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Ready or Not?Criteria for Marriage Readiness Among Emerging Adults
Abstract
This study examined emerging adults' criteria for marriage readiness and explored how these criteria are associated with their current attitudes and behaviors. This article establishes the psychometric value of the Criteria for Marriage Readiness Questionnaire and reports on a study of 788 emerging adults recruited from five college sites across the country. Results showed that marriage readiness is viewed by emerging adults as a process of developing interpersonal competencies, making life-long commitments, and acquiring capacities to care for others. These findings suggest that many emerging adults regard becoming an adult and becoming ready for marriage as two distinct transitions in life, with the first involving a shift from being cared for by others to taking care of oneself and the second consisting of a transition from self-care to caring for others. Results also showed that young people's criteria for marriage readiness are associated with individual differences in their current risk taking and family formation values.
... Some extensively researched marriage readiness indicators include self-perceived readiness to marry (Carroll et al., 2009) marital expectations (Wright, Simmons, & Campbell, 2007) individual and personality traits such as emotional health, self-concept, interpersonal skills and sociability (Larson & Holman, 1994) and socio-demographic factors such as quality of parents' marriage and sociocultural factors (i.e., age at marriage, education, income, occupation, class, race, and gender (Weiss, 2014). As early as nearly 50 years ago, Blood (1976) insinuated that marriage readiness was a neglected area in family studies that ought to be considered for an endearing future of productive marriage and family life. ...
... In relation to emotional stability and maturity as an indicator of marriage competence, Carroll et al. (2009) administered the criteria for marriage readiness questionnaire to 788 emerging adults and found that they viewed marriage readiness as a process of developing interpersonal competencies, making life-long commitments, and acquiring capacities to care for others. Other studies have identified emotional intelligence as not just a variable of marriage readiness but also an important factor of marriage adjustment, satisfaction and overall wellbeing (e.g. ...
... But they also held up relationship qualities such as commitment to one another, love, support and acceptance. In line with this, Carroll et al. (2009) found the importance of self-perceived readiness to marry while (Wright et al., 2007) emphasized the importance of self-perceived marital expectations which become vectors of determining marriage readiness. On their part, Larson and Holman (1994) referred to the importance of individual and personality traits such as emotional health, self-concept, interpersonal skills and sociability as defining criteria for marriage readiness. ...
While marriage is still strongly held as a major transition event for young people moving through emerging adulthood to full adult status, their conceptions of marriage readiness are diverse, and individually and socio-culturally rooted but also contested. Where their perceptions of marriage readiness are not contested, their beliefs about what it means to be ready for marriage are somewhat paradoxical in most cases. This paper presents descriptive data on youth-held conceptions of marriage readiness, the pathways to marriage and marital quality indicators for future wellbeing among some emerging adults in the University of Buea in Cameroon. A sample of 124 emerging adults, aged 18-30 responded to an adapted Criteria for Marriage Readiness questionnaire whose reliability was 0.848. Data showed that 72.9% of respondents felt that the criteria defined in the study were necessary for marriage readiness; whereas 27.1% did not see the criteria as necessary. Sought whether the criteria defined were important and at what level for future marital quality and wellbeing, 48.7% felt that the criteria defined were very important, 18.6% said the criteria were quite important, 17% maintained that the criteria defined were slightly important while 15.7% felt that the criteria were not at all important. Generally, thinking about marriage and marriage readiness against future marital satisfaction and wellbeing was an important function in the lives of emerging adults. It was concluded that conceptions of marriage readiness among them do not only connote readiness for marriage but further predict future marital satisfaction and wellbeing.
... Hall points out the multidimensional dimension of marital beliefs (Hall, 2006) and has expressed that individuals have multiple convictions that go beyond marriage as an institution. Against this theory, Carroll et al. (2007Carroll et al. ( , 2009, who focused more on what prenuptial goals people set in relation to the life cycle trajectory. Carroll et al. (2007Carroll et al. ( , 2009 describe in the study that for each young adult to have a marital horizon, marriage must be conceptualized as a set of timing beliefs in the context of their future plans, including timing of marriage, attribution to marriage, and marital readiness including sexual behavior. ...
... Against this theory, Carroll et al. (2007Carroll et al. ( , 2009, who focused more on what prenuptial goals people set in relation to the life cycle trajectory. Carroll et al. (2007Carroll et al. ( , 2009 describe in the study that for each young adult to have a marital horizon, marriage must be conceptualized as a set of timing beliefs in the context of their future plans, including timing of marriage, attribution to marriage, and marital readiness including sexual behavior. These dimensions of marital attitudes are associated with a wide range of individual attitudes towards marriage and individual behavior. ...
... Studies by Carroll (2009) andHall (2006) confirm that some beliefs about marriage are multidimensional, but each involves a unique and different focus on marriage. ...
The monograph points to the consequences of a process of changes in demographic behavior that affect the value of the family in society and people's attitudes towards marriage.
The monograph summarizes the theoretical and empirical knowledge of what partnership the young generation prefers today and what attitudes they hold towards marriage and premarital sex or cohabitation.
The monograph is based on research to determine the attitudes of young people aged 20-40 to marriage and premarital sex using the MAES questionnaire. Attitudes towards marriage are examined in relation to demographic indicators, opinions on cohabitation or in the context of parenthood and ways of division of housework. The basic research tool was a standardized MAES questionnaire consisting of three dimensions: 1. Willingness to marry; 2. General attitudes to marriage and 3. Aspects of marriage. The research sample consisted of 648 young people aged 20-40 who are not married. Data collection was performed in 2018-2019, then the data were statistically processed by SPSS 17.0 program. Grades 1 and 2 were performed, pivot tables were created and hypotheses were tested based on Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi quadratic test.
... Not feeling ready for marriage can play an important role in keeping young people away from marriage. Previous studies (Carroll et al., 2009;Karada g, 2006) have reported that more than half of young people did not feel ready for marriage. Marital readiness is regarded a factor facilitating the decision to marry (Hurt, 2014), and it has a positive association with marital satisfaction (Holman et al., 1994). ...
... Research on marital readiness includes studies on measurement tool development (Carroll et al., 2009;Keeler, 1962;Sporakowski, 1968). In two early approaches (Keeler, 1962;Sporakowski, 1968), the research focused on dimensions related to developmental readiness, social skills, and homemaking skills. ...
... Other research has included a focus on broader constructs that may influence readiness for marriage. For example, Carroll et al. (2009) classified the criteria for marital readiness under six dimensions: norm compliance, family capacities, role transitions, interpersonal competencies, intrapersonal competencies, and sexual experience. ...
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine common themes for marital readiness, to evaluate the generalization to broader samples consisting of single individuals, and to examine the factors associated with marital readiness.
Background
Readiness for marriage is essential to the formation of a healthy marital union. Therefore, it is important to conceptualize marital readiness.
Method
This study was designed using the exploratory sequential design, a mixed-methods research approach. This research was carried out with a total of 1523 (865 female, 658 male) unmarried Turkish young adults in three study groups. In the data analysis, thematic analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis were used.
Results
Six themes were determined as the factors to which single young adults attach importance for marital readiness. These themes were financial readiness, emotional readiness, interpersonal relationship readiness, family life and family role readiness, sexual readiness, and social responsibility readiness.
Conclusion
The Marital Readiness Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. The variables of age, ideal marital age, and the ideal amount of time needed to get to know a partner before marriage were revealed to be related to marital readiness.
Implications
Mental health professionals can benefit from the results of this research when designing marriage preparation programs.
... The decision to commit to marriage can be complicated, and likely includes simultaneous evaluation of costs and benefits (Joel et al., 2018). Most research on marital context has focused on the criteria for marriage readiness, focusing on the things someone feels they need to accomplish before getting married (Carroll et al., 2009), which may be contextual factors that are barriers to getting married (e.g. needing to be financially stable before getting married). ...
... In our national quantitative study (Study 1), we utilized the marital paradigm framework by focusing on beliefs about marital salience, marital timing, and marital context because they have shown predictive validity for well-being during this time period of life (Carroll et al., 2007(Carroll et al., , 2009Willoughby & Carroll, 2015). Marital context was broken down into good reasons to get married (e.g. ...
... Mark et al., 2014). We feel single item measurement suited the purposes of our study, as we believe they have high face validity for a study that was primarily exploratory and descriptive, especially since it followed a similar format to other research in this area (Carroll et al., 2009). However, researchers should build upon these findings with more sophisticated measurement and analysis of how these beliefs are consequential for non-university emerging adult well-being. ...
To understand how non-university emerging adults think about marriage and how these beliefs differ by gender, we used a diverse national quantitative sample (Study 1, n = 667) from the United States and qualitative data (Study 2, n = 63) from participants of diverse geographic locations, also from the United States. Women and men valued marriage as a want rather than a need and embraced soulmate beliefs. In both quantitative (MANCOVA analyses) and qualitative data (focus group interviews), men were more likely than women to report alleviation of loneliness as a good reason to get married and were more likely to report loss of freedom and a lack of personal readiness as factors holding them back from marriage. In qualitative interviews, women were more likely than men to report holding back from marriage from fear of relationship dissolution. Overall, non-university emerging adult men and women have similar marital beliefs, but differ in notable ways. Understanding marital beliefs may help emerging adults navigate this unique period of life in securing a fulfilling union. Policy makers and educators should be mindful of how emerging adults are thinking about marriage, particularly the nuance of gender differences, in helping them form a fulfilling relationship.
... Readiness to marry an assessment of the various categories are referred to as criteria. Carroll research results, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen, and Barry (2009) note that the readiness of the Emerging Adult married regarded as the process of building interpersonal competence, making long-term commitments, as well as achieve the ability to care for others. This indicates that the individual Emerging Adult has two transitions, the transition from the individual that gets the attention of others (parents) towards individuals who can pay attention to yourself, as well as the transition of individuals "self-care" towards people "caring for others." ...
... In terms of preparing themselves for marriage, Emerging Adult has its own ideas related criteria can be considered appropriate for a mate (Arnett, 2000). Previous studies have different approaches in the readiness to marry, although there are similarities among them (Duvall and Miller, 1985;Carroll, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen and Barry, 2009; Burgess and Locke in Sunarti 2012 and Ghalili, Z. et al. 2012). Carroll research results, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen, and Barry (2009) in 788 emerging adults; emphasizes the maturity of relations (interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies), the capacity of a family, and a willingness to follow the norm as the criteria considered necessary in readiness to marry. ...
... Previous studies have different approaches in the readiness to marry, although there are similarities among them (Duvall and Miller, 1985;Carroll, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen and Barry, 2009; Burgess and Locke in Sunarti 2012 and Ghalili, Z. et al. 2012). Carroll research results, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen, and Barry (2009) in 788 emerging adults; emphasizes the maturity of relations (interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies), the capacity of a family, and a willingness to follow the norm as the criteria considered necessary in readiness to marry. Different things obtained from research Gunnels (2013) at 200 emerging adults. ...
Marriage readiness is one of the keys to marital satisfaction. Emerging adulthood has some thoughts about that bassist Reviews their evaluation criterion of marriage readiness. It is essential to describe the approach of marriage readiness on emerging adulthood and understand emerging adulthood's evaluation of Reviews their marriage readiness. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify the differences in marriage readiness from a gender perspective. Quantitative This is an exploratory study, using 500 college students, aged between 18-25 years old, and consisted of 190 men and 390 women. The questionnaire using Criterion of Marriage Readiness to examine the criterion that important to marriage readiness (33 items, Cronbach alpha 0.917) and the level of emerging adulthood's preparation for marriage (33 questions, Cronbach alpha 0.946). The questionnaire using the criterion from Ghalili's study (2011). There are some results of this study. First, emerging adulthood evaluates Themselves are ready for Marriages, but not so prepared for marriage. They score higher places on the moral and mental criterion that Considered necessary for marriage readiness. This finding is somewhat consistent with the result of the preparedness of Marriages. Emerging adults have a higher score of preparation of Marriages in moral and mental criterion. There are significant differences between men and women in the standard of Marriage readiness married (sig 0.001, P <0.05) and the level of preparedness to marriage (sig 0.008, P <0.05). These findings are useful for government institutions, parents, and adults emerging as the basis of consideration of emerging adulthood's decision to marry.
... The problem of readiness for marriage of today's young people is addresssed in foreign literature covering various aspects. Carroll et al. (2009) argue that young people's attitude toward marriage is associated with a wide range of values and behaviors in an emerging adult life. Family formation values, marital timing and marital importance are related to child-centeredness, non-marital cohabitation, out-ofwedlock childbirth, and spousal independence. ...
... Scientists have found that young people's lifestyle models predetermine their expectations of marriage in the near future. For example, college students prone to substance use and sexual permissiveness have distant marital horizons and family values are less important to them (Carroll et al., 2009). ...
... The criteria for readiness for marriage, according to Carroll et al. (2009), include interpersonal competences, making lifelong commitments and acquiring opportunities to take care of the others. ...
Readiness of young people for family life is a determining factor in the formation of a healthy nuclear family. Recently, the importance of the family institution has been actively promoted in our country, and special attention is paid to the troubled families and children at risk. This problem is particularly relevant for adolescents who are prone to troubled behavior, with a majority of them having gone traumatizing experience of family life.
The basic theoretical and methodological procedures for facilitation of adolescents starting family life have been fully developed in the scientific literature. However, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the adolescents’ lifestyle, including the manifestation of various deviations. The latter has not yet been studied thoroughly enough in modern studies.
The purpose of this study is to experimentally test the effectiveness of the developed pedagogical conditions for the formation of readiness of deviant behavior-prone (troubled) adolescents for family life.
The main research methods are pedagogical experiment, monitoring, testing, conversation, and statistical methods for the processing of the research results. The experiment involved 188 adolescents, 68 of whom are prone to deviant behavior (32 - EG, 36 - CG). Our study participants are students of the Kazan schools located in the Republic of Tatarstan, aged 14-16.
As a result of the introduction of the developed pedagogical conditions for the formation of readiness of deviation-prone adolescents for family life, among the students of the experimental group demonstrated statistically relevant positive changes in three components of readiness for family life (cognitive, value-based and behavioral), the control group students showcased no significant changes for the given period of time.
Piloted pedagogical conditions can be used by the comprehensive and specialized educational institutions in when working with students teachers, teachers and educational psychologists dealing with children at risk.
... Furthermore, age, living arrangements, occupation, and relationship status will be related to at least some marital beliefs. Particularly, undertaking some of the traditional roles of adulthood may lead to considering marriage as a more approachable goal (Carroll et al., 2009). In this sense, we expect younger adults who live with their parents, are full-time students or remain single to hold more negative or distant beliefs toward marriage. ...
... In general, the occupation did not show a significant correlation with the different marital groups. Even though employment has been seen as a prerequisite for marriage (Carroll et al., 2009), only to be working and studying appears to be related to the different classes, with a higher proportion in the indifferent class. In terms of their living arrangements, living alone, with a partner, or with parents was related to marital paradigms, suggesting that traditional transitions matter when it comes to marital dispositions. ...
Young adults’ beliefs about life-long commitment such as marriage are decisive when making decisions and setting life priorities. Using a representative sample of Spanish emerging adults (ages 18–29), we explored the relationship between beliefs about marriage and life priorities (also called ultimate concerns). Using latent class analysis, we found six different marital paradigms among the population: indifferent, reject, contextual, hesitant, convinced, and traditionalist. These groups were significantly different in their life priorities—for example, in the importance they assign to parenting or their professional career. The traits of emerging adults in each paradigm helped explain differences in risk-taking and sexual behaviors, particularly for men. In sum, marital beliefs are relevant when seeking to understand the commitments, decisions, and behaviors of emerging adults.
... The samples wer selected by quota sampling technique. Researcher used the CMRQ (Criteria Marriage Readiness Questionare) that was developed by Carroll, et al (2009). Data is analyzed using independent sample t-test, that showed p=0,044 ( p<0,05 ). ...
... Semakin dini kesiapan menikah dilakukan, maka akan semakin siap individu menghadapi pernikahan (Carroll, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen, & Barry, 2009). Perempuan disebutkan sebagai individu yang cenderung mempersiapkan diri lebih dini untuk menikah dibandingkan laki-laki. ...
Kesiapan Menikah adalah sebuah proses persiapan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan yang ingin menikah guna menghindari konflik serta mencapai pernikahan yang bahagia. Kesiapan menikah yang baik akan memengaruhi pada pernikahan yang dijalani dan mengurangi terjadi perceraian. Kesiapan menikah harus dilakukan oleh laki-laki dan perempuan guna mencapai kehidupan rumah tangga yang sejahtera. Perbedaan karakteristik sikap, dan pikiran antara laki-laki dan perempuan ikut berkontribusi dalam proses kesiapan menikah individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan kesiapan menikah pada dewasa awal ditinjau dari jenis kelamin di Kota Banda Aceh. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis komparatif dengan kriteria dewasa awal usia 18-25 tahun yang terdiri dari 155 subjek laki-laki dan 155 subjek perempuan. Sampel penelitian dipilih menggunakan teknik quota sampling, data dikumpulkan menggunakan skala kesiapan menikah yang dimodifikasi dari CMRQ (Criteria Marriage Readiness Questionare) yang disusun oleh Carroll, dkk (2009). Analisis data menggunakan teknik independent sample t-test, dengan hasil p=0,044 (p<0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kesiapan menikah antara laki-laki dan perempuan dewasa awal di Banda Aceh. Adapun kesiapan menikah cenderung lebih tinggi pada perempuan dari pada laki-laki dengan perbedaan yang sangat tipis.
... Much of the research that has utilized marital horizon theory since its inception has focused on understanding the behaviors of emerging adults and how those behaviors affect individual development and family formation patterns (e.g., Carroll et al., 2007;Carroll et al., 2009;Willoughby, 2012). In essence, marital horizon theory and subsequent research have suggested that relative importance of marriage, ideal marital timing, and marriage readiness in emerging adults has significant impacts on young adult behavior and their trajectories. ...
... Marital horizon theory has been shown to be informative in understanding the attitudes and behaviors of emerging adults (Carroll et al., 2009;Willoughby, 2012). Since attitudes toward marriage and marrying behavior have changed, particularly among young adults, continuing to assess how marital timing attitudes, intentions, and behaviors are influenced will be of ongoing importance. ...
In light of rising averages in the age of first marriage for men and women, as well as changes in attitudes regarding marriage and family life in young adults, the study of marital timing has received increased attention in recent years. Marital timing has been known to be associated with various aspects of marital satisfaction and stability, yet most research has focused on limited variables to assess perceptions of the ideal timing of marriage. This study explored the association of demographic, current and background socioeconomic (SES) factors, and religiosity with various measures of perceived ideal marital timing in a sample of 385 unmarried young adults. Overall, results indicate that religiosity and ethnicity have an impact on perceived ideal age and timing of marriage. Also, less pronounced associations were found between SES factors and perceived marital timing. Implications and future directions for family practitioners and researchers are discussed.
... INTRODUCTION Marriage is a significant decision about a person's needs for intimacy [1], forming a family [2], and complying with familial [3], social [4], and religious norms. Marital readiness, also called marital aptitude [5], is an essential skill for marriage [6], is a subjective evaluation to face the difficulties and responsibilities of married life [7], and a perception of getting married and selecting a partner [8]. The importance of marital readiness is highly established through its positive associations with future marital satisfaction [9] and its role in reducing the divorce rate [10]. ...
Marital readiness has been regarded as a significant factor in a person’s decision-making process about marriage. Researchers have analyzed several psychosocial factors that play a role in increasing or decreasing marital readiness. However, the big five personality traits and psychosocial health were not studied earlier in relation to marital readiness. The current study was the first ever that analyzed the predictive role of the five big personality traits and psychosocial health in marital readiness. The study involved 1466 unmarried adult male and female participants. ‘Sukoon Marital Readiness Scale,’ ‘Psychosocial Health Evaluator,’ and Big-Five Inventory were administered along with a demographic sheet. Extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and psychosocial health were revealed as strong predictors of marital readiness. Men had significantly higher levels of marital readiness as compared to women. The current study was regarded as a novel and worthwhile contribution to the fields of personality, mental health, and marital readiness.
... Due to changes in marital relationships in recent years, research focusing on marriage attitudes and marriage plans of young adults and adolescents has become more common [31][32][33][34][35][36]. When the literature is examined, some studies examining the relationship between marriage attitude and gender [37,38] reveal that women develop more positive attitudes than men, while some studies [26] showed that men have more positive attitudes towards marriage. ...
The research aims to examine the attitudes of individuals who are victims of abuse and those who are not towards marriage in terms of ambivalent sexism. The research study group consists of 718 individuals between the ages of 18-48. Research data were collected with the Inonu Marriage Attitude Scale and Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was concluded that the marriage attitude was positively and significantly correlated with hostile and protective sexism. However, since the relationship between hostile sexism and attitudes towards marriage is lower than that of protective sex-ism, hostile sexism was not included in the model as a control variable. In the covariance analysis, it is seen that protective sexism and sexual abuse predict the attitude towards marriage at a statistically significant level. In addition, when the effect of sexual abuse on the attitude towards marriage was examined by controlling the protective sexism variable, it was found that it was statistically significant without the effect of sexism. According to the findings , it was determined that individuals who were not victims of sexual abuse had higher attitudes towards marriage than those who were victims.
... Although emerging adults hold a positive attitude towards marriage, they may have hesitations while transforming their views into actions. Indeed, Carroll et al. (2009) reported that most emerging adults do not feel ready for marriage. Willoughby and Carroll (2010) reported that only a small percentage of the emerging adults would like to be married now, more than half believe that cohabitation is acceptable with or without a marriage plan, and more than half have an experience of sexual intercourse. ...
in this unique life period to form a marital union. However, the affective factors shaping emerging adults’ marriage beliefs are multifarious and merit further attention. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this research was to elucidate whether the family of origin’s quality and marriage age of parents were predictors of emerging adults’ ideal marriage age and the ideal amount of time needed to get to know a partner before marriage. The study group consisted of 500 unmarried university students and graduates in Turkey. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the marital timing of emerging adults was linked to a variety of familial factors. The ideal marital age of emerging adults was significantly predicted by the mother’s marital age, parents’ marital happiness and age. Later mother marriage age was correlated with later ideal age of marriage. Higher levels of perceived happiness in parents’ marriage were associated with earlier ideal age of marriage. Additionally, the mother’s marriage age and emerging adults’ relationship status and age were significant predictors of the ideal amount of time to get to know a partner before marriage. Later mother’s marriage age and having a romantic relationship was linked to a longer time to get to know a partner before marriage. Being older was also related to a shorter time to get to know a partner before marriage and the later ideal age of marriage. The ideal marital age is around 26 years old. Only 5% of emerging adults feel ready to get married. More than two-thirds of emerging adults do not want their marriage to resemble their parents’ marriage. Besides, most emerging adults give priority to a career in their life plans.
... Respondents said that as men they have a feeling of obligation to be able to direct relationships and give good things to their female partners. According to Carroll, Badger, Willoughby, Nelson, Madsen, and McNamara Barry (2009) and Willoughby and James (2017) , it is common for individuals in their late teens and early adulthood to perceive marriage as a goal. The need for men to be able to direct relationships is related to the concept of fatherhood and the role of the father in a family which must be able to provide affection, care for, and provide financial support (Darwin, 1999;Harmaini, Shofiah, & Yulianti, 2015). ...
Adolescence is a transition phase from childhood to adulthood with various physical, cognitive, and psychosocial adjustments. A romantic relationship or dating is a phenomenon that allows adolescents to explore their intimacy and sexuality. However, dating can also have numerous negative impacts on adolescents such as a higher risk of being infected by sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy. This study aims to understand dating experiences in adolescents. The method used in this study is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Using individual analysis units, the participants in this study were five early to late adolescents from Bali aged 12-21 years who are currently dating. The data analysis process is conducted using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique contains five steps. Based on the analysis process, this study produced findings where there was interaction in adolescents before establishing a dating relationship, after deciding to have a relationship, adolescents would interpret the presence of their partner. In carrying out their relationship, teenagers have values that form the basis of the relationship. In addition, parents also have a large involvement in adolescent dating relationships. Intense togetherness in teenage dating relationships is considered to be an important thing, teenage dating can provide good or bad changes. Other findings discuss conflicts that occur in adolescents and how adolescents resolve them
... This difference in results could be explained by the possibility of differentiating between personal expectations, attitudes and intentions toward marriage, and the challenges from how certain constructs including expectations and intentions are operationalized and applied in scientific research. 15,16,67 The present study confirmed the finding about the role of premarital sexuality permissiveness as a mediator between the relationship of the expectations for marriage and marital intention. The effects of expectations for marriage on marital intention was partially mediated by emerging adults' premarital sexuality permissiveness. ...
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of expectations for marital relationships and premarital sexual permissiveness on intent to marry of Vietnamese emerging adults.
Patients and methods:
Our cross-sectional study was focused on emerging adults including 344 participants, undergraduate students from universities in Viet Nam. This study was assessed by using the PLS-SEM approach.
Results:
The main findings demonstrated that (i) sexual orientation have a significant effect on marital intention; (ii) individuals' expectations for marital relationship have a direct effect on marital intention; and (iii) premarital sexuality permissiveness mediates the relationship between expectations for marital relationship and marital intention.
Conclusion:
Our results contribute important documents and clearer understanding of emerging adults' expectations and requirements in a relationship for the marriage decision-making process.
... In recent years, researchers (Allendorf et al. 2019;Allison & Risman, 2017;Hall & Willoughby, 2016; have focused on belief in marital timing. Marital context has also been the subject of many studies (Carroll et al., 2009;Hall & Willoughby, 2016Holman & Li, 1997;Larson & LaMont, 2005;Leonhardt et al., 2022;Mosko & Pistole, 2010). ...
This study explored the links between emerging adults' religiosity and their marital salience, marital timing, and marital readiness. Participants included 434 never-married Turkish emerging adults. Hierarchical multiple linear regression techniques were performed for data analysis. Results indicated that religiosity was a significant predictor of emerging adults' marital salience, marital timing, and marital readiness. A higher level of religiosity was associated with a greater belief in marital salience and also linked to an earlier expected age of marriage. A higher level of religiosity was also related to more financial readiness, emotional readiness, and interpersonal relationship readiness. Furthermore, it was linked to the feeling of being prepared for family life and a family role, as well as readiness to take on social responsibility.
... Developing an intimate relationship and becoming a parent are important stages in many young persons' transitions to adult life (Carroll et al., 2009). For young people aged out of residential or foster care (care leavers) these stages can be a major challenge due to adverse experiences before and during their stay in care. ...
Background
Care leavers, young people who have aged out of residential or foster care, experience many challenges during their transition to adulthood. However, there is relatively little research on care leavers' intimate relationships. Their parenthood has been explored to a greater extent, but mostly qualitatively.
Objective
This study focused on Israeli care leavers a decade after leaving care and explored various factors associated with satisfaction with both intimate relationships and parenthood.
Methods
One-hundred-and-fifty-two young people participated in the study ten years after leaving care. Toward the end of their 20s, 74.3% were either married or had stable intimate relationships, and 40.1% were parents. To assess satisfaction with intimate relationships and parenthood, two hierarchical regressions were conducted that examined the cumulative contribution of background factors (care variables and traumatic life events), personal characteristics (self-esteem, mental distress, and alcohol use) and social support.
Results
Satisfaction with intimate relationships was associated with higher income, fewer traumatic life events, and higher self-esteem. Gender moderated the association of traumatic life events with satisfaction with intimate relationships. Satisfaction with parenthood was associated with fewer traumatic events throughout care leavers' lives; it was also associated with lower levels of mental distress and alcohol use and with higher levels of satisfaction with intimate relationships. Gender moderated the association of mental distress with satisfaction with parenthood.
Conclusions
Ten years after leaving care, care leavers' backgrounds (i.e., their traumatic life events) were strongly associated with their situation as adults. Other risk factors such as alcohol use and mental distress were especially relevant to care leavers' satisfaction as parents, demanding longitudinal interventions. Further exploration of the role of gender in satisfaction with intimate relationships and parenthood is needed.
... Previous studies showed that economic factors are important for marriage. Researchers determined that financial concerns hinder marriage (Gibson-Davis et al., 2005;Muraco & Curran, 2012), economic indicators are among the criteria for marital readiness (Carroll et al., 2009) and economic independence is necessary for making the decision to get married (Akbaş et al., 2019;Ondaş, 2007). These findings showed that economic gains are important for making the decision to get married. ...
This study explored whether young adults’ priorities in their
life plans (career or marriage) are predicted by marital salience,
marital readiness status, self-efficacy in making a career plan
and well-being. The study utilized a sample of 878 never married Turkish young adults. The findings put forth that young
adults’ priorities in their life plans are significantly predicted
by marital salience, marital readiness status and self-efficacy
in making career plan. As a results, greater belief in marital
salience was associated with an increased likelihood of prioritizing marriage in the life plan.
... Such disruptions in crucial routines and rituals that promote connection among dating couples may hamper their successful transition into a more stable, committed relationship. Studies show that the maintenance of regular contact and shared activities promotes feelings of closeness and belonging, a prerequisite for relationships to transition to marriage (Carroll et al. 2009). Therefore, an eventual loss of intimacy and connection may contribute to a decrease in family formation among dating couples in the long run. ...
This study explores the short-term effects of COVID-19 on marriage and divorce rates in Korea. We document a 9.6–13.9% reduction in the provincial crude marriage rate in March-June 2020 after the surge in COVID-19 cases. On top of this overall decline, a one-unit increase in the number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people in a given province decreased the marriage rate by 3.8–6.2%. The crude divorce rate decreases by 3.2–7.1% after the surge of COVID-19. Our results imply that the decline in marriage rates due to COVID-19 can lead to a significant decrease in fertility rates in the near future.
... Marriage is pervasive in the United States; even if one never weds, they are exposed to marriage rhetoric and celebration in the surrounding culture (Cherlin 2004(Cherlin , 2010bWilloughby et al. 2015). The mean age at first marriage has increased in recent decades (Manning et al. 2014a, b), and instead of being a normative entry into adulthood, marriage now often serves as the pinnacle of a romantic relationship (Carroll et al. 2009;Cherlin 2004;Willoughby and James 2017). The practical necessity of marriage and societal pressures to marry have diminished with increased acceptance of other family forms (Lesthaeghe 2014; Thornton and Young-DeMarco 2001), and individuals are able to experience benefits previously primarily attributed to marriage, such as sex, childbearing, and shared household production, without formal vows (Bumpass and Lu 2000;Cherlin 2010a; Thornton and Young-DeMarco 2001). ...
Despite changes in marriage’s role in young adulthood, youth in the United States report similar or higher expectations to marry than those from decades before, and very few report explicit expectations to not marry. Marital expectations may be one way to understand if the U.S. is indeed experiencing a second demographic transition, and uncertainty in those answers may provide additional information beyond simply yes and no. Using public-use data from 1976 to 2017 from the 12th Grade Monitoring the Future annual cross-sectional surveys, I found that young men and women were more likely to report uncertainty than explicitly expect not to marry, and that boys were generally more uncertain than girls. Slight changes in past decades suggest that boys are becoming more certain regarding marriage, however, and gender differences have diminished over time. Additionally, between 2008 and 2017, I found that boys with the greatest educational prospects were the least likely to report uncertainty about marriage. Uncertainty is common in adolescent marital expectations and should be considered as a possibly informative answer to questions about hypothetical marriages. Results suggest that marriage continues to hold strong meaning in adolescents’ ideals.
... Technology has begun to shift dating patterns; specifically, online dating has most notably changed the way in which many relationships are formed. Though still ultimately interested in marriage, 60% of emerging adults want the full experience of singlehood before settling down with one partner (Carroll et al. 2009). However, as emerging adults are continuing to utilize online dating as a method of romantic relationship initiation, research has found that minority individuals are treated and regarded differently than White individuals when using online dating (Curington et al. 2015). ...
This study determines the racial and ethnic differences associated with the perceptions and intentions of online dating amongst emerging adults through a framework guided by symbolic interaction and sexual scripts to understand how perceptions and intentions of online dating are influenced by cultural and interpersonally crafted scripts of appropriate dating, romantic, and sexual behavior. 451 emerging adults, between 18 and 30 years old were sampled. Several differences were found based on race/ethnicity, pertaining to perceptions of dating sites and online dating users. The intention of casual, sexual relationships was found to have the most varied perception based on race/ethnicity and site. Perceptions of online daters was overall similar amongst racial/ethnic groups; only two of thirteen characteristics showed differences: being anti-social and difficulty cultivating in-person relationships. As technology continues to grow and online dating acceptability expands, varied online dating sites are likely to arise. Further research is needed to examine the effects of race/ethnicity on individuals’ engagement with online dating and the effects of their perceptions.
... Also, in these conditions, the 95% is revaluated and considered maybe too low. 7 In Romania there are some journalistic investigations trying to establish a connection between the decreasing number of vaccinated people and different factors. ...
In the last decade, Romania was confronted with three measles epidemics, the last of which started in 2016. In the context of vaccination dropout and MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine being the most rejected vaccine by parents among all, this paper carries out a primary analysis of the way the MMR vaccine is presented in the online media. The materials were selected after the Google algorithm relevance criteria and resulted a corpus of 51 articles, presented on the first five pages of Google, in January 2019. The materials were analyzed from the point of view of the type of publication, author, the date of publication and the approach of the subject, focusing on the articles presented by the first page. The conclusion was that readers seek for complete information and they read articles that offer detailed information and prospects. The articles talking about side effects covers an important percentage too. Most of the articles have a second layer of commentaries, where the subject is debated between the readers. These interactions offer another scale of the debate and you can identify the most frequent messages and the tone of voice of both parties, pro and anti-vaccination. The corpus of articles and conclusions will constitute the premises of a broader analysis that will include the Social Media interactions revealed by the commentaries on some articles, forums and Facebook posts.
... Indeed, marriage and marital success are becoming increasingly stratified on socioeconomic markers such as education (Cherlin, 2016). It appears that many young adults are likely considering the necessary steps they must take before they would be "ready" for marriage, including gaining an education and procuring a meaningful financial base (Carroll et al., 2009). Thus, our study serves as a descriptive exploration of differences in behavior, which should be further explored to better understand the causes and consequences of differences between individuals of different relationship types, as well as individuals in other relationship forms or who are single. . ...
Marital Paradigm Theory explicitly attributes differences in marital beliefs to relationship-oriented life experiences and socialization through cultural norms. However, some existing research has shown the potential for individual characteristics, such as personality traits and attachment styles, to associate with certain elements of relationships and marriage. The current study explored potential links among personality traits, attachments styles, and a multi-faceted system of marital beliefs (marital paradigm). A survey of 584 young adults in Iran yielded many associations among personality traits (as measured with the HEXACO model), adult attachment styles, and various marital paradigm dimensions. Results suggested that Openness to experience, Honesty-humility, and Emotionality were especially relevant to marital beliefs. Results are interpreted in light of the Iranian cultural context, adding to a sparse literature on personality and marital beliefs and a growing literature of marital beliefs from non-Western societies.
Fertility policies in China have changed substantially over recent years, with the intention of allowing individuals to bear more children and, thereby, to increase the total fertility rate. Using a sample of young adults, this study examines changes in fertility aspirations (the desired number of children, and the timing of first birth) across the three fertility policy periods (One-Child, Two-Child, and Three-Child). The results show that both young females and males increasingly prefer fewer children, and a later age at first birth. Both parental and peer factors are shown to significantly affect fertility aspirations, yet individual factors, such as gender attitudes and pronatal beliefs, yield stronger associations. The implications of the findings, along with the possible future of fertility patterns in China, are discussed with the developmental paradigm.
Understanding marital beliefs during emerging adulthood is notably important as it might help emerging adults create a path in this unique life period to form a marital union. However, the affective factors shaping emerging adults’ marriage beliefs are multifarious and merit further attention. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this research was to elucidate whether the family of origin’s quality and marriage age of parents were predictors of emerging adults’ ideal marriage age and the ideal amount of time needed to get to know a partner before marriage. The study group consisted of 500 unmarried university students and graduates in Turkey. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the marital timing of emerging adults was linked to a variety of familial factors. The ideal marital age of emerging adults was significantly predicted by the mother’s marital age, parents’ marital happiness and age. Later mother marriage age was correlated with later ideal age of marriage. Higher levels of perceived happiness in parents’ marriage was associated with earlier ideal age of marriage. Additionally, the mother’s marriage age and emerging adults’ relationship status and age were significant predictors of the ideal amount of time to get to know a partner before marriage. Later mother’s marriage age and having a romantic relationship was linked to a longer time to get to know a partner before marriage. Being older was also related to a shorter time to get to know a partner before marriage and the later ideal age of marriage. The ideal marital age is around 26 years old. Only 5% of emerging adults feel ready to get married. More than two-thirds of emerging adults do not want their marriage to resemble their parents’ marriage. Besides, most emerging adults give priority to a career in their life plans.
This article presents the results of a study of the relationship between the time perspective and themes of significant life events in adolescence. The study involved 1,394 boys and girls aged 14 to 23 years. It was revealed that there is an age-related multidirectional dynamics in the representation of the following periods: “studying at school”, “vocational training”, “professional autonomy”, “future”, “open present”. For example, modern youth associate “learning at school” positively with entertainment and negatively with study and work in the past and with communication and contacts in the future. The period of “professional training” is associated with all significant events in their lives except for events related to entertainment in the future. The period of “professional autonomy” is associated with events aimed at business (including both professional activity and study) both in the past and in the future. All important events in the present depend on the desire to possess some qualities, properties, skills. And at the same time, the significance of communication and entertainment in the past and the importance of entertainment and specific activities (educational and professional) in the future are associated with this desire. The results of the study may be of interest for the organization of work with high school students and students on the formation of a time perspective of the future.
Rationale:
Although there is a growing body of empirical evidence on the relationship between peers' parental education and adolescents' educational outcomes, little is known about whether exposure to highly educated peers' parents is associated with improved physical health in adulthood.
Objective:
This study investigated the relationship between the education level of peers' parents (Wave I) and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood (Wave IV). Moreover, we considered a set of health-related behaviors (Wave II) as the underlying mechanisms linking peers' parental education to later-life physical health such as substance use (smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use) and other lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior, and unhealthy dietary habits).
Methods:
Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), spanning respondents' adolescence to adulthood, were used. To address the endogenous school selection problem and account for the unobserved school-level confounders, this study exploited quasi-experimental within-school/across-cohort variation in peer composition. To formally test for mediation, Sobel tests were conducted.
Results:
The results of this study revealed that independent of own parents' education levels, exposure to higher levels of peers' parental education is associated with a lower CVD risk score in adulthood. For a one-standard-deviation increase in peers' parental education-that is, about a 0.98-year increase in grademates' parental educational attainment, a CVD risk in adulthood increased by about 6.2%. Our mediation analyses showed that part of this association is explained by a decrease in substance use (27% for smoking, 10% for binge drinking, and 11% for marijuana use). In contrast, none of the other lifestyle behaviors evaluated significantly mediated the association.
Conclusion:
The study's findings suggest that the role of peers' parents should not be overlooked when developing health-promoting interventions for adolescents. Policymakers and practitioners may wish to increase opportunities for students to benefit from health-related social learning from their peers' highly educated parents.
Rationale:
Despite existing literature on the impact of adolescent depressive symptoms on a variety of youth outcomes, little is known about whether and how adolescent depressive symptoms are associated with physical health in adulthood.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between adolescent depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adulthood. An extensive list of potential mechanisms underlying this association, including health behaviors, substance use, academic effort and achievement, and school-based relationships, was also examined.
Methods:
Using the sibling sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 3011), this study employed sibling fixed-effects models to address unobservable family-level confounders, such as genetic factors, parental and familial characteristics, and school and neighborhood environments.
Results:
Adolescent depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of CVD in about 13 years later (b = 0.698). Sibling fixed-effects estimates revealed that, despite some attenuation (approximately 31%), this association is robust to adjustment for unobserved family-level heterogeneity. Substance use and academic effort/achievement explained about 35% and 16% of the association between adolescent depressive symptoms and adult CVD risk, respectively. In contrast, health behaviors and school-based relationships played little or no role in mediating the association.
Conclusion:
The findings of this study suggest that policymakers and practitioners may wish to develop interventions to reduce adolescent depressive symptoms and to help adolescents with depressive symptoms avoid substance use and promote effort in school. Early interventions targeting adolescents with depressive symptoms may be a cost-effective strategy for preventing adult physical health problems.
Emerging adulthood is a critical developmental period characterized by emotional growth and unstructured living. To date, there is little research on emerging adults—defined as those 18 to 25 years old—with serious mental illnesses and even less on emerging adults in psychiatric hospitals. This study analyzed therapeutic alliance with the clinical team and change in anxiety symptoms in emerging adult psychiatric inpatients with the goal of establishing whether emotion regulation could serve as a mediator between these 2 constructs. Participants were 913 emerging adults (46.7% female; 18 to 25 y of age) who were voluntarily admitted to an intermediate length-of-stay (6 to 8 wk) inpatient psychiatric hospital. Each patient completed measures assessing anxiety symptoms, emotion regulation strategies, and working alliance as an assessment of therapeutic alliance. The results indicated that working alliance had significant indirect effects on change in anxiety symptoms through emotion dysregulation and lack of awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. This study emphasizes the need to understand emerging adults and the difficulties characteristic of this developmental period, and that clinicians should be aware that cognitive factors involved in emotion regulation may impact anxiety symptoms in emerging adult populations.
Rationale:
Despite the importance of the role of social networks in health, few studies have examined the relationship between adolescent social network position and adult health.
Objective:
This study examines whether several dimensions of one's social network position in adolescence is associated with cardiometabolic risk in adulthood among U.S. adolescents. This study also explores the mechanisms that undergird the relationship between adolescents' network position and their later-life health.
Methods:
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 9517), this study uses ordinary least squares regression models with school fixed effects. Three measures of adolescent social network position, including popularity, Bonacich centrality, and social isolation, were sociometrically assessed in schools. Cardiometabolic risk in adulthood was based on 12 biomarkers covering four domains of physiological systems.
Results:
All three measures of adolescent network position were associated with adult cardiometabolic risk even after controlling for sociodemographic and family-level covariates, as well as school fixed effects. Controlling for adolescent characteristics attenuated the associations for popularity, Bonacich centrality, and isolation by 31%, 58%, and 26%, respectively, which rendered the associations for Bonacich centrality statistically nonsignificant. Adult health behaviors were the most consistent mediator for popularity and isolation, whereas adult socioeconomic attainment explained part of the association for popularity. In contrast, adult social integration did not play a mediating role. Simultaneously controlling for all proposed mechanism variables explained 17% and 18% of the associations for popularity and isolation, respectively.
Conclusions:
Findings of this study suggest that social network position during adolescence has enduring consequences for cardiometabolic risk in adulthood. A combination of behavioral and human capital pathways explains part of the associations, though they appear to operate differently for distinct network position measures.
The high rate of divorce in young couples is motivated by psychological and spiritual unpreparedness. Premarital education is a resolution to minimize the divorce rate. This study aims to hack the knowledge and understanding of Muslim adolescents regarding marriage and marriage readiness from a psychology and Islamic law perspective. This type of research uses a descriptive quantitative data collection method using a survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research subjects were 820 adolescents aged 15-20 years who came from various levels of education, namely senior high school students (54.5%) and undergraduate students (45.5%). The results of this study indicate that there are several motivations for marriage for Muslim adolescents, namely (1) wanting to justify themselves by 49% (2) wanting to get attention and affection by 20.5%, (3) wanting to have children by 15.6%, (4) improve the economy by 10%, (5) follow parents wishes 4.9%. While the things that teenagers need to prepare for marriage are (1) Economy by 31.9%, (2) Studying Religion by 29.4%, (3) Education by 20.7%, and (4) Improving Character 18%. Adolescent understanding is still low on the purpose of marriage and the forms of marriage readiness. Indicated by the orientation and motivation of marriage is dominated by the fulfillment of biological and material needs. The implication of this research is to be able to provide a comprehensive view in terms of marriage readiness from the point of view of psychology and Islamic law as reference material for providing premarital preparation/premarital education to adolescents so that they can prepare for married life.
The proposed double ABCM model of marital satisfaction draws from the double ABCX theory of family behavior framework to incorporate pre-marital factors associated with getting married that carry-over into the marriage itself; it also integrates marital demands, circumstances, and perceptions that ultimately contribute to marital satisfaction. Bodies of literature related to marriage intentions, marital beliefs, newlywed adjustment, and marital maintenance are integrated into the constructs of the model. The double ABCM model expands the structure of the original double ABCX framework in several ways, including by explicitly depicting broader contextual factors that influence intra-relational processes, diagraming the shared and unshared aspects of most constructs, and illustrating a nonlinear passage of time. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Today the phenomenon of getting married at a young age is rising and shown through social media. According to Islamic religious rules, there are many pros and contras against this phenomenon, especially related to marriage. It has led to various pre-marriage educational programs as a means of understanding and preparing for marriage. This study aimed to explore the experiences of a single woman in emerging adulthood who participates in Pre-Marriage Talk Class. This study used a qualitative approach with the snowball sampling technique. A total of 5 respondents participated in this study, and data were collected through an online interview. We used the thematic analysis to analyze the data. The results showed that Pre-Marriage Talk Class provides additional knowledge, awareness, and mindset to participants, including 1) knowledge about the age of 84 Martabat: Jurnal Perempuan dan Anak marriage; 2) knowledge about the vision and mission of getting married; 3) awareness of knowing the self; 4) knowledge of managing the self and environment, and 5) changing mindset. From the results, we can conclude that Pre-Marriage Talk Class is a suitable program for emerging adults who want to gain knowledge and skills related to themselves, how to manage self and environment, as well as an overview of the dynamics of married life that can be anticipated
Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin evliliğe ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 1280 (1003 kadın, 277 erkek) bekâr üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Verilerin analizinde yüzde, frekans ve ki-kare analiz teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre üniversite öğrencilerinin büyük bir çoğunluğunun yaşam seyrinde evliliğin yer aldığı, ideal evlilik yaşlarının 26 yaş civarında olduğu, gençlerin büyük bir bölümünün yaşam planlarında önceliğinin kariyer olduğu ve çok az bir kısmının kendini evliliğe hazır hissettiği belirlenmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin üçte birine yakınının evliliklerinin ebeveynlerinin evliliğine benzemesini istediği, üçte birine yakınının evlenmeden birlikte yaşama karşı olumlu yaklaştığı, dörtte birinin evlenmeden cinsel ilişki yaşanmasını uygun bulduğu ve yarıdan fazlasının evlilikten kaygılandığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Abstract This study aims to examine university students' marital views. The study group consisted of 1280 (1003 female, 277 male) single university students. Percentage, frequency and chi-square analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. According to the study findings, majority of university students place marriage in their life course, the ideal marital age is around 26 years, the priority of most of the young people in their life plans is career and very few of them feel ready for marriage. In addition, the study revealed that nearly one third of university students want their marriages to be similar to their parents' marriage, nearly one third of them have a positive attitude towards cohabitation before marriage, one fourth find it appropriate to have premarital sex, and more than half of them are anxious about getting married.
Bu araştırmanın amacı evliliğe hazır oluş için ortak temaları belirlemek, geniş bir bekâr örnekleme genellenebilirliğini değerlendirmek ve evliliğe hazır oluşla ilişkili faktörleri incelemektir. Bu çalışma, karma yöntem araştırmasının modellerinden olan keşfedici sıralı desende tasarlanmıştır. Bu araştırma, üç çalışma grubunda yer alan 1539 birey ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde; tematik analiz, açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, çok değişkenli varyans analizi ve regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bekâr genç yetişkin bireylerin evliliğe hazır oluş için önem verdiği faktörler altı tema olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu temalar; finansal, hazır oluş, duygusal hazır oluş, kişiler arası ilişkilere hazır oluş, aile yaşamı ve rollerine hazır oluş, cinsel yaşama hazır oluş ve toplumsal sorumluluklara hazır oluştur. Yeni evli bireyleri evliliğe hazır hissettiren faktörler; finansal hazır oluş, duygusal hazır oluş, aile hayatı ve rollerine hazır oluş ve toplumsal sorumluluklara hazır oluş olarak belirlenmiştir. Yeni evli bireylerin evlilikte sorun yaşadığı alanların; kişiler arası ilişkiler, aile hayatı sorumlulukları ve finansal konular olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu temalar doğrultusunda geliştirilen evliliğe hazır oluş ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bekâr genç yetişkin bireylerin evliliğe hazır oluş düzeylerinde; cinsiyet, ilişki durumu, çalışma durumu ve yaşam planındaki öncelik açısından farklılıklar olduğu görülmüştür. Yaş, ideal evlilik yaşı ve partnerini tanımaya yönelik ideal süre değişkenlerinin evliliğe hazır oluşla ilişkili olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.
The purpose of this study was to determine the common themes for marital readiness, to evaluate the generalization to broader samples constituting of single individuals and to examine the factors associated with marital readiness. This study was designed using the exploratory sequential design, one of the mixed research methods. This study was carried out with a total of 1539 individuals in three study groups. In data analysis, thematic analysis, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and regression analysis were used. Six themes were determined as the factors single young adult individuals give importance to for marital readiness. These themes were financial readiness, emotional readiness, interpersonal relationship readiness, family life and family roles readiness, sexual life readiness and social responsibility readiness. Factors that make newly-married individuals feel ready for marriage were financial readiness, emotional readiness, family life and family roles readiness and social responsibility readiness. The Areas where newly married individuals have problems in marriage were interpersonal relationships, family life responsibilities and financial issues. It was determined that the Marital Readiness Scale, developed in line with the aforementioned themes, was a valid and reliable measurement tool. In single young adult individuals' marital readiness levels, there were differences in terms of sex, relationship status, work status and priority in life plan. The variables of age, ideal age of marriage and ideal time to get to know their partner were revealed to be related to marital readiness.
Universal Journal of History and Culture
Türkiye’de yaşanan sosyo-ekonomik dönüşümden en fazla etkilenen kurumların başında aile gelmektedir. Aile kurmanın ilk aşaması olan evlilik de yaşanan bu süreçten etkilenmektedir. Dünyadaki gelişmelere paralel olarak evlenme yaşının yükselmesi, bekâr kalma, evlilik dışı cinsellik, alternatif birlikteliklerin yaygın hale gelmesi gibi durumlar evliliğe ilişkin tutumların değiştiğini düşündürmektedir. Bununla birlikte sosyal bilimlerde evlilik etrafında yapılan tartışmalarda bu değişim yeterince ilgi görmemektedir. Araştırma, toplumun en dinamik unsuru olan gençlerin evlenme yaşı ve evlilikle ilişkili algılarını anlamaya çalışan nitel bir araştırmadır. Araştırma yaşları 20 ile 27 arasında değişen 28 üniversite öğrenci üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yaklaşımla yürütülen araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş; gençlerin ideal evlilik yaşı algıları, evlilik ve aileye bakışları araştırılmıştır. Buna göre çoğunlukla 25 ve üzeri yaşta evlenmeyi idealleştirdikleri görülmüştür. İdeal evlilik yaşında ön plana çıkan faktörler ekonomik bağımsızlık kazanma, eğitimi tamamlama, özgürlüğün kısıtlanmasını istememe, olgunlaşma, kariyer yapmadır. Gençlerin evliliği erteleme eğiliminde olmalarına rağmen, evlenmeye ilişkin motivasyonlarının olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma bulgularına göre gençler evliliği hayatın önemli bir parçası olarak görmekle birlikte, içinde bulundukları yaş döneminde evliliğe hazır olmadıklarını düşünmekte, daha ideal bir evlilik için evliliği erteleme eğiliminde olmaktadırlar. Evliliğin ertelenmesinde ekonomik engellerle birlikte, gençlerin anlam dünyalarındaki sosyolojik ve psikolojik bariyerlerin de etkili olduğu görülmüştür.
Trans Jogja sebagai angkutan umum di Kawasan Aglomerasi Perkotaan Yogyakarta (APY) sejak 2008 berkembang untuk mengimplementasikan transportasi cerdas. Infrastruktur yang menunjang tujuan tersebut harus diadakan dengan memperhatikan masa depan Generasi Y dan Z di Kawasan Aglomerasi Yogyakarta (APY) sebagai kota pelajar, teknologi, kerjasama institusi, dan tentunya fisik. Sebanyak 30,37 % populasi muda akan menjadi bagian penting prospek Trans Jogja di tahun 2020 dan perkembangan sistem informasi juga mendorong perlunya adaptasi pengembangan Trans Jogja.Penelitian ini bertujuan menjawab tantangan seperti apa prospek transportasi cerdas melalui Trans Jogja di masa depan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif melalui survey lapangan, wawancara langsung, wawancara daring, dan simulasi terwakilkan. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap institusi utama yang terkait seperti DISHUBKOMINFO DIY, PT Gamatechno Indonesia, dan BAPPEDA Provinsi DIY. Adapun responden yang dipilih mewakili sampel Generasi Y dan Z yang berusia antara 15 hingga 25 tahun Prospek transportasi cerdas Trans Jogja di masa depan akan positif jika Trans Jogja lebih progresif memperhatikan infrastruktur yang diperlukan yaitu (1) infrastruktur keras; (2) keras non fisik; dan (3) lunak. Terdapat 85% dari 80 total responden Generasi Y dan Z yang disurvey menunjukkan pilihannya menggunakan Trans Jogja jika sisi inovasi diterapkan melalui sistem lacak yang dinamis ketika merencanakan perjalanan. Selain itu, perbaikan terhadap iinfrastruktur secara komprehensif diperlukan agar prospek positif Trans Jogja yang cerdas terwujud melalui penyediaan lahan untuk sarana prasarana fisik di dekat shelter, pembaharuan informasi dinamis, serta kerjasama institusi yang kuat.
Trans Jogja as a public transport model in Greater Yogyakarta since 2008 has tried to implement Smart Transport. There should be considerations on how is it like for future infrastructure that cares on Generation Y&Z, technology, strong institution collaboration, and phisical infrastructure. In 2020, there would be 30,37% of Generation Y and Z live in Greater Yogyakartaand they will encourage any smarter adaptation to be implemented in the future of Trans Jogja. This research has aim to figure out the prospect of Smart Transportation on Trans Jogja in the future. This research has been conducted by mixing between qualitative and quantitative methods. There field survey, interview to respondents and institutions, online questionaire, and representative simulations were done. Interviews have been done with DISHUBKOMINFO DIY, PT Gamatechno Indonesia, and BAPPEDA Provinsi DIY. While sample of respondents were people with 15-25 years old aged. The positive prospect of Trans Jogja will be achieved as long as it considers these theree following aspects such as (1) Hard Infrastructure; (2) Hard-Non Physical Infrastructure; and (3) Soft Infrastructure. There were 85% out of 80 total respondents on this research showed their willingness to use Trans Jogja equipped by smart information system or innovative system to make sure they make right decision on the mobility. At the end, all of the elements are encouraged to keep stronger collaborations in proving the space to tackle mainly the Trans Jogja physical infrastructure.
Kata Kunci : prospek, Trans Jogja, transportasi cerdas, Generasi Y&Z
An ethological model of human procreative well-being is proposed and the goodness-of-fit of pornography’s script to that model is considered. Deducing an evolutionary template for procreative well-being from an ethological analysis links attachment dynamics to procreative success. Alongside parent–child attachment, pair-bond attachment in the procreative couple looms large as an element of optimal procreative relationship structure and quality. Key elements of pair-bond attachment are documented. Turning next to an empirical examination of the sexual behavioral system in humans, we see evidence of an evolutionary design supportive of attachment as well as reproductive exigencies of procreative well-being. Sexual system mechanisms promoting both reproduction and attachment are evident in the evolutionary design. We next employ script theory to identify key elements of the sexual script promulgated by pornography. Joining these two analyses, we compare the evolutionary, attachment-based template for procreative success in juxtaposition to pornography’s sexual script to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of pornography use to attachment success and, by extension, procreative well-being. We conclude that there is an ethological case to be made for considering pornography use as a public health risk. Implications of the model of procreative well-being for the practice of couple therapy are given mention.
This study examines the factors influencing friendship quality during emergent adulthood. Data were collected on a sample of 393 college students (age range 18–22, M = 20.01). Nine multi-item measures were used as indicators in this study. Seven scales were drawn from the Battery of Adolescent Measures (Benson & Faas, 2014). The other two were the pragmatic (social) language and the aloof scales, which provided sensitised assessment of interpersonal deficits (Hurley, Losh, Parlier, Reznick, & Piven, 2007). The article hypothesises that family warmth predicts friendship quality during emergent adulthood. It also hypothesises that this relationship is mediated by emergent adults’ self-perceptions and by their social competence. Structural equation models supported the first hypothesis and also showed that self-perceptions and social competence partially mediate the main relationship. We also examined each mediator separately for evidence of partial mediation, but the full model remained a significantly better fit to the data compared to both single mediator models.
Rationale
Previous studies have suggested that the expectations adolescents have about their future are related to health behaviors and, consequently, to health conditions in adolescence and adulthood. However, few studies have addressed whether observed associations reflect unobserved family background. Moreover,relatively little attention has been paid to how adolescents’ future expectations influence health in adulthood.
Objective
This study investigated whether the association between future expectations (on future survival and college attainment) during adolescence and health in adulthood is spurious owing to family
Background
This study also explored the mechanisms that undergird the relationship betweenadolescents’ future expectations and physical health. Methods: Participants were drawn from nearly 3,500 family samples of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. This study used sibling fixed-effect approach to take into account genetic factors, family environment, as well as childhood social context such as school and neighborhood effects. Results: Sibling fixed-effect estimates revealed that survival expectations are associated with adult physical health (Framingham Risk Score for 30-year cardiovascular risk), net of unobserved background characteristics shared by siblings. The association between college expectations and adult physical health, however, was confounded by family background characteristics. In contrast tophysical health, the influence of both survival and college expectations on psychological health in adulthood was robust to adjustment for sibling fixed effects. Regarding mediating pathways that connect future expectations to physical health,Sobel-Goodman mediation tests showed that binge drinking and unhealthy dietaryhabits explain about 38 percent of the relationship between survival expectations andphysical health.
Conclusion
Adolescents’ future expectations are positivelyassociated with health and well-being in adulthood net of unobserved familybackground characteristics. Substance use and dietary habits are relevant mediating pathways that link future expectations (particularly about survival) to physical health.Improving adolescents’ future orientations about their life chances may improve adult health.
Most youth desire to marry, and often around a certain age, but many individuals marry earlier or later than originally desired. Off-time marriage could have consequences for subsequent relationship stability and mental health. Whereas barriers to marriage goals in the short term have been studied extensively, predictors of meeting marital timing expectations over the life course are less well understood. This study examined possible barriers, including socioeconomic characteristics and family experiences, both background and formation, to meeting marital timing desires by age 40 using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that greater education, religiousness, cohabitation, and premarital childbearing were associated with delayed or forgone marriage, but associations varied by gender and the age at which respondents stated their expectations.
This article has two main parts. The first section introduces the model of "Marital Paradigms" (Willoughby et al., 2015). In this conceptualization, all the beliefs of a person (woman or man) about marriage and marital life can be categorized in two distinct areas: "Beliefs about Getting Married" and "Beliefs about Being Married". "Beliefs about Getting Married" represent one's beliefs about "marriage" and its importance in life, as well as a general view of how it is done. These beliefs consist of three distinct dimensions: "Marital Timing" (one's view of the ideal and expected timing for marriage, the expected length of love), "Marital Salience" (individual beliefs about the relative importance and global importance of marriage and getting married), "Marital Context" (beliefs and attitudes about the context in which marriage should occur). "Beliefs about Being Married" represent one's beliefs about the nature and methods of managing marital life. These beliefs also have three distinct dimensions: "Marital Processes" (beliefs about how the marriage process should take place, including beliefs about gender roles (Marital Roles), beliefs about attempting to make marital life (Marital Efforts), and other marriage-related processes), "Marital Centrality" (it is based on beliefs about the importance of marital/spouse's role in relation to other roles played by an adult married person), and "Marital Permanence" (beliefs about the commitment to marry and the admissibility of divorce). In the second section, the study of "Marital Paradigms" among Iranian youths (male and female) and gender-related comparisons of six dimensions are discussed. The research sample consisted of 644 students (323 females and 321 males) who entered the study using stratified sampling (stratums: gender, universities, academic grades). To measure Marital Paradigms, "Marital Paradigms Scale" (MPS) (Willoughby and Hall, 2015) was used. The results of the study showed that men and women have different patterns of Marital Paradigms. Meanwhile
Background
The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine the predictive role of marital and love attitudes and of the love–marriage connection for young adults’ relationship status.
Participants and procedure
The study was based on a sample of 117 Polish participants aged 20-33 who completed the Polish versions of the Love Atti-tudes Scale – Short Form and Marital Attitudes Scale and provided answers to the seven questions concerning love as a basis for marriage.
Results
The performed analyses demonstrated that 1) single and partnered individuals reported similar levels of marital attitudes; 2) sin-gle individuals scored higher on the Eros love style than partnered individuals in the first assessment; 3) single individuals scored lower on the Mania love style than partnered individuals in the first and the second assessments; 4) single individuals scored higher in the first assessment on the Importance of love for entering marriage in comparison to partnered individuals. A binary logistic regression indicated that the Eros and Mania love styles in the first assessment were significant predictors of young adults’ relationships in the second assessment. The alternative model predicting marital and love attitudes and the love–marriage connection at Time 2 (T2) from young adults’ relationship status at Time 1 (T1) demonstrated that relationship status at T1 was predictive only of the Mania love style at T2.
Conclusions
The Eros and Mania love styles were significant predictors of young adults’ relationships after a 12-month interval, and rela-tionship status was predictive of the Mania love style at 12 months after the first assessment.
W artykule podjęto tematykę roli rodziny w procesie kształtowania tożsamości. Tożsamość rozumiana jest jako wynik osobistej autorefleksji nad własnymi potrzebami, celami, zasobami, co w konfrontacji z zebranymi i przetworzonym informacjami na temat siebie, pozwala odpowiedzieć młodemu człowiekowi na podstawowe tożsamościowe pytanie: Kim jestem? Prezentowany tekst ukazuje uwarunkowania rozwoju tożsamości, skupia się na opisie predyspozycji i kompetencji rodzinnych potrzebnych do rozwiązania tożsamościowego zamętu oraz korzystnego i niekorzystnego zachowania dorosłych wpływającego na kształtowanie się różnych typów tożsamości.
This article argues that marriage and cohabitation are associated with important differences in work patterns, earnings, treatment
of money, use of leisure time, social relations with the extended family, the division of household labor, and fertility.
We hypothesize that these differences lead those considering the formation of a household to consider their attitudes toward
these aspects of life, which appear to be so different in marriage from those in cohabitation. Using data from the National
Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972, we test and find support for the hypothesis that the choice between cohabitation
and marriage is affected by attitudes and values toward work, family, use of leisure time, money, and sex roles, as well as
values and attitudes toward marriage itself.
Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The purpose of the study is to examine the meaning that the institution of marriage can hold for young, unmarried adults, based on their systems (or collections) of beliefs about marriage. Based on symbolic interactionism, it is argued that marital meaning has implications for how people behave prior to and during marriage that may relate to marital functioning. A qualitative content analysis of scholarly literature reveals that marital meaning is multifaceted and can be conceptualized as including five distinct dimensions. A confirmatory factor analysis identifies beliefs that are scaled to represent their respective dimensions. A cluster analysis categorizes participants into three groups based on participants’ scores along these dimensions. Similarities and distinctions across the three groups are discussed to highlight the complexity of belief systems that young adults can have about the institution of marriage.
Emerging adulthood refers to a time period (18–25 years of age) between adolescence and adulthood. Recent research suggests that it may be a cultural construction. More traditional, non-Western cultures may have a shortened period of emerging adulthood, or no emerging adulthood at all, because these cultures tend to place greater emphasis on practices that lead to an earlier transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine emerging adulthood in the Chinese culture, including (1) the types of criteria Chinese young people deem necessary for becoming an adult, (2) the types of behaviours Chinese emerging adults are engaging in, (3) identity-related issues, and (4) other aspects of Chinese culture that might suggest that emerging adulthood in China may be different than in the United States. Participants in this study were 207 students at Beijing Normal University located in Beijing, China. Results provided evidence to support the notion that emerging adulthood is affected by culture. Findings revealed that the majority of Chinese college students (1) feel they have reached adult status in their early twenties, (2) have culturally specific criteria for adult status, and (3) tend to engage in behaviours and have beliefs and values that appear to differ from emerging adults in Western cultures.
Research reveals that most 18- to 25-year-old individuals do not consider themselves to be adults. This time period between adolescence and adulthood has been newly defined as emerging adulthood. The purpose of this study was to (a) attempt to identify perceived adults and (b) explore whether differences in adulthood criteria, achievement of those criteria, identity issues, risk-taking behaviors, and depression are based on perceived adult status. Findings from 232 college students’ responses revealed that there was a small group of perceived adults, and when compared to their emerging-adult peers, they(a) did not differ on the adulthood criteria they used; (b) believed they had achieved more of the adulthood criteria; (c) had a better sense of their overall identity, as well as what type of person they wanted as a romantic partner; (d) were less depressed; and (e) engaged in fewer risk behaviors (e.g., illegal drug use and drunk driving).
Conceptions of the transition to adulthood in the contemporary American majority culture are examined, and compared to conceptions cross-culturally and historically. Perspectives from other places and times are presented first, indicating that there is a widespread view that the transition to adulthood involves the gradual development of character qualities such as impulse control and diligence but culminates in marriage as the ultimate marker of the transition to adulthood. Findings from several recent American studies are then presented, indicating that for contemporary young Americans the preeminent criteria for the transition to adulthood are the individualistic character qualities of accepting responsibility for one’s self and making independent decisions, along with becoming financially independent; marriage, in contrast, ranks very low. New data are presented to illustrate young Americans’ conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Reasons are discussed for the prominence of individualistic criteria in American society and the prominence of marriage in other places and times. The concept of emerging adulthood is presented as a new way of conceptualizing the period between adolescence and young adulthood.
Compared to traditional, non-Western cultures, emerging adulthood (18–25 years of age) may look considerably different in cultures that place emphasis on the group (i.e., collectivistic) over the individual (i.e., individualistic). However, within minority cultures, individual members vary on the extent to which they identify with their heritage culture. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the role that culture, particularly acculturation to Canadian aboriginal heritage culture, may play in emerging adulthood. Specifically, aboriginal emerging adults who scored above or below the mean of their peers on acculturation to their heritage (aboriginal) culture were compared to their majority European Canadian counterparts in several aspects of emerging adulthood including (a) perceived adult status, (b) perceived criteria for adulthood, (c) achieved criteria for adulthood, (d) personal beliefs about the future, and (e) risk behaviours. Results revealed the significance of examining acculturation in understanding the role of culture in the process of emerging adulthood, particularly among ethnic minority youth. In particular, findings revealed that young aboriginal adults' level of identification with aboriginal traditions such as the significance of interdependence and maintenance of harmony, the role of children and family, and historical sociocultural events appeared to play a role in many aspects of emerging adulthood.
Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed.
Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical background is presented. Then evidence is provided to support the idea that emerging adulthood is a distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in terms of identity explorations. How emerging adulthood differs from adolescence and young adulthood is explained. Finally, a cultural context for the idea of emerging adulthood is outlined, and it is specified that emerging adulthood exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent role exploration during the late teens and twenties.
In the United States, research on conceptions of the transition to adulthood has been on mostly white samples. The study examined here presents data that include African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans.
Data from a longitudinal study were used to examine differences among couples that cohabited before engagement, after engagement, or not until marriage. Survey data and objectively coded couple interaction data were collected for 136 couples (272 individuals) after engagement (but before marriage) and 10 months into marriage. At both time points, the before-engagement cohabiters (59 couples) had more negative interactions, lower interpersonal commitment, lower relationship quality, and lower relationship confidence than those who did not cohabit until after engagement (28 couples) or marriage (49 couples), even after controlling for selection factors and duration of cohabitation. Our findings suggest that those who cohabit before engagement are at greater risk for poor marital outcomes than those who cohabit only after engagement or at marriage, which may have important implications for future research on cohabitation, clinical work, and social policy decisions.
The purpose of this study was (a) to identify the criteria parents of emerging adults consider necessary and important for their children to achieve adulthood, (b) to compare parents' criteria for adulthood with the criteria espoused by emerging adults, and (c) to examine how these criteria might differ on the basis of gender of the parent and gender of the child. Participants included 392 unmarried college students, ages 18-25, and at least 1 of their parents (271 fathers, 319 mothers). Results revealed that (a) as did their children, most parents did not yet view their children as adults, (b) there was disagreement between children and their parents in the emphasis they placed on various criteria for adulthood, (c) mothers and fathers did not always agree on the importance of various criteria, and (d) the gender of both the parent and the child played a role in the criteria parents deemed important for adulthood. Taken together, the findings suggest that parents and children view the transition to adulthood differently, which might have implications for the parent-child relationship during this period of development.
This study describes the development of a comprehensive premarital assessment instrument, the PREParation for Marriage (PREP-M) Questionnaire, and evaluates the ability of the questionnaire to predict marital satisfaction and stability one year after marriage. The results suggest that the higher the premarital PREP-M scores, the higher the marital satisfaction and marital stability. Means for the most satisfied and most stable individuals were usually significantly higher than the least satisfied and stable individuals and individuals who had canceled or delayed marriage. Educational, counseling, and research implications are drawn.
This framework expands on earlier definitions of family life education and specifies major concepts for comprehensive life-span family life education programs. It is a valuable resource for family life practitioners as they develop, assess, promote, and justify family life education programs. It would also be helpful for the training of family life educators and for the development and testing of theory in the field.
Delay of marriage among young adults often is attributed to the diminishing importance of marriage. Cultural explanations are also used to explain differences in the marriage rates of Whites and Blacks. Nonetheless, research on factors influencing marriage has largely overlooked the role of attitudes. We use individual-level prospective data from Waves I and II of the National Survey of Families and Households to examine whether attitudes are responsible for sex and race differences in marriage rates, net of economic opportunity. We find that persons expressing positive attitudes about marriage are significantly more likely to marry, and favorable assessments of marriage accentuate the positive effects of economic attributes on marriage odds. However, structural, not cultural, differences account for the large racial differences in marriage rates.
This article examines the relationship between premarital sexual activity and the long-term risk of divorce among U.S. women married between 1965 and 1985. Simple cross-tabulations from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that women who were sexually active prior to marriage faced a considerably higher risk of marital disruption than women were were virgin brides. A bivariate probit model is employed to examine three possible explanations for this positive relationship: (a) a direct causal effect, (b) an indirect effect through intervening "high risk" behaviors (such as having a premarital birth or marrying at a young age), and (c) a selectivity effect representing prior differences between virgins and nonvirgins (such as family background or attitudes and values). After a variety of observable characteristics are controlled, nonvirgins still face a much higher risk of divorce than virgins. However, when the analysis controls for unobserved characteristics affecting both the likelihood of having premarital sex and the likelihood of divorce, the differential is no longer statistically significant. These results suggest that the positive relationship between premarital sex and the risk of divorce can be attributed to prior unobserved differences (e.g., the willingness to break traditional norms) rather than to a direct causal effect.
This article uses couple-level data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N= 2,263) to investigate factors associated with unmarried parents’ expectations about marriage and the association between their expectations and subsequent union transitions. In most couples, both partners expect to marry, and their shared expectations are the strongest predictor of marriage and separation following their child's birth. Although men's expectations are somewhat more consequential for union transitions, marriage and relationship stability are more likely when at least one parent expects to marry. Factors such as children from previous relationships, distrust, conflict, and shared activities are also associated with union transitions. Findings about how expectations and other factors relate to marriage and separation may inform new marriage promotion initiatives.
This study explored cultural differences in the criteria young people have for becoming an adult. Specifically, the study sought (a) to compare Chinese and American responses concerning whether they believe they have reached adulthood; (b) to examine whether adulthood criteria could fit a common statistical model for both cultures; and (c) after estimating this model, to compare the importance of adulthood criteria for Chinese and Americans. Results indicated that Chinese students considered themselves to be adults more than did American students. Also, Chinese students ascribed greater importance to criteria that reflect obligations toward others than did the Americans. The influence of culture in the transition to adulthood was discussed.
Drawing from developmental theories of interpersonal competence, this article presents a multidimensional model of marital competence and reports on a study that provides a preliminary evaluation of the model and its central tenets. Structural equation modeling analyses were run with a nationally representative sample of 750 couples to test the model. The results demonstrated that the model accounted for 65% to 67% of the variance in partners' relationship quality and provided initial support to the theoretical and empirical utility of distinguishing marital competence according to developmentally defined domains of intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies. Implications of these findings for research and intervention are discussed.
Results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that marriages contracted after 1980 are becoming more stable. This article examines several individual characteristics in search of an explanation for increasing stability. A person-year file is created and logistic regression is used to determine which covariates account for the negative effect of year in a model predicting the likelihood of marital dissolution. Increasing experience of premarital sex, premarital birth, cohabitation, and racial and religious heterogamy are detracting from marital stability. However, rising age at marriage and, to a lesser degree, increased education are associated with increasing marital stability. These latter effects more than counterbalance the factors associated with instability leading to an overall decline in the rate of marital dissolution.
The purpose of this article is to add to our understanding of the multiple factors related to young adults' perceptions of their readiness for marriage. A theoretical model was developed to test the simultaneous effects of variables suggested by previous research and theory. A preexisting data set with premarital data from 2,508 young adults contained items measuring 8 indices of the theoretical predictor variables. The 8 latent variables were satisfaction with family relationships in the family of origin, amount of support of significant others for the relationship, impulsivity, attitude toward privacy, sociodemographic characteristics, perceived physical attractiveness, quality of couple communication, and level of couple agreement. The model was tested with analysis of covariance structures in LISREL. The results support the contention of multiple levels of causation. Perceptions of personal readiness for marriage depend largely on contextual issues (sociodemographic characteristics and significant other support) and then on the quality of couple interaction.
The impact that desire to marry has on risk-taking behaviors during emerging adulthood is examined in the current investigation using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Looking both at the simple relationships between desire to marry and risk-taking behaviors, as well as the possible predictive power desire to marry could have on binge drinking, marijuana use, and sexual behaviors, data revealed that attitudes toward marriage may be an important component of emerging adulthood and risk-taking research. Results indicate that desire to marry was predictive of several risk-taking behaviors for both men and women even after controlling for other known predictors of risk-taking. Implications for future research are discussed.
This article presents a marital horizon theory of emerging adulthood that posits that young people's perceptions of marriage are central factors in determining subgroup differences in the length of emerging adulthood as well as the specific behaviors that occur during this period in the family life cycle. The model was tested with a sample of 813 emerging adults who were recruited from six college sites across the country. Results demonstrated that there are significant differences between young people who have relatively close marital horizons (i.e., those who desire marriage in their early 20s) and those who have more distant marital horizons (i.e., those who desire marriage in their mid-20s or later) in the areas of substance use patterns, sexual permissiveness, and family formation values. Results suggest that changes in lifestyle patterns previously assumed to be associated with the transition to marriage may in fact be initiated when young people anticipate marriage in their near future.
This article reviews research on the premarital factors associated with later marital quality and stability in first marriages. Three major categories of factors are described, including background and context, individual traits and behaviors, and couple interactional processes. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal research are summarized. Recommendations for future research and implications for family life education and premarital counseling are described.
Data from a handful of studies suggest that at any given marital duration, premarital cohabitors have a higher risk of ending the first marriage. A recent study of the 1972 high school senior cohort suggests that this difference can be explained in the United States by the greater time cohabitors have spent in a union. This hypothesis was reinvestigated with a more broadly representative sample of the population. Consistent with results for Sweden, we found that cohabitation in the United States is associated with a greater hazard of dissolution even after counting the time spent in unmarried cohabitation as part of marital duration.
Conceptions of the transition to adulthood were examined using data from 346 college students aged 18-23 and 140 21 - to 28-year-olds. Participants indicated the characteristics necessary for a person to be considered an adult on a questionnaire containing 40 possible criteria. In both studies, the top criteria endorsed emphasized aspects of individualism, including “accept responsibility for the consequences of your actions,”“decide on own beliefs and values independently of parents or other influences,” and “establish a relationship with parents as an equal adult.” In contrast, role transitions typically associated with research on the transition to adulthood, such as finishing education, entering the labor force, marriage, and parenthood, were rejected as criteria for adulthood by a large majority in both studies. The results suggest that the current generation of young people in American society conceptualizes the transition to adulthood in intangible, gradual, psychological, and individualistic terms.
I begin by presenting a demographic outline of emerging adulthood. Then I summarize my theory of emerging adulthood by presenting the five features that distinguish it as a developmental period. Finally, I consider the special challenges involved in building a new paradigm of emerging adulthood, given that emerging adults are such a diverse group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This chapter draws on recent empirical work that illustrates the dynamic yet highly variable paths that emerging adults take from dependence toward independence. Moreover, in this chapter, the recentering process is linked to two life span developmental processes (i.e., separation-individuation, ego development) in an effort to elucidate how the unique features of emerging adulthood are embedded within life span development from birth and to explore possible sources of variation in emerging adult development. Last, this chapter explores college as a context for emerging adulthood and asks what we can learn about modification of emerging adult development from the college student development literature. A summary and discussion of future research directions conclude the chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The authors summarize what is known about sexual behaviors and beliefs, predictors of sexual behavior, virginity, sexual minorities, condom and contraceptive use, pregnancy and parenthood, abortion and its emotional consequences, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, alcohol use and sex, and sexual assault in emerging adulthood. Although the authors do not take a strict risk focus on sexuality in emerging adulthood, much of the review focuses on risk because of the focus of prior empirical work. The authors provide suggestions for future directions on examining sexuality in emerging adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this chapter we embed considerations of mental health--particularly in terms of overall well-being, substance use, antisocial behavior, and depressive affect--within the experience of emerging adulthood. As a starting point, we offer the following general observations about the course of selected indices of mental health and maladaptation during emerging adulthood: In the general population, mental health improves and problem behaviors subside. The incidence of psychopathology increases. Mental health and problem behaviors tend to be relatively stable between adolescence and adulthood. Some obvious questions follow from these general observations: Why does mental health improve, problem behavior decrease, and the incidence of psychopathology increase in the general population during emerging adulthood? In particular, what accounts for the increase in both mental health and psychopathology? Then there are some less obvious but equally important questions: How well do these average trends reflect individual trajectories, particularly given the heterogeneity in life paths characteristic of emerging adulthood? Given that the moderate to high stability coefficients previously mentioned still leave room for some wide fluctuations in individual trajectories, to what extent are the many contextual and individual transitions characteristic of emerging adulthood sufficiently powerful to redirect individual trajectories of well-being and problem behaviors and to cause mental health difficulties to emerge or vanish during this period in life? We pursue these and related questions in this chapter by considering a variety of conceptual and methodological issues relevant to the understanding of mental health during late adolescence, early adulthood, and the time between the two. We are interested in heterogeneity of developmental pathways, which likely corresponds with increased diversity in mental health during emerging adulthood. We are also interested in issues of continuity and discontinuity, which are at the core of developmental psychology and of developmental science more generally (Lerner, 2002; Sroufe & Jacobvitz, 1989; Werner, 1957). Our overview of the issues and literature is necessarily illustrative rather than comprehensive. In our examples, we focus in particular on overall well-being, substance use, antisocial behavior, and depressive affect. We begin with a conceptual overview and description of the challenges and opportunities for mental health during emerging adulthood. We then illustrate our key ideas by focusing on continuity and discontinuity, developmental transitions, and the potential functionality of deviance and difficulties. We conclude with a discussion of conceptual and methodological implications and challenges. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Drawing on systematically compiled data from 186 societies outside of the industrial West including representatives of all major geographical groups and cultural types, and considering the extensive literature in psychology, sociology, and primatology as well as anthropology, the authors offer the first definitive analysis of adolescence as a socially demarcated stage of life worldwide. They demonstrate convincingly that adolescence is universal for boys, and, with very few exceptions, for girls as well. They examine the range of variation across cultures in the behavior of adolescents, and the responses of adults—variation that is influenced by social organization, the family structure, and type of economy—and relate their findings to the research by social scientists on adolescence and human development in contemporary Western societies.
The adolescent's sense of self, his or her relationships with parents and with peers, the ways in which different cultures prepare adolescents for sex, marriage, and adult work, the problem of adolescent antisocial behavior—all are thoughtfully considered. A major focus is sex differences: despite many similarities, the adolescence of boys worldwide is different from, and usually longer than, that of girls. Finally, the authors address the implications of their findings for contemporary adolescent life in Western societies.
An appendix summarizes the measures and statistical techniques used, and provides extensive information about the distributions of the different patterns that were discerned and the significance of the interrelationships of the variables of interest.
This landmark study of varieties of adolescent experience worldwide, destined to become a classic, will be important reading for all social and behavioral scientists who study adolescents and for thoughtful educators and practictioners who work with them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The author's goal of presenting a fresh conception of young people's development has resulted in chapters on topics not as strongly represented in most other textbooks. Most textbooks have a discussion of moral development, but this textbook has a chapter on cultural beliefs, including moral development, religious beliefs, political beliefs, and a discussion of individualistic and collectivistic beliefs in various cultures. The chapter on cultural beliefs provides a good basis for a cultural understanding of adolescent development, because it emphasizes how the judgments we make about how adolescents should think and act are almost always rooted in beliefs we have learned in the course of growing up in a particular culture. In this textbook there is a chapter on gender that focuses on cultural variations and historical changes in gender roles, in addition to discussions of gender issues in other chapters This textbook also has an entire chapter on work, which is central to the lives of adolescents in developing countries because a high proportion of them are not in school. Each chapter contains a number of critical thinking questions the purpose of which is to inspire students to a higher level of analysis and reflection about the ideas and information in the chapters--higher, that is, than they would be likely to achieve simply by reading the chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The relationship between premarital cohabitation and marital dysfunction was examined with a total sample of 1,425 spouses in two U.S. marriage cohorts: those married between 1964 and 1980 (when cohabitation was less common) and those married between 1981 and 1997 (when cohabitation was more common). Spouses in both cohorts who cohabited prior to marriage reported poorer marital quality and greater marital instability. When selection factors for cohabitation and subsequent marital instability were included in the statistical model, cohabitors in both cohorts continued to exhibit poorer marital quality and greater marital instability. These findings lend stronger support to an experience of cohabitation perspective than to a selection perspective as an explanation for why couples who cohabit before marriage tend to have more troubled relationships.
Using nationally representative data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, I estimate the association between intimate premarital relationships (premarital sex and premarital cohabitation) and subsequent marital dissolution. I extend previous research by considering relationship histories pertaining to both premarital sex and premarital cohabitation. I find that premarital sex or premarital cohabitation that is limited to a woman's husband is not associated with an elevated risk of marital disruption. However, women who have more than one intimate premarital relationship have an increased risk of marital dissolution. These results suggest that neither premarital sex nor premarital cohabitation by itself indicate either preexisting characteristics or subsequent relationship environments that weaken marriages. Indeed, the findings are consistent with the notion that premarital sex and cohabitation limited to one's future spouse has become part of the normal courtship process for marriage.
The present prospective, longitudinal study of 193 young adults (85 men, 108 women, M = 20.7 years old) and their partners in ongoing romantic relationships in 1997 was initiated in 1989, when the 193 target youths were in the 7th grade. On the basis of the model for the development of early adult romantic relationships (DEARR; C. Bryant & R. D. Conger, in press), the authors hypothesized that interactional processes in the family of origin would predict interpersonal skills by the target youths, which would be positively related to the early adult couple's relationship quality. Observational ratings showed that nurturant-involved parenting in the family of origin predicted behaviors by the target youth to a romantic partner that were warm, supportive, and low in hostility. These competent behaviors of the target youth were positively associated with relationship quality for the early adult couple and also mediated or explained the connection between parenting and relationship quality.
This study explores the role that culture, particularly religious rites of passage, may play in emerging adulthood by examining the demographics, criteria for adulthood, identity development, and risk behavior of Mormon emerging adults.
This chapter examines the conceptions of adulthood of adolescents, emerging adults, and parents of adolescents in Israel. It shows a general consensus regarding the important markers of adulthood (similar to American middle-class conceptions) while identifying several cultural, age, and gender differences.
In this article, I argue that the trends associated with the second demographic transition are following two trajectories and leading to greater disparities in children's resources. Whereas children who were born to the most-educated women are gaining resources, in terms of parents' time and money, those who were born to the least-educated women are losing resources. The forces behind these changes include feminism, new birth control technologies, changes in labor market opportunities, and welfare-state policies. I contend that Americans should be concerned about the growing disparity in parental resources and that the government can do more to close the gap between rich and poor children.
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New directions for child and adolescent development: Cultural conceptions of the transition to adulthood
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