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On the Edge or not?Opportunities for Interdisciplinary Scholars in Business Communication to Focus on the Individual and Organizational Benefits of Companion Animals in the Workplace
Abstract
In this article, the author discusses the many opportunities for scholars interested in conducting interdisciplinary research on the individual and organizational benefits of companion animals in the workplace. The selected literature in the management, medical, psychosocial, and communication realms provides areas for research connections within our field and between these disciplines. An exploratory model and future research suggestions are developed to provide direction for additional study.
... Voor organisaties kan het daarom lonen om de aanwezigheid van huisdieren als een opportuniteit te beschouwen. Zo kunnen dieren sociale steun en verbinding bij thuiswerk verhogen: hetzij direct door zelf als sociale partners op te treden (Kurdek, 2008), hetzij indirect door menselijke interacties tijdens wandelingen of (video)gesprekken te faciliteren (Barker, 2005;Wells & Perrine, 2001). Daarnaast kan de tijd gespendeerd met een huisdier leiden tot meer ontkoppeling van het werk, waardoor welzijnsuitkomsten zoals stress, positieve emotie en werkbetrokkenheid (Hall & Mills, 2019;Junça-Silva et al., 2022) en jobprestatie Junça-Silva et al., 2022) kunnen toenemen. ...
... Ten tweede kunnen kantoorhonden het werknemerswelzijn, het organisatieklimaat en de samenwerking tussen teamleden verbeteren -ook voor niet-hondeneigenaars (Barker et al., 2005;Hall & Mills, 2019). Voordelige effecten kunnen plaatsvinden door het ontstaan van meer positieve emoties (Colarelli et al., 2017) en de daarmee gepaard gaande gevoelens van verbinding en psychologische veiligheid (Cunha et al., 2019;Wagner & Cunha, 2021) -sterke voorspellers van werkprestatie. ...
... Onderzoek over de intersectie van dieren en het nieuwe (thuis)werken staat slechts in zijn kinderschoenen. Daarnaast blijven huidige initiatieven niet beperkt tot kantoorhonden (Barker, 2005;Delanoeije, 2018; en vinden langzaamaan ook 'kantoorkatten' letterlijk de weg naar de werkomgeving, zoals 'campuskatten' die tijd doorbrengen op onderwijscampussen en daar interacties aangaan met werknemers (Delanoeije & Pendry, te verschijnen). Het toelaten van dieren in tal van menselijke omgevingen wint aan momentum en onderzoekers en professionals trachten de verscheidene manieren te begrijpen waarop dieren het functioneren van werknemers beïnvloeden (Barker, 2005;Wagner & Cunha, 2021). ...
Overgewaaid vanuit Amerika, is het binnenbrengen van honden in de werkomgeving sinds een tiental jaren ook in Europa in opmars. Hoewel een 'kantoorhond' in eerste instantie een vreemd idee kan lijken, is het geen verwonderlijke trend. Immers, bij een derde van de Europese huishoudens maakt een hond deel uit van het gezin. Wetende dat 50 tot 75 procent van de 20-tot 64-jarigen tewerkgesteld is, kan het meenemen van een hond naar het werk de werk-privébalans van hondeneigenaars verbeteren. De effecten van honden in de werkomgeving breiden zich echter ook uit naar betrokken collega's en organisaties. Immers, de aanwezigheid van een hond kan voordelige psychologische effecten teweegbrengen bij werknemers en kan organisaties helpen om zich te branden. Ook in het thuiskantoor kunnen honden bufferen voor gekende nadelen van thuiswerk. Er dient echter ook oog te zijn voor risico's. In dit artikel worden de voor-en nadelen van honden in de (thuis)werkomgeving, de achterliggende mechanismen en praktische implicaties geïdentificeerd. \ 122 De rol van huisdieren in het leven van werknemers en de potentiële voordelen voor organisaties wanneer zij de zorg voor huisdieren faciliteren is onderbelicht. Nochtans haalt de nieuwe arbeidsmarktgeneratie van millennials de babyboomers in als de grootste generatie huisdiereigenaars en zal zij tot 75% van het personeelsbestand uitmaken tegen 2025. Organisaties kunnen op twee manieren inspelen op deze realiteit. Ten eerste kunnen ze werknemers toelaten om van thuis uit te werken. Huisdieren kunnen bufferen voor gekende nadelen van thuiswerk, zoals verminderde sociale verbinding of een gebrek aan lichaamsbeweging. Ten tweede kunnen organisaties huisdieren toelaten op het werk. Steeds vaker worden huisdieren binnengebracht op de werkvloer. Voordelige effecten van dieren op mensen worden al decennia lang gedocumenteerd vanuit andere onderzoeks-gebieden. Zo ook kunnen 'kantoorhonden' werknemersstress verlagen en prestaties verhogen. Naast voordelige effecten zijn echter ook nadelige effecten te verwachten afhankelijk van kenmerken van de eigenaar, collega's, de organisatie en het dier. Voor onderzoekers en professionals is het daarom belangrijk om deze kenmerken in kaart te brengen en zowel de voordelen als de nadelen van dieren in de werkomgeving te begrijpen. Hiervoor is een transdisciplinaire aanpak met oog voor zowel mens als dier noodzakelijk, wil men werknemerswelzijn vergroten en risico's vermijden. Vanuit een 'one welfare' perspectief ('één-welzijnsprincipe') kan namelijk verwacht worden dat dierenwelzijn en werknemers welzijn met elkaar verbonden zijn en elkaar zowel positief als negatief kunnen beïnvloeden. Momenteel is er meer inzicht vanuit onderzoek nodig om richtlijnen te formuleren voor een effectieve implementatie van (thuis)kantoordierpraktijken.
... Onderzoek naar dit thema richtte zich tot nu voornamelijk op de zorg voor kinderen en tot op heden blijft de rol van dieren in het leven van werknemers-en de mogelijke voordelen voor organisaties wanneer zij de zorg voor deze dieren faciliteren-grotendeels onderbelicht (Barker, 2005;Greenhaus & Powell, 2003). Nochtans beschouwen veel mensen hun huisdier als een volwaardig deel van het gezin (Walsh, 2009). ...
... Voor organisaties kan het daarom lonen om de aanwezigheid van dieren bij thuiswerk niet per se als hinder maar eerder als een opportuniteit te beschouwen. Eén van de belangrijkste effecten is dat dieren sociale steun en verbinding bij thuiswerk kunnen verhogen, hetzij direct door zelf als sociale partners op te treden (Kurdek, 2008) hetzij indirect door menselijke interacties tijdens wandelingen of (video)gesprekken te faciliteren (Barker, 2005;Wells & Perrine, 2001). Daarnaast kan de tijd die wordt doorgebracht met dieren op verschillende manieren leiden tot meer ontkoppeling van het werk, waardoor verschillende welzijnsuitkomsten, zoals stress en werkbetrokkenheid, maar ook prestatie-uitkomsten, zoals concentratie en werkfocus, kunnen toenemen. ...
... Huidige initiatieven blijven trouwens niet beperkt tot honden. Naast het groeiende fenomeen van "kantoorhonden" (Barker, 2005;Delanoeije, 2018) vinden langzaamaan ook "kantoorkatten" letterlijk de weg naar de werkomgeving, zoals "campuskatten" die tijd doorbrengen op onderwijscampussen en daar interacties aangaan met werknemers . Het toelaten van dieren in tal van menselijke omgevingen wint aan momentum en onderzoekers trachten de verscheidene manieren te begrijpen waarop dieren het functioneren van werknemers beïnvloeden (Barker, 2005;Cunha et al., 2018). ...
Werknemers wereldwijd ruilden sinds de COVID-19 pandemie massaal hun reguliere werkplek in voor het thuiskantoor, waar in plaats van collega’s gezinsleden deel uitmaken van de dagelijkse werkomgeving. Naast menselijke huisgenoten maken bij ongeveer de helft van de Vlaamse huishoudens ook huisdieren deel uit van het gezin. Meer nog: sinds de pandemie-gerelateerde “lockdown” restricties, is er een explosieve stijging in de adoptie van huisdieren. Waar katten het versturen van foutloze e-mails kunnen bemoeilijken, verzorgen honden al eens backing vocals tijdens virtuele vergaderingen. Naast mogelijke hinder zijn er echter ook voordelen verbonden aan dieren in de (thuis)werkomgeving. Zo kunnen huisdieren een buffer vormen voor gekende nadelen van thuiswerk voor mentaal en fysiek welzijn. Maar daar stopt het niet: ook op de reguliere werkplek buitenshuis, bijvoorbeeld op kantoor, laten dieren hun sporen na op werknemerswelzijn. Hoe ze dat juist doen, thuis en op kantoor, en waarom werkgevers stilaan steeds vaker huisdieren “on site” lijken toe te laten, schets ik hieronder.
... Not surprisingly, the vast literature on the workhome interface continues to describe the importance for organizations to help employees maintaining a healthy work-family balance. Recently, scholars have urged for taking into account the importance of pets in employees' family lives and have highlighted the potential for organizations when facilitating employees' pet care responsibilities (Barker, 2005;Cunha et al., 2019;Delanoeije, 2018). Nowadays, more than ever, companion animals aid employees' throughout their home-based teleworking days. ...
... Having dogs in and around the office or the campus has been found to improve work engagement and decrease stress (Barker et al., 2012;Hall et al., 2016;Pendry & Vandagriff, 2019). Recently, next to the growing phenomenon of "office dogs" (Barker, 2005;Delanoeije, 2018), also "campus cats"i.e. cats who spend time on campus and interact with students and personnelare literally walking their way into our education and working environments (Delanoeije et al., forthcoming). ...
... Contrary to many other campus cats, this cat does not roam around freely but is accompanied by his owner who regularly takes him to work. The inclusion of companion animals in numerous human settings is gaining momentum and scholars and practitioners are advancing their efforts to understand the various ways in which animals may improve our well-being, learning and performance (Barker, 2005;Cunha et al., 2018;Pendry & Vandagriff, 2019). ...
Employees worldwide have nowadays shifted their homes into home-offices, involving also household members in and around their newly designated working spaces. Importantly, not just children and partners but also non-human family members engage in the daily work hurdles at the home-office. Cats may prevent efficiently sending out error-less emails while dogs may provide interesting backing vocals during virtual meetings. However, besides potential disturbances, many beneficial psychological and physical impacts of our furry family members can be identified. As such, companion animals may buffer for various potential negative effects of teleworking during the pandemic on mental and physical health.
... The most highly cited article in the local dataset is Wells and Perrine's (2001) study investigating general impacts of companion animals in the workplace. Its findings lay the groundwork for their later 2006 study and Barker (2005). Research interest in this topic increased after Barker (2005) examined the factors influencing the impact of animals in the workplace (e.g., Groomes et al., 2014;Hicks & Weisman, 2015;Linacre, 2016;Olsen, 2015;Wilkin, Fairlie, & Ezzedeen, 2016). ...
... Its findings lay the groundwork for their later 2006 study and Barker (2005). Research interest in this topic increased after Barker (2005) examined the factors influencing the impact of animals in the workplace (e.g., Groomes et al., 2014;Hicks & Weisman, 2015;Linacre, 2016;Olsen, 2015;Wilkin, Fairlie, & Ezzedeen, 2016). ...
... While four studies use surveys to evaluate perceptions and opinions on animal-friendly work environments, the majority analyze the implications. The review indicates three benefits to the workplace: (1) employees perceive pets to reduce stress and positively affect health and the organization (Wells & Perrine, 2001); (2) animals provide a means of social support and increase positive attitudes and attachment (Barker, 2005); and (3) employees report higher performance and more readily identify with the goals and expectations of the business, when exposed to companion animals. When Wells and Perrine (2006) investigated animal-friendly offices, they found that non-employees perceived that animals improved their and employees moods' and appeared to increase social interaction in that employees looked less busy. ...
Objectives. The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to investigate the effect of companion animals (whether simply as pets or used in more formal intervention approaches) on the physical and mental health of older adults (aged 60+).
Methods. The reviewers identified key search terms and conducted a systematic search of the PsycINFO and PubMed databases. The 70 articles reviewed were evaluated through tabular and thematic analysis.
Results. In 52 of the studies examined, companion animals positively contributed to the mental and/or physical health of older adults. With respect to mental health, involvement with a companion animal improved participant quality of life and effectively attenuated symptoms of depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD). In relation to physical health, marked increases in physical activity and improvements in blood pressure and heart rate variability were the only consistent physical health improvements observed from companion animal interactions.
Conclusions. Animal companionship can benefit the mental and physical health of older adults, although more and better controlled research on this topic is required.
Clinical Implications. Use of companion animals has the potential to be an effective treatment or adjunct therapy to improve the health status and quality of life of older individuals.
... Despite the anecdotal benefits of being a PFW, few empirical studies have examined this trend (for few exceptions, see Barker, 2005;Barker et al., 2012;Wells and Perrine, 2001a, b). Consequently, scholars have called for more research on PFWs (e.g. ...
... Consequently, scholars have called for more research on PFWs (e.g. Barker, 2005), a potentially significant area of concern considering the growing recognition that healthy workplaces are linked to organizational performance (Wilkin and Connelly, 2015), and the recent upswing in PFWs (Barker, 2005). This paper presents an overview of the pet-friendliness trend. ...
... Consequently, scholars have called for more research on PFWs (e.g. Barker, 2005), a potentially significant area of concern considering the growing recognition that healthy workplaces are linked to organizational performance (Wilkin and Connelly, 2015), and the recent upswing in PFWs (Barker, 2005). This paper presents an overview of the pet-friendliness trend. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the pet-friendliness trend, because despite its growth, there has been little research on the benefits and potential risks of pet-friendly workplaces.
Design/methodology/approach
– A general review is provided on pet ownership figures in North America and the benefits and drawbacks of pet ownership. Pet-friendly policies and practices are described, highlighting their potentially positive impact on well-being and performance. Possible concerns with pet-friendly workplaces are examined. The paper offers recommendations for organizations that are potentially interested in becoming pet-friendly.
Findings
– Many households in North America have pets that are considered genuine members of the family. As a result, workplaces are increasingly becoming “pet-friendly” by instituting policies that are sensitive to pet ownership. The scope of pet-friendly policies and practices ranges from simple to more complex measures. Adopting these measures can result in benefits that include enhanced attraction and recruitment, improved employee retention, enhanced employee health, increased employee productivity, and positive bottom-line results. But there are also concerns regarding health and safety, property damage, distractions, and religious preferences.
Practical implications
– The range of pet-friendly measures could apply to any workplace that is interested in improving their efforts toward recruitment, retention, and productivity, among others.
Originality/value
– This paper describes a range of efforts that workplaces can offer to enhance their employees’ work lives and is the first to provide a detailed account of the pet-friendliness trend.
... Organizations continue to be aware of the importance of employee satisfaction, commitment, and perceived organizational support (Allen and Meyer, 1990, Aubé et al., 2007, Barker, 2005, Eisenberger et al., 1986, Meyer and Allen, 1997, Spector, 1997. Many factors can influence employee perceptions of the workplace (Abbott, 2008, Falkenburg and Schyns, 2007, Foote et al., 2005, Jain et al., 2009, McShane and Von Gilnow, 2010. ...
... Pet ownership has been associated with a number of positive health outcomes, including increased survival one-year after a heart attack (Friedmann and Thomas, 1995), fewer doctor visits (Headey, 1999, Siegel, 1990, Headey et al., 2002, less loneliness and greater social support (Headey, 1999), and emotional closeness and support (Barker andBarker, 1988, Barker et al., 1997). An increasing number of studies support the premise that pets, by providing a nonevaluative form of social support, buffer the impact of stress for their owners. ...
... Mail deliveries are sometimes made by an employee with a dog in the mail cart, likely appealing to dog owners and creating an opportunity for brief exchanges. Top management is also known to walk around employee areas in the company of a dog, possibly creating a more relaxed climate for interaction with dog owners (Barker, 2005). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary study of the effect of the presence at work of employees' dogs on stress and organizational perceptions.
Design/methodology/approach
A pre‐post between‐group design with repeated measures was used to compare differences between employees who bring their dogs to work (DOG group), employees who do not bring their dogs to work (NODOG group), and employees without pets (NOPET group) on physiological and perceived stress, perceptions of job satisfaction, organizational affective commitment, and perceived organizational support.
Findings
Combined groups scored significantly higher on multiple job satisfaction subscales than the reference norm group for these scales. No significant differences were found between the groups on physiological stress or perceived organizational support. Although perceived stress was similar at baseline; over the course of the day, stress declined for the DOG group with their dogs present and increased for the NODOG and NOPET groups. The NODOG group had significantly higher stress than the DOG group by the end of the day. A significant difference was found in the stress patterns for the DOG group on days their dogs were present and absent. On dog absent days, owners' stress increased throughout the day, mirroring the pattern of the NODOG group.
Originality/value
This paper provides the first quantitative exploratory study of the effects of pet dogs in the workplace setting on employee stress and perceptions of satisfaction, support and commitment.
... This seeming 'ignorance' of employees in AAIs is surprising, given that effects of animals are likely to extend to all of those who get in contact with them (Cunha et al., 2019;Jammaers, 2021). For instance, research on dogs in the work environment-which usually considers employee-owned "office dogs" that accompany their owner to work (Barker, 2005;Delanoeije, 2018)-has shown stress-reducing effects on both dog-bringing employees as well as on their colleagues (Barker et al., 2012;Hall & Mills, 2019). Moreover, workplace initiatives may affect wellbeing also in employees who do not participate in specific initiatives (i.e., employees who do not get in contact with the animal). ...
As most university-based animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) feature interactions with dogs, little is known about the feasibility of providing opportunities to interact with cats. Few studies have examined employee or student interest in interacting with on-campus cats, and virtually nothing is known about the role of participants’ characteristics and perceptions in shaping their interest. Using a cross-sectional survey, the current study assessed participants’ responsiveness toward an on-campus cat visitation program in a sample of higher-education staff and students (n = 1,438). Using hierarchical regression analyses, responsiveness was modeled on participants’ demographic characteristics (i.e., employee or student, gender, age), the personality trait of emotionality, perceived stress, prior animal experiences (i.e., cat/dog ownership, cat allergy and phobia, responsiveness toward on-campus dogs), and perceived risks of on-campus cats. Regression analyses indicated that emotionality (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), being female (β = 0.06, p < 0.05), being open to a dog visitation program (β = 0.50, p < 0.001), and being a cat owner (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), were positively associated with responsiveness toward a cat visitation program, whereas having a cat phobia (β = −0.22, p < 0.001), cat allergy (β = −0.13, p < 0.001), being a dog owner (β = −0.08, p < 0.001), and perceiving interactions with cats as risky (β = −0.14, p < 0.001) were negatively associated. Interestingly, although we hypothesized positive associations between perceived stress and responsiveness, these associations were not significant (β = −0.03, p = 0.305), nor did we observe significant differences by student or employee status (β = 0.02, p = 0.610). These findings are the first to elucidate the role of staff and students’ features in shaping responsiveness toward on-campus cats in higher education, which may inform the design and implementation of on-campus visitation programs.
... Bovendien zijn organisaties er zich best van bewust dat de thuiscontext meer omvat dan enkel het familieleven, maar ook bredere domeinen (bijv. huisdieren; Barker, 2005;Delanoeije, 2020;Walsh, 2009) van werknemers kan omvatten. ...
Thuiswerk speelt meer dan ooit een prominente rol in de wereld van werk en baant zich een weg in de werk- en privésfeer van steeds meer werknemers – met in België een verdubbeling van het aantal thuiswerkers van 17% naar 35% van de werknemers sinds de coronacrisis. Hoewel dit ‘nieuwe werken’ haast niet meer valt weg te denken uit het dagelijks (werk)leven, is onderzoek naar de effecten van thuiswerk op werknemersuitkomsten verdeeld. Deze inconsistente resultaten vormden het startpunt van dit doctoraat – dat vóór de huidige coronasituatie werd uitgevoerd – dat de effecten van onder andere thuiswerk op werknemerswelzijn en -prestatie onderzocht. Ons onderzoek schuift een aantal factoren naar voren die de huidige dubbelzinnigheden kunnen verklaren. Hiermee identificeert het een aantal kansen en valkuilen van thuiswerk. Deze kansen en valkuilen worden kort tegen het licht gehouden van het huidige ‘coronatijdperk’ en bieden zo mogelijke handvaten voor ‘het nieuwe thuiswerkbeleid’ in organisaties.
... Hall and Mills [38] found significantly higher self-reported work engagement and lower turnover intention when petfriendly policies are in place. This takes further the findings of Barker [46], who reported that employees who are allowed to bring their pets to work scored higher on multiple job satisfaction scales. Moreover, people who bring their dogs to work rate their companies higher on benefits and organizational support than employees who do not own or bring dogs to work [38,43]. ...
As the work environment is increasing in competitiveness and stressfulness, more and more companies try to increase employee well-being. One option is allowing employees to bring their dogs to work, building on the considerable evidence that dogs have a positive influence on people’s well-being. However, little is known about how a dog’s presence influences the employees and the companies in offices. Therefore, we empirically scrutinize the presence of dogs in organizations and the impact of pet-friendly organizational policies, with multiple case studies with semi-structured interviews as their foundation. Based on an inductive approach for the data analysis, we found that organizational members consider that dogs can lower their stress, improve communication, and foster social cohesion when a flexible organizational culture is in place. This includes the following: Problems in the company are openly addressed; employees have job autonomy, with flexibility to take breaks; and mistakes and errors are allowed to be made by employees and their companions alike, and room to find solutions is given. The inflexible permission of pets at work can, on the contrary, create pressure and stress in employees. For the business world, this implicates that this kind of incentive only leads to success if the right framework and culture is in place, and it cannot only be seen as an instrument to increase employee well-being.
... However, in many instances, it may be relevant to apply a broader focus and consider also other activities, such as employees' hobbies, and other care-dependents, such as their pets. In particular, from studies on the human-animal bond in the field of anthrozoology (i.e., humananimal interaction studies), it is widely known that many individuals consider their pets as important family members (Barker, 2005;Walsh, 2009). In addition, the new labor market generation of millennials surpasses baby boomers as the largest pet owning generation and will make up for approximately half of the workforce by 2020. ...
This dissertation studies the effects of work-home practices (i.e., HR-practices that can facilitate employees’ work-home combination, such as home-based telework or part-time work) on employee outcomes such as work-home balance, well-being and job performance. Despite their growing prevalence in organizations, studies to date show both positive and negative effects of these practices and no consensus exists on whether the use of these practices really leads to better employee outcomes. The results of this dissertation show some important factors that may explain these inconsistencies. First, it seems that rather than looking at the mere use of home-based telework and part-time work, it is more important to look at the extent to which employees use or not use these practices in line with their own preference. Second, it is important that employees do not experience external pressure conflicting their own preference, neither from their work environment nor from their private life, to use or not use these practices. Last, it seems that the effects of home-based telework manifest both in general as well as specifically on teleworking days and that home-based telework especially on these days help employees to combine work with private life, without harming job performance in general. These results imply that employers would benefit from (1) creating opportunities to let employees use or not use practices according to their own preferences, (2) avoiding exerting pressure on employees to use or not use practices, and (3) recognizing and taking into account pressure from employees’ private life. In addition, offering home-based telework and granting employees sufficient autonomy to tackle small private life issues on teleworking days may be one way for employers to increase employees’ work-home balance and well-being without penalizing their general job performance.
... Reaching out to arts faculty to form interdisciplinary relationships could result in new students for BPC classes and better trained arts students. BPC faculty are often already interdisciplinary (Barker, 2005;Dyrud, 2008aDyrud, , 2008b and often asked to do evermore work (Bowse & Lawrence, 2017), so even suggesting that faculty become even more interdisciplinary and create new courses may seem like an unwieldy and unnecessary burden. However, universities and businesses are foregrounding interdisciplinary initiatives (Andrews, 2017;Bourelle, 2015). ...
The arts have not received much attention from business and professional communication (BPC) scholars who are interested in workplace communication. This article begins to fill that gap by explaining a course focused on the BPC that artists produce in their careers. Students learned BPC genres by addressing arts situations: They crafted email pitches to promoters, took promotional photography, created crowdfunding proposals, and more. I argue that teaching artist communication can give a new context to existing BPC assignments, encourage interdisciplinary initiatives, and allow for the incorporation of natively digital communication genres into existing courses.
The rapid development of information communication technology has led towards the emergence of the “connected world” characterised by the pervasive embeddedness of smart technologies. Smart technologies have a transformative impact on different domains of life. The application of smart technologies redefines the way people live, interact and conduct business. To date, the attention of the scholarly community has been paid primarily to smart cities, smart manufacturing and smart homes. However, despite numerous studies discussing the benefits of advanced technologies in the workplace, there is a lack of research on smart offices and how they affect productivity and employee well-being. This opinion paper argues that office spaces constitute a distinctive type of space, and research on smart homes or manufacturing does not suffice to capture its essence. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a research agenda that can advance the current literature on smart and information communication technologies in relation to workplace spaces and the potential implications these could have on productivity.
Dogs are known as the animal best friends of humans, and such a special relationship has neurobiological and evolutionary grounds. Dogs are mostly ignored by organization theory despite the existence of a rich literature on human-animal studies that helps the theoretical extension in the direction of organization studies. The theme of human-dog interaction has been approached systematically in the fields of geography, science studies, sociology, human animal studies, etc. In organization studies, however: (1) the theme is under-researched; (2) this research scarcity does not reflect the importance of the topic, and (3) the organizational context, with its hierarchies, rules, and formalisms introduces a nuance that deserves to be studied in its own right. That is the contribution of this paper: to conceptually articulate the presence of dogs in organizations and to stimulate more research on the topic.
The purpose of this article is to evaluate value-add methods and activities applied to organizational communication college-level course work. Graduate organizational communication faculty are aware that their classes serve as direct preparation for students entering business and professional careers. The knowledge learned and the skills acquired in these communication classes are abilities that students take with them to the career marketplace. As such, instructors look for ways to extend the boundaries of the classroom beyond the text and traditional instruction. Faculty believe that each method selected adds value to the educational experiences of students. However, do these methods and activities truly add value to the educational experience as the instructors hope they will? Furthermore, are specific programs more valuable than others?
The present study examined the effects of the presence of a pet in a professor's office on college students' perceptions of the office and the professor. Students (n=257) were randomly assigned to view a slide of an office that contained either a dog, a cat, or no animal. Students perceived the office to be more comfortable and the professor to be friendlier when there was a dog in the office than when there was a cat or no animal in the office. They also perceived the professor who occupied the office with a cat to be less busy than the professors who occupied the offices with a dog and with no animal. These results imply that professors may be able to positively influence students' impressions of them by having a dog or a cat in their offices.
Explored the pet's place among the significant human relationships that exist in the sexually abused child's home environment. 40 adult sexual abuse survivors (aged 20–50 yrs ) completed the Family Life Space Diagram (FLSD) and provided demographic information. Results suggest a strong, supportive relationship between sexual abuse survivors and their childhood pets. Some of the diagrams reveal the pet as the only supportive, living entity in the survivor's childhood. The results support the usefulness and validity of the in examining the significant childhood relationships of abuse survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Administered a family life space diagram to 29 dog enthusiasts, 40 typical pet owners, 26 graduate students, and 27 elementary school children. Results show that dog enthusiasts and typical pet owners kept about the same distance between themselves and pet dogs or family members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Autonomic responses were measured while 45 adult women performed a standard experimental stress task in the laboratory with only the experimenter present and 2 weeks later at home in the presence of a female friend, pet dog, or neither. Results demonstrated that autonomic reactivity was moderated by the presence of a companion, the nature of whom was critical to the size and direction of the effect. Ss in the friend condition exhibited higher physiological reactivity and poorer performance than subjects in the control and pet conditions. Ss in the pet condition showed less physiological reactivity during stressful tasks than Ss in the other conditions. The results are interpreted in terms of the degree to which friends and pets are perceived as evaluative during stressful task performance. Physiological reactivity was consistent across the laboratory and field settings.
Animal-assisted therapy involves interaction between patients and a trained animal, along with its human owner or handler, with the aim of facilitating patients' progress toward therapeutic goals. This study examined whether a session of animal-assisted therapy reduced the anxiety levels of hospitalized psychiatric patients and whether any differences in reductions in anxiety were associated with patients' diagnoses.
Study subjects were 230 patients referred for therapeutic recreation sessions. A pre- and posttreatment crossover study design was used to compare the effects of a single animal-assisted therapy session with those of a single regularly scheduled therapeutic recreation session. Before and after participating in the two types of sessions, subjects completed the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a self-report measure of anxiety currently felt. A mixed-models repeated-measures analysis was used to test differences in scores from before and after the two types of sessions.
Statistically significant reductions in anxiety scores were found after the animal-assisted therapy session for patients with psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and other disorders, and after the therapeutic recreation session for patients with mood disorders. No statistically significant differences in reduction of anxiety were found between the two types of sessions.
Animal-assisted therapy was associated with reduced state anxiety levels for hospitalized patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, while a routine therapeutic recreation session was associated with reduced levels only for patients with mood disorders.
This article reports the findings of an exploratory study examining the perceived functions and psychological and organizational effects of pets in the workplace. Participants were 193 employees from 31 companies allowing pets in the workplace who completed anonymous questionnaires. Results indicated that participants perceived pets in the workplace to reduce stress and to positively affect employee health and the organization. Participants who brought their pets to work perceived greater benefits than participants who did not bring their pets to work and participants who did not own pets.
In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a nonevaluative social support intervention (pet ownership) on blood pressure response to mental stress before and during ACE inhibitor therapy. Forty-eight hypertensive individuals participated in an experiment at home and in the physician's office. Participants were randomized to an experimental group with assignment of pet ownership in addition to lisinopril (20 mg/d) or to a control group with only lisinopril (20 mg/d). On each study day, blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma renin activity were recorded at baseline and after each mental stressor (serial subtraction and speech). Before drug therapy, mean responses to mental stress did not differ significantly between experimental and control groups in heart rate (94 [SD 6.8] versus 93 [6.8] bpm), systolic blood pressure (182 [8.0] versus 181 [8.3] mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (120 [6.6] versus 119 [7.9] mm Hg), or plasma renin activity (9.4 [0.59] versus 9.3 [0.57] ng. mL(-1). h(-1)). Lisinopril therapy lowered resting blood pressure by approximately 35/20 mm Hg in both groups, but responses to mental stress were significantly lower among pet owners relative to those who only received lisinopril (P<0.0001; heart rate 81 [6.3] versus 91 [6.5] bpm, systolic blood pressure 131 [6.8] versus 141 [7.8] mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 92 [6.3] versus 100 [6.8] mm Hg, and plasma renin activity 13.9 [0.92] versus 16.1 [0.58] ng. mL(-1). h(-1)). We conclude that ACE inhibitor therapy alone lowers resting blood pressure, whereas increased social support through pet ownership lowers blood pressure response to mental stress.
The original edition was the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the ways in which animals can assist therapists with treatment of specific populations, and/or in specific settings. The second edition continues in this vein, with 7 new chapters plus substantial revisions of continuing chapters as the research in this field has grown. New coverage includes: Animals as social supports, Use of AAT with Special Needs students, the role of animals in the family- insights for clinicians, and measuring the animal-person bond. *Contributions from veterinarians, animal trainers, psychologists, and social workers *Includes guidelines and best practices for using animals as therapeutic companions *Addresses specific types of patients and environmental situations.
The search for self-identity is a key determinant of postmodern consumption so it is essential for marketers to understand the concept and dynamics of self, the symbolic meaning of goods and the role played by brands. Building from the concept of advertising literacy, this paper outlines a model of the dialectical relationship between self-identity and social-identity, the domains of self-symbolism and social-symbolism, and the process of the mediated experience of advertising and the lived experience of products/services. Implications for brand strategy are discussed in relation to trust, deep meaning and the possibilities for mass-market brands to have personal meaning for the individual.
Although the socializing role of dogs for people has been well documented, the effectiveness of less active animals in precipitating social interactions is not known. This study examined whether a rabbit or a turtle when accompanied by a young woman confederate sitting in a park would attract unfamiliar adults and children and result in social interchange. For comparison, the woman also sat blowing bubbles or with an operating television set. Behaviors of the approaching adults and children were noted, and conversations were tape recorded. Social approaches were frequent when the woman was sitting with the rabbit or blowing bubbles, were numerous when she was sitting with the turtle, and were virtually absent when she was watching television. The rabbit attracted the most adults. Approaching adults and children talked primarily about the stimulus and themselves and made few references to the confederate. In a friendly community setting and without special effort or obvious need by the confederate, unobtrusive animals evoked social approaches and conversations from unfamiliar adults and children.
Pet owners often describe their pets as important and cherished family members who offer solace in times of stress. This article considers evidence suggesting that pets influence human blood pressure. Studies on this topic extend current research testing the hypothesis that having other people around in stressful times can buffer the negative consequences of stress. The existing data suggest that people perceive pets as important, supportive parts of their lives and that the presence of a pet is associated with significant cardiovascular benefits, among both people with normal blood pressure and those with high blood pressure. Studies about pets and blood pressure have examined both naturally occurring and randomly assigned pet ownership but are limited by their focus on responses to short-term, acute stress. Future prospective studies should explore the influence of pets on people at risk for cardiovascular disease and also consider explanatory mechanisms for the pet effect.
Establishing the legitimacy of a profession is not a new idea. Many others have attempted to do so within their own field, most notably Kenneth Boulding. As an economist and a philosopher, Boulding published over 400 papers during his career. About 10 of these were concerned with the concept of legitimacy. The authors will use the model developed by Boulding and used by him to establish the legitimacy of economics to advance the legitimacy of the profession of business communication. Examples meeting the criteria identified in the model will be discussed to support this legitimacy. The future of the profession must include an awareness of characteristics that assist in the legitimization of a profession. Internal and external acceptance of professional legitimacy is necessary for continued success.
Can we say that corporations are "morally accountable" for their actions in the same sense as are human individuals? This essay describes three rhetorical strategies used by postmodern corporations to construct social realities and obscure individual causation and control. These rhetorical strategies are decen tering, deindividuation, and distanciation. Decentering is a process whereby individuals lose their sense of personal accountability as they are submerged within the corporate voice, obscuring matters of authorship, attribution, and responsibility. Deindividuation describes the process of assimilation into a corporation's symbolic reality. Distanciation is defined as the methods used to create, maintain, and alter this symbolic reality of diffused responsibility within the postmodern corporation. After examining these rhetorical strategies, it is possible to show that the postmodern corporation mediates and controls the reality of individuals; therefore, it, and not its members, should be viewed as morally accountable.
Communication plays a distinct role in the ethical behavior of managers. This paper proposes a theoretical framework of ethics, power, and communication in the workplace. First, a model of conceptual ethics is developed to provide a backdrop for viewing ethical decisions. Second, ethics in the workplace is discussed by showing how managers are often caught in a dilemma between the pressures of the job and their own personal code of ethics. And last, communication is proposed as the means to foster more ethical behavior in organizations. Although communication safeguards such as a code of ethics can and should be established, it is the managers themselves through more receptive communication who establish the norms of ethical conduct.
This article presents an analysis of an image advertisement using techniques developed from Narrative Paradigm Theory. It is suggested that the nature of postmodern culture makes image advertising an appropriate external communication strategy for generating stakeholder loyalty. A content analysis of Exxon’s “Driver Human” campaign’s introductory television advertisement was performed to explore potential sources of rational and value-laden audience conflicts. Two random samples, one advertising professionals and one upper-division undergraduate business students, participated in this study. Analysis suggests that, used in advance of traditional audience testing, Narrative Paradigm Theory can identify potential sources of audience conflict by illuminating sources of disbelief arising from both values and life experiences that contradict the corporate message.
The January 2001 issue of The Journal of Business Communication con tained the three addresses delivered at the plenary session of the 65th annual meeting of the Association for Business Communication, held in October, 2000. The speakers were Paula Pomerenke, winner of the Outstanding Teacher Award; Priscilla S. Rogers, winner of the Outstanding Researcher Award; and Gail Fann Thomas, Chair, ABC Research Committee, who served as Respondent. The following four responses submitted to The JBC are indicative of the thoughtful discussion generated by these speeches.
Developing and managing brand image is an important part of a firm's marketing program. However, little research has been done (1) on linking the use of brand image strategies to product performance or (2) on managing brand images in global markets. The author examines the brand image-performance linkage for consumer goods in two categories marketed internationally. He also develops a conceptual framework that identifies various cultural and socioeconomic environmental characteristics of foreign markets that are hypothesized to affect brand image performance. Results from a 10 country/60 region study indicate that cultural power distance, cultural individualism, and regional socioeconomics affect the performance of functional (problem prevention and solving), social (group membership and symbolic), and sensory (novelty, variety, and sensory gratification) brand image strategies. The author then discusses the implications for managers marketing brands internationally and the directions for further research.
Introduces the special issue dealing with discipline formation in business communication. Notes that the special issue is meant to capture a critical juncture in the field as it struggles between competing impulses to make the field more clear, coherent, and compact and yet more tolerant, open, and dynamic. (SR)
Reviews of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) research suggest the need for better controlled and designed research studies to supplement the many case studies and anecdotal reports. This study reports the results of such an investigation where sixty-nine male and female psychiatric inpatients were randomized to either an AAT psychiatric rehabilitation group or a similarly conducted control group without AAT, to test if AAT can improve prosocial behaviors. The Social Behavior Scale was scored daily by an independent rater and patients were monitored for four weeks. A two-group by weeks repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted for each outcome measure. There were no baseline differences between the two groups on demographics or any of the measures, but by week four, patients in the AAT group were significantly more interactive with other patients, scored higher on measures of smiles and pleasure, were more sociable and helpful with others, and were more active and responsive to surroundings. These data suggest that AAT plays an important role in enhancing the benefits of conventional therapy, and demonstrates the benefit of including a non-AAT group for comparison. The study also demonstrates the importance of using longitudinal, repeated measure designs. Previous studies may have failed to find significant effects because they were restricted to shorter intervals for measuring outcomes.
Suggests that when companion animals interact closely with people, the roles they play can be categorized in terms of 3 functions: The projective function involves the extent to which pets serve as symbolic extensions of the self. The sociability function involves the role of pets in facilitating human interaction. The surrogate function involves the extent to which interaction with pets substitutes for and supplements human–human interaction. A person publicly identified with a companion animal makes a symbolic statement of his or her personality and self-image. Whether this process is intentional or not, the presence of a pet and the way it is treated are taken into account in the assessment of the social self. Pets facilitate interaction by providing a neutral subject of conversation and performing a variety of functions as social catalysts. Since interaction with companion animals can approximate human companionship, pets may serve to supplement the benefits usually derived from the roles of friend, parent, spouse, or child. Alternatively, pets may serve as surrogate antagonists. In the extreme, interaction with companion animals may not only supplement human companionship but may actually replace it. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The literature on animals as human companions is divided into studies of naturally occurring pet ownership and studies in which pets have been introduced as some form of intervention. Research on naturally occurring pet ownership has yielded mixed results, although there is a tendency for studies that are stronger methodologically to show some mental or physical health advantage to ownership. The evaluation of interventions has not yet progressed beyond clinical impressions. Thus, the potential of such interventions has not been adequately assessed. I discuss human-animal relations in terms of attachment and stress reduction, using data from my research to illustrate the stress reduction perspective.
The increased priority placed on branding by marketers in recent years offers an opportunity for consumer researchers to provide valuable insights and guidance. In particular, in highly competitive marketplaces, marketers often must link their brands to other entities, for example, people, places, things, or other brands, as a means to improve their brand equity. Understanding this leveraging process requires understanding consumer brand knowledge and how it changes from such associations. In this essay, I identify some promising and productive current research on this topic, and I suggest some important issues for future research. I conclude that adopting broader, more holistic perspectives that synthesize the multidimensionality of brand knowledge is critical to advance branding theory and practice, both in general and with brand leveraging in particular. Copyright 2003 by the University of Chicago.
To compare risk factors for cardiovascular disease in pet owners and non-owners.
Accepted risk factors for cardiovascular disease were measured in 5741 participants attending a free, screening clinic at the Baker Medical Research Institute in Melbourne. Blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values were compared in pet owners (n = 784) and non-owners (n = 4957).
Pet owners had significantly lower systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides than non-owners. In men, pet owners had significantly lower systolic but not diastolic blood pressure than non-owners, and significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels, and plasma cholesterol levels. In women over 40 years old, systolic but not diastolic pressure was significantly lower in pet owners and plasma triglycerides also tended to be lower. There were no differences in body mass index and self-reported smoking habits were similar, but pet owners reported that they took significantly more exercise than non-owners, and ate more meat and "take-away" foods. The socioeconomic profile of the pet owners and non-owners appeared to be comparable.
Pet owners in our clinic population had lower levels of accepted risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and this was not explicable on the basis of cigarette smoking, diet, body mass index or socioeconomic profile. The possibility that pet ownership reduces cardiovascular risk factors should therefore be investigated.
In this exploratory study an attempt was made to determine what attitudinal, behavioral, and interactive changes were exhibited by terminally ill patients and their caregivers when a miniature poodle was introduced as a resident at a hospice. Pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases were conducted, where interviews, observations, and videotape were used to collect data. Over the three phases, 14 patients and 15 staff members were sampled. The resident poodle appeared to facilitate staff-patient interactions, ease patient-visitor relations, and improve staff and patient morale on a situational basis. Patients who felt isolated or alone appeared to have no particular affection for the poodle, contrary to current Pet-Facilitated Therapy theory. Also, it appears that the longest and most frequent behaviors exhibited by both dog and human were those that had a relaxing or comforting effect on the human.
The physician utilization behavior of 938 Medicare enrollees in a health maintenance organization was prospectively followed for 1 year. With demographic characteristics and health status at baseline controlled for, respondents who owned pets reported fewer doctor contacts over the 1-year period than respondents who did not own pets. Furthermore, pets seemed to help their owners in times of stress. The accumulation of prebaseline stressful life events was associated with increased doctor contacts during the study year for respondents without pets. This relationship did not emerge for pet owners. Owners of dogs, in particular, were buffered from the impact of stressful life events on physician utilization. Additional analyses showed that dog owners in comparison to owners of other pets spent more time with their pets and felt that their pets were more important to them. Thus, dogs more than other pets provided their owners with companionship and an object of attachment.
Changes in psychological and physiological functioning following participation in Tai Chi were assessed for 33 beginners and 33 practitioners. The variables in the three-way factorial design were experience (beginners vs practitioners), time (morning vs afternoon vs evening), and phase (before Tai Chi vs during Tai Chi vs after Tai Chi). Phase was a repeated measures variable. Relative to measures taken beforehand, practice of Tai Chi raised heart rate, increased noradrenaline excretion in urine, and decreased salivary cortisol concentration. Relative to baseline levels, subjects reported less tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and state-anxiety, they felt more vigorous, and in general they had less total mood disturbance. The data suggest that Tai Chi results in gains that are comparable to those found with moderate exercise. There is need for research concerned with whether participation in Tai Chi has effects over and above those associated with physical exercise.
Among 10 subjects who practiced autogenic training (AT) and 10 subjects who practiced transcendental meditation (TM), compared to 10 control subjects during 40 minutes, have been observed the following results: --decrease in cortisol plasma level (reaching a minima of 2 g/100 ml), --decrease in prolactin plasma level, --the basal plasma level of cortisol and prolactin were significantly lower in the TM group. Lastly, the urinary catecholamines (UC) increase after 40 minutes of rest in the control group, whereas the UC decrease in the TA group and most certainly in the TM group. All these variations indicate a humoral modification which seems to be the opposite of the state induced by stress.
To assess effects of a companion bird on the depression, morale, and loneliness of 40 older adults in a skilled rehabilitation unit, self-reported measures of depression, loneliness, and morale were completed on admission and 10 days later. With the presence of a companion bird the experimental group (n = 20) showed a significant decrease in depression but none in morale or loneliness from the control group (n = 20) who were without a bird. Use of a companion bird may lessen negative effects of change of residence for older adults.
Thirty-two depressed adolescent mothers received ten 30-minute sessions of massage therapy or relaxation therapy over a five-week period. Subjects were randomly assigned to each group. Although both groups reported lower anxiety following their first and last therapy sessions, only the massage therapy group showed behavioral and stress hormone changes including a decrease in anxious behavior, pulse, and salivary cortisol levels. A decrease in urine cortisol levels suggested lower stress following the five-week period for the massage therapy group.
A sound theoretical basis supported by scientifically measured physiological parameters is needed to gain medical support for animal-assisted therapy. Six neurochemicals associated with a decrease in blood pressure were measured in humans (n=18) and dogs (n=18) before and after positive interaction. Results (P<.05) indicated that in both species the neurochemicals involved with attention-seeking or attentionis egens behavior have increased. This information can be used as a rationale for animal-assisted therapy.
Organizational behavior: Emerging realities for the workplace revolution
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Why don't we do better research?
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Employees reap awards and rewards for psychologically healthy workplace
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Encouragement and immediacy in the organizational communication class. The Vir-ginia Business Education Journal
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Pack of two: The intricate bond between people and dogs
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(in press) Measuring stress and immune response in healthcare professionals following interaction with a therapy dog. A pilot study. Psycho-logical Reports Effects of animal-assisted therapy on patients' anxiety, fear, and depression before ECT
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An investigation of the construct validity of the Family Life Space dia-gram
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