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Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events
Cognition and Emotion
Abstract
This article focuses on differences between anxiety and depression. The first study is concerned with the timing (past, present, future) of negative events associated with high levels of anxiety and depression in normal participants. Depression was associated more with past events than future events, whereas the opposite was the case with anxiety. These findings are consistent with those reported in several studies on clinical samples. In a second study, participants provided their emotional reactions to scenarios referring to negative events lying in the past or in the future with the future events being either uncertain or probable. Past events were associated with more depression and less anxiety than future events whether uncertain or probable. Probable future events were associated with more anxiety and depression than uncertain ones. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
... There is some evidence that the constructs of anxiety and depression overlap within clinical and normal samples [20], as they both share negative affectivity [21,22] and are related to stressful life conditions [23]. Nevertheless, there is also a substantial body of research that confirms a deep-rooted difference between anxiety and depressive symptoms on distinct levels [21,24,25]. ...
... It prevalently refers to prospective and possibly negative events [25] and circumstances that have the likelihood to cause specific future problems [23]. In turn, depression is a long-term mood disorder [33] related to adverse life events [34] and different kinds of loss episodes [20], such as the loss of a loved one [20,34,35], a close relationship [36,37], physical health [20,38], or a job and financial stability [39][40][41][42]. Eysenck et al. [20] drew special attention to two aspects of loss. ...
... It prevalently refers to prospective and possibly negative events [25] and circumstances that have the likelihood to cause specific future problems [23]. In turn, depression is a long-term mood disorder [33] related to adverse life events [34] and different kinds of loss episodes [20], such as the loss of a loved one [20,34,35], a close relationship [36,37], physical health [20,38], or a job and financial stability [39][40][41][42]. Eysenck et al. [20] drew special attention to two aspects of loss. ...
Early adulthood, between 18 and 25, is viewed as a decisive period of life for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Although the topic of their mutual relationship is well-known, little has been uncovered about the mechanism underlying this connection. To un-derstand the indirect pathways between anxiety and depression, we chose the sense of meaning of life as a mediator because people’s beliefs that their lives are or can be purposeful may protect against depression. The sample was composed of 277 Polish young adults. A small majority of the participants were women (58.8%). The mean age was M = 22.11 (SD = 1.72). We used in the research the Direct Behavior Rating-Scale Items Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Brief Screen for Depression. Correlational analysis showed that, consistent with past findings, anxiety correlated positively with depression and searching for meaning. It was also negatively associated with presence of meaning. Moreover, depression was negatively linked to presence of meaning and positively with searching for meaning. Regression-based mediation analyses (PROCESS macro 3.4) proved that the relationship between anxiety and depression was mediated by presence of meaning in life, suggesting that having a sense of meaning may be a pathway by which feelings of tension relative to adverse events protect against depression.
... Furthermore, knowledge about stress levels helps people to better understand the relationship between stress and pathology [13]. For example, studies have linked depression to past-focused ruminations and anxiety and stress to future concerns [14,15]. Therefore, adolescents with high levels of perceived stress are more likely to develop a mental disorder [11]. ...
... Moderate levels of perceived stress were found in similar age populations in various countries globally, including the UK, Europe, the Netherlands, and others [15,31,32]. For example, researchers conducting a study on a Jordanian sample found that many adolescents lacked knowledge about COVID-19; therefore, efforts are needed to increase knowledge levels, beliefs, attitudes, and practices among this population [33]. ...
Objectives:
Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted mental health challenges for adolescent populations. The current study aims to examine the levels of perceived stress of COVID-19 and self-compassion and their relationship among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
This study employed a cross-sectional online survey of adolescents from secondary schools in Asir, Saudi Arabia. Instruments that we distributed online included the modified Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), in addition to demographic and health-related questions. A total of 500 adolescents completed the survey.
Results:
Adolescents in the study reported an average moderate perceived stress level of 18.6 (SD = 6.67) and an average moderate self-compassion level of 3.22 (SD = 0.53). A significant correlation is also found between the two variables (r = -0.460, P < 0.001). This negative correlation indicates that lower levels of perceived stress are significantly correlated with higher levels of self-compassion.
Conclusion:
The study results show that the perceived stress of COVID-19 is inversely correlated with self-compassion in Saudi adolescents. Further research is needed to explore how to enhance adolescents' self-compassion. School nurses' role should be given full play in this area.
... There is an empirical consensus that anxiety, which is futureoriented (Eysenck et al., 2006), and life satisfaction are moderately negatively related (Headey et al., 1993). A growing body of research indicates that there is a consistent association between future anxiety and different aspects of well-being. ...
Introduction
Research to date has focused largely on the consequences of delayed parenting. However, little is known about the reasons and relevant mechanisms that are involved in people’s decisions to delay parenthood. The aim of our study was to verify how anxiety about the future relates to the motives for deferred parenthood and how this relationship is mediated by generational time perspective and life satisfaction.
Methods
A total of 203 Polish adults between 18 and 40 years of age participated in the study. All of them were of reproductive age but did not yet have children. Respondents completed the following questionnaires: The Dark Future Scale, The Multidimensional Scale of Motives for Postponing Parenthood, The Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire, and The Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale.
Results
The results obtained in the study show that future anxiety correlates significantly and positively with all six motives for postponing parenthood, postponed parenthood overall, and generational affectivity. It is also associated with the generational cognitive perspective at the level of tendency, and negatively with life satisfaction. According to our findings, in all seven models, at least one of the factors mediated the relationship between future anxiety and motives for postponing parenthood/its total score.
Conclusion
The current study advances the understanding of how the subjective future time perspective is related to delayed parenthood through generational concern and reduced life satisfaction. Our findings may indicate that despite the importance of sociodemographic variables in postponing parenthood (e.g., lack of housing, financial instability, acquiring knowledge, education, etc.), variables related to personality and time perspective play a very important role in postponing the decision to have a child.
... Hammad (2016) declared that this affects these students' participation in their specialization. In this regard, probable future events increase the possibility of experiencing anxiety and depression (Eysenck et al., 2006). Given that students cope with this anxiety during their university years, which significantly impacts their career plans and psychological wellbeing, identifying factors that can mitigate these negative effects is important for safeguarding both their mental health and future prospects. ...
Introduction
Mental health and wellbeing are fundamental and integral components of healthy functioning, and psychological resources significantly contribute to its maintenance and enhancement. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation in the association between future anxiety, depression, and stress.
Methods
A total of 528 undergraduate students participated in this study (M = 20.14, SD = 1.76).
Results
The findings of the study showed that future anxiety was negatively associated with psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal, and positively associated with expressive suppression, depression and stress. Psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal had negative relationships with depression and stress, and expressive suppression had a positive relationship with depression and stress. The associations between future anxiety, depression and stress were mediated by psychological flexibility, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.
Discussion
This study deepened our understanding of the possible mechanisms of depression and stress. For individuals suffering from future anxiety, psychological flexibility and emotion regulation may be a coping strategy that leads individuals to less depression and stress. This study suggests that psychological flexibility and emotion regulation skills are fundamental aspects of psychological health.
... Also, several studies have indicated that demographic factors can influence anxiety [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . However, most of them have primarily focused on individual factors such as gender, age, and other mental health, while macrolevel perspectives-such as social relationships, social capital, community, and social environment-have often been overlooked. ...
This study is the first to examine the determinants of future anxiety in South Korea using the Social Ecological Model (SEM). It aimed to show that, beyond individual factors, mezzo- and macro-level aspects, particularly those related to housing, may influence anxiety. Utilizing 2018 data from the Korean Health Panel Survey, we employed a three-level multilevel analysis to investigate how these factors contribute to the perception of future anxiety among Koreans. Our findings reveal that future anxiety is influenced by a complex interplay of demographic and socio-economic factors, including gender, age, health status, economic stability, living conditions, and regional socio-economic indicators. Notably, the study highlights the significant role of household-level factors, such as income and housing status, in shaping individuals’ anxieties about the future. Additionally, regional characteristics like housing vacancy rates and suicide rates are found to have an impact, suggesting the importance of broader socio-economic and cultural contexts in understanding future anxiety. Given South Korea’s socio-economic challenges, including the real estate crisis and demographic shifts, our study underscores the need for targeted policies to alleviate future anxiety, enhance mental well-being, and promote a more equitable society.
... Hoffart and colleagues, in their study of over 10,000 Norwegian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, found that infection fears and financial worries were most closely linked to anxiety symptoms, whereas the components of loneliness (e.g., missing companionship, feeling left out, feeling isolated) were associated only with depression. Furthermore, whereas depression is typically linked to past events (i.e., past social disruptions), anxiety is more tied to future events (particularly uncertain ones; Eysenck et al., 2006). Thus, if we had inquired about anticipated disruptions instead of past ones, anxiety may have been more salient. ...
Some adults in mid and late life may have been particularly sensitive to the negative effects of social disruptions due to COVID-19 restrictions. The current study explored whether sociability moderated links between disrupted contact with friends and family and multiple indicators of mental health. We collected quantitative data via an online survey from a community sample of 136 adults in mid to late life ( M age = 67.77, range 50–91; 69.3% females; 92.7% White). We conducted a series of hierarchical linear regressions to test for moderation. Controlling for age, gender, and marital status, sociability moderated the associations between disruptions in social interactions and depressive symptoms, but not anxiety or life satisfaction. Namely, disruptions to social interactions were positively associated with depressive symptoms only for sociable individuals. Given the potential for future social disruptions, our findings point to the importance of considering the role of sociability in developing interventions that target adults.
... 긍정적 심상 및 자기상을 유도하는 개입이 주목 받고 있다 (최윤영, 2018 (Arntz & Weertman, 1999;Holmes, Lang, & Deeprose, 2009;Pictet, 2014 (Eysenck, Payne, & Santos, 2006). 이는 어떠한 방법을 통해 문제를 해결해야 할 지 모를 경우, 사람들은 일반적으로 불확실하고 대처하기 어려 울 것으로 생각되는 미래를 상상하면서 상당한 불안감을 경험하기 때문이다 (Brewin et al., 2010;Engelhard et al., 2010;Saulsman, Ji, & McEvoy, 2019). ...
This study aimed to examine effects of positive self-imagery induction on anticipatory anxiety, social ability perception, and fear of negative evaluation of individuals with social anxiety and to examine whether there were significant differences in self-imagery based on past- and future-oriented positive self-imagery induction. A total of 505 adults were screened using the Korean-Social Phobia Scale (K-SPS) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Sixty-six people who satisfied the criteria were selected as the social anxiety group. Participants were randomly assigned to a future positive self-imagery group, a past positive self-imagery group, and a control group. They worked on social performance tasks. Self-imagery induction interventions were conducted. Results of 64 patients who were successfully treated showed that the positive self-imagery induction intervention significantly improved the social anxiety group’s anticipatory anxiety, social ability perception, and fear of negative evaluation. Although there was no significant difference between past and future self-imagery groups, the impact of future positive self-imagery induction on anticipatory anxiety was greater, suggesting the possibility of further change through additional treatment sessions. These results provide an empirical basis for using positive self-imagery intervention to treat social anxiety disorder. Finally, implications and limitations of the current study and suggestions for follow-up studies are discussed.
... Notably, the distress caused by TOU may be related to the future threats that can be caused by uncontrollable events (Hay et al., 2022). This explanation is also in line with Eysenck et al. (2006), who suggested that one of the differentiations between anxiety and depression originates from the temporal focus, predominantly the future for the former and the past for the latter. Therefore, it is not surprising that futureoriented stress caused by uncontrollability appears more related to anxiety than depression. ...
Background
Tolerance of uncontrollability (TOU) can be defined as the ability to endure the discomfort resulting from uncontrollable events. In the absence of perceived control, people utilize strategies that regulate and enhance the inner perception of control. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and thought suppression (TS) are some of the strategies that give illusory control in the short term. However, many studies revealed that these strategies increase distress in the long term. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between TOU, RNT, TS, depression, and anxiety. It was anticipated that TOU would be associated with both depression and anxiety, and RNT and TS would mediate these relationships.
Method
A sample of 448 participants aged between 17 and 56 (80.4% females) completed measures assessing TOU, RNT, TS, depression, and anxiety.
Results
Findings showed that higher levels of TOU were associated with low levels of depression and anxiety, however when anxiety was controlled, the correlation with depression disappeared. While RNT was the mediator in both outcomes, TS only mediated the relationship between TOU and anxiety.
Conclusions
The current study emphasizes that TOU can be a concept specific to anxiety and highlights one of the mechanisms behind TOU and psychological distress.
... The use of interrogative structures underlines that people with depression tend to ask themselves and others many questions, and are more focused on asking than on finding solutions. These findings concur with the mood expression related to ruminations, which is also emphasized by the use of an increased number of past tense verbs (Eysenck et al., 2006;Groß et al., 2017). We ascertained a lower number of future tense verbs in the sample with depression than in controls, similarly with Smirnova et al. (2018). ...
Introduction
The identification of language markers, referring to both form and content, for common mental health disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), can facilitate the development of innovative tools for early recognition and prevention. However, studies in this direction are only at the beginning and are difficult to implement due to linguistic variability and the influence of cultural contexts.
Aim
This study aims to identify language markers specific to MDD through an automated analysis process based on RO-2015 LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count).
Materials and methods
A sample of 62 medicated patients with MDD and a sample of 43 controls were assessed. Each participant provided language samples that described something that was pleasant for them.
Assessment tools
(1) Screening tests for MDD (MADRS and DASS-21); (2) Ro-LIWC2015 – Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count – a computerized text analysis software, validated for Romanian Language, that analyzes morphology, syntax and semantics of word use.
Results
Depressive patients use different approaches in sentence structure, and communicate in short sentences. This requires multiple use of the punctuation mark period, which implicitly requires directive communication, limited in exchange of ideas. Also, participants from the sample with depression mostly use impersonal pronouns, first person pronoun in plural form – not singular, a limited number of prepositions and an increased number of conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, negations, verbs in the past tense, and much less in the present tense, increased use of words expressing negative affects, anxiety, with limited use of words indicating positive affects. The favorite topics of interest of patients with depression are leisure, time and money.
Conclusion
Depressive patients use a significantly different language pattern than people without mood or behavioral disorders, both in form and content. These differences are sometimes associated with years of education and sex, and might also be explained by cultural differences.
... Sadness, often linked to retrospective considerations like loss or regret (Shirai and Suzuki, 2017), may reflect public sentiment about the incidents and missed opportunities in the context of Ferguson. Anxiety, associated with concerns about uncontrollable future events (Eysenck et al., 2006), could capture the community's apprehensions about ongoing racial issues. Meanwhile, anger is frequently a response to perceived injustice and can significantly motivate political action (Leach et al., 2006). ...
Racial unrest has long been a salient social issue in the United States. Time and space provide essential contexts for the emergence and evolution of racial unrest. However, the relationships between these contextual factors and public responses to racial unrest remain insucciently explored. This study seeks to fill that gap, blending geocoded, time-stamped racial unrest tweet data with census information. It aims to explore how temporal elements and geographical characteristics of metropolitan areas contribute to the emergence of negative sentiment reactions to racial unrest on social media platforms. The racially charged unrest that transpired in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014 serves as our case study. We select 33 metropolitan regions across the U.S. for our analysis. Our findings indicate that temporal processes, encompassing circadian rhythms, weekday-weekend variations, and temporal decay, correlate with expressions of anxiety and anger, albeit not sadness. Furthermore, our analysis reveals geographical characteristics—notably income inequality and segregation, combined with the number of Black victims—to be associated with manifestations of anxiety.
... World Health Organization (WHO) defines depression as "Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration" (WHO, 2017). People with high depression symptoms are more likely to get stuck with past events that are perceived as difficult or impossible to regain when something or someone they value is lost (Eysenck et al., 2006). Anxiety refers to many mental and physiological phenomena, including a person's conscious state of worry about an undesirable future event or fear of a real situation (Foa et al., 2017). ...
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose a risk to the psychological well-being of individuals. Disaster preparedness is a crucial factor that plays a fundamental role in reducing loss and destruction in any disaster situation. It is of great importance to be prepared for these natural events that have the potential to harm mental health. The aims of the current study are to reveal whether the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress, and disaster preparedness levels of individuals differ according to demographic characteristics, to clarify the current status of depression symptom, anxiety symptom, stress and disaster preparedness levels in adults who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the last dual earthquake in Türkiye, and to identify that whether depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress predict disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 418 individuals. The findings revealed that the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants showed significant differences in the depression symptom, anxiety symptom, and stress levels of the individuals. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness were gender, age, education level, marital status, and experiencing the February 6 earthquakes. Individuals directly exposed to dual earthquakes reported higher depression symptom, anxiety symptom and stress levels and lower disaster preparedness levels than indirectly exposed individuals. Post-earthquake depression symptoms and stress predicted individuals' ongoing disaster preparedness. In the light of these results, mental health professionals, psychologists, psychological counselors, sociologists, and authorities should focus on this vulnerable population and implement practices that improve mental health and increase preparedness for disasters.
... Individuals who participated voluntarily and were randomly selected from the general German population might be less likely to report depressive symptoms such as suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating or anxiety symptoms such as nervous or anxious feelings [35]. Although this observation was derived from a clinical sample, there exists evidence indicating a certain degree of conceptual overlap between anxiety and depression in both clinical and non-clinical samples [36]. ...
Depression and anxiety, the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide, are among the top four mental disorders in Germany, and both impact life satisfaction. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction in different age groups has not been sufficiently examined. The present cross-sectional study of a non-clinical sample of a German-speaking population analyzes the links between age—specifically, certain life stages—as predictors for depression and anxiety symptoms and life satisfaction. Therefore, three age groups were formed from all the participants (N = 478): ‘Young’ (18–24 years), ‘Adult’ (25–39 years), and ‘Over-40s’ (40 years and older). The German versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and the German Quality of Life Questionnaire (FLZ-A) were used for our analysis. Our statistical analysis consisted of χ2 tests and an ANCOVA for determining the associations between categorical variables. The Over 40s age group showed statistically significantly higher life satisfaction than the ‘Adult’ age group. Comparing levels of depressive or anxiety symptoms, there were no statistically significant differences across the age groups. These findings highlight the significance of considering age as a factor in understanding mental health and well-being. Further research is warranted to investigate supplementary factors that could potentially contribute to the variations observed within the different age groups.
... Moreover, in this study, we found that young people were predominantly past-oriented during a depressed and anxious state, which is in line with existing research that depression is Page 12 of 16 Tang et al. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (2023) 17:143 associated with an increased orientation towards the past and an avoidance of the future [71][72][73]. Second, young people's perspectives of what their future thinking was like during depressive and anxious episodes presented a broad picture of its content, including the valence, vividness, structure, and young people's perceived sense of control. ...
Background
Depression and anxiety are common during adolescence and could have detrimental impacts on young people’s ability to make and implement plans for their future. However, to the best of our knowledge, no other study has adopted a qualitative approach in investigating these effects from the perspective of adolescents with lived experiences of depression and anxiety. We sought to understand how young people perceive and interpret the impact of mental health conditions on their thinking about the future.
Methods
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 adolescents aged 16–19 years in the UK (median age = 19, IQR = 1.5), who had a history of protracted periods of clinical or subclinical depression and/or anxiety. They were asked to reflect on how their ability to think about the future and the content of the future-related thinking was impacted during periods of poor mental health, compared with periods of feeling well. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic content analysis.
Results
Five domains were identified. First, the impact of mood on future thinking capability focuses on reduced ability and motivation to engage in future thinking. Second, the impact of mood on images, thoughts, and feelings about the future includes the emotional valence of future-related thoughts, their vividness, structure, and the extent to which they intimated subjective feelings of control (i.e., agency). Third, social influences focuses on social factors that might ameliorate or exacerbate future thinking. Fourth, reflections on personal worries and expectations about the future captures personal interpretations of past worries and hopes and how future thinking affected mood. Finally, personal coping refers to how young people cope with the negative emotions that come with future thinking.
Conclusions
This study provided a nuanced and granular account of how depression and anxiety impacted young people’s future thinking based on their lived experiences. By highlighting the different ways that variations in future thinking were experienced as a function of depression and anxiety, our analysis highlighted new factors that should be considered in studies of adolescent mental health risk, which could inform the development of new therapeutic approaches.
... Anxiety is an emotion characterized by apprehension and anticipation of impending danger or catastrophe, and depression is a negative affective state ranging from unhappiness to extreme feelings of sadness (APA Dictionary of Psychologya; APA Dictionary of Psychologyb; APA Dictionary of Psychologyc). In addition, anxiety generally precedes later depression disorders (Kalin, 2020;Starr & Davila, 2012) and is associated with future events, while depression is associated with past events (Eysenck et al., 2006).Given these differences, depression and anxiety could be differentially associated with lifestyle behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
... In addition to direct fear during exposure to cameras, the anxiety generated in the student by the negative experience and repeated exposures can also be one of the reasons for the presentation of depression. The two phenomena are commonly associated and can lead to a potentiation of the other, with almost 50% of patients with depression also reporting anxiety (Eysenck et al. 2006;Kalin 2020). ...
Medical education was greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and remote teaching through lectures and classes through videoconferencing was heavily used. However, the need to use cameras led to scopophobia, which is the fear of being watched, which can lead to psychological symptoms. Despite the relevance and prevalence of depression and the increase in the use of cameras for learning, research evaluating the impact of scopophobia on students' mental health is surprisingly scarce. Hence, to fill up this gap, a cross-sectional study was carried out in medical schools in Brazil. To assess the presence of depressed mood, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was applied. We used logistic regression models to verify the associations. The overall prevalence of positive PHQ9 found in our study was 62%. By studying the factors associated with a high risk of scopophobia, we could identify that the PHQ was statistically associated with scopophobia (odds ratio 2.43 (confidence interval 1.11-5.26), adjusted p value = .0269). Also, a lower family income, a higher number of household inhabitants, and female gender were associated. These results suggest that scopophobia is associated with depression, leading us to believe that interventions to mitigate this risk in students are opportune, especially if targeted at lower-income students.
... The possible explanation is that some individual-level factors including biological factors may be more important in predicting depression. And previous studies indicated that depression may be more strongly related to loss, whereas anxiety may result from current and future threats (Eysenck et al., 2006). It should be noted that the non-statistically significant results found in the pre-diabetes population do not indicate that air pollution is not harmful to this population. ...
Background:
The association between air pollution and mental disorders has been widely documented in the general population. However, the evidence among susceptible populations, such as individuals with prediabetes or diabetes, is still insufficient.
Methods:
We analyzed data from 48,515 participants with prediabetes and 24,393 participants with diabetes from the UK Biobank. Annual pollution data were collected for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen dioxides (NOx) during 2006-2021. The exposure to air pollution and temperature for each participant were estimated by the bilinear interpolation approach and time-weighted method based on their geocoded home addresses and time spent at each address. We employed the generalized propensity score model based on the generalized estimating equation and the time-varying covariates Cox model to assess the effects of air pollution.
Results:
We observed causal links between air pollutants and mental disorders among both prediabetic and diabetic participants, with stronger effects among those with diabetes than prediabetes. The hazard ratios were 1.18 (1.12, 1.24), 1.15 (1.10, 1.20), 1.18 (1.13, 1.23), and 1.15 (1.11, 1.19) in patients with prediabetes, and 1.21 (1.13, 1.29), 1.17 (1.11, 1.24), 1.19 (1.13, 1.25), and 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) in patients with diabetes per interquartile range elevation in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx. Furthermore, the effects were more pronounced among people who were older, alcohol drinkers, and living in urban areas.
Conclusions:
Our study indicates the potential causal links between long-term exposure to air pollution and incident mental disorders among those with prediabetes and diabetes. Reducing air pollution levels would significantly benefit this vulnerable population by reducing the incidence of mental disorders.
... Several approaches examine anxiety and depression in a common theoretical framework. One approach suggests that anxiety focuses on the future and depression on the past resulting in respective cognitive biases (Eysenck et al., 2006;Pomerantz & Rose, 2014). However, there is evidence that worry and rumination differ in their effects on behavioral and physiological responses to every day events and stressors, and that there is not a specific link between anxiety and worry, or depression and rumination (Kircanski et al., 2017;Lewis et al., 2018). ...
Background
In the present study we aimed to develop a German version of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) and evaluate the psychometric properties. Associations of cognitive and somatic anxiety with other measures of anxiety, depression, and stress, elucidating possible underlying functional connections, were also examined, as symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress often overlap.
Method
Two samples (n1 = 301; n2 = 303) were collected online and in the lab, respectively. Dynamic connections between somatic and cognitive anxiety, other measures of anxiety, depression, and stress, were analyzed using a network approach. Psychometric analyses were conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.
Results
We replicated and validated the two-factorial structure of the STICSA with the German translation. Network analyses revealed cognitive trait anxiety as the most central node, bridging anxiety and depression. Somatic trait anxiety exhibited the highest discriminant validity for distinguishing anxiety from depression.
Conclusion
The central role of cognitive symptoms in these dynamic interactions suggests an overlap of these symptoms between anxiety and depression and that differential diagnostics should focus more on anxious somatic symptoms than on cognitive symptoms. The STICSA could therefore be useful in delineating differences between anxiety and depression and for differential assessment of mood and anxiety symptoms. Additional understanding of both cognitive and somatic aspects of anxiety might prove useful for therapeutic interventions.
... Finally, less frequent rumination about the future was associated with reduced feelings of anxiety in the control group. Anxiety can be viewed as an expression of future-oriented negative emotion (Chen et al., 2021;Eysenck et al., 2006). By this view, it is reasonable to propose that a reduction in rumination about the possible negative consequences of a stressful event might attenuate feelings of anxiety. ...
Background:
Emotional inertia refers to the resistance to update or change an emotional state and is a hallmark of maladaptive emotional dynamics in psychopathology. Little is known, however, about the role of emotion regulation in negative emotion inertia in dysphoria. The current study aimed to explore the association between inertia of discrete negative emotions, and emotion-specific emotion regulation strategy selection use and efficacy in dysphoria.
Methods:
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) was used to divide university students into a dysphoria (N = 65) and non-dysphoria control (N = 62) group. Using an experience sampling approach delivered via a smartphone app, participants were queried semi-randomly regarding negative emotions and emotion regulation strategies 10 times a day for 7 consecutive days. Temporal network analysis was employed to estimate autoregressive connections for each discrete negative emotion (inertia of negative emotion) and to bridge connections between negative emotion and emotion regulation clusters.
Results:
Participants with dysphoria showed stronger inertia for anger and sadness in the context of the use of emotion-specific regulation strategies. Specifically, individuals with dysphoria displaying greater inertia of anger were more likely to ruminate about the past to cope with anger, and to ruminate on the past and future when experiencing sadness.
Limitations:
A lack of a clinically depression patient group for comparison.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest an inflexibility to adaptively shift attention from discrete negative emotions in dysphoria and provide important insights for development of interventions to support wellbeing in this population.
... Furthermore, anxiety disorder, but not depression, was associated with more air pollution, less green space, and more water in the neighbourhood. Our diversified findings are in line with the idea that depression may be more strongly related to loss, whereas anxiety may result from current and future threats (Eysenck et al., 2006). ...
Objective:
A growing literature suggests that neighbourhood characteristics are associated with mental health outcomes, but the evidence in older adults is inconsistent. We investigated the association of neighbourhood characteristics, pertaining to demographic, socio-economic, social and physical environment domains, with the subsequent 10-year incidence of depression and anxiety, in Dutch older adults.
Methods:
In the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed four times between 2005/2006 and 2015/2016, using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (n = 1365) and the Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (n = 1420). Neighbourhood-level data on urban density, percent population over 65 years of age, percent immigrants, average house price, average income, percent low-income earners, social security beneficiaries, social cohesion, safety, proximity to retail facilities, housing quality, percent green space, percent water coverage, air pollution (particulate matter (PM2.5)), and traffic noise, were obtained for study baseline years 2005/2006. Cox proportional hazard regression models, clustered within neighbourhood, were used to estimate the association between each neighbourhood-level characteristic and the incidence of depression and anxiety.
Results:
The incidence of depression and anxiety was 19.9 and 13.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Neighbourhood characteristics were not associated with the incidence of depression. However, various neighbourhood characteristics were associated with an increased incidence of anxiety, including: higher urban density level, higher percent immigrants, greater proximity to retail facilities, lower housing quality score, lower safety score, higher PM2.5 levels and less green space.
Conclusion:
Our results indicate that several neighbourhood characteristics are associated with anxiety but not with depression incidence in older age. Several of these characteristics have the potential to be modifiable and thus could serve as a target for interventions at the neighbourhood-level in improving anxiety, provided that future studies replicate our findings and provide further evidence for a causal effect.
... Members of society are scared of what may happen in the future, leading to negative thinking, the anticipation of danger, and a pessimistic viewpoint, all of which are characterized by apprehension, uncertainty, and fear of undesirable outcomes. Eysenck et al. (2006) found that future anxiety is related to anticipated future occurrences based on what occurs in the present, in contrast to depression, which is linked to past experiences and manifested as reduced anxiety about the future. ...
Emergencies have an impact on people's psychological well-being. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns was significant. People from various countries reported varying levels of psychological distress. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological well-being of Arab citizens from the beginning of the pandemic to the end. The responses of 1239 citizens of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Oman were analyzed. The psychological well-being constructs of self-kindness, annoyance and rumination, and future anxiety were examined by gender and country, and by feelings of loneliness, presence of psychological disorders, and psychological rehabilitation before the start of the pandemic. The constructs of psychological well-being were assessed using self-report scales. The findings revealed significant differences between countries in the positive and negative components of psychological well-being, future anxiety, and rumination. Saudi and Omani citizens reported more positive feelings of self-compassion than Jordanians. Pre-existing feelings of loneliness were associated with lower levels of self-compassion, negative thought rumination, and elevated anxiety. Positive feelings, mental health, and sound thinking increase feelings of self-compassion and reduce future anxiety. Females were more concerned about the future and expressed more negative thoughts than males, mostly in Jordan and Oman. Positive self-compassion dimensions were associated with a reduction in future anxiety. Implying that the mental health resilience of countries differed in response to the crisis. Received: 22 January 2023 / Accepted: 03 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023
... Dari keseluruhan perubahan akibat kecemasan dari kelompok responden laki-laki dan perempuan tidak ditemukan perubahan yang mengarah pada gejala pada kriteria HARS-score depressed mood yang umumnya ditandai dengan penurunan ketertarikan pada hal-hal yang biasa dilakukan, termasuk penurunan ketertarikan pada hobi-hobi yang biasa dikerjakan. Hal ini tidak terjadi karena dari kedua kelompok responden berada dalam batas rata-rata kecemasan ringan yang tidak sampai menimbulkan efek lebih jauh ke pola-pola depresi (Eysenck et al., 2006). ...
Vaccination is one of the recommended way to eradicate Covid-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, there are still many people who refuse to get vaccinated. One of the causes is anxiety about the side effects that occur after vaccination. With this misinformation about vaccines, public anxiety is getting higher, so that more and more people are hesitant to get vaccinated. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of anxiety related to vaccines in medical students who have more knowledge about vaccines than the general public society. The anxiety assessment method used was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HARS) questionnaire. There were 108 medical clerkship students in this study, consisting of 25 male respondents and 83 female respondents, aged between 21-27 years. Based on the HARS-score obtained, it showed that all respondents were in the low or minimal anxiety range. Aspects of anxiety predominately appeared in the pre-vaccination phase. The differences between men and women were influenced by hormonal fluctuations and conditions before vaccination, such as stress, workload, knowledge capacity, and information obtained related to vaccination. Keywords: Anxiety, Covid-19, HARS-score, ISRR, Vaccines
... Dari keseluruhan perubahan akibat kecemasan dari kelompok responden laki-laki dan perempuan tidak ditemukan perubahan yang mengarah pada gejala pada kriteria HARS-score depressed mood yang umumnya ditandai dengan penurunan ketertarikan pada hal-hal yang biasa dilakukan, termasuk penurunan ketertarikan pada hobi-hobi yang biasa dikerjakan. Hal ini tidak terjadi karena dari kedua kelompok responden berada dalam batas rata-rata kecemasan ringan yang tidak sampai menimbulkan efek lebih jauh ke pola-pola depresi (Eysenck et al., 2006). ...
... Instead, challenges are future-oriented and existential, concerning truncated life expectancy. Thus, future-oriented emotions such as anxiety and fear (Eysenck et al., 2006) may be more common. Furthermore, FCR appeared to be more responsive to symptoms and functional problems. ...
Objective: Severe or persistent distress is associated with poorer quality of life in cancer survivors. Distress follows distinct trajectories within different population subgroups. Identifying characteristics and causes of trajectories can assist intervention development and targeting. In a 7-year study of uveal melanoma survivors, we aimed to characterize anxiety, depression, and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) trajectories, and identify whether concerns about symptoms and functional problems over the first 3 years of survivorship predict memberships of high distress trajectories. Method: In a closed cohort study, we used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to identify statistically optimal trajectories over 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 60-, 72-, and 84-month time point posttreatment in 475 patients. We then regressed trajectory memberships onto a 3-year series of measures of concerns about symptoms and functional problems, controlling demographic, clinical, and 6-month anxiety, depression, or FCR indicators. Results: Anxiety, depression, and FCR were represented by two-class linear GMMs. The majority scored consistently low, but 17.5% showed consistently elevated anxiety, 10.9% consistently elevated depression, and 19.4% consistently elevated FCR. Higher anxiety trajectory membership was predicted by greater concerns about symptoms at 6 and 24 months, higher depression trajectory membership by symptoms at 24 months, and higher FCR trajectory membership by symptoms at 6 and 24 months and functional problems at 12 months. Conclusions: Much of the burden of persistent distress in cancer patients falls on a small proportion of survivors. Concerns about symptoms and functional problems are potential risk factors for distress.
... A common experience in depression and anxiety disorders is difficulty engaging with the present moment (44). In these conditions, focus is often directed to either the past, where things may have taken place that can no longer be changed, or into the future where there exists the unknown and feelings of lacking control (45). For people experiencing challenging situations in life including illness and pain, spending time in the present moment could be especially difficult. ...
Anxiety associated with life-threatening illness (LTI) is a pervasive mental health issue with a wide impact. A spectrum of traditional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are available, but offer varying success in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. We explore a novel therapy for this condition by assessing prominent thematic elements from participant narrative accounts of a pilot phase 2 clinical trial of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Assisted Therapy (MDMA-AT) for treating anxiety associated with LTI. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset of adult participants 3 months following completion of this trial. This qualitative analysis sought to complement, clarify, and expand upon the quantitative findings obtained from the clinical trial to further understand the process and outcomes of the treatment. Interviews were coded and analyzed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodological framework. Participants described in detail their experiences from before, during and after the trial, which were analyzed and categorized into thematic clusters. Specifically, participants explored what they felt were important elements of the therapeutic process including processing trauma and grief, exploring mystical and existential experiences, engaging with the present moment with reduced physiological activation, and facing illness and existential fears. Outcomes of the treatment included increased ability to cope with LTI, reduced psychological symptoms, improved vitality and quality of life, and feeling more resourced. Participant narratives also showed a reconnection to life and greater emotional resilience in response to trauma and medical relapse. These findings are compared to similar treatments for the same indication. Limitations and challenges encountered in conducting this study are discussed along with implications for theory and clinical treatment.
... There may also be differences in the way these symptoms are triggered by the current health crisis. Depression has traditionally been associated with retrospective rumination and feelings of loss, while anxiety and stress are related to worries about future events and a sensation of threat (Eysenck et al., 2006). Thus, a sudden and unexpected event such as the COVID-19 pandemic could generate different symptomatology depending on the specific moment that is analysed (Debowska et al., 2020). ...
The aim of this study was to test whether resilience and life satisfaction (two traditional protective factors) mediate between COVID‐19 related worries and the development of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in adolescents and young adults. Participants involved 392 adolescents and young adults (70.20% female) aged between 12 and 25 years (M = 17.05 years, SD = 3.08). Participants completed the COVID‐19 related worries scale, the CD‐RISC to analyse resilience, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales‐21 to study emotional symptoms. Descriptive analyses and Pearson correlations were conducted, together with a structural equation modeling testing a mediational model and multigroup invariance. Results show that resilience and life satisfaction play a mediating role in the relation between the COVID‐19 related worries and emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress). This study highlights the role of protective factors on adolescents' and young adults' emotional symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
... In addition, from the temporal orientation theory [46,47], it is recognized that manifestations of depression, anxiety and stress refer, respectively, to projections involving the past, the future and the present. Regarding health professionals, the COVID-19 pandemic determined greater mental suffering and negative feelings related to all these events, such as isolation; fear of contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and death; possibility of contamination and loss of family, friends and co-workers; insecurity related to the lack of knowledge and professional training about COVID-19 treatment and prevention protocols, especially at the beginning of the pandemic; professional depreciation; and uncertainties related to an indeterminate future [31,40,48,49]. ...
To assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic context.
Method:
Cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic (snow-ball) sampling method. The assessment was performed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the prevalence of symptoms severity was calculated by point and 95% confidence interval. The analysis of the psychometric properties of DASS-21 was performed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the following goodness of fit indices: χ2/df (chi-square ratio by degrees of freedom), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a 90% confidence interval.
Results:
The study participants were 529 health professionals (82.4% women and 66.7% nursing professionals). CFA of the DASS-21 structural model presented adequate fit for the sample (χ2/df = 3.530; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.976; RMSEA = 0.069). Regarding prevalence, moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were found in 48.6%, 55.0% and 47.9% of the participants, respectively.
Conclusion:
The use of DASS-21 confirmed the validity and reliability of the data. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in the participants indicated a high risk of mental illness in health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Attentional patterns can become habits and there is evidence that individuals differ in their predominant temporal focus. Future-focused people tend to be younger (de la Fuente et al., 2014), more conscientious (Li & Cao, 2017), liberal (Lammers & Baldwin, 2018;Li & Cao, 2020a), optimistic (Li & Cao, 2020b), organizational, proactive, efficient, open to change (Kruglanski, Pierro, & Higgins, 2015;Shipp & Aeon, 2019;Shipp, Edwards, & Lambert, 2009), and anxious (Eysenck, Payne, & Santos, 2006;Rinaldi et al., 2017) than past-focused people. Culture can also modulate temporal focus (Callizo-Romero et al., 2020;de la Fuente et al., 2014;Li, VanBui, & Cao, 2018). ...
Does temporal thought extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? Do asymmetries depend on cultural differences in temporal focus? Some studies suggest that people in Western (arguably future-focused) cultures perceive the future as being closer, more valued, and deeper than the past (a future asymmetry), while the opposite is shown in East Asian (arguably past-focused) cultures. The proposed explanations of these findings predict a negative relationship between past and future: the more we delve into the future, the less we delve into the past. Here, we report findings that pose a significant challenge to this view. We presented several tasks previously used to measure temporal asymmetry (self-continuity, time discounting, temporal distance, and temporal depth) and two measures of temporal focus to American, Spanish, Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Chinese participants (total N = 1,075). There was an overall future asymmetry in all tasks except for temporal distance, but the asymmetry only varied with cultural temporal focus in time discounting. Past and future held a positive (instead of negative) relation in the mind: the more we delve into the future, the more we delve into the past. Finally, the findings suggest that temporal thought has a complex underlying structure.
... Our study shows that people with previous mental health diagnoses were not more likely to experience psychological distress over time, although they were more likely to experience anxiety symptoms during the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. The high uncertainty caused by the onset of the pandemic likely caused excessive worry about future events, which is a key component of anxiety (46). However, it is not possible for us to conclude that the current pandemic is more stressful for people with a history of mental disorders. ...
Background
Despite numerous efforts to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, there are few longitudinal studies that examine the change in the burden of psychological distress over time and its associated factors, especially in developing countries.
Objective
The primary aim of this study was to assess the levels of psychological distress at two time points during the COVID-19 outbreak based on a representative community sample in Chile. The secondary aim was to identify groups that are more vulnerable to psychological distress during the pandemic.
Methods
A nationally representative, longitudinal telephone survey of Chilean adults was conducted. This study analyses panel data from two waves in 2020: May 30 to June 10 and September 15 to October 9. A total of 823 people participated in both surveys. Changes in mental health outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptoms) were assessed, estimating the effect of demographic characteristics, psychosocial and economic factors, household conditions, and health status.
Results
There was a significant increase in psychological distress (PHQ-4 ≥ 6) between Waves 1 (22.6%) and 2 (27.0%), especially among younger participants. Overall, the results of this study show that being female, living in or near the capital, living in overcrowded households and having a perceived lack of space in the home, loneliness or perceived social isolation, and having received mental health treatment within the last year are significantly associated with psychological distress over time (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
This study highlights the need to implement psychosocial programs to protect people's psychological well-being, as well as social policies to improve household living conditions and levels of social connectedness during the COVID-19 outbreak.
The study aimed to identify the level of future anxiety and its relationship to social isolation among outstanding students in the King Abdullah II Schools for Excellence in Madaba Governorate. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of outstanding students in King Abdullah II Schools for Excellence in Madaba Governorate was selected, amounting to (170) male and female students. They were selected using the available method, and two scales were developed:The Future Anxiety Scale and the Social Isolation Scale, and their psychometric properties were verified. The results of the study found that the level of anxiety about the future and social isolation was moderate. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between each of the areas of future anxiety and the total score and social isolation. Based on the results of the study, some recommendations were made, including:The Ministry of Education, Jordanian universities, and parties interested in outstanding students must benefit from the results of the study by publishing its results, to reduce the level of anxiety about the future and social isolation among outstanding students
This paper deals with a common but not thoroughly researched sociopsychological phenomenon, the post-event blues. Post-event blues is a sudden drop in mood, a feeling of lethargy and sadness after a long-awaited, happy event. Many psychological websites and blogs refer to this phenomenon by various names, but a common name and definition have yet to be developed. This article aims to fill this gap, based on a short empirical survey among participants of a Hungarian festival (Fekete Zaj) and the collection of mentioned blogs and websites. It also explores some of the sociopsychological reasons behind the blues in the Hungarian setting, its characteristics and effects, and presents the coping mechanisms suggested in these sources, with the aim of bringing this topic into scientific discussion.
Humans frequently engage in mental time travel, reflecting on the past and anticipating the future. Although these processes may seem similar, research documents systematic differences between retrospection and prospection. We propose a conceptual framework to organize and explain these differences based on three axiomatic temporal asymmetries: The past occurs before the future; the past is more certain than the future; and the past is less controllable than the future. People’s experience with these axiomatic differences is internalized and overgeneralized to shape mental representations of the past and future. Our review shows that people generally prioritize prospection over retrospection, attending more to the future than the past and reacting more intensely to future events than to past events. We consider potential moderators of and constraints on the generality of prioritizing prospection. We explore the implications of these temporal asymmetries, emphasizing their theoretical and practical significance.
Public Abstract
While daily life centers on the present, people often reflect on the past and anticipate the future. But which direction of mental time travel—backward or forward—has more influence? We identify three key differences that shape how people engage with the past and future: time flows from past to future, the future is more uncertain, and people have more control over the future. These differences affect the frequency, intensity, and nature of thoughts and feelings, leading to predictable biases in how we mentally represent and emotionally engage with events over time. Because focusing on the future often provides greater benefits, people tend to prioritize prospection over retrospection in everyday life.
2020 yılı itibariyle yaşanan Covid-19 pandemisi ve ardından 06 Şubat 2023 tarihinde yaşanan deprem felaketi sonrası ülkemiz yaralarını hızla sarmaya başlamıştır. Milli güç bileşenlerinden Silahlı Kuvvetler ve Kolluk Kuvvetleriyle birlikte Özel Güvenlik teşkilatları özellikle doğal afet, pandemi gibi olaylarda politika yapıcılar tarafından başvurulan temel yeteneklerdir. Sıcak koşullar altında söz konusu yeteneklerin yüksek görev yapabilme kapasitelerinin idamesi önem arz etmektedir. Resmi iletişimin yanı sıra, sahada anlık haber pek çok medya kanalından, farklı şekilde ve süratle akmaktadır. Medya tarafından aktarılan bu bilgi akışı ise algılanan bilgi olarak personelin gelecek ile ilgili düşüncelerini şekillendirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı bağlı olduğu yasal düzenlemeler ve ifa ettiği bazı görevler gereği Silahlı Kuvvetler ve Kolluk Güçlerine kısıtlı alanlarda benzeşen özel güvenlik firmaları personelinin gelecek kaygısının algılanan medya zenginliği ve benlik saygısı değişkenleri ile olan ilişkisini incelemektir. Çalışma evreni Adana ilinde bulunan özel güvenlik eğitim, özel güvenlik koruma ve özel güvenlik alanında bulunan 53 firmada çalışan yaklaşık 3500 özel güvenlik personeli oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise araştırma evreninden seçilen 387 personel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, kesitsel bir tasarıma sahiptir ve önceden hazırlanmış anketler 01 Nisan 2022 - 10 Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında elektronik ortamda uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda algılanan medya zenginliğinin gelecek kaygısını arttırdığı, benlik saygısının gelecek kaygısını azalttığı ve benlik saygısının algılanan medya zenginliğini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca algılanan medya zenginliği diğer iki değişken arasında kısmi aracılık etkisi göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçların Silahlı Kuvvetler ve kolluk güçleri personeli içinde sınırlı ama önemli yordamalar yapmak için kullanılabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.
The wide-ranging disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic altered the experiences of place, technology, time, and school for students. This book explores how students’ responses to these extraordinary times shaped their identities as learners and writers, as well as their perceptions of education.
This book traces the voices of a diverse group of university students, from first-year to doctoral students, over the first two years of the pandemic. Students discussed the effects of having their homes forced to serve as classrooms, work, and living spaces, as they also navigated much of school and life through their digital screens. The affective and embodied experiences of this disruption and uncertainty, and the memories and narratives constructed from those experiences, challenged and remade students’ relationships with place, digital media, and school itself. Understanding students’ perceptions of these times has implications for imagining innovative and empathetic approaches to literacy and learning going forward.
In a time when disruptions, including but not limited to the pandemic, continue to ripple and resonate through education and culture, this book provides important insights for researchers and teachers in literacy and writing studies, education, media studies, and any seeking a better understanding of students and learning in this precarious age.
2025 recipient of the Divergent Publication Award for Excellence in Literacy in a Digital Age Research from the Initiative for Literacy in a Digital Age
Objective
Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) may develop into elevated anxiety or depression symptoms, but few risk factors for this development are known. Objective recurrence risk estimation is possible in some cancers. Using theories of risk communication and phobias, we examined whether the proportionality of FCR to known objective recurrence risk influences the development of anxiety and depression symptoms.
Method
Uveal melanoma (UM) patients can opt for reliable prognostic testing. Patients experience either a ‘good’ or ‘poor’ prognostic outcome, whereby 10‐year mortality due to metastatic disease is, respectively, low or high. In a five‐year prospective study of a consecutive sample of 589 UM survivors, we used random intercept cross lagged panel analyses to examine whether proportionality differentially influences whether FCR progresses to anxiety and depression.
Results
Positive cross paths predicting anxiety from FCR were stronger in the poor prognosis group than the good prognosis and not tested groups. Prognostic group differences were not evident for depression.
Conclusions
FCR was more likely to progress to elevated anxiety symptoms when proportionate to the known objective recurrence risk. Objective evidence may play a prominent role in the development and structure of fear because it assumes a high epistemic weight that activates a wide range of emotional and cognitive responses. Interventions that assist survivors to tolerate FCR in the presence of higher recurrence risks may be important in reducing anxiety symptoms.
Behavioral testing constitutes the primary method to measure the emotional states of nonhuman animals in preclinical research. Emerging as the characteristic tool of the behaviorist school of psychology, behavioral testing of animals, particularly rodents, is employed to understand the complex cognitive and affective symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Following the symptom-based diagnosis model of the DSM, rodent models and tests of depression and anxiety focus on behavioral patterns that resemble the superficial symptoms of these disorders. While these practices provided researchers with a platform to screen novel antidepressant and anxiolytic drug candidates, their construct validity—involving relevant underlying mechanisms—has been questioned. In this review, we present the laboratory procedures used to assess depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in rats and mice. These include constructs that rely on stress-triggered responses, such as behavioral despair, and those that emerge with nonaversive training, such as cognitive bias. We describe the specific behavioral tests that are used to assess these constructs and discuss the criticisms on their theoretical background. We review specific concerns about the construct validity and translational relevance of individual behavioral tests, outline the limitations of the traditional, symptom-based interpretation, and introduce novel, ethologically relevant frameworks that emphasize simple behavioral patterns. Finally, we explore behavioral monitoring and morphological analysis methods that can be integrated into behavioral testing and discuss how they can enhance the construct validity of these tests.
This collection examines the many internal and external factors affecting cognitive processes. Editor Shulamith Kreitler brings together a wide range of international contributors to produce an outstanding assessment of recent research in the field. These contributions go beyond the standard approach of examining the effects of motivation and emotion to consider the contextual factors that may influence cognition. These broad and varied factors include personality, genetics, mental health, biological evolution, culture and social context. By contextualizing cognition, this volume draws out the practical applications of theoretical cognitive research while bringing separate areas of scholarship into meaningful dialogue.
This study aimed to identify the level of future anxiety and its relationship with domestic violence among married couples in the northern West Bank governorates during the corona pandemic, it also aimed to identify the role of the demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification, work, monthly income, family size, and place of residence). The study sample consisted of (200) wives and husbands from the governorates of the northern West Bank. In order to collect the data, the sheikhi Scale (2009) was used to measure future anxiety, and the Ahmad Scale (2016) to measure domestic violence. The results showed that the level of future anxiety and domestic violence was low in all areas, it also showed no differences between feelings of future anxiety and domestic violence due to (sex, work and family size), while it showed a direct relation between future anxiety and domestic violence, in addition to differences in the responses of the sample towards future anxiety and domestic violence in light of the corona pandemic in the northern West Bank governorates due to the (age, educational qualification, monthly income, and place of residence) variables.
Purpose
The current study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and career perspectives of the future workforce of the tourism and hospitality industry in the UK. The paper is based on theories of emotion and focuses on the interplay role of three factors of fear of COVID-19, depression, and future career anxiety.
Design/methodology/approach
The current research uses a mixed-method approach in two studies to answer the research questions. First, an online questionnaire was distributed among 197 current tourism and hospitality students in the UK. In the second phase through a qualitative approach and 17 semi-structured interviews, a more in-depth approach was taken to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the future career perspectives of the respondents.
Findings
Findings reveal a high level of mental health disorders among respondents. The majority of respondents suffer from some sort of mental health conditions/disorders that affect their moods, thinking, and behaviors. The results further show that the fear of COVID-19 causes depression which results in career anxiety.
Practical implications
The findings suggest that the future tourism workforce in the UK is likely to suffer from some sort of mental health disorder that can influence their performances in the workplace. Companies are advised to make adjustments that help to protect the well-being and psychological health of their staff.
Originality/value
Previous studies used a snapshot in time only with a focus on the immediate and short-term effects of the pandemic. In the current study, by taking a long-term impact approach, the authors attempted to understand the psychological impact of the COVID-19 on the future workforce of the tourism industry in the UK and offered practical implications for stakeholders.
This book considers the nature, causes, and consequences of extreme pro- and anti-sustainability rhetoric, exploring how and why the expressions of radical views on sustainability-related themes may prevent real sustainable development. Following a thorough introduction on sustainability rhetoric, on dialogue, and on the role played by ideologies in the building of environmental beliefs, Fracarolli Nunes and Lee Park examine positions and statements expressed or made by individuals, companies, governments, and NGOs in the last decades. The outcomes of these considerations lead to the classification of expressions in different categories of sustainability rhetoric, laying the groundwork for the development of a ‘sustainability spectrum’: a metric for the level of radicalization of sustainability positions, which ranges from apocalyptic views to ultimate denial. Through the combination of historical perspectives, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual developments, this book provides a foundation for a more informed and productive dialogue between radically opposing views on sustainability issues. This volume will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners researching and working in the areas of environmental communication and media, environmental politics, and sustainable development.
Following the coronavirus pandemic, this study sought to determine the impact of using Moodle in teaching university courses on students' future anxiety and psychological happiness. The study sample consisted of 75 students (males and females) in the summer semester of the academic year 2019/2020. The study adopted the quasi-experimental approach by a single experimental group. To achieve the purposes of the study, the researchers developed two scales: firstly, the future anxiety scale, and secondly, the psychological happiness scale; after verifying their reliability and validity, both scales were applied before and after the study sample (pre-scale and post-scale). The findings showed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of future anxiety for the study group individuals in both scales pre-scale and post-scale , to the benefit of post-scale. However, the findings explained the existence of statistically significant differences at α=0.05 among the levels of psychological happiness for the study group individuals in both scales (pre-scale and post-scale) and in favor of the latter because of the use of electronic learning management systems in teaching university courses. It shows that implementing Moodle technology into teaching had a positive impact in reducing future anxiety and increasing psychological happiness among university students.
This study investigated whether some categories of adverse life events are differentially associated with specific types of emotional disorders. A life self-report measure of major life events was completed by 42 subjects with diagnoses of anxiety disorders, 46 subjects with major depression, 26 subjects with hypochondriasis and 73 nonclinical subjects (controls). As predicted, the onset of anxiety disorders, depression, and hypochondriasis appears to be differentially related with life stress of ‘threat’, ‘loss’, and ‘health’, respectively, previously experienced by the clinical subjects. Also, there were significant differences between clinical and nonclinical subjects on both perceived life stress and number of life events reported. Findings suggest a differential implication of psychosocial stress categories in particular emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety, depressive and hypochondriacal disorders). These results expand previous findings that have demonstrated an association between negative life events and psychopathology.
Recent work has shown that unpredictable and/or uncontrollable events can produce a variety of cognitive, affective, and somatic disturbances to the organism. These disturbances are compared to and found to be quite similar to the symptoms of the classic cases of experimental neurosis described by Pavlov, W. H. Gantt, H. S. Liddell, J. H. Masserman, and J. M. Wolpe. The hypothesis is then developed that the common element in the experimental neurosis literature is that important life events become unpredictable or uncontrollable, or both. This interpretation is contrasted with the earlier physiological, psychodynamic, and behavioral interpretations made by the investigators themselves. The implications of this analysis of experimental neurosis for various issues in the predictability–controllability literature are discussed––for example, the interaction between unpredictability and controllability, the "threshold" for response to lack of predictability or controllability, and the lack vs the loss of predictability and controllability. Finally, the possible clinical relevance of this new perspective on experimental neurosis is discussed. (66 ref)
We review psychometric and other evidence relevant to mixed anxiety-depression. Properties of anxiety and depression measures, including the convergent and discriminant validity of self- and clinical ratings, and interrater reliability, are examined in patient and normal samples. Results suggest that anxiety and depression can be reliably and validly assessed; moreover, although these disorders share a substantial component of general affective distress, they can be differentiated on the basis of factors specific to each syndrome. We also review evidence for these specific factors, examining the influence of context and scale content on ratings, factor analytic studies, and the role of low positive affect in depression. With these data, we argue for a tripartite structure consisting of general distress, physiological hyperarousal (specific anxiety), and anhedonia (specific depression), and we propose a diagnosis of mixed anxiety-depression.
Reanalyses of a number of studies of self-reported mood indicate that Positive and Negative Affect consistently emerge as the first two Varimax rotated dimensions in orthogonal factor analyses or as the first two second-order factors derived from oblique solutions. The two factors emerged with varying sets of descriptors and were even replicated in several data sets characterized by possible methodological problems noted by earlier writers (acquiescence response bias, inappropriate response formats, and so on). The results thus strongly attest to the stability and robustness of Positive and Negative Affect in self-report. Because this same two-dimensional configuration has also been consistently identified in all of the other major lines of mood research, it is now firmly established as the basic structure of English-language affect at the general factor level.
A number of apparently diverse personality scales––variously assessing trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability––are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait. An integrative interpretation of the construct as Negative Affectivity (NA) is presented. A review of studies using measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List indicate that high-NA Ss are more likely to experience discomfort at all times and across situations, even in the absence of overt stress. They are relatively more introspective and tend differentially to dwell on the negative side of themselves and the world. Further research is needed to explain the origins of NA and to elucidate the characteristics of low-NA individuals. (5½ p ref)
L.A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depression well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each.
L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model of depression and anxiety that divides symptoms into 3 groups: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of anhedonia and low positive affect that are specific to depression, and symptoms of somatic arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety. This model was tested by conducting separate factor analyses of the 90 items in the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991) in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, 1 patient). The same 3 factors (General Distress, Anhedonia vs. Positive Affect, Somatic Anxiety) emerged in each data set, suggesting that the symptom structure in this domain is highly convergent across diverse samples. Moreover, these factors broadly corresponded to the symptom groups proposed by the tripartite model. Inspection of the individual item loadings suggested some refinements to the model.
Data from a 4-year longitudinal study of young adults were used to examine the causal pathways between personality and life events. To reduce measurement artifacts, analyses were conducted using reports of more objective life events. It was found that extraversion predisposed participants to experience more positive objective life events, whereas neuroticism predisposed people to experience more negative objective events. In contrast, personality was somewhat stable, and life events were found not to have a prospective influence on it. Objective positive and negative life events covaried, suggesting that people who experience more of 1 type of event are also likely to experience more events of the opposite valence as well. The findings indicate that life events cannot be viewed as a source of influence independent of personality. Although factors that are independent of the person undoubtedly influence life events to some degree, the personality of the individual also appears to do so.
The World Health Organization collaborative study on "Psychological Problems in General Health Care" investigated the form, frequency, course and outcome of common psychological problems in primary care settings at 15 international sites. The research employed a two-stage case-finding procedure. GHQ-12 was administered to 25916 adults who consulted health-care services. The second-stage assessment (n = 5438) consisted of the Composite international Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the Social Disability Schedule, and questionnaires. Possible cases or borderline cases of mental disorder, and a sample of known cases, were followed up at three months and one year. Using standard diagnostic algorithms (ICD-10), prevalence rates were calculated for current disorder (one-month) and lifetime experience disorder. Well-defined psychological problems are frequent in all the general health-care settings examined (median 24.0%). Among the most common were depression anxiety, alcohol misuse, somatoform disorders, and neurasthenia. Nine per cent of patients suffered from a "subthreshold condition" that did not meet diagnostic criteria but had clinically significant symptoms and functional impairment. The most common co-occurrence was depression and anxiety. Comorbidity increases the likelihood of recognition of mental disorders in general health care, and the likelihood of receiving treatment.
• The question, "How well do people remember life changes?" was approached in a longitudinal study of nearly 400 healthy men in a responsible profession. Three scales for assessing life changes were administered by questionnaire at two examinations nine months apart. The subjects were asked to report life change events occurring during a specific six-month period—that which immediately preceded the first examination. For all three life change scales there was substantial forgetting over the interval between reports, with a second report yielding total scores 34% to 46% less than those from the first report for the same period. The amount of change over time varied greatly across persons. These findings raise serious questions about the validity of retrospective studies of life change and illness when the period being reported is greater than six months in the past. They do not, however, jeopardize the potential of the method for prospective studies.
A study is reported that examined memory for past experiences and anticipation of future experiences within panic disorder patients (N = 17), depressed patients (N = 16), and controls (N = 17). Anticipation and recall of positive and negative experiences were examined by administering an adapted verbal fluency paradigm. Participants were asked to generate future and past, positive and negative experiences in response to various time-frame cues. Anxiety was associated with generating more negative experiences but not fewer positive experiences; depression was associated with generating fewer positive experiences but not more negative experiences. The patterns for recall of past experiences and anticipation of future experiences were very similar.
Existing measures of worry content were designed to ascertain levels of worry in special groups, particularly children and the elderly. In the present study, cluster analysis techniques were employed to develop a measure of worry suitable for use on a nonclinical adult population. The Worry Domains Questionnaire (WDQ) yields a global score which is calculated by summing scores on 5 subscales: these subscales, or domains, are labelled (1) Relationships (2) Lack of Confidence (3) Aimless Future (4) Work Incompetence and (5) Financial. Content differences between pathological and nonpathological worry are considered.
ABSTRACT– A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
Objective: To examine the temporal relationships of anxiety and depressive disorders, their risk factors and to explore why people with anxiety develop depression.
Method: Data from an original 4–5-year prospective-longitudinal community study (N=3021) of adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders identified with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview are used to examine risk factors, as well as course and outcome.
Results: (i) Anxiety disorders, except for panic disorder, are almost always primary conditions. (ii) Over the follow-up period, rates of comorbid anxiety-depression increased substantially and resulted in increased impairment and disabilities. (iii) Predictors for first onset of ‘pure’ depressive and ‘pure’ anxiety disorders revealed recognizable differences. (iv) Baseline clinical characteristics of anxiety disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk to develop major depression over the follow-up period.
Conclusion: Findings suggest that most anxiety disorders are primary disorders that substantially increase the risk for secondary depression.
The question, "How well do people remember life changes?" was approached in a longitudinal study of nearly 400 healthy men in a responsible profession. Three scales for assessing life changes were administered by questionnaire at two examinations nine months apart. The subjects were asked to report life change events occurring during a specific six-month period--that which immediately preceded the first examination. For all three life change scales there was substantial forgetting over the interval between reports, with a second report yielding total scores 34% to 46% less than those from the first report for the same period. The amount of change over time varied greatly across persons. These findings raise serious questions about the validity of retrospective studies of life change and illness when the period being reported is greater than six months in the past. They do not, however, jeopardize the potential of the method for prospective studies.
The main aim of the present study was to examine whether the well-established association between depression and social dysfunction still remains when effects of a coexistent anxiety disorder are eliminated from the data. As these effects strongly depend on the proportion of depressed subjects suffering simultaneously from an anxiety disorder, we first examined the frequency of mixed and pure depressive disorders and that of pure anxiety disorders (control subjects) in a community sample (n = 483). Using DIS/DSM-III criteria (reference period 6 months), pure anxiety disorders were most frequent (6%), followed by pure depressive disorders (3%) and the coexistence of anxiety and depression (2%). Cases suffering from both disorders were most severely afflicted in terms of psychopathology (persistence of symptoms, comorbidity regarding other mental disorders). At the diagnostic level, the association between depression and social dysfunction was only slightly influenced by effects resulting from comorbidity; at the level of actual symptoms, however, we found that cases suffering simultaneously from severe depression and severe anxiety were significantly more handicapped in their social lives than depressive subjects with only mild anxiety symptoms.
IN PREVIOUS studies [l] it has been established that a cluster of social events requiring change in ongoing life adjustment is significantly associated with the time of illness onset. Similarly, the relationship of what has been called ‘life stress,’ ‘emotional stress,’ ‘object loss,’ etc. and illness onset has been demonstrated by other investigations [2-131. It has been adduced from these studies that this clustering of social or life events achieves etiologic significance as a necessary but not sufficient cause of illness and accounts in part for the time of onset of disease. Methodologically, the interview or questionnaire technique used in these studies has yielded only the number and types of events making up the cluster. Some estimate of the magnitude of these events is now required to bring greater precision to this area of research and to provide a quantitative basis for new epidemiological studies of diseases. This report defines a method which achieves this requisite. METHOD
Synopsis
The notions of loss and danger are briefly described. Two groups of raters in London and Canberra were shown to be reliable in rating the degree of loss and the degree of danger associated with a sample of life events previously rated as ‘severe’ on a contextual measure of long-term threat. The life events were reported by 164 young women attending a general practitioner in London. The women were interviewed by a psychiatrist using the Present State Examination. Their psychiatric symptoms were rated by a team of raters who were ignorant of the life events reported by the young women. Three types of cases of psychiatric disorder of recent onset were diagnosed: depression, anxiety, and mixed depression/anxiety. The frequency of life events reported by these three types of cases as occurring in the year before the onset of their disorder was compared with the frequency of events in the same time period reported by a group of women without severe psychiatric disorder. The results were used to argue that severe loss was a causal agent in the onset of depressive disorder and severe danger was a causal agent in the onset of anxiety states in this sample. Cases of mixed depression/anxiety were more likely to report both a severe loss and a severe danger before onset. This supported the argument for recognizing a distinct group of mixed disorders in the classification of depressive illnesses.
It was proposed to explore the longitudinal relationship between adverse experience and mental health; in particular, whether particular adverse experiences influence the form of subsequent expression of morbidity.
Three groups of women were selected: 64 whose marital partner had recently died, 143 whose husbands had recently experienced a myocardial infarction and a third group of 32 women who had sought protection in a Women's Aid refuge. An initial interview assessed psychiatric status according to the RDC for the six months before the event and up to the time of interview, and a second interview was completed four months after the event had occurred. The course was assessed using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation.
For the coronary group, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder doubled following the experience of the event, and was most pronounced for anxiety disorder. For the bereaved, rates increased over eight times for major depressive disorder and more than twice for anxiety disorder, following the loss; for the refuge group, prevalence rates were lower after entering the refuge than those before. Analyses that took account of the timing of the onset of disorders showed that in almost half of those experienced by the coronary group, and about 40% of the bereaved group, onset pre-dated the timing of the event.
The results further advance knowledge of the evolution and form of psychiatric conditions following the experience of severe adversity.
To examine the temporal relationships of anxiety and depressive disorders, their risk factors and to explore why people with anxiety develop depression.
Data from an original 4-5-year prospective-longitudinal community study (N= 3,021) of adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders identified with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview are used to examine risk factors, as well as course and outcome.
(i) Anxiety disorders, except for panic disorder, are almost always primary conditions. (ii) Over the follow-up period, rates of comorbid anxiety-depression increased substantially and resulted in increased impairment and disabilities. (iii) Predictors for first onset of 'pure' depressive and 'pure' anxiety disorders revealed recognizable differences. (iv) Baseline clinical characteristics of anxiety disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk to develop major depression over the follow-up period.
Findings suggest that most anxiety disorders are primary disorders that substantially increase the risk for secondary depression.
Retrospective and prospective cog-nitions in anxiety and depression Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis
- A K Macleod
- P Tata
- J Kentish
- H Jacobsen
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Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective
- A T Beck
- G Emery
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Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory Types of stressful life events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders Anxiety and depression in a community sample: The influence of comorbidity on social functioning The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
- M W Eysenck
- R A Finlay-Jones
- G W Brown
Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Finlay-Jones, R. A., & Brown, G. W. (1981). Types of stressful life events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 11, 803±815. Hecht, H., von Zerssen, D., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1990). Anxiety and depression in a community sample: The influence of comorbidity on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 137±144. Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psycho-somatic Research, 11, 213±218. Jenkins, C. D., Hurst, M. W., & Rose, R. M. (1979). Life changes: Do people really remember? Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 379±384.
Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events
- S Mineka
- J Kihlstrom
Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory
- M W Eysenck