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Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorder
... Any physical or psychological stimuli can invoke a stress response due to the disruption of homeostasis. Or in other words, an environmental demand (stressor) translates both into psychological (self-appraisal or perception) and biological responses (stress response) in the body [12]. Response to these stressors is shown to be mediated by a complex interplay of nervous, endocrine, and immune mechanisms, which in turn produce objective physiological changes such as altered HRV [13]. ...
... Psychological stress occurs when a stressful condition causes negative affective states (e.g., feelings of anxiety and depression) in an individual where they perceive that the environment's demand exceeds their capacity [12] and invoke physiological changes in the body. Studies have shown that psychological stressors such as public speaking or interpersonal conflict have been shown to evoke increases in blood pressure and heart rate [21]. ...
... While previous reviews support the notion that changes in HRV is a valuable physiological indicator of psychological stress, it is unclear whether psychometrically validated instruments underpin stress assessments in all the considered studies. If quantified using psychometrically validated instruments, the perceived subjective component of stress [12] is more likely to reduce errors and biases associated with self-reports [22]. Second, findings from studies based on different stress contexts or demands such as physiological (e.g., pain, hunger), psychosocial, cognitive load, anticipatory etc., (e.g., mathematical tasks, social exclusion, achievement, or competitive situations) and different protocols of stress inducement were all congregated in the synthesis and meta-analysis of reviews as though the autonomic responses experienced in all these scenarios are homogenous [18]. ...
The utility of heart rate variability (HRV) for characterizing psychological stress is primarily impacted by methodological considerations such as study populations, experienced versus induced stress, and method of stress assessment. Here, we review studies on the associations between HRV and psychological stress, examining the nature of stress, ways stress was assessed, and HRV metrics used. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines on select databases. Studies that examined the HRV-stress relationship via repeated measurements and validated psychometric instruments were included (n = 15). Participant numbers and ages ranged between 10 and 403 subjects and 18 and 60 years, respectively. Both experimental (n = 9) and real-life stress (n = 6) have been explored. While RMSSD was the most reported HRV metric (n = 10) significantly associated with stress, other metrics, including LF/HF (n = 7) and HF power (n = 6) were also reported. Various linear and nonlinear HRV metrics have been utilized, with nonlinear metrics used less often. The most frequently used psychometric instrument was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (n = 10), though various other instruments have been reported. In conclusion, HRV is a valid measure of the psychological stress response. Standard stress induction and assessment protocols combined with validated HRV measures in different domains will improve the validity of findings.
... Theories relating to stress were discussed which are the environmental stress perspective, the psychological stress perspective, and the biological stress perspective. The theories were propounded by Cohen, et al., in 1995. Stress is the most undesirable condition of life which everyone detests or abhorred and would do all that is humanly possible to avoid it. ...
... It discusses some sources of stress and how stress can be reduced if not completely eliminated. Cohen, et al., (1995) cited in Desiree Despues (1999) defines stress as a process in which environmental demands strain an organisms adaptive capacity, resulting in both psychological as well as biological changes that could place a person at risk for illness. What this means is that environment can cause certain stress on the individual. ...
... In the discourse of stress theories, Cohen, et al., (1995 andDesiree Despues (1999) have enunciated and identified three sets of stress theories in the following perspectives: ...
This paper examines the topic of stress, stressor and stress management. Their search is theoretically based using the secondary sources of data to accomplish the search objective. Effort was made to differentiate between stress and stressor. While stress according to the authors is the feeling we have about a situation, condition, environment, work, and humans we have encountered; those things which causes stress, is the stressor. Theories relating to stress were discussed which are the environmental stress perspective, the psychological stress perspective, and the biological stress perspective. The theories were propounded by Cohen, et al., in 1995. Stress is the most undesirable condition of life which everyone detests or abhorred and would do all that is humanly possible to avoid it. Some push factors of stress were enumerated and what organization could do to reduce stress amongst its employees was also discussed by the authors. Their search reveals that enough hours of sleep is important to all humans to control stress and in order to recreate the stressed body. One should not be too busy to deny himself of the needed relaxation and exercising for health promotion. Those at the position of higher level of authority should learn to reduce stress on their subordinates in workplace with a view to creating friendly atmosphere and increase in productivity of the organization.
... This may be because parents with higher education levels are relatively more capable of promoting their children's all-around development and tend to pay more attention to their children's mental health education [65]. Fourth, healthy family functioning contributes to the development and maintenance of students' mental health [66]. The relationship between family functioning and college students' anxiety has been highlighted during the COVID-19 epidemic. ...
... The relationship between family functioning and college students' anxiety has been highlighted during the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study show that healthy family function can effectively alleviate the anxiety of college students during the coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, and anxiety is reduced when staying with their parents [66]. ...
... This review found that current research on the influencing factors of college student anxiety is relatively limited and lacks a comprehensive analysis. For example, most studies have separately explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, family functioning, sleep, diet, drinking, and other factors on college student anxiety [36,37,52,66]. Therefore, this study takes the perspective of different stakeholders and reasonably divides various influencing factors, which facilitates clearer and more in-depth discussion. ...
The worldwide prevalence of anxiety disorders among college students is high, which negatively affects countries, schools, families, and individual students to varying degrees. This paper reviews the relevant literature regarding risk factors and digital interventions for anxiety disorders among college students from the perspectives of different stakeholders. Risk factors at the national and societal levels include class differences and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. College-level risk factors include the indoor environment design of the college environment, peer relationships, student satisfaction with college culture, and school functional levels. Family-level risk factors include parenting style, family relationship, and parental level of education. Individual-level risk factors include biological factors, lifestyle, and personality. Among the intervention options for college students' anxiety disorders, in addition to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, psychological counseling, and group counseling, digital mental health interventions are increasingly popular due to their low cost, positive effect, and convenient diagnostics and treatment. To better apply digital intervention to the prevention and treatment of college students' anxiety, this paper suggests that the different stakeholders form a synergy among themselves. The nation and society should provide necessary policy guarantees, financial support, and moral and ethical supervision for the prevention and treatment of college students' anxiety disorders. Colleges should actively participate in the screening and intervention of college students' anxiety disorders. Families should increase their awareness of college students' anxiety disorders and take the initiative to study and understand various digital intervention methods. College students with anxiety disorders should actively seek psychological assistance and actively accept and participate in digital intervention projects and services. We believe that in the future, the application of methods such as big data and artificial intelligence to improve digital interventions and provide individualized treatment plans will become the primary means of preventing and treating anxiety disorders among college students.
... Therefore, it is not a mandatory choice between problem-focused and emotion-focused. A combination of both is often effective and viable for dealing with stressors and protecting well-being (Lazarus, 1993;Cohen et al., 1995). The effectiveness of coping depends on the stressor's nature, duration, situational factors, and individual personality. ...
... The effectiveness of coping depends on the stressor's nature, duration, situational factors, and individual personality. Therefore, it is apt to say that coping is situation/context-specific, and its effectiveness depends on multiple factors, not just the category of coping itself (Cohen et al., 1995;Shimazu and Schaufeli, 2007). Therefore, coping and stress share a significant and complex relationship as the perception of stressors is needed to activate the coping process. ...
... Coping is context-specific or situation-specific, as the stressor's nature, duration, personality, and existing resources will determine what action to take (Cohen et al., 1995). Witnessing a pandemic in the form of the COVID-19 virus was a stressor for the world, and an individual experiencing the lockdown, the contagious nature of the virus, and no existing cure had made it challenging for most people Frontiers in Psychology 03 frontiersin.org in the world. ...
The present study examines the mediating role of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping between stress and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample comprised 501 (312 women and 184 men aged between 18 and 42) Indians who experienced the first-ever continued lockdown in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study confirmed the presence of perceived stress due to the lockdown and pandemic among participants. Furthermore, perceived stress, coping including emotion-focused and problem-focused, and psychological well-being were found to be interrelated. The serial mediation analysis revealed that participants dealt with stress by choosing emotion-focused coping first as an immediate resort. After a reappraisal of stress-inducing situations, they used problem-focused coping, and this sequence of constant coping mechanisms helped maintain their psychological well-being. The findings of this study can be applied to develop strategies for people’s mental health by public health organizations and health professionals.
... Stress is defined as a process in which environmental demands strain one's adaptive capacity resulting in both psychological demands as well as biological changes that could place at risk for illness (Cohen et al., 1995). Stressors are things that cause stress. ...
... Stress can be of any size or shape; it can be even caused by our thoughts. There are three theories or prospective regarding stress environmental stress, psychological stress and biological stress (Cohen et al., 1995). The environmental stress perspective emphasizes the assessment of environmental situations or experiences that are objectively related to substantial adaptive demands. ...
... The psychological stress perspective emphasizes people's subjective evaluations of their ability to cope with demands presented to them by certain situations and experiences. Finally, the biological stress perspective emphasizes the function of certain physiological systems in the body that are regulated by both psychologically and physically demanding conditions (Cohen et al., 1995). Severe strains are produced by stressful life events or experiences, namely-marriage, divorce, illness or injury, and changing or losing a job. ...
... Stress refers to a process where environmental demands (i.e., stressors) exceed the adaptive capacity of an individual, resulting in psychological and biological responses (i.e., stress-response) [9]. The environmental demands may entail either physical (e.g., pain, injury) or psychological (e.g., life changes, abuse) stressors, or a combination. ...
... The environmental demands may entail either physical (e.g., pain, injury) or psychological (e.g., life changes, abuse) stressors, or a combination. The extent of the stress-response depends on the nature of the stressor (magnitude and duration), as well as an individual's biological and psychological vulnerability [9][10][11]. In healthy individuals, the biological stress-response restores homeostatic balance by initiating fast, sympathetic changes, and by activating the slower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that results in cortisol release [12]. ...
Psychological stress, a state of mental strain caused by mentally or physically threatening situations, plays a significant role in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Motor symptoms worsen during acute stress and common non-motor symptoms in PD, such as anxiety and depression, are linked to chronic stress. Although evidence in humans is lacking, animal models of PD suggest that chronic stress can accelerate dopaminergic cell death. This suggests that stress-reducing interventions have not only symptomatic, but perhaps also disease-modifying effects. Our objective was to identify the most promising strategies for stress-reduction in PD and to analyze their potential value for disease-modification. An unstructured literature search was performed, primarily focusing on papers published between 2020–2023. Several large clinical trials have tested the efficacy of aerobic exercise and mindfulness-based interventions on PD symptoms. The evidence is promising, but not definitive yet: some exercise trials found a reduction in stress-related symptoms, whereas others did not or did not report it. In the majority of trials, biological measures of stress and of disease progression are missing. Furthermore, follow-up periods were generally too short to measure disease-modifying effects. Hence, mechanisms underlying the intervention effects remain largely unclear. These effects may consist of attenuating progressive neurodegeneration (measured with MRI-markers of substantia nigra integrity or cortical thickness), or a strengthening of compensatory cerebral mechanisms (measured with functional neuroimaging), or both. Lifestyle interventions are effective for alleviating stress-related symptoms in PD. They hold potential for exerting disease-modifying effects, but new evidence in humans is necessary to fulfill that promise.
... Different studies of psychological stress emphasized on either the occurrence of environmental events that are consensually judged as exceeding one's capability to survive or a person's responses to different situations that are indicative of this load, such as stress and situation-elicited negative emotions. (Cohen et al, 1995 and2007). According to Folksman and Lazarus (1984) stress is an indication of a specific type of a relation that is between the individual and his or her environment that is judged by the individual as greatly exceeding which is beyond his resources and can endangered the well-being of that person. ...
... The depression scale items are 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, and 42. The items for the subscale of stress are 1,6,8,11,12,14,18,22,27,29,32,33,35,39.While the remaining items are for the anxiety subscale. For the present study the subscales of depression and stress from DASS were used. ...
The present study aimed to find out the impact of hope on depression and stress and to determine the correlation between hope, depression and stress among college students. The sample consisted of total nighty one participants (n=91). The sample was approached at different colleges of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. Depression Anxiety Stress questionnaire (DASS) developed by Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) and Adult Hope Scale developed by Snyder and colleagues (1991) were administered to measure depression, stress and level of hope among college students. Results clearly indicated the negative correlation between depression and hope and between stress and hope. The regression analysis also showed that depression is a predictor of hope though no significant relation was found between hope and stress. JEL Classification: D90, D91, E71
... Stress is described as an occurrence in which external and internal demands burden one's abilities, causing both mental and physical changes that could reflect in the form of illness [1]. Regardless of age, sex, and socioeconomic factors, it can affect anyone, and the factors which cause stress are called stressors [2]. ...
... There are three philosophies about sources of stress, environmental stress, mental stress, and physical or biological stress [1]. Either of these sources requires an assessment of the situation and analysis to find the cause and its resolution. ...
In today’s fast-paced technological world, life is offering many conveniences and luxuries which were not realistic a few decades ago. However, several pros come along with the cons, and one such con is “Stress”. In daily life chores, people are exposed to several factors which could be the causes of stress. On the one hand, age, life experiences make one more mature and wiser. On the other hand, due to age-related changes physically, one may become more fragile and susceptible to the impact of stress. As humans can’t control the aging process and the physical adaptability to handle stress, they try to increase the mental grip by finding a better stress-coping system. Therefore, in this modern world, even though people are more passionate about materialism and luxuries, they are also getting closer to spirituality and religion to find a peaceful mind and better mental strength. No doubt, spirituality, and religion are demonstrating a positive influence on mental, physical, and behavioral health and becoming a line of treatment in today’s healthcare system.
... Stress may be considered a product of experiencing acutely stressful events, a set of circumstances that people would generally agree is stressful, or the combined effects of individual stressors over time (Cohen et al., 1995). In general, stress captures the process that individuals experience when environmental demands exceed the capacity of an individual (Cohen et al., 1995;). ...
... Stress may be considered a product of experiencing acutely stressful events, a set of circumstances that people would generally agree is stressful, or the combined effects of individual stressors over time (Cohen et al., 1995). In general, stress captures the process that individuals experience when environmental demands exceed the capacity of an individual (Cohen et al., 1995;). Despite a lack of consensus on the perfect definition of stress, there is a consistent evidence that stress is associated with a variety of negative physical health outcomes (Segerstrom and Miller, 2004;O'Connor et al., 2021) and that stress affects health outcomes in humans through a variety of mechanisms. ...
Recent surveys suggest that confidence in police reached its lowest level on record in the wake of controversial police custody deaths and associated protests in recent years. Meanwhile, research has found links between perceptions of low public support for police and a variety of negative outcomes among police officers, including stress and withdrawal. The consequences of psychological stress, according to much other research, include a variety of physical health problems. The present study synthesizes these bodies of research by examining whether perceptions of low public support are associated with physical, somatic symptoms in police officers, including headaches, gastrointestinal problems, sleep disturbances, and upper respiratory infections. Structural equation modelling of 4,221 officer surveys from a Southeastern U.S. state collected in January of 2022 suggests that officers are quite literally worried sick about poor police–public relations, and that stress mediates this relationship. We discuss the implications of these findings for officer wellness and the relationship between mental and physical well being among officers. Furthermore, we discuss practical recommendations for police leaders who may be struggling to promote officer wellness during a period of intense public scrutiny.
... Stress is defined as a process in which the demands of the environment overload the adaptation capacity of an organism, which may lead to both psychological and biological changes [1]. ...
... Each item is evaluated on a Likert scale with 4 anchors, from 0 = never, to 3 = always. The items for anxiety are represented by odd questions (1,3,5,7,9,11,13) and indicate a level of depression rated on a Likert scale. The items for depression are represented by even questions (2,4,6,8,10,12,14) and indicate a level of depression rated on a Likert scale. ...
Background and Objectives: Cortisol, the stress hormone, is an important factor in initiating and maintaining lactation. Maternal suffering during pregnancy is predictive for the initiation and shorter duration of breastfeeding and can also lead to its termination. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the level of salivary cortisol in the third trimester of pregnancy and the initiation of breastfeeding in the postpartum period in a cohort of young pregnant women who wanted to exclusively breastfeed their newborns during hospitalization. Materials and Methods: For the study, full-term pregnant women were recruited between January and May 2022 in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the Mureș County Clinical Hospital. Socio-demographic, clinical obstetric and neonatal variables were collected. Breastfeeding efficiency was assessed using the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool at 24 and 48 h after birth. The mean value of the LATCH score assessed at 24 and 48 h of age was higher among mothers who had a higher mean value of salivary cortisol measured in the third trimester of pregnancy (p < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to detect risk factors for the success of early breastfeeding initiation. Results: A quarter of pregnant women had a salivary cortisol level above normal limits during the third trimester of pregnancy. There is a statistically significant association between maternal smoking , alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the level of anxiety or depression. Conclusion: The most important finding of this study was that increased salivary cortisol in the last trimester of pregnancy was not associated with delayed initiation/absence of breastfeeding.
... Erkrankungen erhöhen kann (Cohen, Kessler & Gordon, 1995;McEwen, 1998 (Cohen, Kessler & Gordon, 1995;McEwen, 1998). Darüber hinaus beeinflusst psychologischer Stress den sog. ...
... Erkrankungen erhöhen kann (Cohen, Kessler & Gordon, 1995;McEwen, 1998 (Cohen, Kessler & Gordon, 1995;McEwen, 1998). Darüber hinaus beeinflusst psychologischer Stress den sog. ...
EINLEITUNG Das Gesundheitswesen verzeichnete in den letzten Jahren überdurchschnittlich viele berufsbedingte Erkrankungen. Unter anderem zählen hierzu psychische Störungen, deren Entstehung wiederum auf eine erhörte Arbeitsbelastung zurückgeführt werden kann. Neben dem Fakt, dass interaktive Arbeitsplätze sehr häufig mit Streitigkeiten einhergehen können, wird hier der Faktor Zeit genannt. Diesbezüglich wird berichtet, dass insbesondere ein hohes Arbeitstempo und ein hoher zeitlicher Druck zu einer Steigerung der empfundenen Arbeitsbelastung führen. Für den Fachbereich der Physiotherapie ist die Datenlage schwach ausgeprägt und gibt nur partiellen Einblick in dieses Berufsbild. Vergleiche bezüglich verschiedener Therapieintervalle, also der zur Verfügung stehenden Zeit pro Patient, existieren im deutschsprachigen Raum nur in einer weiteren Studie.
ZIELSETZUNG Diese Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel zu untersuchen, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Therapieintervalle auf die empfundene Arbeitsbelastung und die damit verbundene psychische Beanspruchung der Therapeutenschaft haben und geht von der Hypothese aus, dass Unterschiede zwischen den Therapieintervallen bestehen. Außerdem soll ein Vergleich zu dem Durchschnitt aller Berufsgruppen in Deutschland bezüglich dieser Dimensionen gezogen werden.
METHODE Durch eine Online-Befragung in sozialen Netzwerken mittels des Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire werden Physiotherapeuten und Physiotherapeutinnen zu den Dimensionen Arbeitsbelastung und Beanspruchung befragt. Es werden die Gruppen 15-Minuten-Takt, 20-Minuten-Takt, 30-Minuten-Takt und mehr als 30-Minuten-Takt zur differenzierten Untersuchung angelegt. Die Daten werden durch den statistischen H-Test ausgewertet und durch ein zweites Analyseverfahren auf den Einfluss abweichender Variablen geprüft.
ERGEBNISSE Die Befragung wurde von n = 337 Personen beantwortet. Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede konnten in zwei der 12 untersuchten Skalen nachgewiesen werden. Hierzu zählen die Skalen quantitative Anforderungen (p = 0.001) und Spielraum bei Pausen und Urlaub (p = 0.018). Keine der Skalen zur Dimension psychische Beanspruchung erreichte Signifikanz. Im externen Vergleich lagen die meisten Skalen oberhalb des Berufsgruppendurchschnitts. Die stärksten Belastungs- und Beanspruchungszeichen wies Gruppe 15-Minuten-Takt auf, die niedrigste Ausprägung Gruppe 30-Minuten-Takt.
DISKUSSION Daraus könnte geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Bewertung der quantitativen Anforderung respektive Spielraum bei Pausen und Urlaub zwischen den Taktungsformen variiert. Darüber hinaus könnte abgeleitet werden, dass die Ausübung der Arbeit im 15-Minuten-Takt im Vergleich zu anderen Berufsgruppen zu einer besonders starken Ausprägung von Belastungs- und Beanspruchungszeichen führt. FAZIT Der Einfluss der Taktung, bezogen auf die Arbeitsbelastung und die psychische Beanspruchung, lässt sich insgesamt als gering beschreiben und zeigt Unterschiede nur zwischen den Gruppen 15-Minuten-Takt und 30-Minuten-Takt respektive 20-Minuten- Takt und 30-Minuten-Takt auf.
... The pattern of adaptation shown in the study carried out by McCarty et al. [45], indicated resemblance to processes of habituation and sensitization. Prolonged activation of HPA and SAM can interfere with various physiological systems causing risk of psychological disorders [46,47]. ...
Uncontrolled population growth has raised serious concerns among future policymakers. Although fertility rate has declined substantially over time, in developing countries the rate is still very high. Most of these countries face serious issues such as; severe poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, homelessness, financial insecurity, and medical insufficiency, leading to psychological distress. This article explores the mechanisms of psychological stress and its potential effects on human fertility. An attempt is made to differ from the existing claim that stress is anti-steroidogenic. This counter was based on earlier studies on adaptation of acute stress and overcoming stress stimuli. Which have asserted that individual adaptive abilities can alter the negative outcome of psychological stress depending on genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors. One of such adaptations comes from mitochondrial efficiency. An extensive energy demand during stress is achieved through competitive mitochondrial biogenesis. Earlier studies have noted that psychological stress triggers mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, theoretically, mitochondrial biogenesis may also contribute in augmenting quality of sperm. In conclusion, stress induced biogenesis of mitochondria may contribute in enhancing fertility. Future studies on the degree of psychological stress and its possible retaliation through mitochondrial biogenesis, and subsequent responses to metabolic, and mechanical pathways, would open new avenues in understanding human fertility.
... This demands can be of physical or psychological nature [2] [3]. Especially psychological stress, which can be defined as "stress that occurs when an individual perceives that environmental demands tax or exceed his or her adaptive capacity" [4], is a topic of great interest in healthcare. While both stressors, psychological and physiological, are of very different nature and by thus, have different effects on the body, they also share a subset of comparable effects on the body [5]. ...
Stress is a feeling of emotional and physical tension, that poses as a risk factor in many diseases, for example the nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal system. Fast and easy detection could be a first step in order to help people manage their stress-levels. This paper depicts an ongoing work in the domain of stress prediction with Heart Rate Variability related features by classifying two different levels on the Stress-Predict Dataset. The performance of different clas-sifiers was tested with Leave-One-Subject-Out Cross Validation and compared to each other. The best performance was reached with the Aggregated Mondrian Forest Classifier and a mean balanced accuracy of 97.87%.
... Psychological stress can be defined as the perceived exceeding of one's coping abilities due to external circumstances (Cohen et al., 1995) or the "relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being" (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, p. 19). Stress is the main contributor to the genesis and exacerbation of mental health problems such as depression and anxiety disorders (e.g., Lindholdt et al., 2021;Pêgo et al., 2010;Plieger et al., 2015). ...
... These disorders can range from obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and are associated with several other mental health conditions, such as sleep problems, substance use, pain, and bodily complaints. In such disorders, patients struggle with reduced adaptability to mental, physical, or emotional stressors and become more susceptible to health problems over time (Cohen et al., 1995;McEwen and Akil, 2020). ...
Stress disorders are psychiatric disorders arising following stressful or traumatic events. They could deleteriously affect an individual's health because they often co-occur with mental illnesses. Considerable attention has been focused on neurons when considering the neurobiology of stress disorders. However, like other mental health conditions, recent studies have highlighted the importance of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In addition to their structural and homeostatic support role, astrocytes actively serve several functions in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, protecting neurons from toxic compounds, and providing metabolic support for neurons. The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model sets forth the importance of astrocytes in providing lactate for the metabolic supply of neurons under intense activity. Lactate also plays a role as a signaling molecule and has been recently studied regarding its antidepressant activity. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes and brain energy metabolism in stress and further reflects on the importance of lactate as an energy supply in the brain and its emerging antidepressant role in stress-related disorders
... Studies further reveal that more than 70 percent of male are affected by heart problem and females are more prone to depression and various gynecological problems. [2] ...
The study was conducted to explore and manage depression, stress and anxiety among college students by providing guided intervention of scientific spiritual method of AUM meditation.
... Stress, on the other hand, can be defined as a state of constantly perceived mental tension. Stress occurs when the individual perceives the demands expected from him/her as excessive or feels that the capacity to adapt is insufficient (Cohen et al., 1995). It is known that the share of stress in the formation of diseases is large. ...
In this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between emotional reactivity, depression, anxiety and stress in elite athletes, considering that psychological qualities such as emotional reactivity and anxiety observed in athletes due to the heavy preparation conditions inherent in sports and the recent breaks in sports may increase the risk of psycho-social disorders. In this descriptive study, the relational survey model was used. The study group of the research consisted of a total of 209 elite level athletes, 59 women and 150 men, in different branches. As a data collection tool; “Emotional Responsiveness Scale” and “Turkish Short Form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Dass 21)” were used. As a result of the study, there were significant differences between the emotional reactivity and depression, anxiety, and stress levels of the athletes involved in team sports compared to the athletes involved in individual sports, according to the sports branch. However, it has been determined that there is a positive and highly significant relationship between the emotional reactivity of the athletes and their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. As a result, considering the strong relationship between emotional reactivity and psychological adjustment skills, it is important to take protective measures in both social and professional lives of athletes for this concept, as an increase in the level of emotional reactivity may have positive relations with some psychological adjustment skills.Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Elite Athlete, Emotional Reactivity, Stress
... Stress refers to a physiological and psychological response to perceived threats or demands that exceed an individual's coping abilities, resulting in a state of tension and strain (Cohen et al., 1995). MBI was originally developed for stress reduction (Kabat-Zinn, 1982). ...
Background
Nature-based therapy (NBT), which centers around engaging in activities within natural surroundings, has consistently demonstrated therapeutic benefits for mental health. While NBT highlights the potential of nature as a therapeutic resource for promoting mental health, there is limited knowledge regarding its underlying mechanisms.
Methods
Two hundred seventy-six Korean participants (204 women, mean age = 54.99 ± 23.25 years) participated in a 30-session gardening program held twice weekly for 15 weeks. Structural equation modeling with a two-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model was used to investigate the mediating effects of mindfulness.
Results
NBT significantly improved the mean scores of all psychological variables. The mediation model was partially confirmed, with mindfulness at post-intervention (T2) mediating the relationship between baseline (T1) depression and anxiety and post-intervention (T2) life satisfaction. However, no significant indirect effect was observed between the path from stress (T1) to life satisfaction (T2).
Conclusion
Mindfulness is a crucial component for improving mental health outcomes. This study underscores the need to prioritize and emphasize mindfulness practices in NBT.
... Stress has been defined as a process in which environmental demands exceed the adaptive capacity of an organism, leading to psychological and biological changes that direct persons at risk for disease (Cohen et al., 1995). Symptoms of stress obstruct an individual's well-being and results in the way that individuals interact with the environment based on their own values Stress has a complex interrelation with individual psychological factors, psychosocial factors and environmental factors (Bergdahl & Bergdahl, 2002). ...
Background and objective: Negative emotional status due to various life challenges have been reported very often among adult population. These problems increase the risk of developing mental health problems and accelerate their progression in communities. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, self-reported reasons for psychological distress and coping strategies among adults in Nagoda Divisional Secretariat area, Galle, Sri Lanka.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 280 adults aged 20-64 years, selected using cluster sampling from randomly selected five Grama Niladari divisions in Nagoda Divisional Secretariat area. Previously validated Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21(DASS-21) was administered to assess the symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were performed using SPSS software (Version 23).Results: Of the participants, 59.3% were females. Around 40% were aged 35-50 years. The prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were identified as 33.2%, 18.6% and 59.6% respectively. Prevalence of symptoms of depression (37.9%) and anxiety (21.7%) were higher among females. Stress was more prevalent (52.6%) in males. Gender (p=0.042) and living arrangement (p=0.025) showed a significant association with depression. Presence of a comorbidity (p=0.040) showed a significant association with stress. The reasons for psychological distress perceived by participants were; health issues of family members (53.6%), own health problems (52.1%), relationship issues (44.3%) and dietary pattern associated issues (44%). A few participants reported meditation (15.4%), engaging in exercises (14.6%), seeking counselling support (13.9%) and recreational activities (14.3%) as their healthy coping strategies.Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of symptoms of stress compared to depression and anxiety among adults and major determinants of emotional symptoms were personal and family health issues. Only few individuals were practicing healthy coping strategies. The results emphasize the importance of improving adult health at community level that may contribute to positive mental health.
... The content of the training was provided by Headspace [70] and based on well-established concepts and practices within the stress [71][72][73][74], stress management [75,76], and mindfulness training [11] literature. The program involved a daily combination of evidence-based stress management techniques including an advice video featuring stress psychoeducation, a mindfulness meditation, a relaxation method (ie, progressive muscle relaxation), and a reflective activity (ie, gratitude prompts). ...
Background: Stress-related mental health disorders have steadily increased and contributed to a worldwide disease burden with up to 50% experiencing a stress-related mental health disorder worldwide. Data suggest that only approximately 20%-65% of individuals receive treatment. This gap in receiving treatment may be attributed to barriers such as limited treatment access, negative stigma surrounding mental health treatment, approachability (ie, not having a usual treatment plan or provider), affordability (ie, lack of insurance coverage and high treatment cost), and availability (ie, long waits for appointments) leaving those who need treatment without necessary care. To mitigate the limited access mental health treatment, there has been a rise in the application and study of digital mental health interventions. As such, there is an urgent need and opportunity for effective digital mental health interventions to alleviate stress symptoms, potentially reducing adverse outcomes of stress-related disorders.
Objective: This study examined if app-based guided mindfulness could improve subjective levels of stress and influence physiological markers of stress reactivity in a population with elevated symptoms of stress.
Methods: The study included 163 participants who had moderate to high perceived stress as assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Participants were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 groups: a digital guided program designed to alleviate stress (Managing Stress), a digital mindfulness fundamentals course (Basics), digitally delivered breathing exercises, an active control intervention (Audiobook), and a Waitlist Control group. The 3 formats of mindfulness interventions (Managing Stress, Basics, and Breathing) all had a total duration of 300 minutes spanning 20-30 days. Primary outcome measures were perceived stress using the PSS-10, self-reported sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and trait mindfulness using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. To probe the effects of physiological stress, an acute stress manipulation task was included, specifically the cold pressor task (CPT). Heart rate variability was collected before, during, and after exposure to the CPT and used as a measure of physiological stress.
Results: The results showed that PSS-10 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores for the Managing Stress (all P<.001) and Basics (all P≤.002) groups were significantly reduced between preintervention and postintervention periods, while no significant differences were reported for the other groups. No significant differences among groups were reported for Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (P=.13). The physiological results revealed that the Managing Stress (P<.001) and Basics (P=.01) groups displayed reduced physiological stress reactivity between the preintervention and postintervention periods on the CPT. There were no significant differences reported for the other groups.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate efficacy of app-based mindfulness in a population with moderate to high stress on improving self-reported stress, sleep quality, and physiological measures of stress during an acute stress manipulation task.
... State anxiety-an emotional response to environmental stressors (S. Cohen, Kessler, & Gordon, 1995;Lobel & Dunkel-Schetter, 1990)-has been the most commonly studied affective state in pregnancy and is associated, albeit weakly, with birth outcomes in some studies (Lobel, 1994). In addition, a contextually tied form of anxiety, pregnancyrelated anxiety, has been developed in our research and is conceptualized as a woman's fears about her baby's health, her own health, and labor and delivery. ...
Prenatal psychosocial predictors of infant birth weight and length of gestation were investigated in a prospective study of 120 Hispanic and 110 White pregnant women. Hypotheses specifying that personal resources (mastery, self-esteem, optimism), prenatal stress (state and pregnancy anxiety), and sociocultural factors (income, education, ethnicity) would have different effects on birth outcomes were tested using structural equation modeling. Results confirmed that women with stronger resources had higher birth weight babies (β = .21), whereas those reporting more stress had shorter gestations (β = −.20). Resources were also associated with lower stress (β = −.67), being married, being White, having higher income and education, and giving birth for the first time. There was no evidence that resources buffered the effects of stress. The importance of personal resources in pregnancy is highlighted along with implications for understanding the etiology of adverse birth outcomes.
... While the measurement of actual events is often considered to be of greater objective value, recall bias could impact associations between exposure and outcome [19]. Moreover, it may be the individual's perceptions and evaluations of occurring events that are causing stress rather than the event itself [16,20]. Thus, for studies examining adverse outcomes of stress during pregnancy, the assessment of perceived stress may be of great interest. ...
Background
Externalizing behavior problems are related to social maladjustment. Evidence indicates associations between prenatal stress and child behavioral outcomes. It remains unclear how psychological distress vs. biological correlates of stress (cortisol) differentially predict externalizing behavior, and how their effects might differ as a function of child sex.
Method
108 pregnant women from the community collected salivary cortisol and reported their perceived stress during each trimester of pregnancy. At child age 9 years (M = 9.01, SD = 0.55), 70 mothers and children reported on child behavior. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze how cortisol levels and perceived stress during pregnancy predicted current child externalizing behavior, considering the moderating effect of child sex.
Results
Perceived stress predicted higher externalizing behavior in boys (β = 0.42, p = 0.009) and lower externalizing behavior in girls (β = − 0.56, p = 0.014). Cortisol predicted lower externalizing behavior in boys (β = − 0.81, p < .001) and was not related to girls’ externalizing behavior (β = 0.37, p = 0.200).
Discussion/Conclusion
Prenatal stress affected externalizing behavior differently in girls vs. boys. These response patters in turn differed for indicators of psychological vs. biological maternal stress, encouraging an integrated approach. Findings indicate that perceived stress and cortisol may affect child development via different trajectories.
... Psychological stress is understood as an overload of demands that exceed the individual's adaptive capacity. From the response to the stress stimulus, responses of the endocrine system are induced: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system [1]. However, this prolonged activation caused by stress can interfere with immunological and inflammatory processes, influencing depression, infectious, autoimmune, and coronary artery diseases, and at least some cancers [2]. ...
This work presents a new additive manufacturing electrochemical device with conductive graphene and polylactic acid (PLA) filament and its application for epinephrine sensing. A three-electrode configuration based on a screen-printed electrode architecture and an easy-to-connect connector was designed. The sensor surface was chemically treated with dimethylformamide (DMF) to remove the insulating thermoplastic and expose the graphene binding groups. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the surface PLA was removed and the graphene nanofibers exposed, which corroborated the X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD). As a proof of concept, the G-PLA electrode was applied for the determination of epinephrine in human blood samples by square wave voltammetry with a linear range from 4.0 to 100 µmol L−1 and a limit of detection of 0.2 µmol L−1. Based on the results obtained and sensor application, 3D-printed G-PLA proved an excellent choice for epinephrine sensing purposes.
... Several conceptual models have been developed to explain individual variability in the psychological consequences of caregiving [9][10][11][12][13]. Common across these conceptual models is the idea that individual differences, e.g., in circumstances, characteristics, and/or responses, determine whether caregivers will experience mood disturbances. ...
Mood symptoms and disorders are common in dementia caregivers, who can be exposed to a myriad of potential stressors including their care recipient’s neuropsychiatric symptoms. Existing evidence indicates that the effects of potentially stressful exposures on mental health depend on the caregiver’s individual characteristics and responses. Specifically, prior studies indicate that risk factors measured on psychological (e.g., emotion-focused/behaviorally disengaged coping responses) and behavioral (e.g., sleep and activity restriction) levels of analysis may confer the effects of caregiving exposures on mental health. Theoretically, this process from caregiving stressors and other risk factors to mood symptoms is neurobiologically mediated. This article reviews recent studies that used brain imaging to identify neurobiological factors that are related to psychological outcomes in caregivers. Available observational data indicate that psychological outcomes in caregivers are related to differences in the structure/function of regions involved in socio-affective information processing (prefrontal), autobiographical memory (the posterior cingulate), and stress (amygdala). In addition, two small randomized controlled trials using repeated brain imaging showed that Mentalizing Imagery Therapy (a mindfulness program) increased prefrontal network connectivity and reduced mood symptoms. These studies raise the possibility that, in the future, brain imaging may be useful to detect the neurobiological basis of a given caregiver’s mood vulnerability and guide the selection of interventions that are known to modify it. However, there remains a need for evidence on whether brain imaging improves on simpler/inexpensive measurement modalities like self-report for identifying vulnerable caregivers and matching them with efficacious interventions. In addition, to target interventions, more evidence is needed regarding the effects that both risk factors and interventions have on mood neurobiology (e.g., how persistent emotion-focused coping, sleep disruption, and mindfulness affect brain function).
... The literature and contemporary studies highlight that the growing number of digital interventions offers promising ways to deliver stress management interventions conveniently and efficiently [8][9][10][11]. Research emphasises the role digital interventions can play in providing support and care conveniently to larger audiences regardless of their geographical location [12]. Digital health interventions may vary based on focusing on a particular facet or facet of mental health. ...
Background
Digital stress management interventions are considered promising additions to the spectrum of the programs companies use to support the well-being of their employees. However, a series of constraints are identified that hinder the potential benefits of such interventions. These constraints include a lack of user engagement and personalisation, poor adherence and high attrition. Understanding the specific user needs and requirements is essential to increase the likelihood of success in implementing ICT (Information and Communication Technology)-supported stress management interventions. Thus, following the findings from a previous quantitative study, the proposed study aimed to further explore the user needs and requirements for designing digital stress management interventions for software employees in Sri Lanka.
Methods
The study used a qualitative approach based on three focus groups with 22 software employees in Sri Lanka. The focus group discussions were conducted online and recorded digitally. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected data. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ)-32 items were followed for reporting this study.
Results
The analysis revealed three major themes: self-help in a personal space, social support in a collaborative space, and general design considerations for achieving success. The first theme revealed the users’ preference for having a personal space where they could engage in individual activities without support from an external party. The second theme elaborated on the importance of adding a collaborative platform to seek help from peers and professionals. The final theme explored the user-desired design features that could increase user engagement and adherence.
Conclusions
This study used a qualitative approach to further explore the findings of a previous quantitative study. The focus group discussions confirmed the results of the previous study and provided the opportunity to better understand user needs and yield new insights. Such insights revealed user preference for embedding personal and collaborative platforms in a single intervention, embedding gamified elements, the provision of passive content generation via sensory systems, and the need for personalisation. These empirical findings will feed into the design of ICT-supported interventions for occupational stress management among Sri Lankan software employees.
... The present study used the available literature on academic platforms such as ResearchGate, Academia, Springer, Psychnet and similar sources, as well as publications from within the events industry, including studies, academic publications and publications by event associations. Cohen et al. (1997) defined stress as a process in which 'environmental demands tax or exceed the adaptive capacity of an organism, resulting in psychological and biological changes that may place persons at risk for disease' (p. 3). ...
The events industry has been indicated as one of the most stressful industries worldwide (CareerCast, 2021). Notably, the levels of stress for workers in this industry have only increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath (Madray, 2020). Due to the strict rules applied to events and the high-level uncertainty for people working in the events industry, many people either have left the industry or have suffered from a variety of diseases.
To investigate the relationship between stressors, stress levels and the resulting physical diseases, the author published a survey based on the Perceived Stress scale by Cohen et al. (1983). Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied to the survey to determine whether there is a link between the events industry, an elevated stress level and a higher occurrence of stress-related diseases. The survey also aimed to determine whether the various forms of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic have changed the level of stress and the occurrence of stress-related diseases.
The questionnaire was completed by 1,161 participants from the events industry worldwide, of which 1,142 people worked within the Germany-Switzerland-Austria region.
The results of the survey indicate elevated stress levels throughout the industry in general, both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A high number of stressors were identified, mostly related to time management. The survey group showed a higher percentage of diagnoses for stress-related diseases such as heart disease, depression, ulcers, anxiety and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. However, it did not show above-average levels of high blood pressure.
A link between greater exposure to stressors and higher stress levels was found. In addition, the presented data also revealed a relationship between higher stress levels and a higher proportion of people with diagnoses of stress-related diseases.
... The stress response system is one of the main ways through which we embody our external environment. Overall, stress tends to be loosely defined as "a process in which environmental demands tax or exceed the adaptive capacity of an organism, resulting in psychological and biological changes that may place persons at risk of disease" (Cohen et al., 1995). To capture the physiological aspect of stress response we have used the Allostatic Load concept. ...
... In addition, Cohen et al. (1995) defined stress as a process in which an individual's adaptive capacity does not meet the environmental demands, which results in psychological and biological changes, increasing the risk of disease. According to them, there are two types of stress-psychological and biological. ...
The present work is intended to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence (EI) in diminishing occupational stress (OS) and identify the factors responsible for stress among scientists of CSIR in India. This study is based on a quantitative method and used structured questionnaires (WLEIS and OSI of Srivastava and Singh) for online data collection. The sample consists of 130 respondents. The study’s findings showed that EI and OS do not vary according to the participants’ demographic parameters such as age, marital status, position, and work experience, except for gender. There was an inverse relationship between EI and the respondents’ OS. Moreover, low status, personal accountability, low involvement, and unfavourable peer dynamics were the main causes of OS. However, this study will help the scientists and the government become more aware and sensitive to the risks and difficulties of work stress they may face presently.
Keywords: emotional intelligence; EI; occupational stress; OS; scientists; CSIR; workplace.
... Largely, our findings are coherent with mindfulness and self-compassion theory. Individuals experience stress when they perceive that a stressor taxes or exceeds their coping capacity (Cohen et al., 1995). Individuals who cannot effectively regulate their emotional responses to daily stressors experience more severe and persistent periods of distress that could develop into depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). ...
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to explore mindfulness and self-compassion teachings and practices embedded in a leadership course and their outcome on stress regulation of doctoral-level students.
Design/methodology/approach
Eight valid and reliable pre-and post-assessment inventories were administered prior to the first week of class and following the completion of the doctoral-level class. The test scores were measured for improvement and for differences between various demographic groups.
Findings
The results suggest significant improvement on almost every mindfulness subscale with approximately 5–22% of the variance in subscale scores attributed to participation. Doctoral students over 40 indicated more score improvement than students under 40, and doctoral students of color indicated more significant score increases than White students.
Research limitations/implications
The research involves doctoral-level students which limits generalizability to other levels of education. Based on the findings, scaling analysis should be conducted on other types of students for generalization purposes.
Practical implications
Institutions looking to incorporate wellness practices into curriculum can embed these types of practices into their course design.
Social implications
Faculty can become more intentional in how they engage students in mindful compassion skills within their academic programs.
Originality/value
The paper adds a quantitative study into the literature surrounding efficacy of wellness practices in structured curriculum. Institutions looking to provide more resources to students to improve their wellness may find the model useful on their campuses, particularly for students over 40 and students of color.
... Berdasarkan kajian teoritis mengenai stres, stres merupakan akibat dari tuntutan lingkungan yang berlebih dan kemampuan yang tidak memadai (Schuler, 1980). Stres psikologis terjadi ketika seorang individu merasakan bahwa tuntutan lingkungan membebani atau melebihi kapasitas adaptifnya (Cohen et al., 1995). ...
Pandemi COVID-19 masih dirasakan dampaknya hingga saat ini. Penelitian sebelumnya banyak melaporkan bahwa stres menjadi dampak yang umum terjadi. Lebih spesifik, Stres kerja terjadi pada guru karena perubahan pada sistem pembelajaran online selama pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana stres kerja guru selama pandemi COVID-19. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 98 guru yang bekerja dalam sistem pembelajaran online. pengumpulan data menggunakan google form karena saat penelitian dilakukan, pemberlakuan physical distancing masih diberlakukan di Indonesia. Alat pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan skala stres kerja dengan analisis data dekriptif kategorisasi dan crosstab. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa stres kerja guru selama pandemi COVID-19 didominasi kategori sedang dan tinggi. Hasil tabulasi data menemukan perbedaan terkait kategori pada data demografi jenis kelamin. Selain itu ditemukan pula perbedaan terkait kategori pada rentang usia. Pemaparan kategorisasi dan implikasi penelitian ini dibahas secara rinci.
... There exist important relationships between stress and PUSM (Fabris et al., 2020;Wartberg et al., 2021), and factors may moderate these relationships Li et al., 2016). Stress may be defined as a condition that results when an individual perceives that the environmental demands exceed her/his biological, psychological, or social resources (Cohen et al., 1995). Theoretical models and experimental studies in the context of SUDs suggest that stress may promote both positive and negative reinforcement processes (particularly the latter), leading to the formation of addictive behaviors Sinha, 2001Sinha, , 2008. ...
It is important to understand the relationship between stress and problematic use of social media (PUSM). However, no study to our knowledge has yet investigated the longitudinal relationship between perceived stress and PUSM via positive and negative reinforcement processes. The present study investigated relationships between COVID-19-pandemic-related stress and PUSM and possible moderating effects of motives for using social media (positive and/or negative reinforcement) during and following a COVID-19-pandemic-related lockdown. Six-hundred-and-sixty participants initially completed a survey including self-report measures of PUSM, COVID-19-pandemic-related stress, and motives for using social media (i.e., for negative reinforcement involving coping and conformity or positive reinforcements involving enhancement and social motives). During the COVID-19 outbreak recovery period, 117 participants again completed the survey. Bayesian analyses revealed that PUSM was associated with higher COVID-19-pandemic-related stress levels and use of social media for coping, conformity, and enhancement purposes. Longitudinally, PUSM symptom worsening was associated with increased use of social media for coping motives regardless of levels of perceived stress. Use of social media for conformity and enhancement purposes moderated relationships between stress levels during lockdown and PUSM symptoms worsening after lockdown. Our findings corroborate the hypothesis that negative reinforcement processes may be key factors in PUSM symptom worsening regardless of perceived stress. Concurrently, high levels of stress may worsen PUSM through positive reinforcement processes.
Researchers have long been interested in the research of perceived stress, hope, and life satisfaction. While cross-sectional studies have investigated the associations between these variables, the lack of their simultaneous consideration, particularly the mediating role of hope, in longitudinal research has left a gap in the existing literature. However, understanding these patterns throughout over time can be critical for developing successful practices and interventions to enhance well-being. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal relationships between perceived stress, hope, and satisfaction with life. We conducted a two-wave cross-lagged panel study to examine whether hope acts as a mediator in the association between perceived stress and satisfaction with life. Data were collected using a two-wave design from 293 college students at Time 1 (T1) in March 2023 and 250 students at Time 2 (T2) in June 2023. The analyses were conducted using data from the 250 students (mean age = 21.66, SD = 3.37) who participated in both T1 and T2. The findings revealed that hope mediated the relationship between perceived stress and life satisfaction, indicating that higher levels of perceived stress predicted significantly lower levels of hope, which, in turn, resulted in notably lower life satisfaction. These results highlight the critical role of hope as a protective factor against the detrimental effects of stress on life satisfaction. Understanding these pathways has practical implications for developing interventions to improve life satisfaction and mental health among college students.
Natural disasters are large-scale catastrophic events, and they are increasing in frequency and severity. Converging evidence indicates that the mental health consequences of disasters are extensive and are often associated with trauma and the disruption of personal and socioeconomic factors in people's lives. Although most individuals experiencing disaster-related traumatic events do not develop mental illnesses, some experience adverse psychological effects of disasters. These mental health effects begin immediately following a disaster and may persist for extended periods. In this article, we summarize the literature findings to provide a narrative review that focuses on the mental health consequences of natural disasters. An overview of the disaster mental health research field is provided, and the findings are ordered into theoretical frameworks. Then, the development and course of psychopathology regarding disaster aftermath are described in a methodological context. Next, understanding a disaster as an event of transition is highlighted, and the impact of this disaster-specific transition is discussed. Lastly, a potential relationship between the transitional impact of a disaster and mental health consequences is speculated on, and the implications are discussed. The impact of disasters on mental health can be direct or indirect, short-term or long-term, and to some extent depends on the recovery process of the affected community. Also, we propose the possible merits of using the Transitional Impact Scale in the context of disaster mental health research by assessing the features of disaster-related transition and its effects on mental health. We conclude by suggesting a direction for future research in terms of measuring the disaster mental health effects in community settings (affected vs. non-affected) and also considering cross-cultural and cross-regional differences. In recent decades, a large amount of knowledge has been gathered from disaster mental health research, but, still, more research is needed to resolve some irregular findings through refining the methodological variations.
Статтю присвячено вивченню проблем адаптації біженців з України, які знайшли притулок у Швейцарії. Мета дослідження полягала у вивченні вікових, освітніх та гендерних особливостей переживання українськими біженцями двох типів соціально-психологічних проблем: їхніх власних проблем, із якими вони стикнулися після приїзду у Швейцарію, та проблем, пов’язаних з адаптацією їхніх неповнолітніх дітей. Використання методу соціального-психологічного онлайн-опитування у червні – вересні 2022 р. дало змогу сформувати вибірку із 690 респондентів (жінки – 93,6 %) віком від 16 до 77 років. Результати. Визначено гендерні, соціальні, вікові та професійні характеристики респондентів. Надано якісний та кількісний аналіз основних проблем українських біженців у Швейцарії у перший рік війни. Показано їх зв’язок із соціально-демографічними чинниками, зокрема віком, статтю та рівнем освіти українських біженців. Визначено два типи проблем адаптації дорослих: соціально-економічні (житло, робота, фінанси, мова, культура) та соціально-психологічні (негативні емоції, переживання, конфлікти тощо), а також три групи проблем, які стосуються дітей: їх адаптація до культури та системи навчання Швейцарії; психічне здоров’я дітей; спілкування та стосунки дитини з однолітками та батьками. Показано, що за сукупністю отриманих статистично значущих відмінностей найбільш тісно з проблемами адаптації самих респондентів пов’язаний чинник «стать», найменше – чинник «вік», із проблемами адаптації їхніх дітей найбільш тісно пов’язаний чинник «вік» батьків, найменш впливовим є чинник їх освіти. Висновки. Цільовою групою превенції та програм соціально-психологічної підтримки мають стати в першу чергу жінки з вищою освітою 36–45 років, які приїхали у Швейцарію з неповнолітніми дітьми, без знання офіційних мов Швейцарії, які переживають проблеми працевлаштування та значні психічні страждання, пов’язані із ситуацією міграції. Отримані результати стануть у нагоді організаціям та спеціалістам, які надають допомогу українським біженцям.
Today, life is full of stress due to modern age issues. People around us are suffering directly or indirectly from stress. Most of the time healthcare workers end up finding the stressed state of a person when the person can’t be helped, because if the same identification is been done at early stage, then it could have been a great help. Major drawback is that traditional stress identification ways or methods are very time consuming and required an active involvement from any trained healthcare personnel and the patient. Nowadays, this problem is getting attention from many researchers. To open up the domain further a pilot study has been conducted over previously done research work by the use of machine learning for stress identification as well as quantitative insight for the same with the help of PRISMA and VOSviewer. In this paper, we also proposed a framework for stress detection in humans by the help of emotion analysis by facial attributes analysis using machine learning algorithms and a heart pulse monitor which can collect data from thumb impression. So, this framework will sense the heart pulse, and in addition with facial expression analysis through machine learning we can generate the results for stress levels, i.e., high stress, low stress and average stress.
Why do people fall in love? Does passion fade with time? What makes for a happy, healthy relationship? This introduction to relationship science follows the lifecycle of a relationship – from attraction and initiation, to the hard work of relationship maintenance, to dissolution and ways to strengthen a relationship. Designed for advanced undergraduates studying psychology, communication or family studies, this textbook presents a fresh, diversity-infused approach to relationship science. It includes real-world examples and critical-thinking questions, callout boxes that challenge students to make connections, and researcher interviews that showcase the many career paths of relationship scientists. Article Spotlights reveal cutting-edge methods, while Diversity and Inclusion boxes celebrate the variety found in human love and connection. Throughout the book, students see the application of theory and come to recognize universal themes in relationships as well as the nuances of many findings. Instructors can access lecture slides, an instructor manual, and test banks.
Background
Stress-related mental health disorders have steadily increased and contributed to a worldwide disease burden with up to 50% experiencing a stress-related mental health disorder worldwide. Data suggest that only approximately 20%-65% of individuals receive treatment. This gap in receiving treatment may be attributed to barriers such as limited treatment access, negative stigma surrounding mental health treatment, approachability (ie, not having a usual treatment plan or provider), affordability (ie, lack of insurance coverage and high treatment cost), and availability (ie, long waits for appointments) leaving those who need treatment without necessary care. To mitigate the limited access mental health treatment, there has been a rise in the application and study of digital mental health interventions. As such, there is an urgent need and opportunity for effective digital mental health interventions to alleviate stress symptoms, potentially reducing adverse outcomes of stress-related disorders.
Objective
This study examined if app-based guided mindfulness could improve subjective levels of stress and influence physiological markers of stress reactivity in a population with elevated symptoms of stress.
Methods
The study included 163 participants who had moderate to high perceived stress as assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Participants were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 groups: a digital guided program designed to alleviate stress (Managing Stress), a digital mindfulness fundamentals course (Basics), digitally delivered breathing exercises, an active control intervention (Audiobook), and a Waitlist Control group. The 3 formats of mindfulness interventions (Managing Stress, Basics, and Breathing) all had a total duration of 300 minutes spanning 20-30 days. Primary outcome measures were perceived stress using the PSS-10, self-reported sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and trait mindfulness using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. To probe the effects of physiological stress, an acute stress manipulation task was included, specifically the cold pressor task (CPT). Heart rate variability was collected before, during, and after exposure to the CPT and used as a measure of physiological stress.
Results
The results showed that PSS-10 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores for the Managing Stress (all P<.001) and Basics (all P≤.002) groups were significantly reduced between preintervention and postintervention periods, while no significant differences were reported for the other groups. No significant differences among groups were reported for Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (P=.13). The physiological results revealed that the Managing Stress (P<.001) and Basics (P=.01) groups displayed reduced physiological stress reactivity between the preintervention and postintervention periods on the CPT. There were no significant differences reported for the other groups.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate efficacy of app-based mindfulness in a population with moderate to high stress on improving self-reported stress, sleep quality, and physiological measures of stress during an acute stress manipulation task.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05832632; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05832632
The mental health burden associated with anti-immigrant rhetoric and ever-changing immigration policies is undeniable, though the psychological and emotional sequalae may remain invisible for years to come. Exclusionary immigration policies, as a form of structural racism, have also led to an epidemic of stress-related health within the Latinx community, particularly the Latinx immigrant community, across the United States. Recent examples of anti-Latinx and anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies include the 45 th President's implementation of the Zero Tolerance policy, Migrant Protection Protocols, and Title 42. The recognition of previous and existing anti-immigrant policies, and the impact on Latinx immigrants, is critical in understanding the manifestation of psychological stress to prevent it from becoming chronic. For mental health providers, attention to existing policies that can be detrimental to the Latinx immigrant community is essential to understanding their mental health trajectory and applying frameworks that honor an individual's psychological stress to prevent pathologizing the immigrant experience and negative health outcomes. The objective of the present brief review is to shed light on recent research and offer recommendations for practice (eg, educating the Latinx community about the link between the immigrant experience and psychological stress) and policy (eg, drafting of legislation aimed at rescinding harmful immigration policies) regarding the relation between aggressive anti-immigration rhetoric and psychological stress among Latinx immigrants in the United States.
Background
It is known that the effects of stress on the body harm health and mortality outcomes. This phenomenon has been widely studied since its conceptualization. Applying self-report instruments to the general population can help identify degrees of stress and provide evidence on how stress affects social relationships, health, and even mortality. This research aims to explore the internal validity of questions of perceived stress in the general Costa Rican population close to pension or retirement age.
Methods
A nationally representative sample of 2743 individuals born between 1945–1955 in Costa Rica completed a series of questions related to perceived stress. Factor analysis, elements of classical test theory, and a Rasch model were used to generate evidence of scale validity.
Results
Adequate internal consistency was obtained by factor analysis, with one factor explaining 70% of the variability. The Omega Index value was 0.58. The fit values (INFIT) detected by the Rasch model range between 0.8 and 1.2.
Conclusions
the items form a scale that refers to the construct of perceived stress and has sufficient internal consistency.
Family mealtimes are associated with benefits for children, including healthy eating, fewer behavior problems, and healthy psychological well-being. However, the interactions during family mealtimes, and the parent and child characteristics, which may affect both the family mealtime environment and the associated benefits in children are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to examine the role of child and parent characteristics on the family mealtime environment. We tested several mediation models to explain how child temperament (negative affectivity), parent stress, and the dimensions of parent feeding style (responsiveness and demandingness) interact and influence each other to impact the structure and quality of the mealtime environment. Parents (68 mothers; 82 fathers) of children between 2 and 6 years completed an online survey. Measures included the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and The Meals in Our Household Questionnaire. Child negative affectivity was associated with poorer mealtime quality and structure. These associations were mediated through parent responsiveness, but not demandingness. The role of demandingness in family mealtimes may depend on parent responsiveness. When examined together in a serial mediation model, child negative affectivity increased parent stress, which reduced responsiveness, and led to poorer mealtime quality and structure. These results emphasize the complex relationships between child temperament, parent stress, and the dimensions of parenting styles that occur within the mealtime context. This line of research is essential for understanding family mealtime dynamics and informing future studies aimed at creating positive interactions between parents and children during mealtimes.
Background
With the outbreak of COVID-19, government measures including social distancing and restrictions of social contacts were imposed to slow the spread of the virus. Since older adults are at increased risk of severe disease, they were particularly affected by these restrictions. These may negatively affect mental health by loneliness and social isolation, which constitute risk factors for depressiveness. We aimed to analyse the impact of perceived restriction due to government measures on depressive symptoms and investigated stress as mediator in an at-risk-population in Germany.
Methods
Data were collected in April 2020 from the population of the AgeWell.de-study, including individuals with a Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) score ≥9, using the depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Feeling restricted due to COVID-19 government measures was surveyed with a standardized questionnaire. Stepwise multivariate regressions using zero-inflated negative binomial models were applied to analyse depressive symptoms, followed by a general structural equation model to assess stress as mediator. Analysis were controlled for sociodemographic factors as well as social support.
Results
We analysed data from 810 older adults (mean age = 69.9, SD = 5). Feeling restricted due to COVID-19 government measures was linked to increased depressiveness (b = 0.19; p < 0.001). The association was no longer significant when adding stress and covariates (b = 0.04; p = 0.43), while stress was linked to increased depressive symptoms (b = 0.22; p < 0.001). A final model confirms the assumption that the feeling of restriction is mediated by stress (total effect: b = 0.26; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
We found evidence that feeling restricted due to COVID-19 government measures is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in older adults at increased risk for dementia. The association is mediated by perceived stress. Furthermore, social support was significantly associated with less depressive symptoms. Thus, it is of high relevance to consider possible adverse effects of government measures related to COVID-19 on mental health of older people.
Introduction: Hypertension is increasing in India and is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It has been linked to many diseases. Several studies showed that hypertension and lung function are associated causing reduction in lung function. Also stress has been listed as a potential and important cause of hypertension. But there was paucity of information about the stress having an effect on lung function in hypertensive adults, thus there was a need to conduct this study. Materials and Method: The study comprised of 72 controlled hypertensive adults. Stress was assessed using Perceived stress scale and the lung function was assessed using a Spirometer (Spirobank II). Data was collected and recorded in the Excel 2016 spreadsheet and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the normality of the data. Since the data has not passed the normality test, Spearman’s correlation test was used for calculating the correlation. Results: There was a very weak correlation between Perceived stress scale (PSS) score and FEV 1 which was statistically not significant (p>0.05). A weak correlation was found between PSS score and FVC which was statistically significant (p<0.05).PSS was negatively correlated with both the parameters of PFT (FEV1 and FVC) and there was no correlation between PSS and FEV1/FVC. Conclusion: Increased perceived stress levels may affect the lung function in hypertensive adults. Key words: Hypertension, Controlled hypertension, Pulmonary function, Stress, depression, lung function
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 25-45 yaş arası özel sektör çalışanı beyaz yakalıların kendilerinde algıladıkları iş stresinin ve sosyal medya kullanımının yeme tutumlarıyla ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma örneklemini 245’i kadın ve 157’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 402 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Tüm katılımcılara internet ortamında Bilgilendirilmiş Onam Formu onaylatılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, kendilerinde algıladıkları iş stresi, sosyal medya kullanımı ve yeme tutumları sırasıyla İş Stresi Ölçeği, Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği – Yeme Tutumu Ölçeği uygulanarak ölçülmüştür. Bunlara ek olarak, örneklemi daha iyi betimleyebilmek adına demografik değişkenlerden oluşan Kişisel Bilgi Forumu’nu doldurmaları istenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen verilerle yapılan korelasyon analizinde, yeme tutumlarının iş stresi ve sosyal medya kullanımı ile pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bir ilişkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, iş stresi ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasında da pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bir ilişki çıkmıştır. Demografik değişkenlere dair analizlerde, iş stresi ve yeme tutumlarında cinsiyet ve yaş düzeyinde anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür. İş stresi puanlarının kıdem sürelerine bağlı olarak değiştiği anlaşılmaktadır. 1-5 yıl arası kıdeme sahip olanların iş stresi düzeyleri daha fazla kıdeme sahip olanların iş stresi düzeylerinden anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Araştırmada, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve iş stresinin yeme tutumları ile ilişkisini incelemek için Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç bir bütünlük içinde değerlendirildiğinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve iş stresinin yeme tutumlarını orta düzeyde anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür.
Introduction: The increase in stress and anxiety among students has a negative effect on their
physical and mental health and can prevent their efficient academic performance. Self-care
applications can help control and reduce students' anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was
to determine the necessary requirements related to the design and development of a mobile-based
self-care application to control and reduce stress and anxiety in students.
Method: This research is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2022. To conduct this study,
38 students of Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences (Razavi Khorasan province, Mashhad city)
were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria and answered the questions of the
questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS version 25.
Results: Out of 91 informational-educational needs and capabilities, 67 items with a mean score of
≥3.75 were considered essential for application design. Information-educational needs and
capabilities were categorized into eight axes: user profile, clinical records, lifestyle, disease
management and control, sedation instructions, warnings and reminders, reporting and application
capabilities.
Conclusion: Identifying and determining the requirements related to the design of an application
based on a mobile phone is one of the basic principles of developing an application that by
involving users and obtaining their opinions can have an important role in their continue use of
these applications. Therefore, application designers can design and develop an organized mobilebased self-care application to control and manage students' stress and anxiety by using the
information-educational needs and capabilities presented in the present study.
Keywords: Application, Self-Care, Students, Stress, Anxiety
Introduction: The increase in stress and anxiety among students has a negative effect on their
physical and mental health and can prevent their efficient academic performance. Self-care
applications can help control and reduce students' anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was
to determine the necessary requirements related to the design and development of a mobile-based
self-care application to control and reduce stress and anxiety in students.
Method: This research is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2022. To conduct this study,
38 students of Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences (Razavi Khorasan province, Mashhad city)
were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria and answered the questions of the
questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS version 25.
Results: Out of 91 informational-educational needs and capabilities, 67 items with a mean score of
≥3.75 were considered essential for application design. Information-educational needs and
capabilities were categorized into eight axes: user profile, clinical records, lifestyle, disease
management and control, sedation instructions, warnings and reminders, reporting and application
capabilities.
Conclusion: Identifying and determining the requirements related to the design of an application
based on a mobile phone is one of the basic principles of developing an application that by
involving users and obtaining their opinions can have an important role in their continue use of
these applications. Therefore, application designers can design and develop an organized mobilebased self-care application to control and manage students' stress and anxiety by using the
information-educational needs and capabilities presented in the present study.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown policy had a profound psychological impact on the general population worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the level of stress and coping strategies used during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak and their association. Secondary aims were to a) identify the most important coping strategies and b) investigate predictors of stress. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an anonymous online questionnaire. The study was carried out from April 23 to May 4 2020. A snowball sampling method was conducted to recruit potential participants from the general population of Greece and Cyprus. Participants over 18 years old who were familiar with the Greek language were included. The psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Coping strategies were assessed using 15 statements detected from a review of the literature. Participants were asked to rate each one of the coping strategies according to how important it was to them, on a four-point likert scale. The sample consisted of 3941 participants (74.2% women, N=2926), with a mean age of 36.9 years old. The most important coping strategies adopted were 1) “Dealing the situation with a positive attitude” (96.5%), 2) “Follow strict personal protective measures” (95,9%), 3) “Acquiring knowledge about coronavirus” (94.6%), 4) “Engaging in health-promoting behaviors” (89.6%), 5) “Limiting the time spent on media” (75.5%). The highest and positive coefficients were recorded for the association of IES-R scales with 1) “Talking with family and friends to reduce stress”, 2) “Seeking help from a mental health professional”, 3) “Limiting the time spent on media”, 4) “Relieving and managing emotions”, 5) “Practicing relaxation techniques”. 26.5% showed severe psychological impact.
Conclusion: Addressing stress levels with the use of functional coping strategies can be beneficial to protect the general population from adverse psychological outcomes.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.