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The Clinical Perspective in FieldWorks

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... The nature of AR engagement fundamentally alters the traditional researcher's role. Schein (1987Schein ( , 1993 argues that AR is the operating mode of clinical research, which he distinguishes from the nonobtrusive observation common in ethnographic research. Under the clinical research "agreement," the main concern of the researcher, much like that of a consultant, is to help the client achieve the agreedupon goal, ceding control of the research area and duration of study to the client's appreciation of usefulness. ...
... Under the clinical research "agreement," the main concern of the researcher, much like that of a consultant, is to help the client achieve the agreedupon goal, ceding control of the research area and duration of study to the client's appreciation of usefulness. This constraint has consequences for the processes of data acquisition and analysis and limits the results that can be derived from a study (Schein, 1987). It also clearly entails some risk for the researcher to the extent that the focus on the success of the intervention might compromise desired research design protocols. ...
... This generic intervention process-identify-plan-actevaluate-implies a clearly stated methodology of intervention, a prediction of the outcome of the intervention, and an assessment of the effectiveness of the theory in use. That is, there cannot be action research without an explicit statement of assumptions and intentions, i.e., a normative theory (Schein, 1987), and without assessment of the theory's effectiveness. This later reflection is what separates AR from a typical consulting engagement. ...
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JOM has made Design Science central to its development strategy, creating a department to incubate papers using this methodology. An inaugural editorial published in 2016 called for papers with a generic design supported by a design proposition that provides pragmatic guidelines to bridge the gap between the case specific and the universal. In this article, I propose ways in which the scope of interventions can be expanded beyond the editorial's proposal to foster theoretical developments and better align with JOM's mission. I propose that, rather than focus on the design propositions, we explore the role that interventions (the ultimate manifestation of design science) can play in testing and developing theory (the ultimate goal of an academic endeavor). Taking as a point of departure the principles of action research and the explanatory framework of process theories, I propose two modes of research for leveraging interventions as a mechanism for testing existing theory and develop theories about organizational and system transformation. I illustrate the application of these two frameworks in the context of a previously published article.
... Inquiry is a process of creating or refining knowledge driven by a search for insight. Data gathering and analysis are simultaneous and integrated (Schein, 1987;Karlsson 2016b). According to interventions, Schein (1987) stated that intervention precedes or is simultaneous with diagnosis, and that improved diagnosis results from early efforts to intervene. ...
... Data gathering and analysis are simultaneous and integrated (Schein, 1987;Karlsson 2016b). According to interventions, Schein (1987) stated that intervention precedes or is simultaneous with diagnosis, and that improved diagnosis results from early efforts to intervene. ...
... Together with the sponsor, the research design was planned accordingly. Because of each organization's interests in using the researchers as external consultants with academic knowledge, the research became clinical management research (Schein, 1987(Schein, , 1991. In an initial step, a pre-study aiming to identify more precise research questions in relation to the overall purpose of the research program was undertaken. ...
Article
Purpose To identify areas and issues for management to consider in balancing specialization and commonalization in large manufacturing corporations with multiple brands from a strategic R&D and manufacturing point of view. Design/methodology/approach Three global manufacturing corporations from the automotive sector are used as a strategic sample composing three sequential clinical research projects. The data come from complementary data-gathering methods combining documents and interviews and workshops with top executives, project leaders, platform managers and product brand managers, thus enabling triangulation. Findings The study shows that managing manufacturing corporations with multiple brands is not just on a scale between full specialization and full commonalization but instead has its own logic of categorizations and portfolio formations. In order to develop the value of the brand portfolio, management must simultaneously embrace and address a number of highly integrated corporate values and highly differentiated brand company values. Research limitations/implications This study contributes primarily by relating economy of scale in relation to the need for differentiation of products and brands that have different values, customers and market positions. A model for balancing commonalization and specialization provides several opportunities for further research and development, however generalizations are issue and context specific. Practical implications The critical issues in balancing how to deal with specialization and commonalization in a company with multiple brands are explored and summarized in a framework for the practitioner to use in analysing a real situation. Originality/value Previous literature focuses on the maximization of synergies within one brand, missing the specific dynamics of large manufacturing corporations with many entities, such as individual products and brands. This article adds knowledge regarding how to balance synergies from commonalization with important objectives to preserve the specialization and distinctiveness of each product brand.
... The research was a case study concerned with the capacity of the local community to take control of the housing stock and to manage it effectively. It had some of the characteristics of action research, or what Schein (1987) might call "clinical research, " but, for the purposes of this article, we are concerned with the ethnographic form the case study took, and draw upon the observations and other evidence gathered by one author, the Research Associate, deployed as both a researcher and a community development worker. The fieldwork sought to explore the form and culture of the nascent CLT and its participatory structures in the local community. ...
... In this way, both the researcher and the text itself "are active agents in the worlds they describe" (p. 952) and ethnography itself should be described as a situated intervention, or "clinical research" (Schein, 1987), as opposed to a passive or descriptive process. ...
... A central element of ethnographic research is to be reflexive, to understand the impact of our presence in the field, the way we shape, interpret, act, and observe (Hammersley & Atkinson, 2007;van Maanen, 2011;Schein, 1987). This piece of research was work with a community to develop the capacity to control housing assets, and we are struck by the parallels with the debates and issues raised by Cooke and Kothari (2001). ...
Article
Following a case study of community development in public housing in Liverpool, UK, we present in this article three potential tyrannies of research. We show the tyranny of the researcher, of the method selection, and of the data. In so doing, we identify the methodological challenges of conducting research that seeks to privilege the voices and perspectives of the subjects in a participatory project. We examine whether the dangers of tyranny are present in ethnographic and other participatory forms of research as much as in the practice of participatory development. We argue that, by acknowledging the potential tyranny of research, we are able to highlight the importance of a critical and reflexive research practice, particularly for ethnographers working in a participatory context.
... Jönsson and Lukka, 2006). However, in clinical research, another form of IVR, seeking to produce theory contributions tends to play a very small role (Normann, 1975;Schein, 1987). Some circles of action researchers go as far as to suggest that the role of theory in such research should be dismissed entirely, claiming that the aim of producing theoretical advances, for instance, is a waste of resources and potentially even damaging to the claimed key issue of helping practitioners with their authentic problems (Kuula, 1999). ...
... The methodological focus of field research in general may promote the T&PD mode. The typical teaching on qualitative research takes its ideas from ethnographic or other non-IVR types of research (Glaser and Strauss, 1967;Silverman, 2019). While theory is certainly mentioned, collecting empirical data is viewed to be the dominating heart of such research. ...
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A distinct strength of interventionist research (IVR) is the ability to establish particularly good access to a research partner organization and collect exceptionally detailed information, which may not be available to researchers who employ other approaches. Yet, a challenge of IVR is to exploit this data-gathering opportunity in full, in order to develop a theoretical contribution. We propose the 'theoretical focus driven' mode (TFD mode) as a 'way of working' for interventionist research, whereby the chosen (yet potentially flexible) theoretical focus drives the project. The researcher invests extra time up-front to thoughtfully generate and explicate the research questions and theoretical focus. These guide a selective and purposeful data-gathering effort, as well as the nature of the research intervention. At the same time, the researcher remains inspired by the field work and open to changes in the theoretical focus. Indeed, the TFD mode process tends to be iterative, since it is affected not only by the characteristics of abductive theorising, but also by potentially changing priorities of the target organization , and thereby the initial theoretical focus can become empirically unfeasible. Overall, rather than building on the researcher's enthusiasm for innovative themes in practice, and casting a broad net for data gathering, the TFD researcher capitalises on the potential of IVR by strengthening the theoretical ambition.
... Le travail que nous proposons ici procède de l'usage de deux positions de recherche successives : celle d'ethnographe et celle de clinicienne (pour plus de détails sur la distinction, voir Schein, 1987). Le recueil de données de terrain s'est fait lors d'une recherche doctorale (auteur 1, 2019) déployée sur 14 structures sanitaires et médicosociales différentes, choisies pour leur représentativité de l'offre de soins en santé mentale en France (Coldefy & Le Neindre, 2014). ...
... Si nous ne pensons pas que cet appel à donner son avis soit de nature à avoir fondamentalement modifié la situation de recherche, nous avons eu conscience, sur le moment, que refuser de répondre nous aurait placée dans une position délicate vis-à-vis des équipes, celle d'un Autre « qui prend sans donner en retour » (position que nous avons investiguée dans un autre article au sujet d'une recherche plus récente, Auteur 1, 2020). Cet inconfort est classique de la position de l'ethnographe (Schein, 1987) mais il n'est pas anodin, ce qui explique sans nul doute pourquoi plusieurs années nous ont été nécessaires avant d'oser proposer des pistes d'analyse et de compréhension d'une situation qui avait dépassé tous les acteurs en présence, nous y compris. ...
Article
Cet article propose une méthode interdisciplinaire de recueil et d’analyse des données de recherche de terrain en psychiatrie, combinant position ethnographique, au moyen d’observations et d’entretiens semi-dirigés, et élaborations psychodynamiques dans l’après-coup. Nous partons d’une situation d’agression d’un patient envers une soignante en unité d’hospitalisation, telle que consignée dans notre journal de terrain, qui questionne les aspects réels, symboliques et imaginaires de la liberté de circulation en psychiatrie. Nous montrons comment de telles situations complexes ne peuvent être comprises qu’avec une triple grille de lecture déclinant paramètres de l’établissement, vie institutionnelle et dynamique groupale. À l’aide de la théorie bionienne des cycles de transformations, nous faisons, enfin, une hypothèse théorique selon laquelle existeraient des transformations désymbolisantes, qui par cycles successifs contribueraient à la pathoplastie institutionnelle. Nous invitons les chercheurs en clinique institutionnelle à investiguer davantage cette hypothèse.
... There is a strong expectation of change as an outcome of any consulting process. Successful consulting requires measurable improvements of client performance Schein, 1987b). Consultants are considered to be worth their fees only when they are able to offer sound solutions to the client's problems and, when they can facilitate needed learning and change Kubr, 2002;Schein, 1987b;). ...
... Successful consulting requires measurable improvements of client performance Schein, 1987b). Consultants are considered to be worth their fees only when they are able to offer sound solutions to the client's problems and, when they can facilitate needed learning and change Kubr, 2002;Schein, 1987b;). ...
Thesis
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This study approaches process consulting work as conversation. The commonly shared ideal of process consulting is to help clients to help themselves. To follow this ideal, active client participation and collaborative work between the consultant and the clients in handling the client’s problems are needed. The aim of this thesis is to find out how this is done through talk: what kind of talk is used in process consulting interaction and how is this achieved during multi-party consulting conversations. More specifically, it is asked what kind of discursive activity was used in multi-party settings to bring about active client participation, to facilitate learning and change by bringing about and handling criticism and blame, and to make preferred outcomes noticed within the participating group. Using the perspectives and methods of Discursive Psychology and Conversational Analysis, it is asked how this is done in an authentic process consultation case. This thesis consists of three articles in which situated discursive practices of process consulting are analyzed in detail. Findings of this case study show the rich variety of discursive means that were utilized in multi-party consulting settings to bring about talk, which is needed to put into practice the process consultation ideal of helping clients to help themselves. These are: conversational structures requiring participant’s turn-by-turn responses with which some talk was marked as preferred and this preferred talk was invited; and conversational means like “fishing” or “factualising devices”, which were used e.g. to strengthen the reliability of speakers and to construct the factuality of descriptions about witnessed change and outcomes of the consulting process. This thesis focuses on multi-party settings of process consulting practices and as such, it highlights the significance of client-consultant collaboration and the role of the audience. I claim that, the interactive audience of this case was used as a method in implementing the process consulting ideals and bringing about the needed talk. In doing this, it is suggested that there is a need to construct and establish conversational norms that deviate from more mundane multiparty conversational settings. In this thesis it is shown how the norm of displaying ownership and the norm of not avoiding face-issues were constructed and utilized for consulting purposes of this case. This study describes in detail the actual discursive practices of process consulting in a way that has not been done before. The findings about what was done in this case are situated and case-specific, but, the findings about how what was done was done can have transportability across other consulting and organization development settings. They can be used in developing the practices and procedures of process consulting work. In addition to that, the findings of this thesis are of interest in depicting the picture of process consulting work as a professional institution and, in conceptualizations of client-consultant role in general.
... First, we will use archival data analyses to gain insight in patient flows between an independent midwifery practice and an obstetric department in a hospital. In our second study, we will perform clinical research (Lewin, 1948;Schein, 1987) to gain a deeper understanding of why the Dutch perinatal system is not always operating according to its design. Third, we will use simulation modeling (system dynamics (SD)) to investigate how Dutch perinatal care can be improved. ...
... In a system based on the focused factory concept and in which patients should be referred between organizations only when necessary, collaboration between the organizations becomes important. To try to understand why the focused factory concept does not work well in Dutch perinatal care, clinical research (Schein, 1987) was initiated, at the request of the system stakeholders-the 16 obstetricians of the obstetric departments of two hospitals and the 45 midwives of 12 midwifery practices-in an effort to improve system performance by increasing joint understanding of the underlying dynamics of their faltering collaboration. ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate inter-organizational designs for care–cure conditions in which low-risk patients are cared for in specialized care organizations and high-risk patients are cared for in specialized cure organizations. Performance impacts of increasing levels of integration between these organizations are analyzed. Design/methodology/approach Mixed methods were used in Dutch perinatal care: analysis of archival data, clinical research and system dynamics simulation modeling. Findings Inter-organizational design has an effect on inter-organizational dynamics such as collaboration and trust, and also on the operational aspects such as patient flows through the system. Solutions are found in integrating care and cure organizations. However, not all levels of integrated designs perform better than a design based on organizational separation of care and cure. Practical implications A clear split between midwifery practices (care) and obstetric departments (cure) will not work since all pregnant women need both care and cure. Having midwifery practices only works well when there are high levels of collaboration and trust with obstetric departments in hospitals. Integrated care designs are likely to exhibit superior performance. However, these designs will have an adverse effect on organizations that are not part of this integration, since integrating only a subset of organizations will feed distrust, low collaboration and hence low performance. Originality/value The originality of this research is derived from its multi-method approach. Archival data and clinical research revealed the dynamic relations between organizations. The caveat of some integrated care models was found through simulation.
... To enhance rigor in the analysis, reflections from the facilitator team, field notes from longitudinal observation (Marshall 1981;Lempert 2007), peer scrutiny, and family members' statements were used to deliver multiple datasets for each participant from multiple sources. Despite utmost consideration for data collection and triangulation, self-reported data and tacit knowledge can rarely be independently verified (Schein 1987). In response, the efforts substantiated from the participants' journal-keeping, props appropriation, and their physical presence during the extended contact time were accounted for to establish and understand the emotional fluctuations in the self-regulation dynamics (Sheldon and Hoon 2007;Fitzsimons et al. 2015) of the co-crafting group. ...
Article
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This report is about an explorative co-crafting course applying the notion of recursive publics to adult learning and pro-environmental activation, which aimed to engage a diverse cohort of learners towards patterns of eating, living, and engaging that promoted wellbeing and a healthy environment. This two-month-long, university-endorsed study in Hong Kong saw 22 participants fermenting their urine in which to grow an edible plant (Lactuca sativa), thereby creating a material relationship between their bodies and the environment. Technologies were employed to bring people physically together for greater emancipatory engagement inside the shared material condition. When analyzed, these technologies revealed their potential for opening or restricting the synergies from combined purpose, expertise, and immanent life processes in recursively profound and playful ways. This civic-tech study offers a recursive self-implication approach to design education as a collective negotiation process for navigating unknown territory to converge a myriad of expertise and intended beneficiaries.
... Though researchers have already written about their "clinical perspective" on fieldwork (Schein, 1987), or stressed on the psychological aspects of being on the field, especially when dealing with the emotions arising from these experiences (Davies & Spencer, 2010), few of them, apart from Pierre Dasen (2019), have told of the many apparently obvious aspects of research which become problematic as soon as a social scientist has to bear the "trouble of having a psychologist sharing fieldwork". Lise and I felt an inevitable tension between our disciplines regarding four key points of any qualitative research: ...
Chapter
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Our research studied the interactions between mental health care (MHC) professionals and users in French public psychiatry, focusing on the “tools” which professionals use in their interactions with users. We draw a typology of four main “therapeutic styles” in relation to tool use: 1- Absence of identifiable tools. Interaction is personalized and improvised. 2- Use of rituals and habits. 3- Use of methods that have otherwise been written and formalized. 4- Use of tools, be they written or computerized, protocols guiding the interactions, or strictly standardized tools. The psychologist involved in the research (HH) intends to show how the practice of interdisciplinary fieldwork, which implied the “trouble of having a psychologist sharing fieldwork”, enabled both researchers to transform a classical methodology into a series of questions concerning the focus of data gathering and data analysis, the position and stance of both researchers, and the possibility to provide not only valid descriptions of day-to-day care practices but also correct interpretations of the unconscious feelings at stake in MHC.
... -194 -2. Schein (1987) Organizational culture: ...
Book
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EDITORS’ FOREWORD It is a well-known fact that women are unfairly (and sometimes severely) disadvantaged in some key areas of social, political, cultural or economic life. These disadvantages are not only unjust, but sometimes also imply important economic costs for the society (i.e., the waste of talents remained untapped due to the disadvantages suffered by women). Therefore, designing and implementing successful strategies for the advancement of women in these areas is one of the most important and pressing target in contemporary world. It is no surprise that promoting equal opportunities for women is declared as an issue of utmost importance by most political platforms in the Western world and it is assumed as a key instrument in achieving the goal of a sustainable development. In this context, between the 10th and the 13th of September 2015, the Romanian Academy – Iași Branch and the “Gheorghe Zane” Institute for Economic and Social Research organized the International Conference “Social and Academic Policies for Women”. The conference, which took place in Iași, Romania, was organized within “PECAFROM – Promoting Equal Opportunities in University and Academic Career for Women in Romania” SOP HRD/144/6.3/S/127928 Project, co-financed from European Social Fund through the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013 and was intended and designed as an opportunity for dialog and debate for the project beneficiaries and researchers and other scholars concerned with the issues raised by the ideal of promoting equal opportunities for women. In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of these issues, the conference was open to both theoretical and applied approaches from all disciplines with contributions in analyzing and investigating the problematics raised by the ideal of promoting equal opportunities for women, from philosophy to economics, and from social to political theory. By facilitating their access to academic debates raised by the ideal of promoting equal opportunities for women, the conference constituted an important tool for realizing the main objective of PECAFROM project: that of supporting 550 women with higher education from Romania in increasing their employment opportunities and initiating and developing an academic career. This objective was realized in the project also through three other main types of support: guidance in accessing and processing the information concerning the academic labor market; financial support and entrepreneurial assistance for starting a business; and, last but not least, support in accessing training programmes for career development. The conference had four main sections: 1. Philosophical Foundations of Gender Policies; 2. Social & Economic Analyses of Gender Policies; 3. Gender in Rural space; and 4. Gender Ethics and Equity. Among the topics debated in these sections were: gender equity, discrimination and bias against women, gender stereotypes, work-life balance, equal economic independence, gender pay gap, gender and the labor market, gender balance in decision-making positions, women’s empowerment, or violence against women. As the title of the conference suggests, also a favorite topic was equality of opportunity for women in academia. Is academia a place of equal opportunities for women and men? Why are women so severely under-represented in some academic disciplines like STEM fields or philosophy? Are women negatively discriminated in these fields? Do we need more women in the fields in which they are most under-represented? Which policies are best in promoting equal opportunities for women and men in academia? Is affirmative action for women a justified tool for promoting equal opportunities for developing an academic career? This volume is a collection of papers presented in the conference and includes articles dealing with the above mentioned and other related topics, such as gender (in)equality in rural space, toponymy, online environment, academia, literary canon, education, occupations and social roles, military culture, practices of advertising etc. The volume is the second part of a book financed by European Social Fund through the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013 (the first part gathering some of the other main findings and conclusions of the research developed in the PECAFROM Project). We hope that the book will be found useful (and inspiring) by all those interested in women’s situation in contemporary social, political, cultural, academic, or economic life and also in promoting equal opportunities for women in all these areas.
... This research was requested by the top management of the Centre Axis, whose intuition was that some significant improvements could be made in the blending processes of the Ben Guerir site (BGS), before being generalised by the other mines of the Centre axis Giard 2017, 2018). So, this research must be regarded as clinical research (Schein 1987). 'Clinical research enables the researcher to define research issues that are of interest both to the company and the researcher from among issues experienced by the company' (Karlsson 2016). ...
Article
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In the OCP phosphate supply chain, source ores (SOs) are extracted according to a tactical extraction programme, constrained by geological conditions that constantly limit and modify the variety of available SOs. Then SOs are blended to get merchantable ores (MOs) respecting composition constraints and ordered by internal (phosphoric acid plant) or external (export) customers. The blending process is performed in a dry blending plant, possibly followed by treatments in a washing plant which modifies the SOs weights and compositions. The choice of alternative routings and blends depends on orders book and SOs availability in the dry blending area or present on mine. To improve the performance in meeting a rolling 4-weeks orders book, a quadratic model was created and implemented. It optimises jointly: (i) for each order, the routing and the SOs quantities used in the dry blending plant; (ii) the SOs quantities transferred from the mine; (iii) security stocks to face some unforeseen change in the MO book order, and the slight instability of the SO chemical composition that triggers a SO multiplication to be contained. The performance of the linearised model has led the relevant OCP site to develop and use an extended version of this model.
... A person with higher tolerance for work effort has a lesser degree of aversion to work effort, and thus derives relatively little marginal disutility from additional hours and/or intensity of work effort [93], which is usually associated also with the complexity of internationalization, if not from other things, because of the geographical distance of the target markets. Hofer [105] and Schein [106] argue that successful entrepreneurs must work long and hard and put their new venture ahead of their personal and family life. Because internationalization increases work intensity and decision-making complexity, which may increase stress, we suggest the following research proposition: ...
Article
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This paper presents a conceptual model of international entrepreneurial intention (IEI) through the lens of planned behavior and expectancy-valence theories. Extending the entrepreneurial intentions literature, where attitude to sustainability has started to have an increasingly important influence, to post-launch decisions, we provide an improved theoretical rationale for new venture internationalization, clarify the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and IEI, and more closely align the international entrepreneurship literature with mainstream entrepreneurship literature. In this model, IEI is influenced by the entrepreneur’s attitudes to sustainability, learning, risk, work enjoyment, and work effort, moderated by entrepreneur’s perceived feasibility to act entrepreneurially, and determines the firm-level EO, which may culminate in the internationalization of a new or existing venture.
... Generally, according to Simons (2009) whatever method is selected needs to suit the circumstances, whether the survey method or experimental approaches cannot be adopted or fail to fit in with the requirements of the research. Additionally, the way stated by Eisenhardt (1989) has a strong response to a decade and frequent call for more qualitative, Burrell and Morgan, 1979;Evered and Louis, 1981;Morgan, Frost and Pondy, 1983;Ouchi and Wilkins, 1985;Sanday, 1979;Schein, 1988;Smircich, 1983;Van Maanen, 1979. But according to Dyer and Wilkin (1991), their method has limitations in terms of new and better theoretical visions as have the "classic" case studies. ...
Article
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Abstract Purpose - The study aims to explore the case study method with the formation of questions, data collection procedures, and analysis; followed by how and on which position the saturation is achieved in developing a centralized Shariah governance framework for Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach- Using purposive and snowball sampling procedures, data has been collected from 17 respondents who are working in the central bank and Islamic banks of Bangladesh through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Findings- The study claims that researchers can form the research questions by using ‘what’ question mark in qualitative research. Besides, the qualitative research and case study could explore the answers of “what” questions along with the ‘why’ and ‘how’ more broadly, descriptively, and extensively about a phenomenon. Similarly, saturation can be considered as attaining the ultimate point of data collection by the researchers without adding anything in the databank. Overall, this study proposes three stages of saturation. First, information redundancy. Second, referring the respondents (already considered in the study) without knowing anything about the data collection and their responses. Third, through the NVivo open coding process due to the decrease of reference or quotes in a certain position or in the saturation position as a result of fewer outcomes or insufficient information. The saturation is thus achieved in the diversified positions, i.e., three respondents for regulatory, nine for Shariah scholars and officers and five for the experts concerning the responses and respondents. Implications- The study has potential implications on the qualitative research method, including the case study, saturation process and points, NVivo analysis, and qualitative questions formation. Originality/value- This research defines a case study with the inclusion of “what” and illustrates the saturation process in diverse positions. The qualitative research questions can also be formed with “what” in addition “why” and “how”. Keywords- Qualitative research, case study, questions, saturation, NVivo. Paper type- Research Paper
... This article does not consider the phases concerning pilots and the actual implementation of the business model. We adopted action research in the form of clinical fieldwork research, also known as clinical inquiry research (Schein 1987(Schein , 2008. The primary objective of researchers was helping practitioners to solve a problem. ...
Conference Paper
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The advent of digital innovations and the growing relevance of value co-creation are pushing many firms to redesign their business models through the development of digital multi-sided platforms. Some scholar focused on business model design antecedents, i.e. the aspects that should be taken into account before designing the business model. Through clinical inquiry research in healthcare settings, this paper analyses the antecedents to be considered for redesigning the business model of a digital multi-sided platform. The study focuses on the interplays among the various antecedents and gives practical suggestions regarding the tools that could support their usage. Results highlight that an effective business model redesign is rooted in a proper alternation of antecedents that continuously support the collection and generation of an exponential amount of information. The related complexity associated with business model design should be gradually limited by progressively pruning inconsistent information and focusing on the most relevant one.
... De specifieke vorm van actie-onderzoek die we gebruikten heet clinical field work (Baskerville en Wood-Harper, 1998). Dat houdt in dat de onderzoeker de organisatie helpt een bepaald probleem op te lossen (Schein, 1987). In dit geval was het 'probleem' volgens het afdelingshoofd dat de monteurs te weinig verbeterinitiatieven vertoonden. ...
Article
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Uit onderzoek is gebleken dat medewerkersprestaties kunnen verbeteren door samen met medewerkers prestatie-indicatoren te ontwikkelen. Onbekend is hoe deze verbetering precies tot stand komt, terwijl organisaties dat juist moeten weten als zij hetzelfde willen bereiken. Dit artikel test twee mogelijke verklaringen. Uit drie verschillende studies blijkt dat zowel medewerkers als leidinggevenden de kwaliteit van samen ontwikkelde prestatie-indicatoren hoger vinden. Verder blijkt dat kwalitatief goede prestatie-indicatoren medewerkers beter in staat stellen om goed te presteren en ze helpen leidinggevenden om discussies aan te gaan met medewerkers over hun prestaties. Dit zorgt allebei voor betere prestaties van medewerkers.
... A difference between AR and other forms of case studies is the involvement of the researcher(s) in the case. Unlike more traditional forms where the researcher participates as a passive observer outside the subject of investigation, s/he becomes an active participant in AR (Checkland, 1993;Naslund, 2002;Schein, 1987). In this cycle, the researcher is involved in the actual project, and then steps aside to meticulously reflect and analyze what happened in the organization (Daudelin, 1996). ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop, implement, test and further enhance a framework for measuring organizational change initiatives. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual part of the framework is based on the structured analysis of existing literature. The framework was further developed during an action research (AR) study where the authors developed, implemented, evaluated and improved the measurement system for organizational change initiatives. Findings The academic literature is rich in conceptual articles providing required characteristics of a “good” measurement system and frameworks for how organizations should measure performance. However, academia provides less empirical evidence of how these performance measurement systems can be implemented, evaluated and improved. In this paper, the authors present a study where the developed measurement system has been implemented, evaluated and improved. The results in terms of how the actual framework worked as well as the response from the case organizations are equally positive. Research limitations/implications The framework has been implemented in two different, major change initiatives in one case organization. While the results are truly encouraging, the framework needs to be further tested and refined in more organizations. Practical implications There is a gap between academic perception and practical reality regarding how organizations should measure performance in general as well as measuring organizational change initiatives. The presented, and empirically tested, framework measures both the results of the change initiative (effectiveness) the actual change process (efficiency) as well as the perception of the change initiative and process from different key stakeholders. Originality/value This is the first developed, implemented and further improved measurement system for organizational change which measures both the efficiency and effectiveness of the change initiative (process).
... It is applied in situations where the only way to understand social system is through deliberate intervention and diagnosing responses to intervention (Van de Ven, 2007), and with a researcher attached inside the company with a high level of control over intervention. From a field research perspective, it is referred to as "participant observation" (Whyte, 1984) or, partisan perspective of a participant involved in events unfolding in the natural setting (Schein, 1987). In this study, the researcher was involved as leader of Team responsible for cultural change and organisational development intervention planning and execution (OI team). ...
Thesis
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Organisational culture is central to this study, where research conducted focus on the case of the large food company facing the need to change organisational culture while adopting open innovation. This dissertation discusses complex relationship between organisational culture and open innovation, through investigation of factors that are related to organisational culture, namely: behaviour and perception. It further explores and explains the process that link open innovation adoption to organisational culture change, over time. The engaged scholarship approach, with the researcher placed inside the organisation, was applied to the case of a large, over 80 year old European food processing company. Such a large system specifically chosen for its organisational structure and organisational culture embarked on a journey of open innovation adoption and change in organisational culture to foster such adoption. Quantitative and qualitative methods including primary and secondary data sources were used to research important aspects of that journey, and involved all relevant stakeholders through organisational development intervention. Such an active approach to a cultural change involved an organisational subculture of innovators, mainstream population and management, allowing a unique perspective for studying open innovation. Findings from this study are not specific only to the food industry, but can apply to any similar organisational and functional context. I argue that the process of change in the case presented starts with the decision maker’s dissatisfaction with products of organisational behaviour. Factors discovered, relations among them and the process described in this study, allow me to argue that organisational culture is essential for the adoption of open innovation. Also, open innovation adoption process that involves the change in organisational culture allows the appearance of new and unique products of behaviour, such as new business models, innovations or spin-offs.
... There are several variants of action research of which the clinical inquiry approach, developed by Schein (1987), is one of the most popular. Schein (1995) argues that too much action research still starts with the needs of the researcher rather than those of the client; with the method adopted by researchers because it is a superior means for collecting data rather than a desire to enhance an organization's wellbeing. ...
... In the winter of 2004 a graduate student, under the author's guidance, conducted an MA thesis research project on quality of leadership and employee satisfaction in a European subsidiary of an internationally operating chain of five star hotels. Having been trained in ethnographic field research (Schein, 1987), during four months he actively participated in all activities and made careful observations in all parts of the hotel. In the course of his research the following picture emerged: ...
Article
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In the literature learning and knowledge increasingly are regarded as socially constructed in organisations. In this paper, an interactional perspective is proposed to shed more light on the processes underlying the social construction and on the situated, relational nature of knowledge and learning. Here, knowledge is regarded as second-order knowledge, acquired through deutero-learning. Such learning is inherently relational, i.e., intimately tied to behavioural interaction and communication within the social and physical context of organisations. Under certain conditions, however, this learning may become pathological and may lead to double bind situations. As the cases of the ‘neurotic dog’ and the ‘five star hotel’ illustrate, double bind situations may induce stress and anxiety in organisational members.
... In the world of practice, process consultation is widely practiced in the field of consulting. He developed the notion of process consultation as clinical inquiry/research that has been influential in the field of action research (Schein 1987b). Here, he locates the process of trying to be helpful as the heart of organizational research. ...
Chapter
Edgar H. Schein’s contributions to the field of organizational studies are far reaching. He was one of the first to formulate the field of organizational psychology in 1965, and he led the development of the field of organization development (OD) through his editorship of the pioneering Addison-Wesley OD series in 1969. He framed a philosophy of being helpful through process consultation and humble inquiry, articulated the experience of the organizational career, and framed a model of organizational culture and how it operates in complex systems.
... We approach this research question through a comprehensive literature review on collaborative theorizing processes, specifically focusing on research streams that involved managers as active participants in these processes. In particular, we revisited naturalistic inquiry (Lincoln and Guba, 1985), cooperative inquiry (Reason, 1988), collaborative research (Shani et al., 2008;Pasmore et al., 2008), action research (Dickens and Watkins, 1999;Reason and Bradbury, 2006), clinical research (Normann, 1977;Schein, 1987Schein, , 1995), engaged scholarship (Van deVen and Johnson, 2006), interactive research (Gummesson, 2001) and consortium benchmarking (Schiele and Krummaker, 2011). From these literature works, we sought descriptions on the particularities of theorizing with managers: who participates in the process, how the process ...
Article
There are heightened concerns that the theory-praxis gap is widening despite decades of academic literature addressing the issue. We propose that one viable solution to this challenge is involving practitioners in research processes as active, reflective and empowered participants. Most extant discussions addressing the inclusion of manager is partners in theorizing restrain themselves to an 'if' question, arguing whether or not it is possible to create sufficiently rigorous knowledge in collaboration with practitioners. This leaves the 'how' question unanswered, i.e. how should such gap-bridging research be conducted in practice. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate how academic researchers in management and marketing can theorize with managers in order to generate results that are both academically rigorous and managerially relevant.
... This research is the outcome of a longitudinal project which applied a clinical approach (Schein 1987(Schein , 2001. The clinical intervention was governed by the dual aim of helping participants integrate insights from spiritual development into their working lives, and developing academic knowledge about that process. ...
Article
This paper identifies an empirically grounded process for how managers apply a meditative attitude to work in order to further personal growth. When managers actively engage in challenging situations with a meditative attitude, the process unfolds as the managers’ focus shifts from attending to suffering, to witnessing what is, and responding with authenticity. The study is based on qualitative analysis of empirical material generated during a two-year, in-depth, clinical inquiry of how seven CEOs and business owners of small and medium-sized companies integrate their spiritual development insights into their working lives. Meditation practice provides mangers with a foundation for personal growth by increasing their capacity to explore situations through a different light, changing their perspectives of life. This study shows that work can provide the individual with an environment where this capacity can be practiced and embodied in real time to further personal growth.
... In the world of practice, process consultation is widely practiced in the field of consulting. He developed the notion of process consultation as clinical inquiry/research that has been influential in the field of action research (Schein 1987b). Here, he locates the process of trying to be helpful as the heart of organizational research. ...
Chapter
Edgar H. Schein’s contributions to the field of organizational studies are far reaching. He was one of the first to formulate the field of organizational psychology in 1965, and he led the development of the field of organization development (OD) through his editorship of the pioneering Addison-Wesley OD series in 1969. He framed a philosophy of being helpful through process consultation and humble inquiry, articulated the experience of the organizational career, and framed a model of organizational culture and how it operates in complex systems.
... In the world of practice, process consultation is widely practiced in the field of consulting. He developed the notion of process consultation as clinical inquiry/research that has been influential in the field of action research (Schein 1987b). Here, he locates the process of trying to be helpful as the heart of organizational research. ...
Chapter
Edgar H. Schein’s contributions to the field of organizational studies are far reaching. He was one of the first to formulate the field of organizational psychology in 1965, and he led the development of the field of organization development (OD) through his editorship of the pioneering Addison-Wesley OD series in 1969. He framed a philosophy of being helpful through process consultation and humble inquiry, articulated the experience of the organizational career, and framed a model of organizational culture and how it operates in complex systems.
... We approach this research question through a comprehensive literature review on collaborative theorizing processes, specifically focusing on research streams that involved managers as active participants in these processes. In particular, we revisited naturalistic inquiry ( Lincoln and Guba, 1985), cooperative inquiry (Reason, 1988), collaborative research Pasmore et al., 2008), action research ( Dickens and Watkins, 1999;Reason and Bradbury, 2006), clinical research (Normann, 1977;Schein, 1987Schein, , 1995, engaged scholarship (Van de Ven and Johnson, 2006), interactive research (Gummesson, 2001) and consortium benchmarking ( Schiele and Krummaker, 2011). From these literature works, we sought descriptions on the particularities of theorizing with managers: who participates in the process, how the process ...
Article
Purpose The aim of the paper is to address the widening theory-praxis gap in marketing. The authors propose that one viable solution to this challenge is involving practitioners in research processes as active, reflective and empowered participants. Most extant discussions addressing the inclusion of managers as partners in theorizing restrain themselves to an “if” question, arguing whether or not it is possible to create sufficiently rigorous knowledge in collaboration with practitioners. This leaves the “how” question unanswered, i.e. how should such gap-bridging research be conducted in practice. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review of collaborative theorizing processes, the authors develop a conceptual framework highlighting the main research design decisions when theorizing with managers. The use of the framework is illustrated with four research program examples. Findings Most accounts of theorizing with managers use – explicitly or implicitly – abduction as the main mode of inference. In addition to this philosophical commonality, our literature review identified 12 themes that should be considered when designing collaborative research processes. The four illustrative examples indicate that theorizing with managers is an effective way of producing and socializing both academically sound and managerially relevant knowledge. On the other hand, collaborative theorizing processes are time-consuming and studies using abductive reasoning may be more challenging to publish in top-tier journals. Originality/value This paper makes two contributions. First, the authors go beyond the extensive academic literature which provides a plethora of explanations and ideas for potential remedies for bridging the theory-praxis gap by offering a detailed description how one particular solution, theorizing with managers, unfolds in practice. Second, the authors ground collaborative theorizing processes in the philosophy of science and put abduction forward as a common nominator for such studies.
... The experience of ambivalence is also more likely to produce positive outcomes like behavioral change and (un) learning in psychologically safe rather than unsafe environments (Pratt & Barnett, 1997). Psychologically safe environments enable people to take an interpersonal risk in the form of new behaviors or speaking up, both of which create the conditions for change (Edmondson, 1999; Pratt & Barnett, 1997; Schein, 1987). By contrast, low levels of psychological safety are associated with embarrassment and fear, which seem likely to channel the effects of ambivalence toward shutting down new, potentially risky behaviors. ...
Article
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A growing body of research unveils the ubiquity of ambivalence—the simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotional or cognitive orientations toward a person , situation, object, task, or goal—in organizations, and argues that its experience may be the norm rather than the exception. Although traditionally viewed as something to be avoided, organizational scholars in fields ranging from microorganiza-tional behavior to strategy have made significant advances in exploring the positive outcomes of ambivalence. However, despite identifying benefits of ambivalence that are critical to organizing (e.g., trust, adaptation, and creativity), research remains fragmented and siloed. The primary purpose of this review is to advance research on ambivalence by reviewing, synthesizing, and ultimately reconciling prior work on the negative consequences with promising emerging work on the positive—that is, functional and beneficial—outcomes of or responses to ambivalence. We significantly extend prior work by demonstrating that the myriad negative and positive outcomes of ambivalence may be organized around two key dimensions that underlie most research on the effects of ambivalence: (1) a flexibility dimension: inflexibility to flexibility and (2) an engagement dimension: disengagement to engagement. We further discuss the mechanisms and moderators that can lead to the more positive sides of these dimensions and suggest avenues for future research.
... We think this is desirable because societies characterized by less envy not only enjoy more social justice (e.g., Elster, 1991;Rauls, 1971), they also avoid the direct destructive effects of envy suffered by the envious. Furthermore, our common experience, based on a "clinical" approach to organizational life (Gabriel, 1999;Kets de Vries, 1991Schein, 1987) informed our opinion that, for organizations' health just as for people's health, while effective therapies are sometimes needed, prevention is generally better than a cure. Preventing envy, however, is easier said than done. ...
... In instrumental terms, unacknowledged biases may impinge on the success of a culture change project, by for example, making it difficult for the practitioner to step outside his or her own cultural assumptions the better to understand the other. Ethically, it is seen as wrong to subject someone else"s culture to deep scrutiny and adjudge it in need of change with out doing the same for oneself (see for example Schein 1987b, Lippitt and Lippitt 1978. ...
Chapter
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In Culture and Imperialism (1994), Edward Said sets out to reconnect cultural forms, notably the novel, “with the imperial processes of which they were manifestly and unconcealedly a part” (1994: xv). Thus he famously identifies allusions to the slave-based Caribbean sugar industry in Jane Austen’s 1814 Mansfield Park, resituating our understanding of Austen’s narrative within British imperialism of the time. Culture in Said’s sense includes not just art forms like the novel and opera, but “the specialized forms of knowledge in such learned disciplines as ethnography, historiography, philology and literary history” (1994: xii). In this vein, Bishop (1990) has, for example, explored Western mathematics as a secret weapon of cultural imperialism, and Rabasa (1993) re-presented Mercator’s Atlas as a Eurocentric imposition of meaning upon the World. This chapter, titled in homage to Said,1 presents the management of organizational culture (MOC) as another such cultural form. This form is perhaps more mundane than the novel, opera, Western mathematics, or Mercator’s atlas. As the basis for interventions in the working lives of employees in the United States and the United Kingdom, particularly from the 1980s onwards (Burnes, 1996; French & Bell, 1998) MOC is however particularly pernicious.
... The main difference is the intentional consideration of the double role performed by a "Practitioner's Model consultant" as both consultant and scientist at the same time. As Action Research is viewed more as research in the sense of ethnographic observation, the continuative considerations of the Practitioner's Model are based on Schein's Clinical Perspective in Fieldwork (Schein, 1987). Schein introduces a tiny but significant difference that can also be found in the Practitioner's Model. ...
Article
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The cooperation capacity of public organizations and profit companies is an increasingly valuable resource. Cooperation partners come from profit and non-profit organizations and from organizations in the public domain, and all are subject to a financial and legal context. Coming from such completely different working contexts, logics and cultures, the potential partner organizations provide services parallel to each other (many times in a competitive relationship). How can those partners jointly “co-produce” benefits through cooperation? Within such an environment, a shared case for action needs to take place, generating enough “energy” for the key players to embark on such a cooperative adventure. How is it possible to initiate such a process? At the end of a cooperative change process, itis vital that the cooperation is fully developed and established. How should the cooperation project be designed and implemented so that cooperation can continue? This article discusses these issues and challenges using a case study. From the consultants’ perspective, the article explores the question of how collaborative change processes can be successfully managed and consulted through concrete interventions (e.g. organizational design, process design, settings, etc.). From a scientific perspective, the article tries to show which challenges and issues have to be considered. In this interaction between practical action and theoretical reflection, the article specifically describes what happened in the change process, but also generalizes aspects that offer theoretical insights into OD change processes in inter- and trans-organizational cooperation.
... However, by consciously and actively taking into account the double role of the OD practitioner, who acts as a counselor and researcher at the same time, we create a substantial difference to the classic form of Action Research approach. While the Action Research approach defines itself through ethnographic observations the practitioner " s model for OD research is typically based on the concept of " Clinical Perspective in Fieldwork " (Schein, 1987 [10]), which was introduced for the first time by Edgar Schein. ...
Article
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Organizational design & development is expected to fulfill multiple purposes such as a fast-paced and resource-effective implementation, broad and deep acceptance, and high sustainability of the solutions developed and implemented at the same time. These are expectations, which cannot be easily accommodated, in particular where development is supposed to encompass radical restructuring. The concept of TM deliberated in this paper intends to offer both a theoretical and tried & tested organizational development approach. Following a brief outline of the scientific background, on the basis of which the TM approach was born (section I), along with a few motivations for the development of the approach (section II) the paper is geared to shine a light on the key cornerstones of the approach in terms of project management, instruments of intervention, as well as the behavior of the people who practice this approach (section III).
Conference Paper
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This paper explores the positioning of the socioeconomic approach to management (SEAM) onto three streams. Starting with t he positioning in the action research literature stretching to organizational development, the second stream studies the ontological and epistemological underpinning followed by the socioeconomic methodology and strategy. The third stream situates the method in the strategic management control realm. The approach builds on a literature review that yielded a theoretical positioning diagram, and proved to be a solid basis for the subsequent socioeconomic interventions in management consultancy.
Article
Organizations operate under ongoing pressure to conduct product development (PD) in ways that reduce errors, improve product designs, and increase speed and efficiency. Often, managers are expected to respond to this pressure by implementing process improvement programs (PIPs) based on best practices elsewhere (e.g., in another part of their organization or in another industrial context). Successful PIP implementation depends on two criteria: (a) demonstrating (symbolic) success by meeting externally imposed deadlines and producing mandated artifacts and (b) sustaining the expected (substantive) changes in their employees' underlying beliefs and practices. Given the mixed success of PIPs in nonmanufacturing contexts, identifying factors that contribute to both symbolic and substantive implementation is important to both researchers and practitioners. We explore this challenge through an in‐depth field study at a PD company (DevCo) that implemented a PIP across its 11 PD projects. We examine DevCo's change message to implement the PIP, how DevCo's engineers experienced it, factors that impeded implementation, and factors that could improve substantive success. Along with this empirical evidence, we leverage organizational change concepts to facilitate effective PIP implementation in new contexts such as PD. We distill our findings into eight propositions that expand theory about effectively transferring PIPs across contexts.
Article
This paper reviews the origins, techniques and roles associated with action research into information systems (IS). Many consider the approach to be the paragon of post-positivist research methods, yet it has a cloudy history among the social sciences. The paper summarizes the rigorous approach to action research and suggests certain domains of ideal use (such as systems development methodology). For those faced with conducting, reviewing or examining action research, the paper discusses various problems, opportunities and strategies.
Chapter
Michael Beer of the Harvard Business School is mainly known for his work on organizational change, strategic human resource management, and for the development of approaches/methods for strategic renewal. After a first career as an organizational researcher at Corning Glass works, he has remained a scholar-practitioner, with a burning interest in doing research which is both useful for theory and practice. Beer is interested in how organizational systems learn and change and ultimately in understanding what over time creates organizational system effectiveness. A major problem, he and his colleagues argue, is that management usually does not address changes in a systemic way. The result is a much lower success rate of organizational change initiatives. The employees of the organization often know how it can be improved, but because “truth cannot speak to power”, management only rarely gets to know what the organization thinks. They are therefore restricted from making a systemic analysis and do not get to know how they can address change in a systemic manner. A substantial part of Beer’s research has been focused on how to make such situations better. Together with a set of colleagues from aspirational CEOs of major corporations Beer and colleagues formed both an international consultancy firm – TruePoint, as well as a network of research centers – the Center for Higher Ambition Leadership.
Chapter
Investment management is a judgment-rich endeavor. The major components of managing an investment program—determining objectives, finding and exploiting opportunities, and evaluating the extent to which objectives have been achieved—all involve judgment as much as data. Judgments in turn are framed by one's system of beliefs about how the investment world works. Given this, it seems worthwhile to ponder where the beliefs come from, to assess their validity, and to attempt to improve them as opportunities exist to do so. This chapter discusses the importance of beliefs in investment management and suggests that active management of one's belief system can make one a better investor. It illustrates by example that beliefs can be a determining factor in investment decisions and strategy and discusses the unconscious aspect of beliefs, especially the role of culture in determining unconscious beliefs. The process through which a cultural perspective on beliefs can illuminate investment behavior that otherwise seems puzzling is discussed and some suggestions are presented on how to make beliefs more conscious and deliberate. An argument that a key part of evaluating an investment manager is assessing the manager's belief system is presented, and the role of belief systems in evaluating active investment managers is analyzed.
Chapter
Michael Beer of the Harvard Business School is mainly known for his work on organizational change, strategic human resource management, and for the development of approaches/methods for strategic renewal. After a first career as an organizational researcher at Corning Glass works, he has remained a scholar-practitioner, with a burning interest in doing research which is both useful for theory and practice. Beer is interested in how organizational systems learn and change and ultimately in understanding what over time creates organizational system effectiveness. A major problem, he and his colleagues argue, is that management usually does not address changes in a systemic way. The result is a much lower success rate of organizational change initiatives. The employees of the organization often know how it can be improved, but because “truth cannot speak to power”, management only rarely gets to know what the organization thinks. They are therefore restricted from making a systemic analysis and do not get to know how they can address change in a systemic manner. A substantial part of Beer’s research has been focused on how to make such situations better. Together with a set of colleagues from aspirational CEOs of major corporations Beer and colleagues formed both an international consultancy firm – TruePoint, as well as a network of research centers – the Center for Higher Ambition Leadership.
Chapter
In one way or another, all of the chapters in this book are attempts to capture an accurate and intervention-useful picture of the child who is communicatively disordered. The present chapter is about using a special kind of camera lens in striving to achieve a very wide angle as well as a deep dimensional focus. This “lens” provides a view of communicative competence that is well grounded in a language socialization perspective. Taken seriously, this perspective has the potential to create major changes in thinking about language acquisition, usage, assessment, intervention, and research. These changes may prove to be crucial for meaningful intervention with children, in general, but they have particular importance for the rapidly increasing number of children from minority cultures who are being treated by speech-language pathologists from mainstream cultures. Population forecasts for both Canada and the United States show that as much as one third of the speech-language pathology and audiology caseload in the schools will be children from black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native North American cultures within the next decade (ASHA, 1988; Cole, 1989; Crago, 1990a; Shewan, 1988). Speech-language pathologists from these cultures comprise a very small minority of the profession and the vast majority of speech-language pathologists already in practice feel they are unprepared to provide adequate service to children of other cultures (ASHA, 1988; Cole, 1989; Des Bois, 1989; Shewan & Malm, 1989). The stark reality of such demographics is only enhanced by research findings on language socialization that attest to the intertwined nature of culture and language. A culturally sensitive refocusing of our assessment and intervention practices is long overdue.
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For decades, scholars have questioned whether it is possible to conduct research that is both relevant to practitioners and empirically sound. This is the very challenge faced by researchers at Dutch universities of applied sciences. In this paper we build on the findings of an action research project into the research practices of a Research Centre at a Dutch university of applied sciences. We found that action research (AR) works best when conceptualised as three intertwined processes: (1) a joint inquiry with practitioners aimed at improving their actions and reflections on their own practice; (2) a collaborative review with (representative) practitioners and management researchers aimed at conceptualising the issue and process of the joint inquiry; and (3) making a contribution to academic theory through a published paper building on theory related to the specific content and process of the inquiry. This paper will argue that this triple process structure can encompass the Lego AR project—one of the few published in a leading academic journal—as well as new conceptualisations of practice research (Goldkuhl, 2011, 2012) and meta-action research (Fletcher et al., 2010). As such it can be of value for all researchers looking to balance the competing demands of rigour and relevance.
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Research has shown that collaboration and co-creation among different groups of stakeholders add complexity and challenges to the innovation process. In this paper a study of co-creation in a multi-stakeholder innovation process is presented. The co-creation is explored and described from a boundary practice perspective. The empirical data presented in the study is based on a user-centric innovation project, Free2Ride, where researchers, developers and members of two equestrian clubs co-created a piece of ICT safety equipment consisting of a transmitter (on the horse) and a receiver (application on a smartphone) to be used by equestrian club members during their everyday riding activities. Three episodes were extracted from the empirical data and presented in the paper. From these episodes the researchers have identified four characteristics of the spanning of boundaries in co-creation from a boundary practice perspective. One of the contributions in the papers is a description of boundary practice-spanning. The research approach adopted in the study is the action case approach.
Chapter
The above quotation seems to encapsulate the suspicion that surrounds the activity of consultants in government. They seem to be the ‘folk devils’ of modern business and their activity frequently attracts criticism in the media and also in some academic journals. Although on the face of it, it may seem reasonable that government should access specific expertise to improve its operations, critical commentators express a number of concerns (see Clark and Fincham, 2002). The concerns seem to fall into two areas. The first is that in the perception of the public and the media, government’s spending on consultancy seems to be too high and has got out of control (see also Accountants for Business, 2010). The second centres on an uneasy feeling that consultants are not acting in the public interest and do not seem to be accountable. More generally there is a similarly vague suspicion that they have acquired a power and influence out of all proportion to the amount of work that they do.
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The purpose of this paper is to review critically the origins, techniques and roles associated with a growing information systems (IS) research method known as ‘action research’. This method is widely cited as an exemplar of a post-positivist social scientific research method, ideally suited to the study of technology in its human context. We seek to illuminate both the attractions and the detractions that this method holds for IS researchers.
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This paper deals with research carried out over a two-year period for a carpet manufacturing firm in Scotland. The objective of the research was to build a short term model and operating system which shared the same structure and data base, and to incorporate the decision maker as a necessary element with the model. Systems design was to be jointly undertaken by representatives of the firm and the researcher, and so this led to exploratory research into the use of new paradigm methodology as a basis for computer systems design.
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Qualitative research encompasses multiple data collection techniques. The major mode of data collection is generally interviewing, often combined with participant observation. Interviewing techniques vary in’ standardization’ from unstructured interviews or narratives to semi-structured (i.e. openended) interview schedules. Occasionally, the research design may include other approaches to supplement the interview data, such as structured questionnaires or psychometric tests, life histories, diaries, personal collections (letters, photographs), official documents and so forth.
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