as "pornification of wilderness".
The thesis explores implications of digitalization for NBT and digital-free tourism. It adopts a mix of novel, in-depth, and interpretive methodologies: netnography, immersive netnography, and field group interviews.
Noelle Mason’s Coyotaje (2005) echoes the activist traditions of needlework to address the ongoing depiction of undocumented immigrants in the news media. Across a series of 12 tapestries, Coyotaje depicts undocumented immigrants making their way on foot and smuggled in cargo across the US-Mexico border. My efforts here are focused on aligning Coyotaje as a critique on the depiction of undocumented immigrants in news media and the impact such depictions have on the viewing public. Each chapter of this thesis will break down the elements of Coyotaje that will support the argument that the series is a form of critique. The first chapter will cover Mason’s practice, the series, and its critical reception along with two interviews. In these two interviews, Mason offers insightful views on the nature of news media images which will be used as a guiding voice for this argument to situate Coyotaje as a commentary and critique on the negative visual framing of undocumented immigrants in news media images. The second chapter will look at the social context series and trace the development of immigration policies of the U.S since the 1960’s parallel to the growth of the anti-immigration narrative circulated by the news media. Additionally, this chapter will outline how the creation, editing, and circulation of images of undocumented immigrants are framed to affect public perception. The third chapter will investigate the role embroidery plays in giving Coyotaje its potency as a form of critique. This section will outline how the series echoes the historical traditions of textiles to act as a form of protest against institutional abuse and to advocate for social justice.
In this chapter, I will provide a discussion of what constitutes sexual violence from a feminist, rather than legal, perspective. In the first part of the chapter, based on what previous studies on the topic have unveiled, I will outline some of the most pervasive rape myths, and how these are often used in the news to construct dominant rape narratives. The second part of the chapter will be dedicated to presenting the value of sexual violence to news media and how this is discursively constructed, rather than inherent. This will then lead into a broader discussion of discourse and the role of the media in maintaining the status quo.
Citizen journalism has evolved due to Internet technology and technologies such as smartphones, digital cameras and social media, which have exposed its relevance and function. Humanity is now living in an era of information, connectivity and technology. In general, the fundamentals of the media have altered over time. Citizen journalism, interactive journalism, user-generated media, participatory journalism and public journalism remove the intermediary between the news and the audience. Without question, citizen journalism raises public awareness of significant international events and can influence government policy in specific ways (Anon 2013). Furthermore, since the Internet’s speed has increased and its cost has dropped considerably in recent years, citizen journalism has become increasingly important (Sturgies 2012). Is this, however, a beneficial effect? Is it not feasible to see this occurrence as a danger? In short, this chapter analyses visual news utilising media and linguistics techniques to ascertain how visuals may help or hurt the aim of news transmission, especially in gory and emotionally charged circumstances as xenophobic news images on various news channels and social media.KeywordsCitizen journalismXenophobiaSouth AfricaSmartphonesSocial mediaVisual rhetoric
Wie werden Gesellschaften in Zeitschriften betrachtet und welche Übersetzungsleistungen bieten jene in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Kontexten? Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, analysieren die Beiträger*innen des Bandes das Zusammenspiel von Textgestaltung, Design, Inhalten, Infrastrukturen und Zielgruppen von Zeitschriften. Sie erweitern den Blick im Rahmen einer differenzierungstheoretischen Forschungsagenda und betrachten Zeitschriften als materialisierte Zeichensysteme und kommunikative Artefakte innerhalb der materiellen Kultur der Gesellschaft.
In Zimbabwe, media activists have used several strategies to prise open the media space. The emergence of media policy reform activism (MPRA) in the last decade of the twentieth century in Zimbabwe has transformed media policies in several ways. However, the strategies of activism and the extent to which these strategies have influenced media policy transformation have not been adequately researched. Thus, using in-depth interviews with some MPRA under the Media Alliance of Zimbabwe (MAZ), the government, other media policy stakeholders and documentary analysis, this study examines the strategies used to impact media policy reforms and the extent to which the strategies have influenced the policy reform process. The study established that media reform activists in Zimbabwe use numerous strategies to open media systems. Nonetheless, there is a standoff between MAZ and the state over several issues which include but are not limited to the source of funding and ideologies.
Questions regarding implicitness, ambiguity and underspecification are crucial for understanding the task validity and ethical concerns of multimodal image+text systems, yet have received little attention to date. This position paper maps out a conceptual framework to address this gap, focusing on systems which generate images depicting scenes from scene descriptions. In doing so, we account for how texts and images convey meaning differently. We outline a set of core challenges concerning textual and visual ambiguity, as well as risks that may be amplified by ambiguous and underspecified elements. We propose and discuss strategies for addressing these challenges, including generating visually ambiguous images, and generating a set of diverse images.
Violence against women is one of the most common violations of human rights in
the world. Women have been subjected to honor violence throughout history and
continue to being subjected to such violence in different cultures worldwide. Killing
in the name of honor are justified in a society when the rules of honor are dictated
by men and shaped around women’s bodies and sexuality, which are disregarded
by women. The study aims to understand whether the way media treatments
femicide reinforces the existing perception of honor or not. In other words, the
purpose of the study is to examine if the media uses a patriarchal language, how it
captures the victims and perpetrators, how it normalizes and justifies the violence
while publishing the news about honor killings. News regarding violence against
women, published in two of the national newspapers daily between 2012-2014
were examined within the scope of the study and femicide reports committed on behalf of honor were selected. Selected news is analyzed using critical discourse
analysis. As the result of this analysis, it was observed that the news on honor
killings focused more on the popular aspect of the murder in a sensational manner.
Such news used a patriarchal language, justified the violence based on the honor
issues, and emphasized that women were killed due to their lack of obedience towards their husbands, and that they dishonored their family.
Mainstream press coverage of public disaster events produce mythological narratives of heroism, sacrifice and authority. Press coverage of Hurricane Harvey in the late summer of 2017 proved to be an important historical moment in disaster coverage. A visual textual analysis of 106 front page photos of newspapers from August 28, 2017, to September 4, 2017 was conducted. The results show that news media represented people of color as displaced migrants and women as damsels in distress, while white men were represented as saviors and caretakers who brought order back to the chaos surrounding the storm’s social impact in the Houston community.
Fear is a human emotion that allows a person to survive. It has a function to ensure the continuity of life. The definition of fear has changed over time. Along with human development, transition to sedentary life, the industrial revolution, and modern life, fear and the things feared have changed. Fear has started to be marketed, especially in post-industrial societies. The governments have seen that fear and violence work to regulate, control, and passivate people. Political governments have had the unique opportunity to use fear as a mechanism for control and surveillance. The governments have aestheticized the fear and presented it indirectly with the support of media. The masses have been shaped as weak, scared, anxious, and helpless in the shadow of fear and violence. This study tries to shed light on the attempt to persuade the society about the legitimacy of the military government by presenting fear and violence to people in aestheticized forms in the 1980s in Turkey.
Asylum seekers to Australia in the early twenty-first century have been largely depicted in the national press as an anonymous threat demanding military action and offshore detention. Australia’s responses to asylum seekers have taken place within a paranoid atmosphere of a nation under siege. This essay examines the negative narratives regarding asylum seekers in Australia and the historical and cultural structures they are built upon. The essay suggests eyewitness accounts as a way to pierce the blanketing anonymity of asylum seekers in the media and traces some of the methods made possible by social media and corresponding networks to bring these narratives to the public at large.
During health pandemics such as the globally menacing COVID-19, the news media act as primary sources of information for the majority of the population. However, due to the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dearth of studies in Zambia and Africa that explore the coverage of the pandemic in local media. This article employs Foucauldian discourse as theoretical lens to analyse the representation of the COVID-19 pandemic in two selected media platforms—the Zambia Daily Mail and Mwebantu.com. Purposively selected stories on the COVID-19 pandemic were subjected to a Foucauldian discourse analysis in order to unpack language, power and knowledge struggles in the coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected Zambian media outlets. Findings show that both Zambia Daily Mail and Mwebantu were hardly analytical and critical in their coverage of the pandemic. The two publications simply regurgitated statistics on numbers of infections, recoveries, and mortality rate as announced by government officials, albeit with minimum effort to digest and unpack complex discourses for the “ordinary” reader. Moreover, in both publications, public health experts and government officials were “privileged” to authorise meanings and “truths” about COVID-19.
This chapter considers the significance of bystander social media videos in bounding police use of force and negotiations of police legitimacy. Bystander social media videos of police–civilian encounters can reveal processes of criminalization and legitimation. They can also challenge the status quo on police responsibility and accountability within socially and politically organized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex communities (LGBTQI). Differing understandings on police use of force and degrees of use of force used are central to divergent police and public perspectives on legitimate police use of force. The chapter argues that the exposure and scrutiny of questionable police practices through bystander social media videos can enable audiences to better evaluate proportionality within context and question the lawfulness of police conduct and the necessity of police powers. The chapter makes the case for the concept of ‘dynamic legitimacy’: the repeat viewing and sharing capacities of Web 2.0 social media networks that can standardize legitimate police practice through real-time demands from online audiences for greater justification of police conduct. These demands can exhaust standard police responses through a potentially infinite claim–response dialogue.
This chapter and the next demonstrate the very different thinking informing the project of cultural criminology. Since cultural criminology is a broad church covering many topics and approaches, I focus on the key foundational texts that specifically introduce the project as a project and on four exemplary texts produced by the key authors of the foundational texts. Between them these offer several statements of intent covering an array of theoretical and methodological ambitions as well as some concrete examples of the approach-in-action. This chapter starts with a critical overview of the introductory texts and then focuses on Keith Hayward’s City Limits (2004) and an article by Jock Young (2003), attempting to combine a Mertonian structuralism with a Katzian phenomenology, called ‘Merton with energy: Katz with structure’. In both examples, the key difference from a conjunctural approach is shown to be their failure to adopt a specific, concrete starting point, in favour of starting with theory. Neither text lacks ambition or imagination. They are also theoretically sophisticated. However, not being disciplined by historical particularities as must be the case with conjunctural analysis, their theorising is shown to be simply speculative. Although not intentionally, their work, which is similar along many dimensions, seems to be wanting to produce a general theory of ‘expressive’ crime in late modernity, an ambition, like all attempts at general theorising about something as multi-faceted as crime, that is doomed to failure.
This themed issue provides a comprehensive overview of journalism scholarship that variously builds on, develops, and re-examines the conceptual and methodological framework of “news values” research in the digital age. As such, it purports to demonstrate, explore and reflect on its distinctive merits and limitations, both actual and potential, as a distinctive approach to understanding ideas, practices, and experiences of “newsworthiness”, and indeed “news”, in the contemporary media environment and society, where the vectors of change affecting “news” production, circulation and use have been manifold. In doing so, the special issue brings together contemporary conceptual, methodological and/or empirical studies that variously contribute to the outlined research agenda. It does so by presenting scholarly work (1) situated across the constituent dimensions of news values analysis, articulating interactions between material, cognitive, social, and discursive perspectives; (2) considering the diversity of news actors and normative conceptions that make up the fragmented field of journalism; (3) crossing disciplinary boundaries within the heterogenous domain of journalism studies by integrating theoretical perspectives and exploring multi-method approaches; and/or (4) engaging digital media(technologies) or tools either as an object of study or a methodological approach.
The present study propounds a novel discourse-semantic approach that problematizes the social semiotic analysis of visual narrative in two respects: (i) the lack of a model that can explain the plurifunctional structure of visual acts of communication in general and (ii) the failure to provide the deep structure underlying the characters and/or objects in visual narrative in particular. Redressing these two shortcomings, the approach is methodologically geared towards analysing the visual narrative grammar that encodes the 2017 BBC image-enabled news story of Islamic State (IS). The proposed approach rests on two theoretical models: (i) Roman Jakobson’s (1960) communication model of language functions; (ii) Algirdas Julien Greimas’s (1966, 1987) structural-semantic model of actant grammar. The study has reached two major findings. First, theoretically, the visual narrative analysis of images demands the presence of both (1) a theory that can adequately explain the plurifunctional structure associated with the semiotic complexity of visual communication and (2) a structural-semantic model that reveals the deep structure of the actants that enable the dramatis personae to relate to the events featuring in the mono-/multimodal discourse of narrative. Second, on a practical level of the BBC’s visual storyline, IS has been represented within three actant-based enunciation-spectacles: (a) victimhood with Subject versus Object, (b) beneficiariness with Sender versus Receiver, and (c) villainy (self-presented and other-presented) with Opponent/Victim versus Helper.
Expanding on the theoretical concerns and practice-based challenges outlined in the previous sections of the book, this chapter focuses on the fatal police-involved shooting of a mentally ill man on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in May 1998. The chapter includes an in-depth framing analysis of the news media coverage of the incident, primarily in print and online immediately following the fatal shooting and during the coronial inquest into Paul Klein’s death. The personal and professional reflections of a number of the individuals involved in and impacted by the incident also feature. While the case study is, in many aspects, representative of the examples selected for analysis in the Australian context and as part of the broader study, it lends itself as unique in that—not unlike the death of Roni Levi on Bondi Beach the year before—the Paul Klein incident was extensively and graphically recorded by media professionals, who were present at the scene of the shooting. In this way, the Paul Klein incident offers an interesting counterpoint to the contemporary media ecosystem wherein professional journalists are frequently trumped in their coverage of such news stories by the visuals captured by ordinary bystanders and citizen journalists.
O artigo analisa cinco fotografias de autoria do fotógrafo Evandro Teixeira, publicadas no Jornal do Brasil, em 1968. As imagens registram episódios da história política brasileira, ocorridos durante a ditadura civil-militar: o funeral do estudante Edson Luís, sua missa de sétimo dia, a Sexta-feira Sangrenta e a Passeata dos 100 Mil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As imagens analisadas mostram como o corpo político é o elemento central desse importante documento visual.
Newsworthiness can be studied from different perspectives. Firstly, news values can be seen as cognitive 'cues' on the basis of which journalists and audiences can assess the newsworthiness of an event or item. Secondly, news values can also be considered as 'angles' through which journalists can tell and sell news stories to the audience. Thirdly, news values can be defined as 'criteria' used by journalistic gatekeepers to identify and select the news. Drawing on insights from these three approaches, this chapter reflects on how news value research can evolve in a digital and social media context. It is argued that future research should focus on how audience engagement with news affects both human and algorithmic decisions about the newsworthiness of a particular event or story.
The study of crime’s images is an increasingly important endeavour. In this paper I seek to understand the impact of an image of a criminal child (the outcomes and consequences that have stemmed from its display) by examining its affect (its capacity to engage its viewers). I demonstrate how the image’s meaning emerged from encounters with both the content and the format of the image, as well as from the context in which these encounters occurred. I will demonstrate that the impacts from this image went beyond what was necessary to punish, and propose that an ethics of representation is extended to include images of the condemned. For some population groups, this extension can mitigate the influence of fantasies about criminal ‘others’ that may come into play when pictures of them are viewed.
Background
News media helps set the agenda for public thinking and policy responses to drugs use, by framing substances, substance use and people who use drugs (PWUD) within a ‘drug scare’ narrative. Using the example of ‘monkey dust’, an inconsistently identified set of substituted cathinone psychostimulants, we explored how an emerging drug ‘problem’ was reported in the UK news media, and what this tells us about prevailing attitudes towards substance use and PWUD.
Methods
A quantitative and qualitative analysis of UK news media (n = 368 articles) representations of ‘monkey dust’ was conducted, and the underlying discourses identified.
Findings
Monkey dust reporting met the criteria of a drug scare, which was predominantly underpinned by discourses of criminality and legality. An unrepresentative, somewhat distorted, incomplete and simplified account of monkey dust as new and dangerous, and as requiring urgent legislative action, was provided. PWUD were dehumanised, criminalised, and stigmatised and the complexities of use, and responses other than those that fell within the status quo, obscured.
Conclusions
To prevent the negative impact such reporting may have on PWUD, it is important that relevant stakeholders, including advocacy groups, academics, and researchers, work with journalists to change the way drug use and PWUD are reported.
The focus of the present article is on the analysis of the influence exercised by media narratives on the Romanian audience's reconstructions of social movements from January-February 2012. The analysis was interested to show what are the aspects involved in the publicizing of this media event in Romania, by focusing on the event narrative built in such a way to transmit a particular significance related to the protest movements related to the crisis of the health public system in Romania. Two research methods were used in collecting the data: a survey on two hundreds Romanian respondents and quantitative content analysis of five national Romanian newspapers. As the results show, the high consumption of mass media messages does not determine whether the public adopts the media narratives concerning the events from the beginning of year 2012. At the same time, the analysis shows that in the case of the media events that took place in Romania in January-February 2012 the impact of the media narrative on the way in which the audience from Romania rebuilt those protests was a minor one and other factors had played a major role in triggering massive mass protests in Romania.
This essay reconsiders the photomontages that Martha Rosler began making in the late 1960s to protest the war in Vietnam. Typically understood as a means of protest against the spatial mechanics of domination—against the mediated production of the difference between the home front and the war front or the “here” and “there” that drives modern warfare—the photomontages, this essay argues, also engage the temporal politics of protest. The problem of how to be “in time,” “to be present,” the problem that frames street photography and its critical history, is at the center of this essay and, it contends, Rosler’s protest. By drawing out this critical framework, this essay addresses the still-urgent questions that Rosler’s photomontages pose: When is the time of protest? Does protest happen now? Is there still time for protest?
This chapter focuses on the World Press Photo, a non-profit organization which organizes the largest and arguably most prestigious press photo competition in the world, yearly awarding dozens of prizes, which work as crucial institutional mechanisms of production and circulation of cultural value. Awards are relevant within such scarcely institutionalized fields as photojournalism, since they can raise value problems for jurors, winners, and observers. It is the whole vision of the cultural field—its meanings, values, and indeed objects—that is at stake in prizing. In the digital age, competitions and awards do not just reveal how news photographs are evaluated, but also what a digital news photograph actually is, or at least what nowadays it is legitimately supposed to be. This chapter mainly draws on an archival analysis of the last twenty years of the WPP awards and in-depth interviews with jurors, experts, and winning photojournalists.
American journalists regularly humanize marginalized communities in an attempt to bridge social distance. Journalists’ techniques for doing so may constrain representations to the level of individual turmoil and resilience without accounting for structural factors, however, which has troubling social justice implications. This study examines how journalists humanize homeless people in the case of the collaborative San Francisco Homeless Project. Textual analysis of 325 stories complemented by in-depth interviews with journalists finds that journalists predominantly evoke empathy at a personal level and less frequently enact solidarity at a political level. Personal stories humanize members of marginalized communities through narratives of individual exceptionalism and relatability, which establish grounds for empathy. In contrast, politicized stories enact solidarity through a technique of radical inclusion that begins with marginalized people's analytical perspectives. With an ethic of empathy, journalism may encourage interpersonal harmony at an individual level but does little to bring the shared conditions of social injustice experienced across a community into focus—whereas with an ethic of solidarity, journalism becomes equipped to represent paths toward a more just society.
Deploying an artificially intelligent (AI) detective, this chapter examines over 500 crime scene photographs with computer vision in order to experimentally see the anthropogenic fog of darkness that has characterized representations of crime since the first stage of the Anthropocene. These photographs of murder were taken by police and news photographers from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century in three cities that have been centrally responsible for not only the onset of industrialization and anthropogenic climate change, but also innovations in crime scene photography: Paris, London and New York City. Computer vision and cultural analytics are introduced as methods for countering our inability to see the Anthropocene in visualizations of crime scenes. As a contribution to visual criminology’s methodological toolkit, an AI-mediated approach is built on semiotics, which, in turn, has shaped the practice of detection from classical detection fiction to real-life criminalistics. Through the AI detective’s data visualizations, this chapter documents the fog as a visual sign of darkness, ultimately connecting it to an overarching noir aesthetic that continues to inform our imagination of crime.
The processes by which news is selected—the values that determine the selection of one story over another—have long attracted scholarly interest. In the broader context of exploring journalism’s ‘fourth estate’ function and its claim to hold power to account academics have sought to understand the ideological and financial influences that shape news content. These lines of enquiry have tended to focus almost exclusively on the ‘hard’ news of political reporting, with little consideration being given to the underlying ‘news’ values of other forms of journalism. Whilst other forms of journalism might not be judged and ascribed values based on its political significance in the way that ‘hard’ news is, it is nonetheless the case that other forms of journalism cannot be valueless. This chapter seeks to explore the ‘news’ values of travel journalism produced in British tabloid newspapers. It examines the points of divergence and different in the values that underpin tabloid and broadsheet forms of travel journalism. It considers whether tabloid based travel journalism appears to be constituted by specifically ‘tabloid’ values. In so doing it finds that in some forms of tabloid based travel content use visual images as primary drivers of narrative in ways that are very much in keeping with the fast developing interface between the stylistics of tabloidization and technological possibilities of social media inspired and derived content. Identifying and examining the news values of tabloid travel journalism facilitates further understanding of the cultural influence of this form of journalism as well as its economic power and associations.
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