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Mindfulness and Sustainable Behavior: Pondering Attention and Awareness as Means for Increasing Green Behavior
Abstract
Ecopsychologists have suggested that mindful awareness of our interdependence with nature may not only help us regain our lost, ecologically embedded identity (Roszak, 1992) but may also help us behave more sustainably, closing the documented gap between proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. We suggest more specifically that, in contemporary consumer culture with its dearth of proenvironmental norms and cues, mindful attentiveness may be necessary to develop sustainable habits. To explore the connection between mindfulness and sustainable behavior, we measured 100 adults attending a Midwestern sustainability expo on two mindfulness factors: acting with awareness and observing sensations. As predicted, acting with awareness was significantly positively correlated with self-reported sustainable behavior. This finding is consistent with the idea that, until sustainable decisions become the societal default, their enactment may depend on focused consideration of options and mindful behavior. In contrast, observing sensations did not predict behavior. This calls into question the notion that feeling connected to the world outside of ourselves is a precondition for sustainable action. We call for more research to further test the validity and generalizability of our findings.
... Mindfulness, with its emphasis on awareness, compassion, and connectedness, appears to be a promising avenue. It encourages individuals to be more conscious of their actions, leading to more thoughtful and sustainable choices (Amel et al. 2009). Moreover, mindfulness, when understood as the state of being aware and attentive to the present moment, can foster a deeper connection with the environment, enhance empathy towards others, and reduce materialistic values, all of which are conducive to sustainable behaviour (Ericson et al. 2014). ...
... "We also provided preliminary evidence for a new theoretical framework suggesting that experiential strategies such as mindfulness practices could strengthen the relational pathway of pro-environmental behaviors." (Thiermann et al. 2022, p -Acting with awareness is significantly and positively related to green sustainable behaviour (Amel et al. 2009, p. 7) ...
... C1: The green cluster illustrates mindfulness and environmental sustainability, e.g., that climate change could be mitigated by applying mindfulness in numerous settings, including health, education, and organisation, and how it could foster pro-environmental behaviour (Barrett et al. 2016). For instance, this could be due to the non-materialistic values, conscious behaviour, increased self-control, and awareness, which are encouraged in the practice of mindfulness (Ericson et al. 2014;Geiger et al. 2019;Amel et al. 2009;Isham et al. 2022). The findings of a study in this cluster (Thiermann et al. 2022) support this by demonstrating that mindfulness practitioners showed a lower diet-related environmental impact. ...
To shift human behaviour towards sustainability, a complete comprehension of the approaches that lead to it is required. This study aims to review potential connections between the mindfulness state and trait and changes in human behaviour toward sustainability. Using bibliometric analysis as an innovative approach in this field, combined with an expert-driven literature review, the research builds on previous works regarding sustainability and mindfulness and fosters the research field by exploring six thematic clusters, each containing a set of specific mediators that could bridge this connection. To illustrate the relationship between mindfulness and sustainable development, a framework was developed, illustrating how mindfulness-based skills could positively influence these mediators and which dimensions of sustainable development could be further impacted by it. Moreover, a mindfulness program focused on sustainability and planetary health may be an innovative way to develop competencies related to the variables identified as mediators.
... Previous studies showed that mindfulness also promotes human behaviors toward environmental protection (Amel et al., 2009;Errmann et al., 2021;Panno et al., 2018). For example, when members of an organization are aware of the negative impact of production activities on the ecological environment, they will take action to innovate production processes. ...
... It can be seen that green mindfulness promotes proenvironmental behavior through innovation in manufacturing processes or improving products (Errmann et al., 2021;Panno et al., 2018). The green flow model proposed by Amel et al. (2009) argues that green mindfulness promotes green behavior and green practices toward environmental sustainability. Suppose green mindfulness permeated every individual in the organization; they would develop initiatives and share thoughts to reduce the negative impact of manufacturing practices on the environment through innovating manufacturing processes and improving products and services to be more environmentally friendly (Kalyar et al., 2021). ...
... This study proposes that green innovation plays a mediating role between green mindfulness and environmental performance. The study posits that the mediation role plays out in the following order: (1) mindfulness can help members learn better, so they can have more creative thinking, which is the foundation for coming up with motivating behaviors and innovation in the organization (Amel et al., 2009) and (2) most aspects of innovation are positively related to performance (Davis & Hayes, 2011). From green environmental perspective, mindfulness is believed to encourage green behavior (Errmann et al., 2021). ...
This paper explores whether green mindfulness is the motivation behind green innovation and whether this relationship is moderated by green transformational leadership. The paper also investigates the indirect influence of green mindfulness on environmental performance through the mediating mechanism of green innovation. The above goals are necessary to find solutions that meet environmental goals, especially in emerging countries such as Vietnam. Data was collected from an online survey of 278 managers in manufacturing firms in Vietnam and analyzed using SmartPLS software with the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that green mindfulness directly affects green innovation, which in turn, contributes positively to environmental performance. Green mindfulness also increases environmental performance through the mediating role of green innovation. Moreover, green transformational leadership moderates the effects of green mindfulness on green innovation. These results contribute to the ability to achieve environmental goals in manufacturing firms. The study shows the role of green mindfulness and green transformational leadership in promoting green innovation and environmental performance in manufacturing firms in emerging market contexts.
... Green mindfulness is also important from the consumer level. In marketing research, it has been one of the least explored concepts in terms of its influence on green purchase behavior (Amel et al., 2009;Tewari et al., 2021). ...
... The notable studies explain and relate green mindfulness with pro-environmental behaviors (Barbaro & Pickett, 2016;Dharmesti et al., 2020;Tewari et al., 2021) and green purchase intentions (Dhandra, 2019). There are also a few studies that link mindfulness with self-reported sustainable behaviors (Amel et al., 2009). For instance, Tewari et al. (2021) indicate that mindfulness affects the intention to purchase organic food products. ...
... Green mindfulness ignites the pro-environmental behaviors of consumers (Dharmesti et al., 2020). Mindful consumers are more likely to choose products that are less harmful to the environment even though they perceive barriers to not buying those products (Amel et al., 2009). Individuals' everyday routines which are done automatically are mostly harmful to the environment such as excessive water usage while brushing teeth or not bringing a reusable coffee cup to the coffee shop (Amel et al., 2009). ...
There is a growing attention to sustainability among both academics and practitioners. Governments and conscious consumers force companies to implement policies for environmental protection and social welfare into their organizational structures. This study aims to understand sustainable consumption behaviors, more specifically, consumers' intention to purchase refurbished products (i.e., a returned product which is updated with new parts and has the same quality as the new one) and its relationship to green mindfulness in the context of B2C market. We carried out 18 in-depth interviews with consumers in Turkey. The analysis benefited from abductive research. We also classified our themes and sub-themes under the stimulus-organism-response framework. Findings indicate that stimuli consist of crises (Covid-19 and economic downturn), ungreen business operations, resources of information (education, governmental regulations, social media) and these factors affect the organism. Organism consists of perceived risk (risks related to hygiene, performance risk) and potentially being mindful which affect the response. Response is intention to purchase refurbished products. The current study shows that even though consumers are price-conscious during the economic downturn, they intend to purchase refurbished products. Individuals could be more inclined towards end-of-life options during an economic downturn. Refurbished products have discounted prices; therefore, companies can use this advantage to appeal to financially vulnerable consumers.
... Growing research demonstrates specifically how mindfulness influences sustainable consumption (Fischer et al., 2017). Amel et al. (2009) reveal that when mindful people make purchase decisions, they are more likely to check labels for elements related to environmental protection, such as phosphates, and choose products with minimal or reusable packaging. Mindful hotel guests also exhibit greater watersaving, energy-saving, and recycling behaviors (Dharmesti et al., 2020). ...
... Second, a few existing ecological economics studies explore the interactions of mindfulness and sustainable behaviors, by investigating the benefits of mindfulness interventions (e.g., Bernal et al., 2018;Geiger et al., 2020;Ray et al., 2020) or trait mindfulness (e.g., Amel et al., 2009;Barbaro and Pickett, 2016), but without examining their roles in promoting PEB. In filling this gap, we find that dispositional mindfulness promotes PEB directly, as well as indirectly through increased ethical self-identity. ...
... We provide the first clear evidence in support of the potential of such mindfulness interventions, in the form of the solid and rigorous MBSR protocol. Notably, we tested our model among a sample of the general population, unlike existing studies that identify positive effects of mindfulness on PEB among specific populations (e.g., eco-fair visitors, Amel et al., 2009;organic food consumers, von Essen and Mårtensson, 2014; ecologically and spiritually aware respondents, Jacob et al., 2009), which might have biased the interpretation of the findings. If ecological economists aim to promote effective change strategies that can transform society though, the interventions must be applicable to all people. ...
Ecological economists seek alternatives to capitalism that might establish societies that prioritize respect for the planet. Building on recent conceptual works, the current research adopts a self-determination perspective on human motivation to propose a mediated moderation model in which mindfulness affects green purchase intentions (GPI). Specifically, a self-ethical identity might mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and GPI, and mindfulness training should enhance this effect. The test of the proposed model, with 778 members of the general population in France, affirms the hypothesized relationships, including a positive relationship between trait mindfulness and GPI that is significantly mediated by self-ethical identity. Attending mindfulness training also has a moderating effect on this mediated relationship. The current study accordingly contributes to ongoing research designed to understand the potential benefits of mindfulness for resolving sustainability challenges.
... The self-compass is multiplied by being mindful, as it influences the ethical change in how one takes ethical action in individuals with attentiveness or empathy [36,37] . It also impacts proenvironmental action and behavior [35,38] . It involves assigning a specific focus on presence and acceptance of what one is experiencing when practicing it. ...
... Scholars try to assess psychological antecedents that underpin environmental behavior and can claim that pro-environment behaviors enhance aspects of nature or minimize the destructive nature of the environment exercised by particular individuals. Mindfulness has received immense attention regarding psychological factors related to environmental behavior [26,38,42] . The literature shows that mindfulness allows people to monitor their behaviour appropriately. ...
This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and environmental identity of adults. A sample of 367 adults was recruited using convenient sampling, and data were collected through online surveys. A quantitative analysis was carried out with SMART PLS-SEM to explore the structural relationships between these variables. The results demonstrated that mindfulness is significantly correlated with both environmental satisfaction and environmental identity, with environmental identity serving as a significant mediator between mindfulness and environmental satisfaction. These findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of mindfulness tend to have greater environmental satisfaction and a more robust environmental identity. The study highlights the importance of mindfulness in promoting environmental responsibility and suggests that mindfulness can enhance adults' affinity with nature and pro-environmental behaviors. This research contributes to the current understanding of the psychological determinants of environmental attitudes and behaviors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to foster environmental actions.
... Over the past two decades, scholars have discussed the possibility that mindfulness practices might enhance proenvironmental behaviors (PEBs): human behaviors that benefit the environment, often assessed as carbon footprint reduction. [23][24][25][26] While various potential mechanisms linking mindfulness and PEBs have been considered, empirical evidence is primarily observational (i.e., non-experimental). 27 In 2005, Brown and Kasser (N = 206; N = 220) reported that dispositional mindfulness was positively associated with selfreported PEBs (β = .44; ...
... P < .001). 24 Two studies by Hunecke and Richter using the FFMQ (N = 310; N = 560) reported that mindfulness and acting-with-awareness predicted sustainable food consumption (β = .11, P = .04), ...
Rising greenhouse gas levels heat the earth’s surface and alter climate patterns, posing unprecedented threats to planetary ecology and human health. At the same time, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have reached epidemic proportions across the globe, caused in part by decreases in physical activity and by over-consumption of carbon-intensive foods. Thus, interventions that support active transportation (walking or cycling rather than driving) and healthier food choices (eating plant-based rather than meat-based diets) would yield health and sustainability “co-benefits.” Emerging research suggests that mindfulness-based practices might be effective means toward these ends. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we have developed a mindfulness-based group program, Mindful Eco-Wellness: Steps Toward Healthier Living. Loosely based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course, our curriculum teaches mindfulness practices in tandem with sustainability principles, following weekly themes of Air, Water, Food, Energy, Transportation, Consumption, Nature Experience, and Ethics. For example, the “Air” class offers participants practice in guided breath meditations while they learn about the benefits of clean air. The theme of “Food” is presented through mindful eating, accompanied by educational videos highlighting the consequences of food production and consumption. “Transportation” includes walking/movement meditations and highlights the health benefits of physical activity and detriments of fossil-fueled transportation. Pedagogical lessons on energy, ecological sustainability, and the ethics of planetary health are intertwined with mindful nature experience and metta (loving-kindness) meditation. Curricular materials, including teaching videos, are freely available online. Pilot testing in community settings (n = 30) and in group medical visits (n = 34) has demonstrated feasibility; pilot data suggests potential effectiveness. Rigorous evaluation and testing are needed.
... Due to the deep roots of human cultures and habits, it is becoming clearer that the world needs strategies that change people's core personalities and some of their worldviews, values, and beliefs (Park et al., 2013). More and more researchers from a wide range of areas are thus looking into how Mindfulness affects Sustainability and pro-environment behavior (PEB) (Amel, et al., 2009). Research indicates that mindfulness not only affects sustainable behavior but also has a direct bearing on well-being and prosocial behavior (Dhandra, 2019). ...
... In 1990 McCracken postulated three characteristics of mindful consumption: limited possessions, aesthetics, and intentional possession choices. It was also confirmed by Amel et al. (2009), that Mindful consumption affects consumer attitudes and encourages environmentally friendly buying behavior. This confirms that transformative choices can therefore reduce mindless behavior in consumers, according to Dholakia (2016). ...
The G20 summit has sharply put on focus how the current patterns of consumption are unsustainable and countries across the world need to rethink their production and consumption patterns. Sustainable consumption and production patterns are the focal points of SDG 12, one of the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals. To achieve SDG-12's objective, policies that maximize resource utilization while minimizing waste are mandated to be implemented by 2030. Because the fashion industry designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes products to satisfy the needs of end users, and collaborates with textile and apparel manufacturers on one end and distribution channels on the other, it ends up with considerable resource utilization, creates waste, environmental pollution and worker exploitation across its value chain. On the consumer end, the fashion industry is marked by rapid transformations and planned obsolescence which causes garments to be discarded before the end of their useful life, resulting in brief product cycles and conspicuous consumption patterns. Sustainability in the fashion industry cannot be achieved unless personal values dominate mindless consumption perpetuated by fast fashion. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of mindfulness on consumer behavior in relation to sustainable fashion. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the transformative potential of mindful consumption across several areas of sustainability. This research begins by doing a thorough analysis of existing literature to establish the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of the mindful sustainable consumption (MSC) method. This approach addresses a significant gap in the literature, which typically fails to integrate mindful consumption with sustainability.
... Beyond openness, other dispositional traits seem to be linked to increased individual abilities to plan and enact the implementation of pro-environmental intentions. For instance, pro-environmental behaviour has been repeatedly found to relate with dispositional mindfulness [156,167,[192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199]. Whilst most of the studies on the topic explain the correlation between mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviour in terms of a higher tendency of mindful individuals to feel empathy for humans and species affected by the environmental crisis [156,167,[197][198][199], some point out that higher present-moment awareness, entailed in mindfulness traits, would predict a lower inclination to act by default [192,200] and a higher ability to regulate one's behaviour to address pro-environmental goals [197,201]. ...
... For instance, pro-environmental behaviour has been repeatedly found to relate with dispositional mindfulness [156,167,[192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199]. Whilst most of the studies on the topic explain the correlation between mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviour in terms of a higher tendency of mindful individuals to feel empathy for humans and species affected by the environmental crisis [156,167,[197][198][199], some point out that higher present-moment awareness, entailed in mindfulness traits, would predict a lower inclination to act by default [192,200] and a higher ability to regulate one's behaviour to address pro-environmental goals [197,201]. Parallelly, pro-environmental behaviour has been also linked to conscientiousness-i.e., the tendency to be diligent, organised, and responsible [171,174,175,202] and to the self-control trait-i.e., the disposition to display ability to inhibit undesired behavioural tendencies and refrain from acting on them [146,147,149,150,[203][204][205], implying that performing proenvironmental behaviour would require individuals to refrain from performing potentially unsustainable automatic and/or hedonistic behaviour. ...
A successful transition to a lower-emission society may require major changes in the patterns of individual behaviours. Yet, whilst awareness and concern about climate change have increased in recent years among the global population, global greenhouse gases emissions have not ceased to rise. This paper discusses potential reasons underlying the gap between individual knowledge of climate change and the actions implemented to contain greenhouse gas emissions. To investigate this phenomenon, we look at the scientific literature exploring the factors influencing pro-environmental behaviour. First, we highlight how an individual’s environmental knowledge is not only approximate but also biased by cognitive, affective, and cultural factors, influencing their appraisal of climate information and their motivation to act. Second, we discuss three major models of pro-environmental behaviour, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the Norm-Activation Model (NAM), and the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN), to highlight their failure to account for automatic cognitive and affective factors influencing an individual’s ability to implement pro-environmental intentions. Then, we discuss the Comprehensive-Action-Determination Model of pro-environmental behaviour (CADM), and its efforts to overcome the limits of the previous models. Finally, we examine the dispositional traits associated with pro-environmental engagement to highlight how the relationship between dispositions and pro-environmental behaviour performance appears related to self-regulation processes, supported by executive functioning; increased self-regulation would enable alignment of pro-environmental intentions and behaviours, and anticipation of the long-term consequences of present behaviours. We conclude by calling for more research to be carried out on the effect of enhanced self-regulation, and of self-regulation training, on individual reactions to the climate crisis.
... Geiger, Otto, and Schrader (2018) found that increased mindful awareness of momentary experiences had a positive impact on healthy lifestyles, which in turn had positive effects on ecological behaviour. Amel, Manning, and Scott (2009) also showed that mindfulness is positively associated with sustainable behavior. On the other hand, Arslan et al. (2022) considered green mindfulness as a moderator variable. ...
... Geiger et al. (2018) have found an indirect relationship between mindful awareness and ecological behavior. Amel et al. (2009) reported a positive relationship between mindfulness and sustainable behaviour. Thus, the third hypothesis is: ...
Today, environmental problems are worsening, greenhouse gas emissions are increasing, and natural resources are depleting. Solving these problems requires the efforts of everyone in the organization. This study aims to analyze the impact of green transformational leadership on pro-environmental behavior in the workplace. Specifically, the main hypothesis is that green transformational leadership positively influences workplace pro-environment behavior. Two other pathways are also proposed. The relationship can be mediated through green mindfulness and green self-efficacy. The method used in this study is a questionnaire, and data were collected from 163 respondents who work for the Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand. An integrated model containing the hypothesized structure was then tested with structural equation modeling. The results showed that green transformational leadership positively impacted workplace pro-environment behaviors and that this relationship was mediated by green mindfulness. However, green self-efficacy did not mediate between green transformational leadership and workplace pro-environment behavior as there was no relationship between self-efficacy and workplace pro-environment behavior. Rather, green self-efficacy influences workplace pro-environment behavior through green mindfulness. The revised model provides some practical implications for corporations that intend to promote workplace pro-environment behavior. First, green transformational leadership serves as an important factor as it has both direct and indirect impacts on workplace pro-environment behavior. Second, green mindfulness is an important mediator for two indirect effects upon workplace pro-environment behavior. These two factors are key in motivating staff members to work environmentally
... Several studies have also reported a relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviours [26,27,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Most of them explain the positive correlation between mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviour in terms of a higher tendency of mindful individuals to feel connected to the natural and social world of which they are a part, resulting in increased concern about the consequences of the environmental crisis on the ecosystem [41,[45][46][47]. ...
... However, some studies have highlighted a role of self-regulation in explaining such a correlation. Amel et al. [40], for instance, found a positive correlation between pro-environmental behaviour and the acting with awareness dimension of mindfulness, i.e., the present-moment awareness and the absence of mind wandering. This correlation suggests that mindful individuals would be more likely to perform pro-environmental behaviours because they are less inclined to act by default and are more prone to consider different behavioural options in terms of their environmental impact. ...
Great scientific effort has been devoted to understanding what drives pro-environmental behaviour, yet the question of the environmental attitude–behaviour gap remains unanswered. Studies have indicated that self-regulation and executive functions may reduce such a gap by increasing individuals’ ability to maintain attention on present actions and to resist goal-conflicting temptations. Given the inherent association of self-regulation and executive functions with dispositional mindfulness, we carried out a cross-sectional study to test the hypothesis of the role of dispositional mindfulness in explaining the phenomenon. Our results showed that higher levels of dispositional mindfulness, measured via the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), are related to a higher tendency to perform pro-environmental behaviour, and that the observing facet of the construct would predict higher pro-environmental behaviour scores. Interestingly, we also found the acting with awareness and nonjudging factors to be moderators of the relationship between pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours, suggesting that enhanced awareness of the present moment may favour higher congruence between attitudes and behaviours, and that higher acceptance may favour more adaptive coping strategies to the climate challenge. Our findings provide a novel contribution to the understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviour and support the perspective that self-regulation skills would contribute to reducing the environmental attitude–behaviour gap.
... Amel et al. suggested that conscious attention is an important means of cultivating sustainable habits. Conversely, conscious action and self-reporting reinforce sustainable behaviors [26]. ...
Characteristics of green management in saving costs and promoting sustainable development have been widely recognized but advanced green management theory has not been well integrated into the curriculum of human resource management majors. This study analyzes the challenges faced by green management practices from the perspective of teachers’ teaching and scientific research, notes the urgency of integrating green management into the teaching and research of human resource management majors, and proposes a methodology and teaching reform ideas for integrating green management theory and green management modes into the practice of human resource management majors’ courses. Comparative and case study research methods are used to analyze and demonstrate the application of green management theories and models in teaching and research in human resource management. Incorporating the green management theory and model into the teaching and research of human resource management can encourage enterprises to become “people-oriented”, value employees, pursue sustainable development, and achieve the organic unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits. Integrating green management into the teaching and research of human resource management enriches course content, promotes the effective combination of professional knowledge and application practice, and provides research methodology and theoretical support for teachers and students to conduct scientific research.
... For example, an interesting study (Armstrong, 2012) found that mindfulness learning leads to reported changes in areas related to affect regulation and the sense of self experiences in compulsive buyers, such that there is a decrease in emphasis on consumer goods sought for their emotional or symbolic properties. Furthermore, Amel et al. (2009) found a significant positive correlation between the mindfulness facet "acting with awareness" and scores on a green behavior scale in a small sample of 100 visitors to a sustainability expo. Moreover, in two recent studies (Hunecke & Richter, 2019;Richter & Hunecke, 2020), the mindfulness facet "observe" was identified as the strongest predictor of sustainable and organic food consumption. ...
Objectives
This study aimed to explore possible gender differences in the relationship between emotion dysregulation, mindfulness, and pro-environmental behaviors. Specifically, it aimed to investigate whether mindfulness mediated the association between emotion dysregulation and pro-environmental behaviors, and if there were any gender differences in this relationship.
Method
A sample of 1,406 employees (56.3% males, average age = 44.85) participated in the study. Participants completed the Pro-Environmental Behaviors Scale (PEBS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- Short Form (DERS-SF), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) to assess pro-environmental behaviors, emotion regulation, and mindfulness, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and mediation analysis.
Results
Women exhibited higher scores on the PEBS total scale (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.02), higher scores on the Observe and Describe FFMQ subscales (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.01), and lower scores on the Non-react FFMQ subscale (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.01), compared to men. No gender differences were found on the DERS-SF total scale (p > 0.05; 𝜂² = 0.00). Higher levels of emotion dysregulation were associated with lower pro-environmental behaviors (r = - 0.12; p < 0.05). Mindfulness mediated the relationship between emotion dysregulation and pro-environmental behaviors, specifically through the ability to observe one's own emotions and external stimuli. Gender differences were found based on the Non-react facet of mindfulness, which is negatively associated with pro-environmental behaviors in men (β = - 0.08; p < 0.05) and positively associated with them in women (β = 0.09; p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The findings suggest that emotion dysregulation and mindfulness are associated with pro-environmental behaviors. The ability to observe one's own emotions and external stimuli plays a significant role in promoting sustainable behaviors, while the ability to perceive one's own emotions without feeling overwhelmed or compelled to react to them has different associations with pro-environmental behaviors in men and women. These results provide insights for the development of interventions targeting emotion regulation and mindfulness to encourage pro-environmental behaviors, specifically based on gender.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
... The social media platforms of sustainable brands do not elucidate "sustainability" through their content. Current research shows a difference in consumer "acting and awareness" (Testa et al., 2021, p. 580) regarding sustainability (Amel et al., 2009), which can be due to consumers already engaging with sustainable brands on social media to demonstrate their activism, negating the use of continuous sustainability content by the brand. In contrast, the sustainably aware brands incorporating supply chain, distribution, consumption, recycling sustainability through their products and traditional fashion brand content received more engagement from consumers when they shared sustainability-related posts because it surprised the followers and engaged them more (Testa et al., 2021). ...
Social media is now a marketing platform effectively utilizing influencer marketing to connect with the target consumers. The young Generation Z consumer is extremely active on social media attracted by the lure of influencers, opinion leaders, and active creators, and they utilize social media to gain knowledge about their brands. Fashion brands nowadays have been trying to meet the consumer demand for sustainable products by utilizing social media and influencer marketing to develop, advertise, and show-case corporate social responsibility (CSR) around green sustainable fashion products. The consumer seeks cognitive information from their social media experience, fulfilling aesthetic and entertainment gratification, received through appealing images, social media videos, stories, influencer content, and interaction enabling information gathering, entertainment, and allowing consumers to transform their knowledge into intent by purchasing green, sustainable fashion brands.
... Considerable empirical research has concentrated on the relationships between mindfulness and sustainability (Daniel et al., 2023;Fischer et al., 2017). In this research stream, various types of sustainable consumer behaviors have been investigated, including pro-environmental actions (Barbaro and Pickett, 2016), self-perceived greenness (Amel et al., 2009), awareness of and responsiveness to sustainability practices (Barber and Deale, 2014), green purchase intentions (Daniel et al., 2023), socially conscious purchasing and frugal purchasing (Dhandra, 2019), climate adaptation action intentions (Wamsler and Brink, 2018), reduced conspicuous consumption (Bharti et al., 2022), consumption refinement and consumption reduction (Li et al., 2021) etc. Voluntary simplicity characterizes general anti-consumption attitudes and in particular the will to reduce one's overall consumption level (Iyer and Muncy, 2009). General ethically minded consumer behavior captures the awareness of making consumption choices driven by ethical reasons pertaining to environmental considerations, such as recycling (Sudbury-Riley and Kohlbacher, 2016). ...
... In addition, mindfulness practice may increase awareness of connectedness to nature. It may be affected by greater self-world connection (Amel et al., 2009). Our findings are also supported by the research of Barbaro and Pickett (2016) which showed that more mindful individuals self-report more engagement in daily pro-environmental behaviors. ...
... It is possible that ethical practices alone may not be enough to drive changes in prosocial behaviour, while the integration of both ethical and Buddhist wisdom practices could be essential for a significant impact on prosocial behaviour, potentially contributing to the observed contradictory results in previous studies. This notion is supported by Thiermann and Sheate's (2021) systematic review of the relationship between mindfulness and environmental sustainability which highlighted a consensus among theoretical (Bahl et al., 2016;Thiermann & Sheate, 2020) and empirical studies (Amel et al., 2009;Hunecke & Richter, 2019) regarding the positive impact of insight into interconnectedness, self-transcendence, and impermanence on pro-environmental behaviour. Nevertheless, most empirical studies examining this connection have focused on participants' trait mindfulness without incorporating any form of mindfulness intervention (Thiermann & Sheate, 2021). ...
The objective of this evaluative systematic review was to analyse the impact of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) that incorporate Buddhist wisdom practices on prosocial behaviour, and provide insights into their underlying mechanism, potential benefits, and applications.
A systematic literature search was conducted using three electronic databases up until 1 December 2023. Data on the participants in the MBIs, the structure, and how Buddhist teachings were integrated were collected. The impact on prosocial behaviour was analysed, along with evaluating overall study quality and the validity of the measures used for assessing changes in prosocial behaviour.
Collectively, the 12 eligible studies (n = 2185) suggest that incorporating the Buddhist wisdom practices of contemplating interdependence, emptiness, and perspective-taking on self and others may enhance prosocial behaviour through various mechanisms, such as (i) developing a sense of interdependence and common humanity, (ii) fostering the altruistic desire to help others, and (iii) experiencing a state of oneness. However, concerns were raised about the overuse and reliability of self-report measures for accurately assessing prosocial behaviour, as well as in respect of discerning the effectiveness of different meditation practices that are integrated into MBIs.
Overall, the findings of this systematic literature review reinforce the perspective that wisdom-based meditation practices contribute to prosocial behaviour. However, to enhance the understanding of the underlying causes of prosocial behaviour, future studies should isolate the effects of different meditation practices incorporated within MBIs. Furthermore, it is strongly recommended that future studies assessing the impact of MBIs on prosocial behaviour employ a range of diverse measures, such as self-reported psychometric scales in combination with real-world morally relevant scenarios.
PROSPERO: Registration No. CRD42023426411.
... It is omnipresent. Eastern philosophical approach toward mindfulness is based on spiritual and therapeutic context, and the construct mainly focuses on peace of mind, meditation, transcendent experiences, attention, and awareness (Amel et al., 2009). The modern world, too, approaches mindfulness in the same way. ...
Although tourism is commonly regarded as less damaging to the environment than other industries, its widespread presence and size have already resulted in negative impacts. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has provided an opportunity to shift the consumption mindset toward mindful tourism. By promoting responsible tourism growth, mindfulness-driven travel could mitigate the detrimental effects of tourism. This study aims to investigate the attitudes of urban Indian tourists toward mindfulness and mindfulness-driven tourism consumption following the COVID-19 pandemic. Purposive sampling was deployed to collect data through semi-structured interviews featuring open-ended questions to achieve this objective. The questionnaire will be administered to 20 respondents to attain theoretical saturation. The researchers aim to ascertain whether compassion and meaningful experiences motivate the new-age Indian traveler when visiting tourist destinations.
... For instance, "acting with awareness," a facet of mindfulness, showed a positive correlation with sustainable actions (Amel et al., 2009). Studies using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003), which specifically evaluates the attention aspect of mindfulness, have also reported a positive association between environmental behavior, mindfulness, and ecological footprints (Brown & Kasser, 2005). ...
Numerous studies have examined the psychological factors that impact pro-environmental behaviour. Two such factors,
the observational aspect of mindfulness and awe emotion significantly predict pro-environmental behaviour. Notably,
mindfulness is associated with the experience of awe. However, research on awe emotion and its relationship with pro-
environmental behaviors and mindfulness is limited. The present study aims to explore the connection between the
observational facet of mindfulness and pro-environmental behavior through the connectedness facet of awe emotion. Data
were collected from 204 undergraduate students majoring in forestry or its related courses, aged from 18 to 21 years using
a purposive sampling technique. The measures employed included the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S), the Five Facets of
Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Pro-Environmental Behaviour Scale. To test the mediation, Hayes’ PROCESS
macro analysis was utilized. The results indicate that the connectedness facet of awe emotion mediates the relationship
between observational characteristics of mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviour. Thus, this study offers a new
perspective on the interplay between specific characteristics of mindfulness and awe emotion in the context of pro-
environmental behaviour.
... The present work is a pioneer attempt to explore the impact of mindfulness on sustainability consciousness. Previous studies have primarily emphasised on the aspect of sustainable consumption rather than sustainability consciousness (e.g., Amel et al., 2009;Bahl et al., 2016;Lim, 2017). A few noteworthy papers entail the concept of SC in the context of school education primarily (Olsson and Gericke, 2016;Olsson et al., 2019). ...
... The facet of mindfulness significantly correlated with IA and more correlated with the other variables was acting with awareness, that is dismissing the automatic pilot and paying attention to what is in the present moment. This result seems in line with previous studies that underlined the prominent role of acting with awareness in the promotion of a coherence between attitudes and behaviours (Amel et al., 2009;Wamsler et al., 2018). The ability to dismiss the automatic pilot was also found especially relevant in increasing the regulation of behaviours and decreasing impulsive disorders (Peters et al., 2011;Royuela-Colomer et al., 2021). ...
... In 2004 Frauman and Norman adapted Moscardo's scale (1996), and later other authors used the adaptation of this measure (Choe et al. 2014;Noor et al. 2014;Rubin et al. 2016;Taylor and Norman 2018;Ying et al. 2020). Three (2020) used five items of green mindfulness measure generated from the existing literature (Amel et al. 2009). Most studies used as a basis the scale specifically developed by Moscardo (1996) to assess the concept of mindfulness in the context of tourism. ...
This paper presents a systematic review update regarding mindfulness theories applied to tourism, complemented with a bibliometric analysis. Scientific studies listed in the WOS, SCOPUS, PubMed and PsycInfo databases were analysed using PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-five studies were selected for review from 670 records identified. In recent years, mindfulness has proved to be a promising area of research in tourism, and the number of published studies is increasing. The findings reveal a positive association between mindfulness and tourism experiences, suggesting that tourists who adopt states of mindfulness during their travels benefit from increased pro-environmental behaviours, satisfaction levels, and memorable experiences, leading to destination loyalty. This study provides an in-depth overview of the literature, and helps redress the lack of bibliometric studies in this field. It also identifies common areas of current research interest, offers insights into commonly studied themes, and seeks to raise awareness about the relevance of the concept of mindfulness in tourist experiences and well-being by suggesting implications for research and tourism management.
... Awareness on all three levels could make the perceived interconnection of life more salient, and thus, in turn, make it more likely for individuals to view environmental protection as a moral issue. Past research has shown that internal awareness creates a greater self-world connection (Amel et al., 2009) and that it is related to a more ecological orientation (Leary et al., 2008). Self-awareness has been associated with a tendency to act in accordance with one's own attitudes and to engage in behaviors that increase consistency with one's standards (Duval & Lalwani, 1999;Silvia & Duval, 2001;Silvia & Gendolla, 2001). ...
We evaluate whether the feeling that all life is interconnected is associated with moral awareness of protecting the environment. We present a model in which different levels of awareness-awareness of self, other, and nature-are associated with environmental measures and moral awareness of environmental protection. Using path analysis (N = 634), we first evaluate how each level of awareness predicts the environmental measures. We then show that these associations are mediated by moral awareness of environmental protection and that moral awareness has an additional unique contribution as a predictor. Our results highlight the importance of different levels of awareness on attitudes and predispositions towards environmental protection. This research provides valuable insights into the relationship between interconnectedness, moral awareness, and environmentalism, offering a foundation for developing interventions and strategies aimed at fostering a more ecologically conscious society.
... Also, the individual seeks an option with minimal harmful effect to environmental nature regardless of a great hindrance to exercising the selected option. According to Amel et al. (2009), it was found that mindfulness predicted sustainable behavior. Results of the study showed that everyday actions were automatic and mindfulness helped connect ' self' with the world, which encouraged pro-environmental behavior. ...
... Green mindfulness shows special psychological resources that are probably to penetrate employees and help to develop or redevelop concepts, items, methods, and services that help the tourism and hospitality companies to attain their objectives by reducing their environmental impact while enhancing it (Dharmesti et al. 2020). Many actions we do on a daily basis are initiated by cognitive resources; as a result, green mindfulness encourages a stronger sense of connection between the self and the world, which in turn encourages environmentally responsible behavior (Amel et al. 2009). People who practice green mindfulness have an up-to-date awareness of new environmental information in the current environment, as well as an aptitude for meeting individual cognitive needs that arise during the process of idea creation as new issues are probably going to appear while finding a way out to old ones (Langer and Moldoveanu 2000). ...
This research study analyzed the impact of green human resource management on the green creativity of the employees of the pharmaceutical companies of Lahore, Pakistan, with the mediating role of a green mindset and the moderating role of green concern. The convenience sampling technique was used to sample employees of pharmaceutical companies. The study was quantitative and cross-sectional in nature, and it used correlation and regression analysis to investigate the hypothesis. A sample of 226 employees (including managers, supervisors, and other staff members) was drawn from different pharmaceutical companies in Lahore, Pakistan. The results of the study indicate that green human resource management has a positive significant effect on the green creativity of employees. Findings further explain that the green mindset acts as a mediator and partially mediates the relationship between green human resource management and green creativity. Furthermore, this study examined the role of green concern as a moderator and the results explain the insignificant relation which shows that green concern does not moderate the relationship between the green mindset and green creativity of the employees of pharmaceutical companies in Lahore, Pakistan. The practical implications of this research study are also discussed.
... Although GrCRT is essential to the sustainable development of tourism companies, literature on tourism and hotel management usually focuses on the general environmental behavior (Amel et al., 2009;Line et al., 2018;Oetzel & Oh, 2019). For instance, the fine-grained green behavior, GrCRT, is largely ignored in the mainstream research (Mittal & Dhar, 2016). ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of Generative leadership (GL) in fostering employees toward green creativity (GrCRT) in tourism and hospitality industry. The present study theorized a model with the help of the theory of componential creativity to investigate GL, PGC, and GC as precursors of GrCRT. In addition to positing the direct associations, the model anticipates the mediation effect of PGC and GC on the association between GL and GrCRT. The data collected from a sample of 380 frontline workers in the hospitality industry of Pakistan assessed by their respective 112 supervisors is analyzed using Process macro. Empirical results confirm that GL significantly fosters employees toward GrCRT. Furthermore, results confirm that psychological green climate (PGC) and green commitment (GC) partially mediate the link between GL-GrCRT. Moreover, the results show that serial mediation is positive and significant. This is maidan study to empirically examine a new construct, such as Generative leadership on green creativity in tourism and hospitality. Further, this study is the first one to study the mediating role of psychological green climate and green commitment on the said relationship and validating the theory of componential creativity. Furthermore, this study would be among the few ones that has examined the serial mediation of psychological green climate and green commitment between GL-GrCRT. This study also make valuable contributions to policy makers in the tourism and hospitality industry to understand how they can reduce the environmental footprints through generative leaders who can encourage employees toward green creativity.
... To increase sustainability in consumption patterns in buildings, there has been a growing body of research investigating the psychological underpinnings of behavior [9]. Ecopsychologists have paid significant attention to mindfulness as a psychological construct of disrupting automatic routines, reinforcing non-materialistic values, enhancing awareness, and encouraging pro-social values and behavior [10][11][12] as well as pro-environmental behavior [13][14][15][16][17]. ...
Mindfulness is a psychological construct that enhances sustainable behaviors, environmental behavior, environmental consumption, mindful consumption, and water and energy sustainable consumption. The state of mindfulness can be affected by the determinator of the physical environment as architecture via the architectural atmosphere. The previous studies show that the discrete areas of knowledge between architecture and mindfulness are still widely unknown. However, image-centered social media platforms such as Instagram seem to be able to provide big data for studying people’s perceptions of architecture. Thus, this study aims to describe the concept design and characteristics of architectural atmosphere in architecture images tagged mindfulness posted to Instagram. A coding framework developed from a previous systematic literature review was conducted for this content analysis. A total of 354 architectural images were screened, coded, and analyzed by five architects. The results highlight that the Japanese traditional architecture (59.20%) looks to be the most architectural atmosphere concept that influences mindfulness, following by Biophilic Design (33.05%), and Buddhist contemplative space (20.06%). In addition, it was found that the most common architectural atmosphere characteristic fostering mindfulness performed calm space (73.58%), focus object (54.45%), concrete material (85.71%), hue color (78.17%), hard light and shadow (78.98%), and view with a tree (60.11%).
... (4) Mindful nature practices: Mindfulness practices like yoga or meditation can help individuals develop a greater sense of embodiment and connection with their physical selves, which can translate into a felt appreciation of the "interwoven nature" of the natural world (Danvers, 2016). By cultivating mindfulness practices, individuals can become more attuned to the natural world and develop a greater sense of respect and responsibility towards the environment (Amel et al., 2009;Barbaro and Pickett, 2016). Conscious and responsible use of psychedelic plant medicines like ayahuasca and psilocybin can also be fruitful options. ...
This paper applies the Free Energy Principle (FEP) to propose that the lack of action in response to the global ecological crisis should be considered a maladaptive symptom of human activity that we refer to as biophilia deficiency syndrome. The paper is organised into four parts: the characterisation of the natural world under the Gaia Hypothesis, the employment of the FEP as a description of the behavior of self-organising systems, the application of the FEP to Gaia to understand coupling dynamics between living systems and purportedly non-living planetary processes, and the offering of positive interventions for addressing the current state of ecological crisis under this framework. For the latter, we emphasize the importance of perturbing stuck states for healthy development, and the necessary appreciation of life existing as nested systems at multiple levels in a hierarchy. We propose the development of human biophilia virtue in accordance with the FEP as a practical intervention for treating biophilia deficiency syndrome and helping to safeguard the balance of planetary processes and the integrity of living systems that depend on them, offering some examples of what this might look like in practice. Overall, this paper provides novel insights into how to catalyse meaningful ecological change, proposing a deliberate and disruptive approach to addressing the dysfunctional relationship between humans and the rest of the natural world.
... Awareness is defined as the knowledge or perception of a situation or fact (Merikle, 1984). Amel et al. (2009) detail that awareness plays a determining role in sustainable consumption practices. These factors directly affect the purchasing behavior of sustainable products (Borin et al., 2011). ...
Sustainable consumption analyses the choice of products to address environmental issues. In recent years, the circular economy model () has offered strategies as possible solutions to address the growing demand for action on climate justice. The success of a business model depends on understanding the consumer's role. The power of individual consumer actions is vital for minimizing the adverse impacts of climate change. Although the effectiveness of in the business sector has been studied, the literature has ignored the role of consumers in sustainable consumption practices through. Thus, using a survey technique, this quantitative study analyzed part of the theoretical model of Mostaghel and Chirumalla to analyze how awareness and consumer attitude significantly impact purchase intention and ethical purchasing behavior. The data analyzed through PLS-SEM reflected several theoretical implications in the forms of consumer behavior, a topic that has not been addressed in the literature.
... Thus, the authors (Doran, 2011;Carvalho, 2014) understand mindfulness as a "technology of the self" that exerts an action on one's own subjectivity with the potential to cause effective changes in modes of existence in a more sustainable direction. Quantitative research has shown a positive relationship between the practice of mindfulness and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors (Amel et al, 2009). Mindfulness would be promoting a double benefit: on the one hand, it increases wellbeing by detaching it from materialistic and consumer logics; on the other, it actively promotes more sustainable behavior and lifestyle (Ericson et al, 2014). ...
The use of mindfulness as a pedagogical tool is gaining ground given the great possibilities it offers in the development of students' emotional competencies in education for sustainable development. The main aim of this study is to show how mindful-ness plays a key role in the learning process, in response to the need to develop students' emotional competencies in education for sustainable development. Humans play a key role in global climate change. Therefore, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote awareness of sustainability through proactive, global, and social measures that distance us from the Brundtland paradigm focused on meeting the needs of the present generation. However, these goals will not be achieved without transformations in the way societies function, and education plays a vital role in this. Literature review includes the analysis of Mindfulness and resilience, and Resilience and academic performance. Our results show how students' mindfulness has a positive impact on resilience. At the same time, resilience has a positive relationship with academic performance. Therefore, the results confirm our hypotheses regarding the role mindfulness plays as a promoter of resilience and the impact resilience has on academic performance. We also find that gender is significantly and positively related to performance. Thus, women have higher grades than men, although the relationships between variables remain the same. Gender is known to be a demographic variable that appears to discriminate stu-dents' academic achievements. The research model is tested with a questionnaire addressed to 497 students from three higher education institutions and one secondary school in three Spanish regions, comprising 22 academic disciplines (covering a wide range from business and economic sciences, technological and experimental sciences, health sciences, and social sciences). Experts in the education area revised the questionnaire and pretested it on a group of 25 students. This process allowed us to improve the wording and confirm the suitability of the questionnaire. The results of a structural equation analysis confirm the study hypotheses. We find mindfulness to be positively related to resilience, which consequently leads to better academic performance. Thus, mindfulness in the classroom incorporates strategies and tools that allow young people to face their education with the highest possibilities of training, experience, and personal growth. It also contributes significantly to the development of sustainable individual competencies such as resilience, which will contribute, in the mid-and long term, to the development of more sustainable societies. In sum, the basic question we have attempted to answer in this research is whether mindfulness influences students' academic performance through resilience. Our study provides empirical evidence that the mindfulness-academic performance relationship is mediated by resilience. Future research could replicate this study not only in other Spanish locations, but also in different countries, to consider other cultural and geographical settings.
... 69,70 With regard to the latter, research also suggests that dispositional mindfulness is positively correlated with belief in climate change, 71 motivation for climate adaptation, 72 and self-reported pro-environmental behavior. 71,[73][74][75][76][77] These preliminary indications of a positive relationship between mindfulness and sustainability have raised expectations. Yet, experimental evidence for understanding the underlying processes and links between (induced) mindfulness and markers of pro-environmentalism in general, and climate change attitudes and action in particular, is scarce. ...
Recent research suggests that mindfulness, compassion, and self-compassion relate to inner transformative qualities/capacities and intermediary factors that can support increased pro-environmental behavior and attitudes across individual, collective, organizational, and system levels. However, current insights focus on the individual level, are restricted to certain sustainability fields, and wider experimental evidence is scarce and contradictory. Our pilot study addresses this gap and tests the aforementioned proposition in the context of an intervention: an EU Climate Leadership Program for high-level decision-makers. The intervention was found to have significant effects on transformative qualities/capacities, intermediary factors, and pro-environmental behaviors and engagement across all levels. The picture is, however, more complex for pro-environmental attitudes. With due limitations (e.g., small sample size), this preliminary evidence confirms the feasibility and potential of mindfulness- and compassion-based interventions to foster inner-outer transformation for sustainability and climate action. Aspects that should be taken into account in larger confirmatory trials are discussed.
... Sharad Gupta and Harsh V. Verma (2019) opined that mindful consumption is about being consciously aware of the consequences of excessive consumption and proposed that mindfulness increases life satisfaction and integrates with mindfulness. Mindful consumption helps in making attitudinal changes in consumer and makes them prefer consumption habits that are less harmful to the environment (Amel et al. 2009). Jihad Mohammad, Farzana Quoquab and Mohamed Sodom (2020) elucidated mindful consumption behavior in sustainable clothing. ...
Purpose: During the last decade, studies on the theoretical models of mindful marketing and consumption have gained the attention of researchers due to the increased awareness concerning environmentalism among companies and consumers. Mindful marketing is about a balanced approach sans consumerism, and mindful consumption is about making informed choices for the well-being of society, businesses, and individuals. The purpose of the paper is to critically review the previous studies on mindfulness in marketing and consumption, identify the research gaps, provide directions for future research, and set a research agenda. Methodology: Framework-based systematic literature review is used for the review. The framework used is the TCCM (Theories, Contexts, Characteristics, and Methodology) (Paul J. et al. 2019). The study highlights the findings from prior studies to understand the theory development and compares the characteristics and contexts based on the framework used. The articles used in the study are from the period 2002–2022 from journals with an impact factor of more than 1.0 and indexed in Scopus and ABDC. The period of the last 20 years was chosen because research on mindfulness in marketing and consumption from the business perspective gained momentum during the last two decades. Findings: The study suggests that studies on mindful marketing and consumption focussed more on the development of sector-specific models. A universally accepted definition and conceptual understanding of mindful marketing and consumption are yet to be researched in future studies. The previous studies did not cover conceptual aspects of mindful marketing and consumption. There is an excellent scope for theoretical extension in this area as it covers almost three subjects: sustainability, marketing, and consumer behavior. Contribution: There is no review in the previous studies that have comprehensively explored the theoretical development, contexts, characteristics, and methodology based on all the articles published in the last two decades. The review seeks to delve deeper into the area of mindful marketing and consumption, which would help in the identification of research gaps and the development of the research agenda.
This study examines the impact of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) on Employee Retention (ER) in the high-end hotel sector of Vietnam, with a focus on the mediating role of Innovative Climate (IC), Knowledge Sharing (KS), and Mindfulness (MF). While the environmental benefits of GHRM are well-established, its influence on employee-related outcomes, particularly in emerging markets like Vietnam, has received limited attention. This research addresses this gap by analyzing data from 298 employees in 4- and 5-star hotels using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that GHRM practices significantly enhance employee retention, especially when mediated by IC, which fosters a culture of innovation and sustainability. Additionally, KS and MF strengthen the relationship between GHRM and ER by promoting collaboration, creativity, and well-being. These results offer valuable insights for luxury hotels seeking to integrate sustainable HRM strategies, improve employee loyalty, and address high turnover rates in the competitive hospitality industry. This research contributes to the GHRM literature by providing a deeper understanding of how IC mediates the relationship between GHRM and ER, filling a critical gap in the context of Vietnam’s growing hotel sector.
The purpose of
this book is to provide a focal forum to share the latest research findings, knowledge,
opinions, suggestions, and vision, while also providing a variety of interactive platforms in the field of Social Science.
The idea of this book series is for the scientists, scholars, engineers and students from the Universities all around the world and the industry to present ongoing research activities, and hence to foster research relations between the Universities and the industry. The purpose of this book is to provide a focal forum to share the latest research findings, knowledge, opinions, suggestions, and vision, while also providing a variety of interactive platforms in the field of Social Science.
This chapter deals with the interplay of practice of yoga and environmental education. It analyzes in detail the intricacies of both the disciplines and puts forward the connection of yoga with the environment. It dives deeper into the different schools of yoga and how they are related in promoting environmental awareness. This chapter also discusses the philosophical foundations of yoga and explains how the core principles and beliefs of yoga relate to one's understanding of the natural world. It further explores the integration of yoga with environment education, discussing in detail the various educational approaches to it along with numerous initiatives running worldwide to bridge the gap between yoga and environmental education. This chapter emphasizes the need to utilize the combined potential of yoga and environmental education towards a sustainable future.
In order to deal with the environmental risks caused by human behavior and change it towards sustainable pro-environmental behaviors, propose reestablishing the connection between humans and the natural world. The purpose of this research was to identify the components affecting connectedness to nature (CTN) in order to strengthen conservation behaviors in the context of critical theory paradigm. To analyze the selected final articles, qualitative content analysis technique with inductive approach was used as the research method. The articles related to CTN are considered as the statistical population and sample in this technique. Selection of the article from population was fulfilled using a purposeful approach. Based on the results of content analysis, a model was developed and proposed for components affecting CTN. The results showed that the three main components including "situational-contextual (experience with nature and activities affecting CTN)", "individual (worldviews and individual factors)", and "psychological (mindfulness, identity, and empathy)" dimensions affecting CTN. Each of the sub-components also encompasses several variables that, when given attention, can enhance connectedness to nature (CTN) and pro-environmental conservation behaviors (PECB). The model developed and proposed in the present study can be utilized by policymakers and stakeholders interested in facilitating change and planning for decision-making processes among natural resource users.
You can download this paper using the below mentioned link:
https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1j5UN3QCo9moib
This book chapter introduces the principles of designing cryptocurrencies and outlines the key characteristics expected from future currencies. The chapter provides an overview of the foundational components of cryptocurrency networks and emphasizes scalability, security, and sustainability as pivotal characteristics for the next-generation currencies. It begins by introducing the fundamental elements involved in designing cryptocurrency networks, which include hash functions, data structure, and digital signatures. It further explains the primary processes necessary for achieving decentralization, and the procedure of mining and verifying transactions. In addition, the chapter describes the environmental sustainability aspects of crypto networks, with a specific focus on three key areas: (1) energy consumption, (2) electronic waste generation, and (3) opportunities for sustainable practices through decentralized transactions. Finally, the chapter highlights the potential for sustainable practices and the social benefits that can be derived from future cryptocurrency technology.
Sustainable consumption refers to a mind-set where the consumers adopt environmentally and socially responsible consumption behaviour with the focus on meeting one has needs and simultaneously reducing its impact on society and the environment at large. Literature review suggests that sustainable consumption is a very flexible concept that incorporates various factors and these factors can differ among consumers. As a result, this paper aims to study if consumers with different demographics in India differ in sustainable consumption behaviour. Specifically, consumers of different genders, age groups, and income groups differ in their consumption behaviour due to factors such as Quality of Life, Environmental Concerns, and Care for Future Generations. Quantitative research was undertaken for this study and data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 281 samples selected via a non-probability sampling method. The data was analysed using ANNOVA (normally distributed data) and Mann Whitney U Test/Wallis H test (not normally distributed data). Findings indicate that men and women significantly differ in their consumer behaviour on factors of quality of life, care for the environment, and care for future generations. Quality of life also significantly affects sustainable consumption behaviour among the various income groups and age groups. These findings therefore can in the future support marketers in adopting various sustainable practices according to the importance attached to their target audience.
In this chapter, we explain the significance and need for a spiritual approach among techies that would help them be human-centric, compassionate and value-based for sustainable development. We introduced four perspectives of workplace spirituality, higher purpose, interconnectedness, meaningfulness and mindfulness, as significant indicators of sustainable behaviour among the techies. Finally, we discuss how a spiritual approach could help techies contribute to sustainable development. We contribute to the literature by elucidating the role of spirituality among techies that could help advance sustainable technological development and techie's well-being.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the effects of the characteristics of apparel professionals on their attitude toward sustainability-related technology in the context of a developing country, Bangladesh.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative approach was used to investigate the apparel professionals’ perception of sustainability-related technology. A survey was conducted, and 204 valid responses were used in data analysis. The structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data.
Findings
The findings demonstrate that apparel professionals’ personal innovativeness positively impacts their knowledge of apparel technology. Knowledge of apparel technology and environmental issues in apparel manufacturing both significantly and positively impact their level of awareness of sustainability-related technology in apparel manufacturing. The findings also suggest that managers’ level of awareness of sustainability-related technology has a significant positive impact on their attitude toward sustainability-related technology.
Originality/value
Fishbein’s attitude theory was applied to examine how the various characteristics of apparel professionals (i.e. personal innovativeness in technology, knowledge of apparel technology, knowledge of environmental issues of apparel manufacturing) affect their awareness of and attitude toward sustainability-related technology. This study expands our understanding of the causal flow among cognitive variables of apparel professionals, including their innovativeness, knowledge, awareness and attitudes. The findings of the study can be helpful to the apparel industry to improve apparel professionals’ adoption of sustainable technology.
Purpose
Managerial “awareness” of supply chain management (SCM) principles is a key antecedent of SCM adoption. However, supply chain awareness (SCA) provides fertile ground for further development. The authors combine extant research with the attention-based view of the firm to further develop SCA and theorize about its effect in an understudied context.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors combine SCA with supply chain orientation, of which awareness is central. The authors combine qualitative and archival data for a 10-year period to test SCA in nonprofits. SCA was measured unobtrusively to avoid respondent bias; then, the authors explore how SCA relates to revenue generation from services provided.
Findings
SCA correlates positively with revenue generation. Drawing on a contingency perspective, the authors test two moderators relevant to nonprofits. The positive effect of SCA on revenue is stronger for nonprofits collocated in cities with corporate headquarters but weaker for those with larger boards.
Research limitations/implications
The study further advances the notion of awareness for studying SCM phenomena and provides evidence of its relevance in the unexamined context of human services nonprofit organizations (NPOs). This work has implications for how attention to SCM principles shapes organizational outcomes, the factors that moderate these relationships and the importance of unobtrusively measuring awareness in SCM research. The authors used WayBack Machine to harvest websites. However, the quality and depth of text obtained prior to 2008 were lower than those of later years. Additionally, archival data for NPOs are limited.
Practical implications
Findings inform about the fit between nonprofit resources, type of board and fit with how to fund operations. This research provides an alternative way for policy makers to assess NPO capacity by focusing on the fundamental SCM concepts.
Social implications
The authors contribute to the dialogue about NPOs developing financial independence through revenue generation from services sold to end customers.
Originality/value
NPOs are seldom studied in SCM. This is an attempt to study NPOs by combining qualitative and quantitative data.
Climate change is a critical issue right now. Despite substantial work in academia examining this issue, more solutions are needed to encourage consumers to engage in more pro‐environmental behavior. In the current research, we explore the ability of awe, a unique and powerful self‐transcendent emotion, to motivate pro‐environmental behavior and green consumption. Using different methods to induce awe and assess the effect of awe on consumers' pro‐environmental behavior, we conducted three experimental studies. Across our studies, our results show that when consumers feel awe, they are more likely to engage in pro‐environmental behavior and consumption. Further, we distinguish among three kinds of awe (awe of nature, awe of God, and awe from man‐made wonders) and show that awe arising from nature and from God increases pro‐environmental behavior more than awe from man‐made wonders. In addition, a series of mediation analyses show that the effects distinguishing different sources of awe are best accounted for by different mediators rather than one common mediator; specifically these relationships are mediated by consumers' feelings of small self (i.e., diminished self‐concept) and their level of spirituality, respectively. Implications for how marketers and practitioners can best utilize the power of awe for encouraging pro‐environmental behavior are discussed.
Amaç –Bu çalışma, aşırı tüketimin olumsuz etkilerini azaltan bir tüketici özelliği olarak sunulan bilinçli farkındalıkla tüketim, azaltılmış tüketim davranışı ile tüketim ve maddi değerlerin odaklandığı bir yaklaşım olan materyalizm arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için tasarlanmıştır.Yöntem –Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. ÇalışmaTürkiye'de yaşayan 18 yaş ve üzeri bireyleri kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini ülkenin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan toplam 528 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Veriler kartopu örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 15.11.2021-30.12.2021 tarihleri arasında çevrimiçi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Anket, formu ücretsiz Google Forms yazılımı kullanılarak uygulanmıştır.Bulgular –Bilinçli farkındalık ile azaltılmış tüketim davranışı arasında pozitif yönde, bilinçli farkındalık ile materyalizm eğilimi arasında negatif yöndeve azaltılmış tüketim davranışı ile materyalizm eğilimi arasında negatif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Tartışma –Aşırı tüketimle ve materyalizmle başa çıkmak için iki sürdürülebilir tüketim stratejisine (bilinçli farkındalık ve azaltılmış tüketim) dayanarak, bilinçli farkındalık ile azaltılmış tüketim ilişkisi incelenmiş, sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışlarını geliştirmek ve sürdürülemez tüketim tarzlarını azaltmak için farkındalık açısından psikolojik biryaklaşım sunulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, alan yazında yapılan diğer araştırmaların sonuçları ile benzerlik göstermektedir
This handbook is the first to comprehensively study the interdependent fields of environmental and conservation psychology. In doing so, it seeks to map the rapidly growing field of conservation psychology and its relationship to environmental psychology. The Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology includes basic research on environmental perceptions, attitudes, and values; research on specific environments, such as therapeutic settings, schools, and prisons; environmental impacts on human well-being; and ways to promote a more sustainable relationship between people and the natural environment. This handbook presents an extensive review of current research and is a thorough guide to the state of knowledge about a wide range of topics at the intersection of psychology and the physical environment. Beyond this, it provides a better understanding of the relationship between environmental and conservation psychology, and some sense of the directions in which these interdependent areas of study are heading.
The natural environment is deteriorating. However, humans have not slowed down their pace of resource depletion and environmental destruction. This research takes a particular path to understanding environmental consumption—through a focus on temporal perspective. Evidence from six studies demonstrates the positive effect of a cyclical temporal perspective, versus a linear temporal perspective, on consumers’ pro-environmental behavior. The research shows that individuals with a cyclical perspective are more likely to include the environment in the self, which leads to higher pro-environmental behavioral intentions and more pro-environmental behavior. This temporal perspective effect is attenuated for consumers already high on green values. The authors also examine a marketer-controlled moderator and show that consumers are more likely to purchase a pro-environmental product when they see a temporal-perspective-congruent promotional appeal. The research contributes to both the time perception and the environmental consumption literature and offers several practical implications for organizations to promote sustainable consumer behavior.
Mindfulness is emerging as a contemplative tool that may positively influence consumers' preference for virtue food, thus supporting health and well‐being. However, it remains unclear which consumer groups may benefit the most from mindfulness. Previous research has demonstrated that consumers who experienced unpredictable environments in low socioeconomic households as children exhibit the likelihood of an adaptive chronic preference for vice food. Against this backdrop, the current research explores how mindfulness can support consumers who experienced low socioeconomic environments as children and further sheds light on the psychological mechanism, reduced impulsivity, for increased virtue food choice. This effect is tested across different manipulations of mindfulness and virtue food contexts. The research also introduces the unique mindfulness intervention of object visualization for helping stabilize the present‐moment for consumers. Overall, the findings show that mindfulness may be a potential solution to impulsivity and increase preference for virtue food, supporting consumers in health and well‐being.
A growing body of research suggests that there might be a strong link between (1) a specific way of applying a non-judgemental and present-centred attention to what seems to be an outer reality, known as mindfulness, (2) using emotion-regulation strategies (such as, for example, cognitive reappraisal) and (3) adopting a more sustainable lifestyle, implying a self-aware caring for the natural environment and the resources therein. The relationship between these factors, which we call here ‘the triple link’, has been supported by recent empirical data, from independent studies, using different approaches, across various disciplines. We present in this article a philosophical explanation of this relationship, based on the Ancient Stoic School of Philosophy, which can also be found in other ancient Western and Eastern philosophies. These reflections open a different perspective on the urgent issues of lifestyle change and behavioural interventions needed to cope with the potential environmental catastrophe, a perspective that reaches out of psychology and includes the metaphysical dimension in the understanding of people–environment relations.
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) an unprecedented global pandemic. Nearly every country across the globe is struggling to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus and to limit its health, societal and economic consequences. As a response to that, with almost immediate effect, students, teachers and workers in general and across the globe were thrown into a new scenario of online work and education. In the midst of this emotional climate laden with fear, uncertainty, sadness and anxiety, millions of students all over the world were confined to their homes and the entire educational community had to adapt to a distance education model. The same occured with workers of different disciplines; they have to balance work and life in the same place. Therefore, homes suddenly became schools, universities and workplaces all at the same time. Against this backdrop, this Special Issue focuses on the study, evaluation and analysis of the opportunities the pandemic offers in three related aspects: first, for building an education for sustainable development. Second, for creating decent working conditions. Finally, to enhance health and well-being both at the workplace and
at home. Authors from a range of disciplines, such as education, psychology, management, social sciences and other areas related to sustainable development, have contributed with differrent manuscripts. They address the challenges of studying, working and living in times of uncertainty in order to build sustainable development in those areas from theoretical and applied research.
Purpose
This study analyzed the relationships among sub-factors of mindfulness and two anti-consumption lifestyles caused by personal and social/environmental concerns. This study also investigated the pursuit of authenticity mediating this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey based on self-administered questionnaires and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the collected data via Statistical Product Service Solutions (SPSS) 23 and Analysis of MOment Structure (AMOS) 23. Multiple mediation analysis was adopted to investigate the mediating role of authenticity dimensions via SPSS PROCESS macro.
Findings
The relationship between mindfulness and anti-consumption behavior was generally positive. Except for describing and non-judgment, most facets of mindfulness were positively related to anti-consumption patterns. Only the indirect effect of authentic living (AL) was significant in the impact of mindfulness on anti-consumption behavior.
Originality/value
To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to examine the link between mindfulness and anti-consumption and potential mechanism of anti-consumption – authenticity seeking, extending knowledge about mindfulness and providing insights for environmentalists, public decision-makers, marketers and consumers.
The study of heuristics and biases in judgment has been criticized in several publications by G. Gigerenzer, who argues that “biases are not biases” and “heuristics are meant to explain what does not exist” (1991, p. 102). This article responds to Gigerenzer's critique and shows that it misrepresents the authors' theoretical position and ignores critical evidence. Contrary to Gigerenzer's central empirical claim, judgments of frequency—not only subjective probabilities—are susceptible to large and systematic biases. A postscript responds to Gigerenzer's (1996) reply.
Current patterns of meat consumption are considered to be unsustainable. Sustainable development may require that consumers choose to eat smaller quantities of meat as well as meat that is produced in a more sensible way. A policy tool directed at consumer behaviour is that of enhancing consumer-oriented transparency of the production chain. Transparency is expected to allow people to make more mindful consumption choices, in line with their personal values. As most dietary habits are deeply rooted in the past, an assessment of the effect of transparency on food choices requires a historical perspective to food culture. Such a perspective provides us with at least two trends of relevance to meat consumption: increased concern for animal welfare and an ongoing dissociation of meat from its animal origin. Combined, these two trends may interact to allow people to consume in ways that actually conflict with their personal values: their concern for animal welfare does not translate into corresponding food choices, as the product meat does not remind them of its animal origin. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that people sensitive to animal welfare will respond to increased salience of animal origin and of animal welfare, and that they will show this by either avoiding to buy meat or by favouring free range and organic meat. Results confirmed the expected effect. The effect was observed mainly among those with Universalistic values, which limits the ultimate prospects of transparency as a policy tool.
Numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to explain the gap between the possession of environmental knowledge and environmental awareness, and displaying pro-environmental behavior. Although many hundreds of studies have been undertaken, no definitive explanation has yet been found. Our article describes a few of the most influential and commonly used analytical frameworks: early US linear progression models; altruism, empathy and prosocial behavior models; and finally, sociological models. All of the models we discuss (and many of the ones we do not such as economic models, psychological models that look at behavior in general, social marketing models and that have become known as deliberative and inclusionary processes or procedures (DIPS)) have some validity in certain circumstances. This indicates that the question of what shapes pro-environmental behavior is such a complex one that it cannot be visualized through one single framework or diagram. We then analyze the factors that have been found to have some influence, positive or negative, on pro-environmental behavior such as demographic factors, external factors (e.g. institutional, economic, social and cultural) and internal factors (e.g. motivation, pro-environmental knowledge, awareness, values, attitudes, emotion, locus of control, responsibilities and priorities). Although we point out that developing a model that tries to incorporate all factors might neither be feasible nor useful, we feel that it can help illuminate this complex field. Accordingly, we propose our own model based on the work of Fliegenschnee and Schelakovsky (1998) who were influenced by Fietkau and Kessel (1981).
Tested the 2-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by the current authors (1977) in a series of experiments. The studies (a) demonstrate the qualitative difference between 2 modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search; (b) trace the course of the learning of automatic detection, of categories, and of automatic-attention responses; and (c) show the dependence of automatic detection on attending responses and demonstrate how such responses interrupt controlled processing and interfere with the focusing of attention. The learning of categories is shown to improve controlled search performance. A general framework for human information processing is proposed. The framework emphasizes the roles of automatic and controlled processing. The theory is compared to and contrasted with extant models of search and attention. (31/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
What was noted by E. J. Langer (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did Langer, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this chapter I explain how the cultivation of mindfulness may serve as an antidote to consumerism. This argument hinges on two key points. First, advertisers and corporations capitalize on powerful psychological processes to strengthen automaticity in consumer behavior. Mindfulness may enhance one's awareness of potentially accessible cognitive-behavioral processes underlying consumption that have become relatively automatic. It can make consumption more a matter of choice than of impulse clouded by the illusion of choice. Second, these nonconscious choices about consumption are driven by a need for fulfillment. Mindfulness might remedy the need for fulfillment that is endemic in modern society, not only by enhancing awareness but also by increasing interrelatedness among people. Thus, the cultivation of mindfulness is offered as a prescription for reducing the destructive effects of consumerism in our society because it can alert us to how we are manipulated to buy particular products, increase our awareness of the implications of consumerism in the world, and facilitate connection among people. I conclude the chapter by outlining an empirical agenda for exploring this largely unresearched area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There has been substantial interest in mindfulness as an approach to reduce cognitive vulnerability to stress and emotional distress in recent years. However, thus far mindfulness has not been defined operationally. This paper describes the results of recent meetings held to establish a consensus on mindfulness and to develop conjointly a testable operational definition. We propose a two-component model of mindfulness and specify each component in terms of specific behaviors, experiential manifestations, and implicated psychological processes. We then address issues regarding temporal stability and situational specificity and speculate on the conceptual and operational distinctiveness of mindfulness. We conclude this paper by discussing implications for instrument development and briefly describing our own approach to measurement.
Happiness and ecological well-being are often portrayed as conflictual pursuits, but they may actually be complementary. In
samples of adolescents (Study 1) and adults (Study 2), we tested this proposition and examined the role of three factors in
promoting both subjective well-being (SWB) and ecologically responsible behavior (ERB). In both studies, individuals higher
in SWB reported more ERB. An intrinsic value orientation (Studies 1 and 2) and dispositional mindfulness (Study 2) related
to higher SWB and ERB, while a lifestyle of voluntary simplicity (Study 2) related to higher ERB. Further analyses showed
that the compatibility of SWB and ERB was explained by intrinsic values and mindfulness. These findings offer clues to a sustainable
way of life that enhances both personal and collective well-being.
Discusses the cognitive and the psychophysical determinants of choice in risky and riskless contexts. The psychophysics of value induce risk aversion in the domain of gains and risk seeking in the domain of losses. The psychophysics of chance induce overweighting of sure things and of improbable events, relative to events of moderate probability. Decision problems can be described or framed in multiple ways that give rise to different preferences, contrary to the invariance criterion of rational choice. The process of mental accounting, in which people organize the outcomes of transactions, explains some anomalies of consumer behavior. In particular, the acceptability of an option can depend on whether a negative outcome is evaluated as a cost or as an uncompensated loss. The relationships between decision values and experience values and between hedonic experience and objective states are discussed. (27 ref)
This article argues that research on the work-family interface has evolved against a backdrop of dramatic and ongoing social and workplace change and must continue to reflect current and future context. The article overviews current trends that have implications for work and family and considers some possible future scenarios. It identifies a number of research areas and questions that build on previous theoretical and practical developments in the work-family field and reflect current trends. It is argued that questions about the well-being and sustainability of workplace human resources, of families in their diverse forms, and of communities are of overriding significance for the work-family research agenda, particularly if current trends continue unabated.
Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.
A self-report inventory for the assessment of mindfulness skills was developed, and its psychometric characteristics and relationships with other constructs were examined. Participants included three samples of undergraduate students and a sample of outpatients with borderline personality disorder Based on discussions of mindfulness in the current literature, four mindfulness skills were specified: observing, describing, acting with awareness, and accepting without judgment. Scales designed to measure each skill were developed and evaluated. Results showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and a clear factor structure. Most expected relationships with other constructs were significant. Findings suggest that mindfulness skills are differentially related to aspects of personality and mental health, including neuroticism, psychological symptoms, emotional intelligence, alexithymia, experiential avoidance, dissociation, and absorption.
A growing literature on decision making in older adults suggests that they are more likely to use heuristic processing than
are younger adults. We assessed this tendency in the context of a framing effect, a decision-making phenomenon whereby the
language used to describe options greatly influences the decision maker's choice. We compared decision making under a standard
(“heuristic”) condition and also under a “justification” condition known to reduce reliance on heuristics. In the standard
condition, older adults were more susceptible than younger adults to framing but the two groups did not differ when participants
were asked to provide a justification. Thus, although older adults may spontaneously rely more on heuristic processing than
younger adults, they can be induced to take a more systematic approach to decision making.
The authors examine the facet structure of mindfulness using five recently developed mindfulness questionnaires. Two large samples of undergraduate students completed mindfulness questionnaires and measures of other constructs. Psychometric properties of the mindfulness questionnaires were examined, including internal consistency and convergent and discriminant relationships with other variables. Factor analyses of the combined pool of items from the mindfulness questionnaires suggested that collectively they contain five clear, interpretable facets of mindfulness. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses suggested that at least four of the identified factors are components of an overall mindfulness construct and that the factor structure of mindfulness may vary with meditation experience. Mindfulness facets were shown to be differentially correlated in expected ways with several other constructs and to have incremental validity in the prediction of psychological symptoms. Findings suggest that conceptualizing mindfulness as a multifaceted construct is helpful in understanding its components and its relationships with other variables.
Clinical psychology has focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disease, and only recently has scientific attention turned to understanding and cultivating positive mental health. The Buddhist tradition, on the other hand, has focused for over 2,500 years on cultivating exceptional states of mental well-being as well as identifying and treating psychological problems. This article attempts to draw on centuries of Buddhist experiential and theoretical inquiry as well as current Western experimental research to highlight specific themes that are particularly relevant to exploring the nature of mental health. Specifically, the authors discuss the nature of mental well-being and then present an innovative model of how to attain such well-being through the cultivation of four types of mental balance: conative, attentional, cognitive, and affective.
The present study examined moderating effects of mindfulness on the intention-behavior relationship within the theory of planned behavior. Mindfulness describes a quality of consciousness characterized by heightened clarity and awareness of present experiences and functioning. Study 1 showed that mindfulness moderated the intention-behavior relationship in a leisure-time physical activity context such that intentions predicted physical activity among mindful individuals and not among less-mindful individuals. Study 2 measured counterintentional habits relating to binge-drinking and found that habitual binge-drinking obstructed the enactment of physical activity intentions among individuals acting less mindfully but not among individuals acting mindfully. Finally, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that the effects of mindfulness on physical activity were independent of effects observed for habit and variables contained in the theory of planned behavior. These findings suggest that mindfulness is a useful construct that helps understand the intention-behavior relationship within the theory of planned behavior.
What was noted by E. J. Langer (1978) remains true today; that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. Langer, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment.
This article addresses the question: How should mindfulness be understood? Three views are considered. The first is that mindfulness should be understood as a cognitive ability. According to this view, people differ in their capacity to think in a mindful way, much as people differ in memory or intelligence. The second view is of mindfulness as a personality trait. According to this view, mindfulness is a stable disposition, much as would be extraversion or neuroticism. The third view is of mindfulness as a cognitive style. According to this view, mindfulness represents a preferred way of thinking. Mindfulness has characteristics of all three but seems closest to being a cognitive style. Construct validation is needed in order to address this and related questions.
Despite the wealth of information which exists concerning environmental behavior, it is not known which variable or variables appear to be most influential in motivating individuals to take responsible environmental action. A meta-analysis of environmental behavior research was undertaken in an attempt to determine this. An exhaustive search of the empirically based environmental behavior research conducted over the past decade yielded a substantial number of studies representative of a broad academic base. The characteristics and findings of these studies served as the data for the meta-analysis. As a result of the meta-analysis, the following variables were found to be associated with responsible environmental behavior: knowledge of issues, knowledge of action strategies, locus of control, attitudes, verbal commitment, and an individual's sense of responsibility. A model of predictors of environmental behavior is proposed.
Contextualizing the back-to-the-land experience with mindfulness, a variant of meditative phenomena, within deep ecology's contention that humankind requires a fundamental shift in consciousness in order to insure ecological sustainability, this study compares and contrasts those variables that explain variance in mindfulness, operationalized as a quasi-religious indicator, with those that explain variance in church attendance, a measure of formal religious behavior. Drawing on a national sample for a mailed questionnaire survey of back-to-the-landers, the study found that the predictor variables for mindfulness share little overlap with those that explain variance for church attendance. The exception is spiritual mindedness, itself a quasi-religious measure, which has a statistically significant relationship with both mindfulness and church attendance. The data suggest, then, that the religious and the quasi-religious are relatively independent spheres of human behavior and sentiment. It would appear, consequently, at least in terms of the back-to-the-land sample and the assumptions of deep ecology, that the adherents of organized religion are not as likely to be disposed towards ecologically sustainable frames of mind as those who center their spirituality on quasi-religious practices such as mindfulness.
Habits are response dispositions that are activated automatically by the context cues that co-occurred with responses during past performance. Experience-sampling diary studies indicate that much of everyday action is characterized by habitual repetition. We consider various mechanisms that could underlie the habitual control of action, and we conclude that direct cuing and motivated contexts best account for the characteristic features of habit responding—in particular, for the rigid repetition of action that can be initiated without intention and that runs to completion with minimal conscious control. We explain the utility of contemporary habit research for issues central to psychology, especially for behavior prediction, behavior change, and self-regulation.
A model of travel mode choice is tested by means of a survey among 199 inhabitants of a village. Car choice behavior for a particular journey is predicted from the attitude toward choosing the car and the attitude toward choosing an alternative mode (i.e., train), on the one hand, and from general car habit, on the other hand. Unlike traditional measures of habit, a script-based measure was used. General habit was measured by travel mode choices in response to very global descriptions of imaginary journeys. In the model, habit is predicted from the degree of involvement with the decision-making about travel mode choice for the particular journey (decisional involvement) and from the degree of competition in a household with respect to car use. The model proves satisfactory. Moreover, as suggested by Triandis (1977), there is a tradeoff between attitude and habit in the prediction of behavior: When habit is strong the attitude-behavior relation is weak, whereas when habit is weak, the attitude-behavior link is strong.
This article develops a conceptual framework for advancing theories of environ- mentally significant individual behavior and reports on the attempts of the author's research group and others to develop such a theory. It discusses defini- tions of environmentally significant behavior; classifies the behaviors and their causes; assesses theories of environmentalism, focusing especially on value-belief-norm theory; evaluates the relationship between environmental concern and behavior; and summarizes evidence on the factors that determine environmentally significant behaviors and that can effectively alter them. The article concludes by presenting some major propositions supported by available research and some principles for guiding future research and informing the design of behavioral programs for environmental protection. Recent developments in theory and research give hope for building the under- standing needed to effectively alter human behaviors that contribute to environ- mental problems. This article develops a conceptual framework for the theory of environmentally significant individual behavior, reports on developments toward such a theory, and addresses five issues critical to building a theory that can inform efforts to promote proenvironmental behavior.
How do we live in a material world that measures success by what we own? How do we deal with the pressure to compete with others in displays of our success? This is a book about the social disease of acquisitive desire for material things corporeal and intangible. The themes covered include what acquisitive desire means in people's lives, how therapists and therapy are treated as possessions, clinical identification and diagnosis of consumer disorders that become the primary or secondary focus of treatment, interventions and clinical issues involved in working with those who suffer the effects of an excessively materialistic lifestyle, and the way therapists, as members of a bourgeois profession, struggle with their own acquisitive desires. The author seeks not to encourage people to give up all attachment to things, but to reduce the degree to which they are controlled by them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined the relative contribution of 8 variables in predicting responsible environmental behavior in 105 Sierra Club members (aged 35–45 yrs) and 66 Elderhostel members (aged 55+ yrs). Ss completed an assessment instrument that covered environmental behavior, sensitivity, and awareness. Seven variables were found to be statistically significant: (1) level of environmental sensitivity, (2) perceived knowledge of environmental action strategies, (3) perceived skill in using environmental action strategies, (4) psychological sex role classification, (5) individual locus of control, (6) group locus of control, and (7) attitude toward pollution. The 1 nonsignificant variable was belief in technology. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In his latest book Theodore Roszak searches for the environmental dimensions of sanity where conventional psychology leaves off: at the threshold of the nonhuman world.
"The Voice of the Earth" seeks to bridge this centuries-old split between the psychological and the ecological. A true "ecopsychology," Roszak insists, sees the needs of the planet and the needs of the person as a continuum. In a sense that weaves science and psychiatry, poetry and politics together, he shows that the ecological priorities of the biosphere are coming to be expressed through our most private emotional and spiritual travail. The Earth's cry for rescue from the punishing weight of the industrial system we have created is our own cry for a scale and quality of life that will free us to become the whole and healthy person that more and more members of our species are coming to believe we were born to be. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article addresses the question: How should mindfulness be understood? Three views are considered. The first is that mindfulness should be understood as a cognitive ability. According to this view, people differ in their capacity to think in a mindful way, much as people differ in memory or intelligence. The second view is of mindfulness as a personality trait. According to this view, mindfulness is a stable disposition, much as would be extraversion or neuroticism. The third view is of mindfulness as a cognitive style. According to this view, mindfulness represents a preferred way of thinking. Mindfulnesshas characteristics of all three but seems closest to being a cognitive style. Construct validation is needed in order to address this and related questions.
Attitudes toward global warming are influenced by various heuristics, which may distort policy away from what is optimal for the well-being of people. These possible distortions, or biases, include: a focus on harms that we cause, as opposed to those that we can remedy more easily; a feeling that those who cause a problem should fix it; a desire to undo a problem rather than compensate for its presence; parochial concern with one’s own group (nation); and neglect of risks that are not available. Although most of these biases tend to make us attend relatively too much to global warming, other biases, such as wishful thinking, cause us to attend too little. I discuss these possible effects and illustrate some of them with an experiment conducted on the World Wide Web.
Environmental interpretation, a key concept in the literature on environmental education, has usually been studied in relation to visitor centres at national parks and historic sites. This article reported a secondary data analysis of material originally collected by the Countryside Commission on 17 British visitor centres. The aims of the current research were to explore more fully the relationships among key variables related to environmental interpretation; namely visitor enjoyment, visitors' information recall, visitor mindfulness and visitors' own beliefs in how much they had learned. Using a series of partial correlation coefficients, it was concluded that the link between visitors' information recall and enjoyment across all the centres was minimal, and that this relationship was not being suppressed appreciably by confounding visitor and centre characteristics. Further analyses revealed a moderate positive correlation between visitor enjoyment and mindfulness, thus indicating that visitors were being mentally stimulated by their experience in. a more general way. A multidimensional scaling analysis of visitors' reactions to the 17 centres produced a two-dimensional solution which could be interpreted in terms of the interpretive theme at each centre and the quality and diversity of the displays. Finally, cross-tabulations revealed a relationship between interpretive theme (historic and conservation as opposed to general) and visitors' mindfulness, increased information recall and enhanced perception of how much they had learned.
Previous research has shown that implementation intentions are effective tools to promote new behavior. The present study aimed to provide the first evidence that conscious planning is an effective tool in replacing well-learned habits with new habits. This was tested in a field-experiment on repetitive behavior in the domain of recycling, using 109 employees of a tele-company as participants. Recycling behavior of the participants was observed by the actual amount of paper and the number of plastic cups in their personal wastebaskets. Following a pre-measure, participants were assigned to either implementation intention conditions, conditions in which an eye-catching facility was placed to promote recycling behavior, or control conditions. Recycling behavior was substantially improved in the facility as well as the implementation intention conditions in week 1 and week 2 and still 2 months after the manipulation. These data supported our hypothesis that planning breaks down unwanted habits and creates new ones.
We extended the prototype model Gibbons and Gerrard to examine the disparity between professed environmental concerns and behavior. Our model assumed that there are two decision processes: a reactive process involving unintentional decision-making based on situational factors, and an intentional process involving goal-oriented decision-making based on attitudinal factors. A questionnaire about recycling behavior was completed by 206 Japanese undergraduate students. The results indicated that the prototype image and descriptive norm were determinants of the reactive process to accept eco-unfriendly behavior. In contrast, environmental concern and the injunctive norm were determinants of the intentional process to promote eco-friendly behavior. Our model suggests that eco-friendly behavior may be inhibited or promoted depending upon whether the reactive process or the intentional process is more salient.
The study of heuristics and biases in judgement has been criticized in several publications by G. Gigerenzer, who argues that "biases are not biases" and "heuristics are meant to explain what does not exist" (1991, p. 102). The article responds to Gigerenzer's critique and shows that it misrepresents the authors' theoretical position and ignores critical evidence. Contrary to Gigerenzer's central empirical claim, judgments of frequency--not only subjective probabilities--are susceptible to large and systematic biases. A postscript responds to Gigerenzer's (1996) reply.
Public risk perceptions can fundamentally compel or constrain political, economic, and social action to address particular risks. Public support or opposition to climate policies (e.g., treaties, regulations, taxes, subsidies) will be greatly influenced by public perceptions of the risks and dangers posed by global climate change. This article describes results from a national study (2003) that examined the risk perceptions and connotative meanings of global warming in the American mind and found that Americans perceived climate change as a moderate risk that will predominantly impact geographically and temporally distant people and places. This research also identified several distinct interpretive communities, including naysayers and alarmists, with widely divergent perceptions of climate change risks. Thus, "dangerous" climate change is a concept contested not only among scientists and policymakers, but among the American public as well.
Using magnetic resonance imaging, De Martino and colleagues investigated the neural signature that is associated with decisions between small sure amounts of money and large riskier amounts when the framing of the outcomes is varied. We interpret their results within a dual-system framework, in which different frames evoke distinct emotional responses that different individuals can suppress to various degrees. The study advances the integration of brain imaging results into cognitive theory.
The underlying changes in biological processes that are associated with reported changes in mental and physical health in response to meditation have not been systematically explored. We performed a randomized, controlled study on the effects on brain and immune function of a well-known and widely used 8-week clinical training program in mindfulness meditation applied in a work environment with healthy employees.
We measured brain electrical activity before and immediately after, and then 4 months after an 8-week training program in mindfulness meditation. Twenty-five subjects were tested in the meditation group. A wait-list control group (N = 16) was tested at the same points in time as the meditators. At the end of the 8-week period, subjects in both groups were vaccinated with influenza vaccine.
We report for the first time significant increases in left-sided anterior activation, a pattern previously associated with positive affect, in the meditators compared with the nonmeditators. We also found significant increases in antibody titers to influenza vaccine among subjects in the meditation compared with those in the wait-list control group. Finally, the magnitude of increase in left-sided activation predicted the magnitude of antibody titer rise to the vaccine.
These findings demonstrate that a short program in mindfulness meditation produces demonstrable effects on brain and immune function. These findings suggest that meditation may change brain and immune function in positive ways and underscore the need for additional research.