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Socialization Practices of Parents, Teachers, and Peers in Israel: Kibbutz, Moshav, and City
Abstract
This study takes advantage of the existence in Israel of a distinctive and often neglected form of cooperative settlement, the moshav, in order to clarify the theoretical issues implicit in the contrast between collective versus family upbringing. Socialization practices in the moshav are compared with those of kibbutz and city, based on the responses of about 1,000 preadolescents to the Cornell Socialization Agent Inventory. Findings show that patterns of child-rearing practices in the 3 settings tend to fall on a continuum, with the moshav in an intermediate position but somewhat closer to kibbutz than city. This has been interpreted as reflecting the counteracting influences of the cooperative organization of the larger society versus a traditional family structure, with the former exerting a somewhat stronger effect.
... Correlation coefficients were analysed between maternal and paternal support. The use of power-assertive techniques by parents to control their Delinquency [16] Discipline and Behavioural Control Sharing, control through guilt, strictness, expression of affection, emotional support, parental direction, sharing, moderate autonomy, lax discipline, positive evaluation, negative evaluation, irritability, extreme autonomy, laissez-faire family style [17,18] Parental rewards Good behaviour, achievement, [31] Substance use Adolescent and parental substance use Intensity and frequency of alcohol use, intensity and frequency of alcohol use, frequency of other substance use, age at initiation of use [14] Muchiri and dos Santos Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (2018) 13:24 Page 3 of 10 children was also measured as the sum of paternal and maternal scores on the five-item maternal and paternal discipline scales [18]. Discipline and behavioural control was measured either as "level 1 = not like", "level 2 = somewhat like" or "level 3 = a lot like". ...
... Correlation coefficients were analysed between maternal and paternal support. The use of power-assertive techniques by parents to control their Delinquency [16] Discipline and Behavioural Control Sharing, control through guilt, strictness, expression of affection, emotional support, parental direction, sharing, moderate autonomy, lax discipline, positive evaluation, negative evaluation, irritability, extreme autonomy, laissez-faire family style [17,18] Parental rewards Good behaviour, achievement, [31] Substance use Adolescent and parental substance use Intensity and frequency of alcohol use, intensity and frequency of alcohol use, frequency of other substance use, age at initiation of use [14] Muchiri and dos Santos Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (2018) 13:24 Page 3 of 10 children was also measured as the sum of paternal and maternal scores on the five-item maternal and paternal discipline scales [18]. Discipline and behavioural control was measured either as "level 1 = not like", "level 2 = somewhat like" or "level 3 = a lot like". ...
Background:
An increasingly recognised prevention approach for substance use entails a reduction in risk factors, and the enhancement of promotive, or protective factors in individuals and the environment surrounding them during their growth and development.
Methods:
This exploratory study evaluated the effect of potential risk and protective factors associated with family management relating to adolescent substance use in South Africa. Exploratory analysis and cumulative odds ordinal logistic regression modelling was performed on the data, while controlling for the influence of demographic and socio-economic characteristics on adolescent substance use.
Results:
The most frequently used substances were cannabis, followed by other illicit substances and alcohol in decreasing order of use intensity. The specific protective, or risk effect of family management factors, varied according to substance. Risk factors associated with demographic and socio-economic factors included being male, of a younger age, lower education grades, of a coloured ethnicity, adolescents from divorced parents, and unemployed or fully employed mothers. Several family management factors, categorised as parental monitoring, discipline, behavioural control and rewards, demonstrated either risk or protective effects on adolescent substance use.
Conclusions:
This exploratory study demonstrated that various risk and protective factors associated with family management may affect adolescent substance use. Interaction amongst risk or protective factors, as well as the type of substance, should be considered when further considering interventions based on these risk or protective factors.
... Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ( " not at all like my mother " to " very much like my mother " ). Mother's capacity to support their daughters was measured with items drawn from the Cornell Parent Behavior (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977) Maternal support was assessed with seven items tapping nurturance, achievement demands, independence demands, instrumental companionship, consistency, autonomy, and principled discipline (Avgar et al., 1977). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( " never " to " very often " ). ...
... Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ( " not at all like my mother " to " very much like my mother " ). Mother's capacity to support their daughters was measured with items drawn from the Cornell Parent Behavior (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977) Maternal support was assessed with seven items tapping nurturance, achievement demands, independence demands, instrumental companionship, consistency, autonomy, and principled discipline (Avgar et al., 1977). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( " never " to " very often " ). ...
We examined the role of acculturation, familism and Latina mother-daughter relations in suicide attempts by comparing 65 adolescents with recent suicide attempts and their mothers to 75 teens without any attempts and their mothers. Attempters and non-attempters were similar in acculturation and familistic attitudes but attempters report significantly less mutuality and communication with their mothers than non-attempters. Mothers of attempters reported lower mutuality and communication with their daughters than mothers of non-attempters. Small increments in mutuality decreased the probability of a suicide attempt by 57%. Acculturation and familism do not appear to play major roles in suicide attempts but relational factors may. Instituting school-based psychoeducational groups for young Latinas, particularly in middle school, and their parents, separately and jointly, and focusing on raising effective communication and mutuality between parents and adolescent daughters are important primary prevention strategies.
... However, it is also connected to the unique social ecology of Noa's development. The kibbutz represents a unique site for political socialization and identity development (e.g., Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977;Spiro, 1975). It is, as Noa notes in her life story, quite insulated from the realities of the conflict: ...
Contemporary Israeli youth are socialized in the context of intractable nationalist conflict with Palestinians, characterized by a “master” historical narrative of Jewish Israeli identity that exacerbates the conflict. This exploratory study examines the relation between this master narrative and the personal narratives of youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program. Narratives of youth suggest points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative in their form, thematic content, and ideological settings. Like the larger story of Jewish Israeli identity, the stories of youth assumed a redemptive form and integrated themes of existential insecurity, historical persecution, exceptionalism, and delegitimization of Palestinian identity. Divergence with the master narrative suggested the significance of local communities and the growing pluralism of Israeli society, as well as policy shifts in Israel regarding the legitimacy of Palestinian statehood. Despite motivation to participate in a coexistence program, youth narratives tended to reproduce the narrative conditions of conflict. Implications for peace-building efforts with Jewish Israeli youth are discussed.
... Disorganinzing Poverty Interview (DPI; Avgar et al., 1977, Schaefer, 1965 and Parenting Questionnaire. ...
As a part of the theoretical study of this research, a systematic review of the literature on bullying and its correlations with parental styles, personality and emotional regulation was realized. Through fourteen papers included on this systematic review, we could verify a significant correlation between parental styles/parental practices and bullying. Simultaneously, the empirical part of this research aimed to study the correlation between parental styles, personality and emotional regulation among bullying factors (extreme bullying, bullying, active bystander, passive bystander and victim). The sample consisted of 423 participants (53% women, 47 men). Participants answered to a Socio demographic questionnaire, a bullying questionnaire (CMIE-II), a parental styles questionnaire and an emotional regulation test based on the Big Five taxonomy (BFP). We could verify a significant correlation between parental styles and the bullying factors: bullying and bullied. Moreover, a correlation was observed between the neuroticism personality factor and emotional deregulation among extreme bullying and abused factors.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre estilos parentais, personalidade e regulação emocional no processo de bullying em adolescentes através da realização de dois estudos, sendo um teórico e um empírico. No estudo teórico foi realizada uma revisão sistemática sobre a relação entre estilos parentais e bullying. Os resultados dos catorze artigos incluídos na revisão indicaram que a maior parte dos estudos revisados encontraram uma associação significativa entre estilos e práticas/parentais e bullying em crianças e adolescentes. O estudo empírico teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre estilos parentais, personalidade e regulação emocional nas diferentes condições de bullying: bullying extremo, abusador, observador passivo, observador ativo e abusado. A amostra foi formada por 423 participantes (57% mulheres e 43% homens). Os participantes responderam ao Questionário de dados sócio demográficos, Questionário Multimodal de Interação Escolar (CMIE-III) para avaliar bullying, Escala de estilos parentais Exigência e Responsividade, Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional (DERS) e Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP). Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa entre estilos parentais e os fatores abusador e bullying extremo, além de ter-se observado associação significativa entre o fator neuroticismo de personalidade e dificuldades de regulação emocional no fator bullying extremo e abusado.
... The collective elements in the typical moshav have no bearing on child-rearing practices. In fact, investigators who study socialization in the kibbutz have often used the moshav as a comparison group (e.g., Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977). ...
The general and specific issues raised in Silverman's (1987) critique of Nadler, Kav-Venaki, and Gleitman's (1985) study of descendents of holocaust survivors are discussed. In addition, the present article addresses the alternative interpretation offered by Silverman and concludes with a discussion of issues of general concern in this research context. (9 ref)
... At the Wave 6 (mean age ϭ 33) interview, G2 male and female participants who reported having at least one child (n ϭ 396) were asked 33 items assessing parental behaviors, that when high (e.g., inconsistent parental discipline) or when low (e.g., parental affection), have been found to be indicative of problematic parenting (e.g., Johnson et al., 2001). These items were adapted from the Disorganizing Poverty Interview and other validated measures of child rearing behavior (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977;Schaefer, 1965). For the present study, we employed scaled scores of parental reports of satisfaction with the child's physical and behavioral characteristics (Cronbach's alpha ϭ .79), ...
Objective: This study examines the prospective association of childhood abuse (physical and/or sexual abuse) with subsequent parenting practices in adulthood. Method: The sample is drawn from the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal study of children's mental health development in a community sample of children followed for approximately 30 years. The study uses a multimethod, multiinformant design (self-report, parent report, and official records) incorporating data from 3 generations to examine the influence of childhood maltreatment on parenting practices at M age 33, and the mediating effects of adolescent conduct disorder at M age 15 and adult psychopathology at M age 22. Results: Sexual abuse predicted lower availability, time spent with the child, satisfaction with the child, and higher perceived ineffectiveness; physical abuse predicted higher perceived ineffectiveness; and dual abuse predicted lower availability and harsh discipline. Conduct disorder mediated the association of sexual abuse with satisfaction and dual abuse with availability, whereas generalized anxiety disorder mediated the association of sexual abuse with time spent with the child. Conclusions: These results suggest that some mothers and fathers with a history of child abuse may benefit from parenting interventions that address difficulties with emotional disengagement. Specific attention could be paid to assist these parents with emotional regulation strategies to maximize their emotional and physical engagement with their child, so as to increase their capacity for availability, time spent with the child, and parental self-efficacy.
... Thus, kibbutz-communal children expressed relatively less ambivalent feelings toward familial figures and more feelings toward nonfamilial figures (particularly peers), compared with kibbutz-familial and traditional family children, who did not differ. This result is congruent with the finding of Devereux, Shuval, Bronfenbrenner, Rodgers, Kav-Venaki, Kiely, and Karson (1974) that kibbutz-communal children are reported to receive less discipline from their parents and more from their peers compared with traditional family children (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson 1977). Kibbutz-communal children expressed less intense positive feelings than traditional family children, and kibbutzfamilial children occupied an intermediate position. ...
The hypothesis that children who are raised in the kibbutz, in a socialization system characterized by multiple mothering and communal upbringing with peers, will show overall moderated affective expression toward significant figures was tested by using the Family Relations Test. 3 groups of 60 children each, ranging in age from 8 to 11 years, were tested. The 3 groups consisted of kibbutz children who were raised communally, with peers; kibbutz children raised in families; and city children in traditional families. The results showed that communally raised children were significantly lower on positive affective expression compared with the other 2 groups, thus supporting the "moderation" hypothesis. The communally raised children expressed the most negativity of the 3 groups toward nonfamily figures but the least negativity toward familial figures. Kibbutz children raised in families were similar to children from traditional families on some measurements and occupied an intermediate position, between kibbutz-communal and traditional, on other measurements.
... Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that particular demographic factors would be associated with delegitimization and its hypothesized behavioral and attitudinal outcomes. In terms of demography, kibbutzmoshav communities have historically been more supportive of compromises for peace (for a review of these types of communities, see Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977;Sofer & Applebaum, 2006), and some research suggests that youth from these communities possess fewer delegitimizing beliefs about Palestinians relative to adolescents from other areas in Israel (e.g., Hammack, 2009b). We hypothesized that adolescents from the kibbutz-moshav site of survey administration would report lower levels of delegitimization, less political violence participation, and more FIGURE 1 Conceptual model proposing mediation effect of delegitimization in the relation between antecedent (demographic variables and exposure to political violence) and outcome variables (participation in political violence and attitudes toward conflict resolution policies). ...
Intractable political conflicts are characterized by a sociopsychological infrastructure (Bar-Tal, 200717.
Bar-Tal , D. ( 2007 ). Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts . American Behavioral Scientist , 50 , 1430 – 1453 . [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®]View all references) in which individuals are subject to a cognitive and emotional repertoire that legitimizes the use of violence. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of delegitimization, one psychological component theorized as central to the maintenance and reproduction of intractable conflict. Jewish Israeli adolescents completed a survey assessing delegitimization (a process by which members of the outgroup are morally derogated and considered of less existential value than ingroup members), demographic variables, political violence exposure and participation, and attitudes toward policies related to conflict resolution with the Palestinians. Higher levels of delegitimization were associated with being male and with higher reported levels of religiosity, political violence participation, and endorsement of non-compromising attitudes associated with conflict resolution. Analyses supported a conceptual model of delegitimization as a mediator of the relation among a number of demographic predictors and both political violence participation and attitudes toward conflict resolution policies. Implications for conceptual models of delegitimization as a key component of the sociopsychological infrastructure of conflict are discussed.
... However, it is also connected to the unique social ecology of Noa's development. The kibbutz represents a unique site for political socialization and identity development (e.g., Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977;Spiro, 1975). It is, as Noa notes in her life story, quite insulated from the realities of the conflict: ...
Contemporary Israeli youth are socialized in the context of intractable nationalist conflict with Palestinians, characterized by a “master” historical narrative of Jewish Israeli identity that exacerbates the conflict. This exploratory study examines the relation between this master narrative and the personal narratives of youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program. Narratives of youth suggest points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative in their form, thematic content, and ideological settings. Like the larger story of Jewish Israeli identity, the stories of youth assumed a redemptive form and integrated themes of existential insecurity, historical persecution, exceptionalism, and delegitimization of Palestinian identity. Divergence with the master narrative suggested the significance of local communities and the growing pluralism of Israeli society, as well as policy shifts in Israel regarding the legitimacy of Palestinian statehood. Despite motivation to participate in a coexistence program, youth narratives tended to reproduce the narrative conditions of conflict. Implications for peace-building efforts with Jewish Israeli youth are discussed.
... The results showed that the model did not change with control on marital and mother-daughter relationships; that is, the adolescent personality set remained significant, 7^13, 270) = 6.50, p<.0l, whereas the father personality and fatherdaughter relationship sets lost significance, F(7, 270) = 0.71, and F(W, 270) = 1, respectively. The following variables were used in the marital relationship and the motherdaughter relationship control sets: Marital Relationship (based on the father's perception) = Affective Relations (scale devised by the authors) and Conflict versus Concordance (Locke & Wallace, 1959); Mother-Daughter Relationship (based on daughter's perception) = Child-Centeredness, Affection, and Extreme Autonomy (Schaefer, 1965), Discipline (Avgar et al., 1977), Admiration and Emulation of, and Similarity to the Mother, and Time Spent with Mother (latter four scales devised by the authors). ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationship of sets of paternal personality attributes, paternal–daughter relationship variables, and adolescent personality factors with adolescent daughters' use of marijuana. This was a follow-up of a previous study examining father–son factors related to son's marijuana use. Four hundred three female college students and their fathers took part in the study. Results indicated that, similar to the findings in the father–son study, paternal personality attributes and relationships are associated with the daughter's personality attributes, which in turn are related to her marijuana use. The results also showed that the father is more likely to act as an ameliorator with his daughter than with his son in reducing marijuana risk factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... " ~ •» JDon^in qfpeer nppsyrfs. The scales in this domain included Warmth and Negative Rejecting Behavior (Avgar et al., 1977), Deviance (Gold, 1966), Time Spent with Friends, Identification with Peers, and Number of Achievement-Oriented Friends. Reliabilities ranged from .55 to .91 with a median of .72. ...
Administered written questionnaires that consisted of personality measures, family measures, peer measures, and measures of drug use to 403 Black and 529 White 1st- and 2nd-yr high school students. Results indicate that (a) domains of personality, peer, and family are important in differentiating among the stages of drug use; (b) drug use by family and peers interacts with the socialization techniques of family and peers and with the personality attributes of the adolescents; and (c) family and peer positive and negative reinforcement are differentially effective, depending on the adolescents' personality attributes. In addition, data support an independent model; that is, each of the 3 domains (personality, peer, and family) was associated with the S's stage of drug use independent of the latter's relationship with the remaining 2 domains. An independent model was also obtained in the following comparisons between successive stages: nonusers vs legal users, legal users vs marihuana users, and marihuana users vs other illicit drug users. Factors affecting drug use stage were similar across races and sexes. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Four of the scales within this domain were adapted from Schaefer (1965): Child-Centeredness, Communications, Affection, and Consistency. The remaining scales are Discipline (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977), Involvement With the Son, and Paternal Identification. The latter scale is based on the son's assessment of his similarity to and identification with his father. ...
Examined the interconnection of sets of paternal personality attributes, paternal socialization techniques, and adolescent personality factors with adolescent sons' use of marihuana. 246 male college students and their fathers participated in the study. Results of data from a battery of psychometric scales indicate that paternal personality attributes and socialization techniques were associated with the son's personality attributes, which in turn are related to his marihuana use. The findings provide evidence that paternal factors may either interact synergistically with or be mitigated by the son's personality attributes. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Less maternal time spent with the child (the quantitative aspect of their relationship) was associated with higher stages of drug use, as was less identification of the adolescent with the mother. As to adolescent personality attributes, adolescent unconventionality (e.g., tolerance of deviance, rebel- Gough, 1957;Jackson, 1974Derogatis etal., 1974Jackson, 1974Derogatis etal., 1974Smith & Fogg, 1979Gough, 1957Original Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978Jessor, Graves, Hanson & Jessor, 1968Kandel, 1976Kandel, 1976Schaefer, 1965-Schaefer, 1965Schaefer & Finkelstein, 1975Schaefer, 1965Schaefer, 1965Schaefer, 1965Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977Schaefer, Edgerton, & Comstock, 1976Schaefer, 1965Original Schaefer etal. ,1976Schaefer, 1965Original Avgar etal., 1977Original -Derogatis etal., 1974-Pearlin etal., 1981Derogatis etal., 1974Gold, 1966--Original Derogatis etal., 1974Gough, 1957Jackson, 1974Jackson, 1974Derogatis et al., 1974Derogatis et al., 1974Original Smith & Fogg, 1979Gough, 1957Original Zuckerman etal., 1978Jessor etal., 1968 Alpha" ...
Examined the impact of interrelationship models and interactive mechanisms involving maternal and adolescent variables on the adolescent's stage of drug use in 356 mothers and their youngsters (aged 13–18 yrs). Ss completed questionnaires assessing maternal personality attributes, mother–child relationship, adolescent personality attributes, and stage of drug use. Results indicate that domains (i.e., sets of related variables) of adolescent personality and mother–child relationship variables each had an independent impact on drug use. Thus, conventional adolescents with strong mutual attachments to mothers were at lower drug stages. The maternal personality domain had an indirect impact on drug use via the other 2 domains. A psychologically stable and conventional mother was associated with a positive mother–child relationship and conventionality in the adolescent, which led to lower drug stages. The interactive effects on drug stage of individual maternal and adolescent measures were also examined. Results show that the impact on drug use of maternal risk (drug-prone) and protective (non-drug prone) characteristics could be altered by certain adolescent traits. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... The collective elements in the typical moshav have no bearing on child-rearing practices. In fact, investigators who study socialization in the kibbutz have often used the moshav as a comparison group (e.g., Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977). ...
The general and specific issues raised in Silverman's (1987) critique of Nadler, Kav-Venaki, and Gleitman's (1985) study of descendents of holocaust survivors are discussed. In addition, the present article addresses the alternative interpretation offered by Silverman and concludes with a discussion of issues of general concern in this research context. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... e.g., " How often do you reject your child if he/she does something you do not like? " (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977). The answer options ranged from (1) " Never " to (5) " Often. ...
In this study, based on Family Interactional Theory (FIT), the authors tested a longitudinal model of the intergenerational effects of the grandmothers' parent-child relationships and the grandparents' smoking on the grandchildren's externalizing behavior via parents' psychological symptoms, tobacco use, and child rearing. Using Mplus, the authors obtained a structural equation model that demonstrated generational associations from grandmothers (G1) to parents (G2) to their oldest children (G3) and thus was in accord with FIT. They identified a pathway from the grandmothers' parenting to the grandchildren's externalizing behavior via the parents' psychological symptoms, their smoking, and their child rearing. Parents' psychological symptoms in adolescence were associated with their tobacco use in their late twenties, controlling for the continuity of their psychological symptoms and their tobacco use. This 3-generational model adds to the literature on parent-child relationships (G1), smoking from adolescence to early adulthood (G2), and externalizing behavior in the G3 child.
... Adolescents responded to 19 questionnaire items measuring communication (e.g., ''He/she really wants me to tell him/her how I feel about things''), affection (e.g., ''He/she frequently shows his/her love for me''), supportiveness (''He/she helps me with things I don't understand''), and availability (''He/she is always available when I need him/her''). Items came from the Child Report of Parent Behavior (CRPB; Schaefer, 1965) and other support items developed by Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, and Henderson (1977), which were combined to form a single scale on the basis of their high intercorrelations. Because preliminary analyses suggested that maternal and paternal support were acting similarly in their association with adolescent depression symptoms, they were standardized and then averaged to form a single parental support scale, with a coefficient a of .89. ...
This study examines whether perceived parent support, peer support, and the interaction between them predict depression symptoms and depression diagnosis 2 years later in a community sample of 389 adolescents. Controlling for Time 1 depression, parent support and anticipated peer support were not independently related to Time 2 depression in either linear or logistic regression analyses. However, there was a significant interaction between the two support variables, suggesting that parent support moderates the relationship between anticipated peer support and depression symptoms and diagnosis. Anticipated peer support is protective among adolescents with high parental support, but may act as a risk factor for adolescents with low parental support. Regarding developmental differences, low anticipated peer support at Time 1 was a stronger predictor of Time 2 depression symptoms among older, compared with younger, adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of parent and peer support in predicting future depression among community adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
... Maternal childrearing behaviors, and maternal smoking, were assessed at T2. The six scales that assessed maternal factors included: maternal identification (maternal admiration, emulation, and similarity; Brook et al., 1990), maternal affection (Schaefer, 1965), maternal satisfaction with the child (Brook et al., 1990), the child's resistance to maternal control (a measure of mother-child conflict; Schaefer & Finkelstein, 1975), maternal rejection (Avgar, Bronfenbrenner, & Henderson, 1977), and maternal smoking (Johnston, Bachman, & O'Malley, 2006). The Cronbach's alphas for the maternal scales ranged from 0.72 to 0.91, and were satisfactory. ...
This is the first study to examine maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood. Participants (N=806) are part of an on-going longitudinal psychosocial study of mothers and their children. Mothers were administered structured interviews when participants were adolescents, and participants were interviewed at six time waves, from adolescence to adulthood. Mothers and participants independently reported on their relationships when participants were X¯ age 14.1 years. At each time wave, participants answered questions about their cigarette and marijuana use from the previous wave to the present. Latent growth mixture modeling determined the participants' membership in trajectory groups of comorbid smoking and marijuana use, from X¯ ages 14.1 to 36.6 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal factors (when participants were adolescents) with participants' comorbid trajectory group membership. Findings showed that most maternal risk (e.g., mother-child conflict, maternal smoking) and protective (e.g., maternal affection) factors predicted participants' membership in trajectory groups of greater and lesser comorbid substance use, respectively. Clinical implications include the importance of addressing the mother-child relationship in prevention and treatment programs for comorbid cigarette smoking and marijuana use.
Since the late 19th century, Jews and Arabs have been locked in an intractable battle for national recognition in a land of tremendous historical and geopolitical significance. While historians and political scientists have long analyzed the dynamics of this bitter conflict, rarely has an archaeology of the mind of those who reside within the matrix of conflict been attempted. This book not only offers a psychological analysis of the consequences of conflict for the psyche, it develops an innovative, compelling, and cross-disciplinary argument about the mutual constitution of culture and mind through the process of life-story construction. But the book pushes boundaries further through an analysis of two peace education programs designed to fundamentally alter the nature of young Israeli and Palestinian life stories. This book argues that these popular interventions, rooted in the idea of prejudice reduction through contact and the cultivation of "cosmopolitan" identities, are fundamentally flawed due to their refusal to deal with the actual political reality of young Israeli and Palestinian lives and their attempt to construct an alternative narrative of great hope but little resonance for Israelis and Palestinians. Grounded in over a century of literature that spans the social sciences, this book's analysis of young Israeli and Palestinian lives captures the complex, dynamic relationship among politics, history, and identity and offers a provocative and audacious proposal for psychology and peace education.
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between the adolescents' and mothers' perceptions of maternal child-rearing practices. Both the adolescents and their mothers completed questionnaires containing modified forms of several Bronfenbrenner and Schaefer parental behavior scales. The results indicated that in several areas of maternal child-rearing practices there was substantial agreement between the mother and child; however, in a few areas there was low to moderate agreement.
To examine whether religiosity may help people ward off depression, we investigated the association between religious service attendance and depressive symptom scores in a community-based 30-year follow-up longitudinal study.
This study used data on 754 subjects followed over 30 years and evaluated at four time points. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the association between religious service attendance and depressive symptoms development; frequency of attendance and age also were used as predictors. Demographic factors, life-time trauma, family socioeconomic status, and recent negative events were considered as control variables.
Depressive symptom scores were reduced by an average of 0.518 units (95 % CI from -0.855 to -0.180, p < 0.005) each year in subjects who attended religious services as compared with subjects who did not. The more frequent the religious service attendance, the stronger the influence on depressive symptoms when compared with non-attendance. Yearly, monthly, and weekly religious service attendance reduced depression scores by 0.474 (95 % CI from -0.841 to -0.106, p < 0.01), 0.495 (95 % CI from -0.933 to -0.057, p < 0.05) and 0.634 (95 % CI from -1.056 to -0.212, p < 0.005) units on average, respectively, when compared with non-attendance after controlling for other covariates.
Religious service attendance may reduce depressive symptoms significantly, with more frequent attendance having an increasingly greater impact on symptom reduction in this 30-year community-based longitudinal study.
Substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have been linked with marital discord. Relatively little is known, however, about the antecedents of SUDs, the mediators of these factors over time, or their associations with the spousal/partner relationship among urban adults. A better understanding of the longitudinal pathways to marital conflict and to SUDs should help prevention and intervention programs target their precursors within the developmental period in which they occur. The present study, therefore, examined the longitudinal predictors of an unsupportive spousal/partner relationship and SUDs among a community sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican adults from East Harlem, NY. Participants (N = 816) completed structured questionnaires at five time waves, from adolescence to adulthood (mean ages = 14, 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). Structural equation modeling examined the effects of earlier environmental and social stressors and intrapersonal and interpersonal factors on later SUDs in adulthood. There was a good fit of the structural equation model (CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.06; and SRMR = 0.06), which revealed three main pathways from adolescence to the spousal/partner relationship and SUDs in adulthood. One pathway linked a weak parent–adolescent attachment relationship with the participant’s psychological symptoms in emerging adulthood (p p p p p p p
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recognized as a major public health concern, with millions of children exposed to parental violence each year. Childhood exposure to parental violence has been linked to both maladaptive parenting practices and a host of adjustment difficulties in the exposed children. The Children in the Community Study followed a representative sample of youth, their parents, and their own offspring for over 25 years, in seven separate assessments. The current study examined the association between reports of IPV and parenting practices among original study members (Generation 2; N = 396) and their adolescent offspring’s (Generation 3; N = 129, M age = 12.8 (2.4), range = 10–18) reports of overt and relational bullying and victimization behaviors on average 6–7 years later. Results indicate that parental reports of any IPV predicted higher offspring overt peer victimization, while severe IPV predicted higher offspring relational peer bullying and overt peer victimization. For female offspring, any IPV predicted higher relational peer victimization and for male offspring, severe IPV predicted higher overt peer bullying. Parenting practices did not significantly mediate the association between IPV and peer bullying or victimization. Implications for prevention and directions for future research are discussed.
Data from a 25-year community-based prospective longitudinal study were used to investigate the role of problematic parenting in the association between a history of anti-social parental behaviour and subsequent offspring aggression during adulthood. Parents with a history of anti-social behaviour were significantly more likely than other parents were to engage in two or more types of problematic child-rearing behaviour. Problematic parenting was associated with offspring aggression during adulthood after a history of anti-social parental behaviour was controlled statistically. Anti-social parental behaviour was associated with aggressive offspring behaviour during adulthood before, but not after, problematic parenting was controlled. These findings support the hypothesis that problematic parenting tends to mediate the association between anti-social parental behaviour and subsequent offspring aggression.
Data from a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate the associations of parental psychiatric disorders evident by early adulthood with child-rearing behavior during middle adulthood. A series of psychiatric assessments was conducted during the adolescence (mean ages 14 and 16) and early adulthood (mean age 22) of 153 males and 224 females. Child-rearing behavior was assessed at mean parental age 33 and mean offspring age 8. Parental anxiety, depressive, disruptive, substance use, and personality disorders evident by mean age 22 were each associated with more than one type of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33, after parental and offspring age and sex and co-occurring parental disorders were controlled statistically. Antisocial, borderline, dependent, paranoid, and passive—aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood were independently associated with the overall level of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33.
The present study focuses on the relations of preadolescents to their peers as a group. It was hypothesized that kibbutz children would display greater "comradeship" relations to their peer group. Over 900 fifth and sixth graders from 20 kibbutzim and 8 schools in the greater Tel-Aviv area responded to a questionnaire designed to assess dimensions of relations to peer group. In comparison to city children, kibbutz children reported more extensive social interactions with their peers but a weaker identification with their peer group. Kibbutz boys showed least concern about group sanctions. The failure to support the hypothesis of greater degree of comrade relations among kibbutz children is discussed in terms of kibbutz children's chance for conflict when living with peers, guarding against identification and conformity, and less recognition of the significance of peers while living with them.
The relationship of culture to the representation of conflict in children's manifest dreams was explored. Dream reports of Irish, Israeli, and Bedouin children were collected and independently scored by raters who were blind to the culture of the dreamer. Conflictual dreams were found to be more distorted than nonconflictual dreams in all three cultures. Manifestly conflictual dream reports differed cross-culturally along four domains: self-representation, other representation, realistic quality of the dream, and the nature of the conflict. Cross-cultural differences observed in the representation and distortion of dream conflicts were explored as reflecting culturally related socialization practices. The findings were used to support the idea that the manifest dream reflects characteristic coping processes of the dreamer and is therefore a useful measure of culturally mediated ego processes.
We investigated the influence of the child's behavior on the quality of the mutual parent-child attachment relationships across three generations. We did so using a prospective longitudinal study which spanned 20 years from adolescence through adulthood. Study participants completed in-class questionnaires as students in the East Harlem area of New York City at the first wave and provided follow-up data at 4 additional points in time. 390 participants were included in these analyses; 59% female, 45% African American, and 55% Puerto Rican. Using structural equation modeling, we determined that externalizing behavior in the child was negatively related to the mutual parent-child attachment relationship for two generations of children. We also found continuity in externalizing behavior for the participant over time and from the participant to his/her child. Additionally, we found continuity in the quality of the mutual attachment relationship from the participant's relationship with his/her parents to the participant's relationship with his/her child. Finally, the mutual attachment relationship of the participant with his/her parents had a negative association with the participant's externalizing behavior in adulthood. Based on these results, we propose that family interventions should focus on the role of the child's externalizing behavior in the context of the parent-child attachment relationship. Furthermore, we suggest that prevention programs should address externalizing behavior as early as possible, as the effects of externalizing behavior in adolescence can persist into adulthood and extend to the next generation.
Examined change over time in the prosocial moral reasoning of 24 kibbutz and 28 Israeli city children in 3rd and 6th grade. Interviews indicated that city Ss verbalized more hedonistic and pragmatic reasoning. Kibbutz Ss made more references to the humanness of needy others and to direct reciprocity. Kibbutz Ss' direct reciprocity reasoning increased more than did that of city Ss, whereas pragmatic reasoning increased with age only for city Ss. These differences in reasoning are discussed with reference to the kibbutz ideology. The pattern of change with age was consistent with data from other western cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Compared the perception of social-environmental characteristics in 38 families from kibbutzim with family-based sleeping arrangements (FBA) with those of 47 families from kibbutzim with communal sleeping arrangements (CA), using the Family Environment Scale—Form R. In the FBA families, the mean age of fathers was 42.2 yrs and of mothers, 37.9 yrs. The 38 children of these families were primarily in Grades 5 and 6. In the CA families, the mean age of fathers was 42.1 yrs and of mothers 38.6 yrs. Their 47 children were also primarily in Grades 5 and 6. Significant differences were obtained between the family profiles of the 2 groups. FBA families were higher in cohesion and expressiveness than were CA families. FBA families were also lower in active-recreational orientation and organization. In both groups of families, there were no differences in the perception of family climate between the husbands and wives, whereas children's perceptions differed significantly from those of their parents. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Compared the prosocial moral reasoning of 36 children (aged 96–208 mo) from an Israeli city, 29 kibbutz children (aged 99–211 mo), and 55 American 3rd-graders (aged 98–216 mo). Ss responded to 4 moral dilemmas about helping situations. Although there were considerable similarities in reasoning across the 3 groups, there also were clear differences. When American Ss were compared with Israeli Ss (kibbutz and city Ss combined), Americans used more needs-oriented (primitive empathic) reasoning, whereas Israelis used more reasoning related to direct reciprocity, prior relations with others, internalized laws and norms, role-taking, the humanness of potential recipients, and (marginally) hedonistic concerns. According to the comparison of all 3 groups, Americans used more primitive empathic reasoning; kibbutz Ss verbalized more concerns with the humanness of recipients and internalized laws and norms; and Israeli city Ss expressed more reasoning based on explicit role-taking. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this article, studies on close relationships among kibbutz adolescents are reviewed. The case of the kibbutz is examined in terms of the balance between relationship with parents and relationship with peers in the kibbutz as compared to the city and moshav, as well as within the kibbutz between communal vs. familial sleeping arrangements. The reviewed studies address three issues: Intimacy with a best friend; self-disclosure and emotional expression toward peers, parents, and figures outside the family; and peer group relations. Studies on intimacy in young adults, married adults, and parent-daughter relationships are considered as pointing to the possible consequences of the patterns observed during adolescence. Differences in intimacy and emotional expression among adolescents in the different settings are interpreted in terms of the effects of structural variables (sleeping arrangement, degree of contact with parents and peers) being a marker for greater peer involvement. It is argued that adolescents are likely to maintain their more inhibited pattern of expression of intimacy into adulthood when they stay in the same setting. Change in the level of expressed intimacy is likely to occur in adulthood, with change of setting. Based on cross-sectional studies, it is speculated that it is possible to close developmental gaps in intimacy at a later stage, thus supporting a situational-based pattern of intimacy and closeness.
Data from the Children in the Community Study, a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate associations between paternal psychiatric disorders and child-rearing behaviors. Paternal psychiatric symptoms and behavior in the home were assessed among 782 families during the childhood and adolescence of the offspring. Paternal anxiety, disruptive, mood, personality, and substance use disorders were independently associated with specific types of maladaptive paternal behavior in the home during the child-rearing years after paternal age, education, income, co-occurring paternal psychiatric symptoms, offspring age, sex, intelligence, temperament, and psychiatric symptoms were controlled statistically. Paternal psychiatric disorders that were present by mean offspring age 14 were associated with elevated risk for maladaptive paternal behavior in the home at mean age offspring 16, after prior maladaptive paternal behavior was controlled statistically. These findings suggest that paternal psychiatric disorder may be an important determinant of maladaptive paternal behavior in the home during the child-rearing years. Improved recognition and treatment of paternal psychiatric disorders may help to reduce the amount of maladaptive parenting behavior that many children and adolescents might otherwise be likely to experience.
We identify explanatory risk variables associated with the co-occurrence of two problem behaviors: juvenile offending and adolescent fatherhood. Data were gathered from a 5-year prospective, longitudinal study of 531 incarcerated juvenile offenders as they transitioned from youth correction facilities back into the community. Of the total sample, 125 (28.3%) of the male participants reported fatherhood before their 20th birthday. Six risk variables were predictive of adolescent fatherhood in this sample: (a) gang member, (b) resided with non-biological parent as primary caretaker, (c) low SES, (d) child of parent with alcoholism, (e) low mother education, and (f) family member convicted of a felony. These variables were then placed in individual, family, and social domains. Cumulative probabilities identified family related variables as the primary domain contributing to the predictive multivariate model. These results provide support for the development of prevention and interventions strategies focused across multiple ecological contexts, focusing specifically on the family unit.
Nine hundred and ninety-eight kibbutz children aged 3 to 10 years were asked to indicate their personal choices in response to a projective test depicting a child in situations of distress and joy. The children selected their own parents as the most significant choice in all age groups, irrespective of the communal or family type of sleeping arrangement. This finding appears to confirm the contention that the family constitutes a primary emotional center for kibbutz children despite the fact that parents do not function as providers of material needs, and that children grow up in communal houses with a housemother responsible for childcare tasks usually associated with the mother in the nuclear family model.
Data from the Children in the Community Study, a community-based longitudinal study, were used to investigate associations between maternal psychiatric disorders and child-rearing behaviors. Maternal psychiatric symptoms and behavior in the home were assessed in 782 families during the childhood and adolescence of the offspring. Maternal anxiety, depressive, disruptive, personality, and substance use disorders were independently associated with current and subsequent parenting difficulties and other problems in the home during the child rearing years, after co-occurring disorders and offspring behavior problems were controlled statistically. Maternal personality disorders were most consistently associated with problems in the home during the child rearing years. Less than 1 of 3 mothers with disorders reported having received treatment. Those who received treatment were significantly less likely to experience multiple difficulties in the home during the child rearing years. These findings suggest that maternal psychiatric disorder may be an important determinant of problematic maternal behavior in the home during the child rearing years. Improved recognition and treatment of maternal psychiatric disorders may help to reduce the amount of maladaptive parenting behavior that many youths might otherwise be likely to experience.
Relationship functioning is assumed to propagate across subsequent generations, but most studies have lacked appropriate methodologies to test this assumption prospectively. In a randomly selected sample of youth (N = 821) followed prospectively for over 25 years across multiple generations, we examined the association of romantic engagement (i.e., emotional involvement and closeness) between parents with offspring romantic relationship quality. We tested two developmental pathways linking parents' romantic engagement with offspring adult romantic relationship quality, the first operating via parenting practices, and the second operating via adolescent depression. Parents' romantic engagement predicted offspring romantic relationship quality a mean of 17 years later, net age and socioeconomic status. Results supported a developmental pathway from parents' romantic engagement at offspring mean age 14, to parenting at offspring mean age 16, to offspring socioemotional functioning at mean age 22, and offspring romantic relationship quality at mean age 33. However, the influence of parents' romantic engagement on offsprings' adult romantic relationship quality does not appear to operate via a pathway of adolescent depression. Implications for prevention are discussed.
To investigate the associations of beneficial parenting behaviours with adaptive and maladaptive offspring personality traits that persist into adulthood among individuals in the community.
Families (n = 669) participating in the Children in the Community Study were interviewed during the childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood of the offspring at the mean ages of 6, 14, 16, 22, and 33 years.
Twelve types of beneficial maternal and paternal child-rearing behaviour, reported by offspring at the mean age of 16 years, were associated with elevated offspring personality resiliency, at the mean ages of 22 and 33 years, and with low offspring personality disorder trait levels. These longitudinal associations remained significant when histories of childhood behaviour problems and parental psychiatric disorder were controlled statistically. Similar linear (that is, dose-dependent) associations were observed between the number of beneficial parenting behaviours during childhood and adaptive and maladaptive offspring traits at the mean ages of 22 and 33 years. Maternal and paternal behaviours were independently associated with both adaptive and maladaptive offspring traits.
Beneficial maternal and paternal child-rearing behaviours may promote the development of adaptive offspring personality traits that endure into adulthood, and they may be prospectively associated with reduced levels of maladaptive offspring traits. These associations may not be attributable to childhood behaviour problems or parental psychiatric disorders, and they may be equally evident during early and middle adulthood.
Research finds that early antisocial behavior is a risk for later intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization, and that children's exposure to their parents' IPV is a risk for subsequent behavior problems. This study tests whether intimate violence (IPV) between partners contributes independently to the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior, using the Children in the Community Study, a representative sample (N = 821) followed for over 25 years in 6 assessments. The present study includes a subsample of parents (N = 678) and their offspring (N = 396). We test the role of three mechanisms by which IPV may influence child antisocial behavior-parental psychopathology, parenting practices, and child self-regulation. Results suggest that IPV independently increased the risk for offspring externalizing problems, net of the effects of parental history of antisocial behavior and family violence. IPV also increased the risk for parental post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder 2 years later, but not for major depressive disorder. Alcohol use disorder independently increased the risk for offspring externalizing behavior, but IPV continued to predict offspring externalizing net of parental alcohol use. Parenting, particularly low satisfaction with the child, was significantly associated with both IPV and externalizing behavior, but did not mediate the effects of IPV on externalizing. IPV predicted higher levels of emotional expressivity, aggression and hostile reactivity, and depressive mood in offspring. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
This is the first prospective study to examine the precursors of child externalizing behavior across three generations of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Participants comprised a community cohort of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans (N = 366, X⁻ age = 29.4 years), who are part of an ongoing study of drug use and problem behaviors, and who had a child. Data were collected at four time waves, spanning the participants' adolescence to adulthood. Questionnaires were initially self-administered in schools in East Harlem, NY, USA (time 1). Subsequently, structured interviews were conducted by trained interviewers (times 2 and 3), and self-administered via mail (time 4). The independent variables consisted of the participants' prospective reports of their (a) relationships with their parents during adolescence, (b) depressive mood and drug use (adolescence to adulthood), (c) relationship with their oldest child between the ages of 6-13, and (d) perceptions of neighborhood crime and deterioration (in adulthood). The dependent variable was externalizing behavior in the participant's oldest child (X⁻ age = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0). Structural equation modeling showed that the parent-child relationship during participants' adolescence was linked with the participants' depressive mood and drug use which, in turn, were associated with the participants' relationship with their own child, as well as with neighborhood crime and deterioration when participants were adults. The participants' depressive mood, and relationship with their own child, as well as neighborhood crime and deterioration, each had a direct pathway to externalizing behavior in the participant's child. Findings suggest that intervention programs and public policy should address parental attributes, neighborhood factors, and, especially, parenting skills, to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior.
O presente artigo consiste em uma revisão crítica da literatura na área do desenvolvimento moral pró-social. O modelo teórico do desenvolvimento pró-social de Eisenberg é apresentado e discutido em comparação com o modelo teórico de julgamento moral de Kohlberg. Esses modelos apresentam enfoques complementares no estudo da moralidade. Enquanto Kohlberg estudava o julgamento moral a partir de transgressão, Eisenberg investiga a moralidade em funções de ações pró-sociais como comportamentos de ajuda. Os fatores psicológicos que podem ser concebidos como determinantes da pró-sociabilidade são também apresentados e discutidos. Finalmente, a pesquisa recente crítica ou corroboradora de ambos os modelos é sumarizada.
Temperament and parent-child relationships were measured in a random sample of 776 children followed over a 10-year period. The goal was to determine whether temperament evolves differently for boys versus for girls, and if so, whether parenting influences gender-specific development. Gender-specific parenting effects on the evolution of difficult temperament were found: low father-daughter closeness, and high mother-son punishment and control led to an increase in difficult temperament, whereas comparable father-son and mother-daughter effects were not present. A possible explanation for these findings is proposed. The contribution of these findings to understanding biology-environment interactions in causing sex differences in development is discussed.
This study examined the interrelationships of domains (i.e., sets) of paternal personality and father-daughter relationship variables and daughter characteristics and their impact on the daughter's smoking. In addition, the interactive effects of individual father and daughter variables on the daughter's smoking were studied. Female college student volunteers (N = 403) and their fathers were given closed-ended questionnaires that included a number of scales assessing father and daughter characteristics. Results indicated that the domains of father and daughter variables each had a direct impact on the daughter's smoking (an independent model). Interactive findings revealed that daughter protective factors (those conducive to her not smoking) could offset the negative impact of paternal risk factors (those conducive to her smoking), and that, to a lesser extent, daughter protective factors further enhanced the positive effect of father protective variables.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of the domains of father personality attributes, father socialization techniques, and adolescent personality attributes, and the son's use of tobacco. A sample of 246 male adolescents and their fathers from intact homes was administered questionnaires. Two main findings emerged. First, each of the three domains was significantly associated with the son's tobacco use despite control on the remaining domains. Second, the effectiveness of the father may interact synergistically with or be mitigated by the son's personality attributes in its association with the son's tobacco use. In concert, the findings support the importance of examining the father-son relationship for a greater understanding of the son's tobacco use.
This study examined concordance for symptoms of suicide among 178 pairs of adolescent siblings, and the association of youth and maternal reports of parenting with variation in suicide ideation both across families and between siblings. Crosstabulation analyses indicated a significant risk of suicide ideation among siblings of adolescents who had made suicide attempts, as well as a significant degree of concordance for suicide ideation among pairs of siblings. Regression analyses indicated that reported levels of maternal warmth and harsh discipline, especially youth reports, were associated with suicide ideation, and that sibling differences on these parenting indices were associated with differences in suicide ideation both across families as well as between siblings. However, sibling differences in reported parenting did not contribute to prediction of suicide ideation above the variance accounted for by the simple levels of parenting reported by adolescents.
The intercorrelations among parents' drug use, personality, and parent-child relations and the child's anxious/regressive and reflective behaviors were investigated in a sample of 2-year-olds (N = 115). The results indicate that maternal child-rearing practices mediate the effect of maternal personality attributes on the child's intrapsychic functioning. The father's drug use had a direct influence on the child's reflective behavior. Generally, the mother's drug use, personality, and child-rearing practices were more important than the father's attributes. However, the father's drug use had a strong impact on the child when it interacted with the mother's drug use. Parental differences and implications for prevention are discussed.
Three models (independent, interdependent, and mediational) were hypothesized in this study, to examine the interrelation of personality, family, and peer determinants and their effects on tobacco use by young adults. Mothers were first interviewed about their children when they were between the ages of 1 and 10 years old. Three subsequent interviews were conducted with the children when they reached adolescence and young adulthood. Results show support for the mediational model. In accordance with family interactional framework conceptions, there was a sequence in patterning: from parenting during early adolescence; to personality and peer factors, extending to smoking in late adolescence; and culminating in smoking in adulthood. With a developmental approach, a number of psychosocial measures were related in both younger and older children. Nevertheless, some interesting developmental differences emerged. The findings suggest at least four possible targets for therapeutic or preventive intervention: the parent, the child, the adolescent, and the peer group.
The impact of maternal and adolescent factors on initial and increased levels of drug use by adolescents was examined in two groups of adolescents: 210 younger adolescents (ages 12-14 at initial assessment) and 199 older adolescents (ages 15-18). The adolescents and their mothers were interviewed at 2 points in time, 3 years apart. The results indicated that adolescent unconventionality is a crucial determinant for both initial and increased levels of drug use for both age groups, but intrapsychic distress is more important for the younger adolescent's initial use. Lack of maternal attachment and poor control techniques were associated with initial levels of drug use for both groups. However, the mother-child relationship and models of the mother's unconventionality had a greater impact on the older than on the younger group's increased involvement. Interactive results suggest that adolescents from both age groups who are well adjusted can offset the potential risks of maternal models of drug use.
One hundred fifteen 2-year-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler were studied to determine the influence of the grandmother and the parent on the toddler's behavior. Findings indicated that the grandmother's parenting skills have an effect on the grandchild's anger via two pathways. More specifically, the grandmother's child-rearing techniques are mediated by the parent's personality traits, which, in turn, are associated with the parent's child-rearing practices and, ultimately, the grandchild's anger. The second pathway through which the grandmother's child-rearing is related to the grandchild's behavior involves the parent's imitation of the grandmother's parenting skills, which, in turn, are correlated with the toddler's behavior.
To identify demographic, family, parent, and child factors prospectively associated with risk for child abuse and neglect among families in the community, using data on child maltreatment obtained from both official records and youth self-reports.
Surveys assessing demographic variables, family relationships, parental behavior, and characteristics of parents and children were administered to a representative sample of 644 families in upstate New York on four occasions between 1975 and 1992. Data on child abuse and neglect were obtained from New York State records and retrospective self-report instruments administered when youths were > or = 18 years old.
Logistic regression analyses indicated that different patterns of risk factors predicted the occurrence of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect, although maternal youth and maternal sociopathy predicted the occurrence of all three forms of child maltreatment. In addition, the prevalence of child abuse or neglect increased from 3% when no risk factors were present to 24% when > or = 4 risk factors were present. State records and self-reports of child maltreatment did not correspond in most cases when maltreatment was reported through at least one data source, underlining the importance of obtaining data from both official records and self-reports.
Assessment of a number of risk factors may permit health professionals to identify parents and children who are at high risk for child maltreatment, facilitating appropriate implementation of prevention and treatment interventions.
Investigated reaction to social pressure among 400 Israeli and 353 Soviet 12 yr olds brought up in family vs collective settings (kibbutz in Israel, boarding school in the USSR). Soviet Ss showed higher levels of conformity than their Israeli age-mates. Cultural differences, sex differences, and effect of threatened social exposure were greater for Ss raised in collective settings than for those brought up in their own homes. Kibbutz-reared Ss did not react in the same way as products of Soviet group upbringing. Israeli Ss generally did resemble Soviet age mates in reacting similarly to pressure from peers vs adults, but they differed sharply from their Soviet counterparts, as well as from children from 10 other countries, in giving their most moral responses when neither their parents nor their friends would know of their action. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A comparison is presented of the responses of 741 English children with those of 968 American children, all in their sixth school year, to a questionnaire in which they reported in some detail on the child-rearing practices employed by their fathers and mothers. Although there were many similarities in the reported patterns of parent behavior in the two cultures, there were also many significant differences in English and American child-rearing styles. A speculative analysis, with some research documentation, is presented concerning the consequences of these differences for child behavior in England and the United States.
An experiment on the role of the language of instruction in mediating responses to social pressure was conducted with a sample of 41 Russian-born adolescents who had recently immigrated to Israel. The subjects were asked to respond to a series of conflict situations in which they were told that either the experimenters, their own parents, or their peers would see their answers. Instructions were given once in Russian and once in Hebrew. Contrary to the principal hypothesis, when subjected to pressure from adults the children gave more conventional moral responses under Hebrew than under Russian instructions. The result was interpreted as reflecting the tendency to respond more moralistically to the language of authority, which, for the emigréchildren, shifted from Russian to Hebrew. Regardless of the language of administration, the scores for the emigréchildren fell between those for Soviet and Israeli youngsters, but they were closer to the latter. Within the sample, the longer a child lived in one or the other society, the more his response to social pressure resembled the modal reaction of children in that society. Children from families who had or had not spoken Yiddish in the home showed marked differences in response, with the former resembling the Israeli and the latter the typical Soviet reaction. The results were interpreted as reflecting the capacity of children to adapt to conflicting socialization settings both within and across cultures.
Studied the efficiency of kibbutz youths in the Israeli defense forces on military criteria and their comparison to nonkibbutz soldiers. 3 groups were compared: kibbutz-born (lived in kibbutz since birth or before 10 yr.), kibbutz-bred (lived in kibbutz from age 10 until recruitment), and other soldiers. Results show that when personal characteristics are held constant, differences between groups diminish but do not disappear. The kibbutz-born soldiers were superior on all measures of achievement to the rest of the population. The kibbutz-bred did not differ from nonkibbutz soldiers in success in training and advancement in positions of command. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)