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Longman History of the United States of America

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... Entre elas as técnicas de craqueamento de derivados de petróleo, as novas tecnologias na fabricação de papel, vidro e outros produtos. 2829Para uma descrição da vida cultural e política dos EUA ver Brogan, 1985, cap.21. 2930Dados de Foreman-Peck, 1982 p. 9-44, ou órgãos públicos era suave. ...
... Em 1929 havia 26,7 milhões de veículos registrados nos EUA, que, na época, tinha 122 milhões de habitantes. VerBrogan 1985, p.509 e USA - Census Bureau, Historical Statistics, 2009. 3031Ver Chandler, Jr e Galambos, 1970 ...
... (Barnes, 1918, p692) [1] Even a month after the war broke out, in June 1775, Continental Congress voted to make a careful list of supplies captured from the English at Fort Ticonderoga so that they could be properly returned when restoration of the former harmony made it possible. (Hugh, 1990) [2] The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by Continental Congress on July 5th, 1775 to be sent to the King as a last attempt to prevent formal war from being declared. The Petition emphasized their loyalty to the British crown and emphasized their rights as British citizens. ...
... The American experience of transition from a Union through Confederation to a weakcenter federation and the structural expansion from thirteen to fifty component units (States) speak eloquently, regarding the strength derivable from fiscal federalism. (Brogan, 1985) A situation where the resources of certain component units are left to lie fallow while those of others are exploited is only feasible in a situation of dysfunctional federalism such as obtains in Nigeria. On federalism, Strong (1930) [12] offers that the extent to which a State is federal is determined by the degree to which the constitution permits the 'reserve of powers' with the units. ...
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Within a period of thirty-six years after independence, Nigeria grew from a three-unit to a thirty-six unit federation with ever increasing demand for further decentralization. This paper argues that tile bloated structure of the Nigerian federalism is a product of fiscal centralism, which it degenerated into during the fourth phase (1959-1966) of its historical experience in developing a fiscal policy. From the fiscal U-turn stipulated in independence Constitution to five ad hoc efforts at adjusting the Nigerian fiscal policy, it is obvious that the leadership has shown a complete lack of will to confront the issue decisively and adopt fiscal federalism which is a fundamental tenet of federalism. This paper further argues that this is not unconnected with the fact that fiscal centralism is in consonance with the nature of the military rule, which Nigeria was subjected to for thirty years out of her forty-year experience as a sovereign nation. Keywords: fiscal centralism, federalism, Nigeria
... The Settlement movement was to some extent also shaped by – and giving shape to – this duality. It can be seen as a precursor of a more inclusive notion of citizenship that was not fully articulated until Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and Social Security Act inaugurated, perhaps only implicitly, the American welfare state in the 1930s (Brogan 1985, 556). At the same time, the Settlements exercised a pastoral care over the victims of capitalism and paved the way towards a scientific management of the displaced and the dispossessed that ushered in scientifically based welfare provision. ...
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The modern social citizen is a dual figure: at one and the same time a legal-universal abstraction and a particular living being with specific capacities, proclivities and attitudes. The Settlement movement from the late nineteenth century articulated and shaped both universal and particular dimensions of social citizenship. It contained the imperative of guidance of individual conscience and the modern discourse of universal social rights. The article demonstrates that it is impossible to maintain a division between, on one side, the subject of individualizing pastoral care originating in religious poor relief and philanthropy, and, on the other side, formal rights based on universalism and the modern state. The Settlement movement lies at the pathway of belief, subjective interpretation and respect for the particular person and at the pathway of factual knowledge of social patterns and large-scale policy reforms. The focus on the particular person as subject was the legacy of Christian piety, whereas the concept of universal citizen was associated with the rise of social science at the University of Chicago. We explore this paradox of the particular and the universal through the work of Jane Addams as both sociologist and founder of Hull House.
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The article aims to juxtapose the aspects of Thomas H. Benton’s murals A Social History of the State of Indiana, known as The Indiana Murals, with the classic sociological monograph of Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture by Robert and Hellen Lynds. Benton’s murals were created for the Chicago World Fair in 1933; the Lynds published their mid-1920 research report in 1929. Both works show the Midwest social world, recognized by those authors as exemplary of the entire United States. The classics constitute an important socio-historical testimony and a valuable source of knowledge – among others, about the 1920s. Moreover, they should be treated as a representation of the collective mentality characteristic of the period of their creation. In this analysis, the work of sociologists is a reference point for the rendition of Indiana’s vision proposed by the artist. By indicating the similarities and differences between the positions of Benton and the Lynds, the past is reconstructed and the social nature of the “Long 1920s”, with a focus on the Roaring Twenties, is discussed.
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This book is the story of Gloria Jean Watkins (1952–2021), a Black woman from a small town in Kentucky who became a bell hooks—a feminist icon, one of the most significant and courageous voices of the contemporary debates on racial discrimination, feminism, and women’s and minority rights. The author focuses on the autobiographical dimension of bell hooks’ essays—it is a story about “biographical work” of a woman who creates herself in the course of writing her autobiography. THE BOOK IS AN OPEN-ACCESS E-BOOK & FREE TO DOWNLOAD HERE: https://www.wuw.pl/product-pol-18627-Becoming-bell-hooks-A-story-about-the-self-empowerment-of-a-Black-girl-who-became-a-feminist-EBOOK.html
Thesis
School is the only place most people come into contact with the history of this country, and there are always updated narratives of historical events as new source material surfaces. The Civil War is one of those eras about which our perception is constantly changing. There is a plethora of books on this topic published every year, many aimed specifically at children. These works draw heavily on original source documents that include material from diaries and letters, many of which are recently discovered sources. A large percentage of these are targeted at middle school reading audience. This explosion of new books makes it even more important to look at how the stories of the Civil War, which was a defining moment in our national history, are being told to our children. Have the message and the way the story is told changed over the course of time? What messages about this war and war in general are authors and educators giving to children? Answering these questions will form the basis of this research.
Chapter
The isolation created by the geographical location of Appalachian peoples has fostered self-reliance, dependence on family and kin, and distrust of outsiders often referred to as cooperative independence [1]. Because of the long history of isolation as well as outside exploitation of these peoples, they tend to be distrustful of outsiders and outside organizations [2]. Obtaining the trust of Appalachian people requires that one become a part of their culture, engaging in the community’s activities. Appalachian culture is person oriented rather than task oriented, and person’s identity is dependent on their community and kinship ties.
Thesis
Scope and Method of Study: Over the past 200 years, democracies have gradually traded rights based on property for rights based on experience. Thus, modern democracy is an adult activity; adult education is an also an adult activity. This commonality hinted at common roots for adult education and the American democratic tradition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the content of the documented works of foundational figures of the modern, North American adult education movement to determine where the essential adult learning principles rest in relation to the American democratic tradition. The study used a naturalistic content analysis where the works of Thomas Jefferson, John Dewey, Eduard Lindeman, Cyril Houle, Malcolm Knowles, J. Roby Kidd, and Myles Horton were unitized and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Findings and Conclusions: The research inductively found four categories in the data that formed a common conceptual world. At the center existed in the archetypal Centering Individual. These individuals have a self-convergent attitude, grow throughout life, utilize personal experience, display endless creativity, transcend their own senses, and engage with objects outside of themselves. Multiple centering individuals form an Enhancing Community. Such a community comes about organically, has a common motivating purpose, has reciprocal internal relations, displays a fierce solidarity, and is guided by a peer leader. The individual and the community exist within an Interactive Environment consisting of three subsets. These are the physical, containing tangible things; the cultural, encompassing social mores; and the mental, a universal set of contested concepts. Finally, a Changing Reality impacts the prior categories in two ways. On one hand, individuals adapt to change; conversely, they can become change agents. Because of the commonalities, adult education’s roots trace back to Jefferson. In addition, the American democratic tradition and adult learning theory work together like two yoked oxen. The close yoked nature pointed to the need for adult educators, advocates of democracy, and democratic citizens to realize that engaging in adult learning and education supports democracy.
Chapter
It is believed that the name America was first used on a map of the New World created by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in 1507, reputedly in recognition of the Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who had made a series of voyages to the region in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modernday Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition from the French centred on Quebec who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition from the French centred on Quebec who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition from the French centred on Quebec who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
Te earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. Te Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico fourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fshing supported major fortifed towns. Te frst Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition centred on Quebec from the French who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
The earliest inhabitants of the north American continent can be traced back to Palaeolithic times. The Pueblo culture in modern-day Colorado and New Mexico flourished from the 11th to the 14th century AD. In the 12th century permanent settlements appeared in the east where cultivation and fishing supported major fortified towns. The first Europeans to make their presence felt were the Spanish, who based themselves in Florida before venturing north and west. Santa Fe in New Mexico was founded in 1610. But by the mid-17th century there was competition from the French centred on Quebec who colonized the banks of the St Lawrence River.
Chapter
This chapter surveys a number of frontier episodes (historical examples which bring out the importance of our approach).
Article
This article makes a contribution to the general theory of citizenship. It argues that there is a need for a supplementary concept of ‘denizenship’ to illustrate changes to and erosion of postwar social citizenship as famously described by T H Marshall. The first aim is to construct a more theoretically developed idea of what the concept of a ‘denizen’ means in sociological terms. In its conventional meaning, this term describes a group of people permanently resident in a foreign country, but only enjoying limited partial rights of citizenship. I label this Denizenship Type 1. By contrast, Denizenship Type 2 refers to the erosion of social citizenship as citizens begin to resemble denizens or strangers in their own societies. The argument then is that there is a general convergence between citizenship and denizenship. As such, Denizenship Type 2 provides a possible supplement to the various terms that have recently been proposed, such as flexible citizenship, semi-citizenship, or precariat to describe the attenuated social and economic status of citizens under regimes of austerity and diminished rights and opportunities. As the life chances of citizens decline, they come to resemble denizens. One illustration of this basic transition is to be found in the changing nature of taxation. This observation also allows me simply to observe that the political economy of taxation has been somewhat neglected in the recent literature on citizenship where questions about identity and subjectivity have become more dominant. As a result of these socio-economic changes, the modern citizen is increasingly merely a denizen with thin, fragmented, and fragile social bonds to the public world. The corrosion of the social, economic, political, and legal framework of citizenship offers a new slogan: ‘we are all denizens now.’
Chapter
With 8.5 million dead and 20 million injured, there was nothing great about the Great War except the scale of destruction and despair. The defeat of Germany led only to bitter memories, dead and injured relatives and friends, promises betrayed, and, above all else, disillusion. Disillusion is part of what Samuel Hynes calls the “Myth of the War” — “not a falsification of reality, but an imaginative version of it, the story of the war that has evolved, and has come to be expected as true.” This “generation of innocent young men,” heads full of lofty ideals about “Honor, Glory, and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy.” He added that “They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them,” and concluded: “They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance” (1992, x).
Article
This article studies assimilation and Americanisation in a British-owned accountancy firm in the American Progressive Era. Due to shortages of competent American accountants, assimilation was a major task for Price, Waterhouse & Company in the US (PWCUS) between 1890 and 1914. The process is analysed by prior qualifications and experience, social class origins, and career tenure and locations associable with PWCUS personnel. Americanisation was a response by PWCUS to anti-immigrant nativism during the Progressive Era. The process is analysed through recruitment of American accountants, acquisition of American professional qualifications and citizenship, and involvement in American professional associations. By 1914, although PWCUS had assimilated numerous immigrants with potentially useful attributes, it had achieved only partial Americanisation. At this point, the firm's personnel consisted of an immigrant majority and an American minority. The British identity of PWCUS was accentuated by its use of British accountancy standards in American business engagements. PWCUS remained an American firm with a British persona because of its ownership, personnel and practices.
Article
De Soto, a Peruvian economist and entrepreneur, is probably the most important contemporary Latin American writer on production and reproduction. His central concept of "informality' focuses on income-generating and expenditure-saving activities that contravene official regulations but do not break conventional moral codes. De Soto's ideas, which lead to deregulation, debureaucratization, and privatization, are contrasted with the International Labour Office's "informal sector' concept, which advocates increased state support for small manufacturing and repair enterprises through credit, technical assistance, and training. Though conventionally portrayed as right-wing, his views are radically different from those of many conservatives and he has played a "maverick' role in Peruvian politics. -from Author
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Education has always been a key instrument of nation-building in new states. National education systems have typically been used to assimilate immigrants; to promote established religious doctrines; to spread the standard form of national languages; and to forge national identities and national cultures. They helped construct the very subjectivities of citizenship, justifying the ways of the state to the people and the duties of the people to the state. In this second edition of his seminal and widely-acclaimed book on the origins of public education in England, France, Prussia, and the USA, Andy Green shows how education has also been used as a tool of successful state formation in the developmental states of East Asia. While human capital theories have focused on how schools and colleges supply the skills for economic growth, Green shows how the forming of citizens and national identities through education has often provided the necessary condition for both economic and social development.
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RODRÍGUEZ VÁZQUEZ (Eds). 2010: Analizar datos > Describir variación / Analysing data > Describing variation. Vigo: ABSTRACT In this paper we analyse the axiological value of metaphor in economic discourse through the discussion of the metaphors used in the Spanish and British press to refer to the crisis in the American subprime sector. The cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff 1987, 2006; Lakoff & Johnson 1980), which views metaphor as a conceptual mapping from a concrete source domain to an abstract target domain, provides the theoretical background of the study. The basis for our empirical investigation is a corpus consisting of articles from three widely read newspapers: El País, El Mundo, and Financial Times. We attempt to demonstrate the evaluative component of metaphor. On the one hand, the conceptual metaphors found (THE ECONOMY IS A PATIENT, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE WEATHER PHENOMENA, and ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ARE NATURAL DISASTERS) are key to influencing the strongly negative vision about the American credit crisis. On the other hand, the metaphorical representation contributes to erode the ideal of the American dream, a social ideal that focuses on material prosperity primarily achieved through home ownership.
Article
Purpose This study seeks to examine aspects of social class associated with British public accountancy immigrants to the USA prior to the First World War. The study's specific purpose is to investigate the social mobility and fluidity associated with these élite immigrants in the early history of US public accountancy. Design/methodology/approach The paper is informed by previous studies of both social class and élite immigration and uses biographical data describing 395 British chartered and incorporated accountancy immigrants entering the USA between 1875 and 1914. Data analyses describe social mobility and fluidity based on the recorded occupations of these élite immigrants. Findings Despite their élite status, the immigrants experienced inter‐generational downward mobility immediately post‐migration. The evidence also indicates inter‐generational and intra‐generational upward mobility for immigrants settling in the USA and for those who did not settle there. The study further reveals evidence of social fluidity associated with both settlers and non‐settlers. Practical implications The study suggests that immigration to the USA did not immediately improve the occupational status of British public accountants who settled there. Nor, compared to those who did not settle in the USA, was it necessarily a more advantageous career path to improved occupational status. The study adds to existing knowledge of British accountants in the early US public accountancy profession and, more generally, to that of social mobility associated with immigration of the period. Originality/value The study is significant because it provides knowledge of social mobility and fluidity associated with élite immigrants and contributes to the social history of British accountants in the early development of US public accountancy.
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In 2 vols. BLDSC reference no.: DX182369. Thesis (doctoral)--City University (London, England), 1994.
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Federal regulation of child labor, unlike that passed in early nineteenth-century England did not materialize until the New Deal of the 1930s. The present paper examines, using anecdotal and empirical evidence, the motives underlying the passage of depression-based child labor legislation embodied in the Senate vote on the Fair Labor Standards Act. The authors' study, which utilizes both dichotomous and trichotomous probit models of the vote, finds evidence that there were critical and dominant private, as opposed to public, interests behind the restrictions that the act placed on child labor and the exemptions that it established. Copyright 1995 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
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