Article

Arousal of Flow Experience in a Learning Setting and Its Effects on Exam Performance and Affect

December 2007
Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 21(3):217-227

DOI:10.1024/1010-0652.21.3.217

Authors:

Universität Konstanz

Flow experience is associated with learning motivation, performance and positive affect. Therefore it is important to analyze its antecedents. An important antecedent for experiencing flow is the balance between the person’s skill and how challenging the situation is (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). According to Atkinson’s (1957) risk-taking model, only individuals with high hope-of-success prefer situations in which a balance of challenge and skill is given while individuals with high fear-of-failure try to avoid such situations. Integration of these two lines of research leads to the suggestion that the achievement motive might moderate the relationship between the challengeskill balance and flow experience. This notion could be confirmed in two studies with undergraduate students (N = 57/N = 395). Additionally, flow experience was found to be a significant predictor of affect (Study 1 and 2) and exam performance (Study 2). I discuss these findings and their practical implications for academic learning settings.

The link between flow and performance is moderated by task experience

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

Flow is an intrinsically motivating (i.e. ‘autotelic’) psychological state of complete absorption in moment-to-moment activity that can occur when one performs a task whose demands match one's skill-level. Flow theory proposes that Flow causally leads to better performance, but empirical evidence for this assumption is mixed. Recent evidence suggests that self-reported Flow may not be linked to performance-levels per se, but instead to deviations from anticipated performance (the so-called flow deviation, or F˜deffect). We aimed to replicate and extend these results by employing a high-speed steering game (CogCarSim) to elicit Flow, and specifically focused on the moderating effects of learning and task experience on the F˜deffect. In a longitudinal design, 18 participants each played CogCarSim for 40 trials across eight sessions, totaling 720 measurements across participants. CogCarSim reliably elicited Flow, and learning to play the game fit well to a power-law model. We successfully replicated the F˜deffect: self-reported Flow was much more strongly associated with deviation-from-expected performance than with objective performance levels. We also found that the F˜deffect grew stronger with increasing task experience, thus demonstrating an effect of learning on Flow. We discuss the implications of our findings for contemporary theories of Flow.

The quizzing effect depends on hope of success and can be optimized by cognitive load-based adaptation

Article

Jan 2022
LEARN INSTR

It is well established that quizzing fosters learning. However, some gaps in the literature relating to the fit of quizzing to learner characteristics and learner perceptions during quizzing still need to be addressed. The present study focuses on two of these aspects: achievement motives and perceptions of cognitive load. First, quizzing entails that learners’ performance is judged against some standard of excellence. This might make it appealing and effective for learners with high hope of success and low fear of failure in particular. Second, it is an open question whether providing quiz questions that are adapted to learners’ perceived level of cognitive load during quizzing would be beneficial. To address these questions, we randomly assigned learners to either non-adaptive quizzing, adaptive quizzing, or note-taking. We found that quizzing benefits concerning learning outcomes were moderated by hope of success. Furthermore, the adaptation via cognitive load ratings substantially increased the quizzing effect.

Autotelic Personality

Chapter

Jan 2021

Nicola Baumann

This chapter reviews the search for more stable causes of flow experiences such as “flow personality” or “autotelic personality”. Although flow research is primarily concerned with flow as a motivational state, Csikszentmihalyi has introduced the concept of an autotelic personality, that is, a disposition to actively seek challenges and flow experiences. This chapter starts with an overview of Csikszentmihalyi’s conceptual ideas and phenomenological descriptions of autotelic personalities. Unfortunately, the rich concept was not complemented by an adequate operationalization. The chapter continues with a review of personality dispositions which can be conceived of as boundary conditions for flow experience. They reflect differences either in the need (achievement motive) or in the ability (self-regulation) to experience flow. The concept of an autotelic personality should encompass both aspects simultaneously. Next, the achievement flow motive (nAchFlow) is introduced which integrates need and ability aspects. As such, I propose nAchFlow as a way to operationalize an autotelic personality. The chapter offers a functional analysis of flow in achievement contexts within the framework of Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory. Finally, the chapter elaborates on flow in social contexts and gives an outlook for future directions.

Distal and proximal motivational processes related to flow experience: Investigating the role of implicit motives, affective and cognitive preferences, and perceived abilities

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021
CURR PSYCHOL

One of the prominent questions in flow research is the investigation of conditions that need to be met so that people will get involved in an activity for the sheer sake of doing it. The present study examined the relationship between distal (i.e., implicit motives) and proximal (i.e., affective preferences, cognitive preferences, perceived abilities) motivational processes and flow experience based on assumptions of the compensatory model of motivation and volition. In order to arouse the implicit agentic motive, 63 participants worked on an online platform in an open innovation environment. Results showed that affective preferences mediated the effect of the implicit agentic motive on flow experience. Moreover, a hierarchical regression analysis with simple slope tests yielded that, at the proximal level, the congruence of affective preferences, cognitive preferences, and perceived abilities was associated with flow experience. The present research adds some new and essential ingredients to Csikszentmihalyis' traditional conception of flow.

A Scoping Review of Flow Research

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Flow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it ( EFRN, 2014 ). The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 2000 and 2016. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. Our review (1) provides a framework to cluster flow research, (2) gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and (3) provides an overview about implications for future research. The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. In the first “Individual” level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. The second “Contextual” level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third “Cultural” level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. While flow research has made progress in understanding flow, in the future, more experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to gain deeper insights into the causal structure of flow and its antecedents and consequences.

Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Akış Deneyimi: Liseden Üniversiteye

Article

Jun 2020

Flow in Nonachievement Situations

Chapter

Jan 2021

Flow research began with the study of activities, which often occurred in achievement situations. To this day, most flow research still deals with achievement in the areas of sports, academia, and work where the balance of challenge and skill is important to foster flow. This chapter extends traditional flow theory by introducing the concept of implicit and explicit motives as personal needs that explain how individuals can experience flow not only in achievement situations but also in social situations like affiliative or power situations. We propose that flow emerges from the interaction of motive-specific incentives in a situation, such as challenge and skill balance, and a person’s motives. These motives are conducive to structuring situations, which in turn foster flow. In this context, we also present studies dealing with flow in groups. We end this chapter by revealing some perspectives on future research on flow in nonachievement situations.

Collectif flow : sociocognitive model of optimal collaboration

Thesis

Nov 2018

Milija Šimleša

With the increasing pressure to innovate, companies are led to find solutions how to increase the creativity of the teams working on innovation projects in a sustainable way. Research has shown that the flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975-2000), the optimal psychological experience of hyperfocused human functioning has benefits on subjective eudaemonic well-being as well as objective performance. However, the topic is poorly explored when it comes to flow experience in social settings. Therefore we decided to address the concept of collective flow. Funded by a French company SBT Human(s) Matter, this research project has also an applicative goal of gathering more knowledge about flow and team creativity in order to improve sustainable well-being and reach optimal collaboration for SBT's clients. We define collective flow as a state manifesting when a group acts as a whole. The members of the group are absorbed in the common activity, are coordinating efficiently and feel good together. Subsequently, we have built a sociocognitive model that conceptualizes collective flow as a process mainly relying on motivational and social identification processes, and triggered by specific preconditions such as team members' empathy, collective ambition and shared group identity. Six laboratory studies and few field tests allowed us to test our theoretical model and therefore test our hypotheses. The research was mainly conducted with French engineering students working on innovation projects. Results of the first study show that average level of Theory of Mind of group members does not predict neither the collective flow nor the creative output of the groups. This challenges previous findings related to collective intelligence of teams. However, analyses indicate that collective flow can be predicted by intrinsic motivation and social identification relative to group membership. Moreover, we have found that creativity of groups is predicted by individual flow experience. Results of the second, experimental study, which manipulated the level of action identification (high versus low) showed that high level action identification boosts social identification, intrinsic motivation, and flow of individual group members. Also, mediation analysis indicates that the effect of action identification on flow experience is mediated by social identification and intrinsic motivation. Third, experimental study testing the impact of social identity showed that, contrary to our expectations, the salience of social identity cues (wearing special T-shirts) neither impacts collective flow nor the creative output of the teams. Just like in the first study we found that intrinsic motivation and social identification are significant predictors of both individual and collective flow. However, collective flow did not seem to be predicted by the individual flow of group members. Finally, the fourth experimental study exploring flow experience in a Computer-Mediated Communication setting, relying on Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects, tested online group creativity in anonymous, identified, synchronous and asynchronous virtual environment. Our results show that asynchronous mode of collaboration is not a flow-killer and that synchronous mode is not a flow booster. This means that individuals engaged in a collective task can indeed experience flow even when working remotely and asynchronously. Consistent in all four studies, our results show that flow in group settings is predicted by intrinsic motivation and social identification. Collective team ambition is also likely to considerably increase the experience of flow in team context. Lastly, our results concerning the impact of collective flow on creativity are less clear, indicating that in some cases the experience of individual flow boosts the creativity. However, this might be more complex and therefore provides a good reason to seek further refinement and better understanding.

Digital Health

Book

Full-text available

May 2018

Addresses the motivation and enablers for digital health innovations Contextualizes the application, technical considerations, as well as socio-psycho-economical ones influencing many digital health technologies’ acceptance and widespread use Presents a comprehensive state-of the-art approach to digital health technologies and practices

Antecedents, Boundary Conditions and Consequences of Flow

Chapter

Dec 2020

In this chapter, we analyze flow with respect to three aspects. First, we examine the basis for flow experiences to emerge. We focus our discussion on the situational antecedents of flow and emphasize the fact that the emergence of flow is basically dependent on a perceived fit of skills and task demands. Thereby we critically discuss the “above average” perspective and the related quadrant and octant models of flow highlighting the fact that the “above average” notion is based on problematic assumptions. Further, we discuss the concept of flow intensity and propose a revised flow model, which builds on the original notion of perceived fit of skills and task demands and includes the value attributed to the relevant activity as additional crucial factor. Second, we address boundary conditions of the flow experience, emphasizing the role of both personality and situational factors that qualify the relation between a perceived skills-demands fit and flow. Third, we critically review the available evidence on affective, cognitive and performance-related consequences resulting from flow or a compatibility of skills and demands. In addition, we highlight obstacles in the research exploring these consequences of flow and discuss first starting points to circumvent these.

Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021
PSYCHOL RES-PSYCH FO

‘Hyperfocus’ is a phenomenon that reflects one’s complete absorption in a task, to a point where a person appears to completely ignore or ‘tune out’ everything else. Hyperfocus is most often mentioned in the context of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but research into its effect on cognitive and neural functioning is limited. We propose that hyperfocus is a critically important aspect of cognition, particularly with regard to clinical populations, and that it warrants significant investigation. Hyperfocus, though ostensibly self-explanatory, is poorly defined within the literature. In many cases, hyperfocus goes undefined, relying on the assumption that the reader inherently knows what it entails. Thus, there is no single consensus to what constitutes hyperfocus. Moreover, some studies do not refer to hyperfocus by name, but describe processes that may be related. In this paper, we review how hyperfocus (as well as possibly related phenomena) has been defined and measured, the challenges associated with hyperfocus research, and assess how hyperfocus affects both neurotypical and clinical populations. Using this foundation, we provide constructive criticism about previously used methods and analyses. We also propose an operational definition of hyperfocus for researchers to use moving forward.

The effect of reducing distraction on the flow-performance link in virtual experiential learning environment

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

In virtual experiential learning environment (VELE), distraction can reduce learners’ flow experience, learning performance, and the link between them, which are important aspects for high-quality learning. Based on the weak association model (WAM), we proposed two potential guidelines to deal with distraction and then improve these aspects. Guideline1 is directly decreasing the amount of attractive but task-irrelevant distractors in VELE. Guideline2 is enhancing the congruence between distractors and primary task by guiding attention from task-irrelevant distractors to task-relevant elements. To explore the effect of the guidelines, this paper develops a prototype VR experiential learning system, based on which two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively, conducted a comparative experiment to test the effect of guideline 1 and guideline 2 on flow, performance, and flow-performance link. Results show that both guidelines helped enhance the learning performance without any damage on flow experience and alleviated the weak flow-performance link. The two guidelines provide easy ways to guide task-relevant attention to optimize VELE.

Designing and deploying a mixed-reality aquarium for cognitive training of young children with autism spectrum disorder

Article

May 2021

Thieves of Flow: How Unfinished Tasks at Work are Related to Flow Experience and Wellbeing

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

The beneficial potential of flow experience is highlighted by research demonstrating positive associations between flow and wellbeing. Flow has also been associated with stress—a relationship that has not received much attention in the context of work. Unfinished tasks have been identified as a crucial work-related stressor in recent occupational stress research. Extending previous research, we examine in two consecutive studies how unfinished tasks are related to flow and whether flow plays a mediational role between unfinished tasks and wellbeing. Study 1 adopted a cross-sectional design, with 93 employees taking part in an online survey assessing their work experiences during the previous two weeks. Study 2 employed a short-term diary design and 149 participants (85 employees and 64 students) responded to our survey at three points of measurement: after work/study, before going to bed, and in the next morning. Results from both studies provided evidence for a negative quadratic relationship between unfinished tasks and flow at work/study, with low to medium levels of unfinished tasks being unrelated to flow, while high levels of unfinished tasks were negatively associated with flow. The relationship of unfinished tasks at work/study and flow during an evening activity was negative. Both studies supported the postulated mediating role of flow in the relationship between unfinished tasks and wellbeing. Thus, finishing tasks during the day and in particular before leaving the workplace is a helpful condition to experiencing flow both at work and during non-work activities and to fostering wellbeing.

Çalışanların Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durumlarının İş Yaşamında Akış Deneyimine Etkileri: Ar-Ge Çalışanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Article

Nov 2019

Cemalettin Öcal Fidanboy

Positive and negative emotions that employees feel in the work environment can affect many forms of behavior in the organizational area positively or negatively. Effectively managing emotions during work-oriented activities seems to be related to absorb himself/herselfinto his/her work, to enjoy his/her job and to provide an intrinsic work motivation.The flow experience in work life is defined as a positive psychological situation that increases the employee performance significantly when the difficulties experienced by the employee increase along with the individual skill level.The main purpose of this study is to determine the effects of positive and negative emotions experienced in organizational environment on flow experience.In this respect, Data were collected from 214 R&D employees working in IT companies within the Technoparks using convenience sampling method and survey technique.Statistical analysis was performed for the obtained data.Reliability analyzes were conducted for the scales used in the study, confirmatory factor analyzes were performed and correlation, regression and structural equation modeling method were used to analyze the relationships and effects between the variables.The findings showed that having positive emotion status of the employees actively working in R&D projects positively and significantly affect their tendency to flow experience in business life. However, it was observed that employees' negative emotions did not have a significant effect on flow experience

Çalışanların Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durumlarının İş Yaşamında Akış Deneyimine Etkileri: Ar-Ge Çalışanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Article

Dec 2019

2nd Applied Positive Psychology Symposium Proceedings of Presented Papers

Book

Full-text available

May 2016

Proceedings of papers presented at 2nd Applied Positive Psychology Symposium, Saturday 21st May 2016.

Flow as an Embodied State. Informed Awareness of Slackline Walking

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Flow during exercise has been theorized and studied solely through subjective-retrospective methods as a “scull bound” construct. Recent advances of the radical embodied perspectives on conscious mind and cognition pose challenges to such understanding, particularly because flow during exercise is associated with properties of performer’s movement behaviour. In this paper we use the concept of informed awareness to reconceptualize flow experience as a property of the performer-environment coupling, and study it during a slackline walking task. To empirically check the possible relatedness of the behavior-experience complementary pair, two measures were considered. The experiential realm was quantified by the flow short scale and the behavioural realm by the Hurst (H) exponent obtained through accelerometry time series of the legs and the center of body mass (CoM). In order to obtain a coarse-grained insight about the degree of co-varying within the perception-action flow of performers, we conducted correlational and multiple regression analyses. Measures of behavioural variables (H exponents of the dominant, subdominat leg and the CoM, were treated as explanatory, and the flow scale and its subscale (fluency of movements and absorption) scores as response variables containing summarized information about perceptual experiences of performers. In order to check for possible mediating or confounding effects of training parameters on the action-perception variables’ covariance, we included two additional variables which measured the degree of engagement of participants with the task. Results revealed that the temporal structure of fluctuations of the dominant leg, as measured by the Hurst exponent, was a strong mediator of effects of training variables and the subdominant leg fluctuations, on the flow scale and the subscale scores. The magnitude of Hurst exponents of both legs was informative about the degree of stability within the performer-environment system. The degree of critical slowing down, as measured by Hurst exponents, consistently co-varied with the flow scale and subscales. The experience of flow during the slackline walking task was dominantly saturated by the perceived fluency of movements and less so by the absorption experience. The stable co-variance of perception-action variables signified the embodied nature of the flow experience.

Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter (FEFS-J)

Article

Jan 2019
DIAGNOSTICA

Die vorliegende Studie dient der Entwicklung und Validierung eines Messinstruments zur differenzierten Erfassung von Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter. Basierend auf theoretischen Ansätzen wird das Konstrukt Sport-Enjoyment (Scanlan & Simons, 1992) im Rahmen eines 3-Faktorenmodells (Vergnügen; Flow-Erleben; Erholung) weiterentwickelt. Die psychometrische Überprüfung erfolgt anhand einer Gesamtstichprobe von N = 1 253 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 7–10. Die postulierte 3-Faktorenstruktur kann empirisch mit Einschränkungen bestätigt werden und erweist sich als messinvariant über die Variablen Geschlecht und Alter. Die Reliabilitätskennwerte bewegen sich im akzeptablen bis guten Bereich. Zusammenhänge mit intrinsischer Motivation, allgemeiner Sportlichkeit und Ablenkung / Katharsis sowie mit der Sportnote und dem Ausmaß sportlicher Aktivität in der Freizeit fallen ebenso theoriekonform aus wie die geschlechts- und altersspezifischen Mittelwertunterschiede. Mit dem FEFS-J liegt ein valides, ökonomisches und theoretisch fundiertes Instrument vor. Schlüsselwörter: Sportfreude, Schulsport, Fragebogenkonstruktion, Validierung, Jugendalter

Well Done! Effects of Positive Feedback on Perceived Self-Efficacy, Flow and Performance in a Mental Arithmetic Task

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Self-efficacy is a well-known psychological resource, being positively associated with increased performance. Furthermore, results from field studies suggest a positive impact of self-efficacy on flow experience, which has not yet been tested experimentally. In this study, we manipulated self-efficacy by means of positive feedback and investigated whether self-efficacy serves as a mediator in the relationship between positive feedback and flow and in the relationship between positive feedback and performance. Our sample consisted of 102 participants (63 female, 39 male). The experimental group received positive feedback after completing 5 min of mental arithmetic tasks on a computer, whereas the control group received no feedback. A second session of a mental arithmetic task was then completed for 5 min. Mediation analyses confirmed that specific self-efficacy mediated a positive effect of positive feedback on flow as well as on both performance measures (quality and quantity) in a subsequent task. However, direct effects of feedback on flow and on performance were not significant, which suggests the presence of other mechanisms that remain to be investigated.

Flow Experience as a Mediator between Antecedents and Extra-Role Performance among Hotel Employees in Sarawak, Malaysia

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2018

Employees who go beyond their job description are regarded as highly prized employees by organizations. This extra-role performance is often seen as a key indicator of whether employees are performing well in their job. Past studies linked engagement to be positively related to job performance, yet there are a limited number of studies on flow and performance, particularly on extra-role performance. This study was conducted on 290 hotel employees in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia to examine the correlation between flow experience and extra-role performance. In addition, this study also looked into flow as the mediator between the antecedents (job demand and job resources) and extra-role performance. The study hypothesized that flow experience is instrumental in employees' extra-role performance. The results of the study suggested that flow correlated with the employees' directional behaviour at work and flow mediates the correlation between job resources and extra-role performance. It was also discovered that flow did not mediate the correlation between job demand and extra-role performance. The findings indicated the benefits and practicality of flow experience on the employees' extra-role performance and also the pros of retrospective flow experience.

Distorted Time Perception during Flow as Revealed by an Attention-Demanding Cognitive Task

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2018

Flow is the state of full attention to the task at hand. It is typically studied in daily life, as people engage deeply in activities such as art, sports, and leisure, and typically its affective characteristics are emphasized. This research investigates flow in the laboratory, focusing on its cognitive characteristics. Participants completed different versions of the Trail Making test, a measure of executive function, that made parametrically increasing demands on attention. As predicted, more participants were in the flow state when attentional demands were moderate than when they were low or high. This was revealed by conventional survey measures indicating a balance between the perceived challenge of the task and the perceived skill of participants. Critically, this was also evidenced by a new operational measure of time distortion, defined as the difference between people’s subjective estimates of their task completion times and the objective, experimenter-recorded times. Participants experienced downward time distortion—the feeling of time flying—when attentional demands were moderate. These findings demonstrate for the first time the causal role of attentional demands in inducing the flow state. They set the stage for future studies of flow and time distortion using attention-demanding cognitive tasks, and of the association between time perception and creative thinking.

Self-tracking behaviour in physical activity: a systematic review of drivers and outcomes of fitness tracking

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020
BEHAV INFORM TECHNOL

Advances in technologies (e.g. smartphones, wearables) have resulted in the concept of ‘self-tracking’, and the use of self-tracking technologies in physical activity (i.e. fitness tracking) is on the rise. For example, many people track and monitor their fitness-related metrics (e.g. steps walked, distance ran, and calories burned) to change their behaviours or keep themselves active. Despite the widespread application of self-tracking in fitness, relatively little is known about its drivers and outcomes. To address this gap, the current paper provides an overview of the literature (empirical papers) on self-tracking with a focus on the drivers and outcomes of fitness tracking behaviour and offers four important contributions. First, it identifies 19 drivers of fitness tracking technology usage. Second, it discusses four main outcomes of fitness tracking behaviour. Third, by drawing on the existing studies conducted across various fitness tracking technologies (e.g. fitness trackers, apps) and user groups (e.g. patients, seniors, and females), it provides valuable insights that can be generalisable to other settings (e.g. other types of users and fitness tracking products). Finally, the current paper provides important practical implications and addresses avenues for future research.

An Exploratory Study on the Köhler Effect and Flow in Long-term Exergaming

Article

May 2018
Simulat Gaming

Background. One way to motivate people to exercise is to create a motivating social context, such as group exercise, due to social comparison opportunities. However, typical group exercise is not always easy for those who have problems in scheduling or social physique anxiety. Software-generated partners (SGPs) could offer a solution because they have advantages over human partners. Aim. This exploratory study examined the psychological state of flow under Köhler paradigm over a 24-week exergame with different types of SGPs: Individual Control (IC), Always Superior Partner (AWS), and Not Always Superior Partner (NAS). Method. The experiment was a 3 (Type of the partner) × 3 (Time blocks) factorial design. Fifteen participants engaged in the experiment. A multivariate multiple regression with type of SGPs predicting flow state at the second and third block was conducted. Results. Participants with an NAS partner had significantly higher flow state, as compared to participants under IC, at both blocks. Participants with an AWS partner had approximately equal flow state, as compared to participants under IC, at both blocks. Conclusions. Possible reasons for flow perceptions with different types of SGPs over time were discussed in terms of programming SGPs and flow theory.

Intrinsische und extrinsische Motivation

Article

Jan 2018

Predicting individual and collective flow: An examination of secondary band students' achievement goals, grit, commitment, and expectancy-value

Thesis

May 2022

Hui Xing Sin

Motivation, engagement, and performance across multiple virtual reality sessions and levels of immersion

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021
J COMPUT ASSIST LEAR

This study investigated changes in learners' motivation, engagement, performance, and spatial reasoning over time and across different levels of virtual reality (VR) immersion. Undergraduate participants explored a virtual solar system via a moderately immersive or highly immersive VR platform over three sessions. In a third condition, participants initially learned with moderate immersion and transitioned to higher immersion after the second session. Following research on novelty effects, we explored whether subjective experiences and performance would decline over time (e.g., decreasing motivation or performance) as participants became familiar with the virtual environment and tools. However, we hypothesized that transitional immersion (i.e., switching from moderate to higher immersion) might lead to a renewed sense of novelty. Results suggested that both moderate and higher levels of immersion were motivating, engaging, and supportive of learning. In contrast to predictions based on novelty effects, these outcomes did not decline overall as learners gained familiarity with the systems. However, transitional immersion emerged as a promising and testable pedagogical approach for future VR education. All participants also showed gains in spatial reasoning.

Flow Theory and Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Chapter

Jan 2021

Sami Abuhamdeh

Flow theory (Csikszentmihalyi, Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1975) and cognitive evaluation theory (Deci and Ryan, Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. Plenum, New York, 1985) have each inspired a large body of research dedicated to understanding why we enjoy doing what we enjoy doing. Although both theories ostensibly address the same category of behavior—namely, intrinsically motivated behavior—there have been few serious efforts to reconcile these two theories. This is the purpose of the current chapter. After a review and assessment of relevant empirical findings, I suggest that the two theories are most applicable to different types of behavior, distinguished by their state-level motivational orientations. Furthermore, whereas CET appears to be more applicable to understanding the process of developing intrinsic motivation, flow theory appears the more useful framework for understanding variations in enjoyment once intrinsic motivation for an activity has been firmly established.

The effect of school leaders’ feedback on teaching quality perceived by students – results of an intervention study

Article

May 2022
SCH EFF SCH IMPROV

Feedback from school leaders often is of low quality and not always effective. Because school leaders spend only limited time on instructional leadership activities, an intervention was developed to assist them in efficiently providing high-quality feedback to teachers. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated within a quasi-experimental study. N = 11 school leaders were trained in conducting classroom observations and providing feedback. School leaders observed teachers of the intervention group (N = 26) and provided feedback with regard to 14 teaching characteristics. N = 27 teachers served as a control group. It is examined whether the intervention leads to improvements in teaching quality perceived by students. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted. For three of the 14 teaching characteristics, intervention group students (N = 518) rated changes in teaching quality significantly better than control group students (N = 551). The results provide first evidence for the effectiveness of the intervention.

How do online learning intentions lead to learning outcomes? The mediating effect of the autotelic dimension of flow in a MOOC

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022
COMPUT HUM BEHAV

We focus on the predictors of persistence and achievement in online learning by studying the students’ learning intentions and their psychological states during learning activities. Flow/autotelic experience is a powerful predictor of engagement in MOOCs and online learning in general and relates to the deep involvement and sense of absorption during learning activities. Both theory and empirical evidence propose that predictors of flow in an educational setting include the need for belonging to a group of learners. Using path analyses and structural equation modeling, we verify the causal links between social intentions, autotelic experience and MOOC learning outcomes such as final grade and dropout. Using the Online Learning Enrollment Intentions (OLEI) scale, we find that in total six OLEI items predict MOOC success and dropout, with flow as a mediating effect. In two models, we verify “Autotelic experience” as a mediator between enrollment intentions and MOOC final grade and dropout. Our results highlight socially driven intentions as major factors to be considered in online learning environments. We draw theoretical and practical implications for MOOC design, considering explicit communication about the provided learning environment and tools towards a socially shared learning experience.

A computational theory of the subjective experience of flow

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Flow is a subjective state characterized by immersion and engagement in one’s current activity. The benefits of flow for productivity and health are well-documented, but a rigorous description of the flow-generating process remains elusive. Here we develop and empirically test a theory of flow’s computational substrates: the informational theory of flow. Our theory draws on the concept of mutual information, a fundamental quantity in information theory that quantifies the strength of association between two variables. We propose that the mutual information between desired end states and means of attaining them — I(M;E) — gives rise to flow. We support our theory across five experiments (four preregistered) by showing, across multiple activities, that increasing I(M;E) increases flow and has important downstream benefits, including enhanced attention and enjoyment. We rule out alternative constructs including alternative metrics of associative strength, psychological constructs previously shown to predict flow, and various forms of instrumental value. Flow is a desired but elusive state characterized by the subjective experience of immersion and engagement in an activity. Here, the authors develop and empirically validate a formal model that specifies variables and computations involved in the subjective experience of flow.

On Optimising the Use of Practice Quizzing: Benefits Increase by Adapting and May Depend on Learners' Achievement Motives

Thesis

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Svenja Heitmann

The Predicative Power of Learner and Teacher Variables on Flow in a Chinese Blended EFL Learning Context

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Xin Wang

The ‘dynamic turn’ in the field of second language acquisition catalyzed scholarly devotion to the complex dynamic relationships between learner and teacher variables and various academic emotions. As such, the present study examined the varying effects of the aforementioned variables on the constructs of positive and negative flow, and determined their strongest predictors, respectively. This study used a mixed-method approach to collect data from 607 Chinese English-as-a-Foreign-Language learners. In stage one of the research, the researcher first assessed the participants’ levels of positive flow and negative flow in a blended learning context, then performed Pearson correlation analysis to confirm a significant, but weak positive relationship between positive flow and negative flow. Then, significant difference tests were run to determine the varied effects of those variables on flow. Finally, two multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify five predictors of positive flow, with the biggest contribution coming from learners’ attitudes toward foreign languages, and three predictors of negative flow, with the learners’ major accounting for the majority of variance. In the second stage of the research, a qualitative corpus was constructed, based on accounts of classroom experiences from 71 participants of the total sample, and further illustrated the quantitative findings. Pedagogical implications for educational psychologists and teachers of second and/or foreign languages are addressed.

Conceptualization and Measurement of Flow in a Chinese Blended EFL Learning Context

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

This study takes a holistic view of flow and anti-flow experiences as interactive subsystems in blended EFL learning and examines the dynamic complex construct in the field of instructed second language acquisition (ISLA). We first rephrased the 22-item Classroom Flow Questionnaire (CFQ) to better reflect the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The modified CFQ was then administered to 661 first language Chinese EFL learners. A final 14-item Foreign Language Flow Scale (FLFS) was developed based on results from a series of reliability (e.g., item analysis, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability) and validity (e.g., construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity) tests. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results have demonstrated that foreign language learning flow is a three-dimensional construct involving Enjoyment, Boredom, and Anxiety, thus conceptualizing and validating flow as a continuum with both positive and negative ends. Moreover, participants reported that they experienced the lowest degree of enjoyment, while with respect to the negative flow, they almost experienced similar degree of boredom and anxiety. The present study contributes to the development of the conceptual framework for flow in ISLA as well as constructive pedagogical implications for L2 researchers and educators. Suggestions for future research are also provided.

Validation of the Need for Competing Inventory

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Past studies have been conducted on competitiveness and achievement orientation as two noncooperative explanations for achievement motivation and achievement behavior. But a complimentary representation of a competitive-achievement orientation has yet to be explored. This paper developed and validated the need for competing inventory (NCI), and further investigated its relations with achievement orientation, emotional assessment, self-efficacy, grit, anxiety, and flow. The results from the present study support the theoretical construct of the need for competing, in the hope that it will provide a solid foundation for a competitive-achievement orientation, which is suggested to play a significant role in competitive achievement behavior. It is anticipated that the results from the present study will open a debate for including a competitive-achievement orientation in future research with the aim for a stronger predictor for achievement behavior.

Game-Based Versus to Non-Game-Based: The Impact of Student Response Systems on Students'Achievements, Engagements and Test Anxieties

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2018

The use of different tools in the field of education has become widespread with the developments in technology. Online student response systems are one of these tools. Online student response systems have been used for many years. In the last couple of years, game items have been added, and game-based online student response systems have started to be used. In this context, this study aims to find out the effects of online student response systems both with and without being based on games on the achievements, engagements, and test anxiety levels of students. The study group consists of 46 seventh grade students (Control, 23; Experimental, 23). This study was conducted by using a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test groups. The topics in the "living democracy" chapter of social studies course were taught for four weeks by using the online student response system named Socrative for the control group and the online game-based student response system called Kahoot for the experimental group. The results of the study showed that game-based student response systems increase the achievement and engagement and decrease the test anxiety level when compared to non-game-based student response systems. In this direction, it may be suggested to use online game-based student response systems on different topics of social studies courses.

On the Relationship Between Flow and Enjoyment

Chapter

Jan 2021

Sami Abuhamdeh

Ever since Csikszentmihalyi’s earliest work on flow, he has conceived of flow as a form of enjoyment. Nevertheless, alternative views have arisen, most influentially Martin Seligman’s view of flow as devoid of emotions. In the first part of this chapter, these two contrasting views are clarified and then evaluated. While Csikszentmihalyi’s view, with some adjustment, may be reconciled with current scientific understanding of emotions, Seligman’s is based on a premise which conflicts with appraisal theorists view that the elicitation of emotions is often automatic (especially within the context of well-rehearsed activities) and need not consume significant attentional resources. The common misconception of flow as devoid of emotions is then traced to three sources: (1) a failure to differentiate between experiencing an emotion and the awareness of experiencing it, (2) incorrectly assuming that the enjoyment experienced during flow is of the “happy-smiley” type, and (3) Csikszentmihalyi’s unconventional usage of the term “pleasure” in his writings. Potential explanations for the enjoyable, intrinsically-motivating nature of flow are then suggested.

Flow in the Context of Work

Chapter

Jan 2021

Flow can be experienced both during leisure activities and during work and research shows that flow is even more often experienced at work. Considering its positive consequences, fostering flow is a relevant topic for employees and organizations. The consequences and antecedents of flow at the workplace as described in the literature can be conceived as falling into three spheres—the individual sphere, the job/task sphere and the organizational/social sphere—and their intersections. Regarding the consequences, studies find consistently positive effects of flow on measures of well-being and performance, making flow a positive experience relevant to both individuals and organizations. Regarding the antecedents, flow was found to be facilitated by individual resources (such as self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience), by specific task characteristics (such as those described in the Job Characteristics Model, e.g., autonomy, skill variety and task identity) and by organizational/social factors such as the organizational climate, the leadership style of the supervisor and the interactions with colleagues. It is noticeable that many of the effects are bi-directional, with flow affecting resources that affect flow at a later point in time. Referring to person-environment fit theory, the chapter also highlights the important role of the person-environment interaction, which includes a fit of an individual’s attributes with the attributes of the job/task as well as with attributes of the organizational/social environment.

Detecting Flow Experiences in Cognitive Tasks - A Neurophysiological Approach

Thesis

Full-text available

Sep 2020

Michael Knierim

The experience of flow is a unique sensation of complete task absorption and effortless action that is highlighted as a correlate of peak performances, personal and social growth, and general well-being. For organisations, higher flow frequencies, therefore, relate to a more engaged, skilled, and productive workforce. Especially as global phenomena like increasing knowledge work demand and low worker engagement are developing, organisations could strongly benefit from fostering workers’ flow experiences. However, facilitating flow represents a substantial challenge due to the variety of workers’ abilities, tasks and workplace configurations. Knowledge workers are faced with unstructured and complex tasks, that require numerous domain-specific abilities and cooperation with others. Workplaces are diversifying with boundaries disappearing between centralized and digitally-mediated workspaces. This variety means that only person-, task- and situation-independent approaches can deliver comprehensive flow support. For this reason, research on the experiences neurophysiological basis is increasingly pursued. On this basis, adaptive Neuro-Information Systems (NeuroIS) could be developed that are able to detect flow continuously (especially through wearable sensor systems), and that can provide flow-supporting mechanisms. Presently, despite these efforts, the knowledge on how to detect flow with neurophysiological measures is sparse, highly fragmented, and lacks experimental variety. On the individual level, competing propositions exist that have not been consolidated through cross-situational, and multi-sensor observation. On the group level, almost no research has been conducted to investigate neurophysiological correlates in social interactions, particularly not in digitally-mediated interactions. This dissertation addresses these gaps through the cross-situational observation of flow using wearable ECG and EEG sensor systems. In doing so, limitations in the present state of experimental flow research are addressed that refer to central shortcomings of established paradigms for the controlled elicitation of flow experiences. Specifically, two experiments are conducted with manipulations of difficulty, naturalism, autonomy, and social interaction to investigate the question of how flow elicitation can be intensified, and the experience detected more robustly across situations. These investigations are based on an extensive integration of the theoretic and empiric literature on flow neurophysiology. Altogether, the results suggest flow to be represented by moderate physiological activation and mental workload, by increased attentional task engagement and by affective neutrality. Especially EEG features indicate a diagnostic potential to separate lower from higher flow intensities by the reflection of optimal and non-optimal (individual and group) task difficulties. To catalyse, that the positive promises of fostering flow in individuals and social units, can be realised, avenues to advance flow facilitation research are outlined.

BRAIN, BODY, COGNITION A CONTINUATION OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY, REHABILITATION, AND ERGONOMICS Volume 7, Issue 1

Book

Jan 2017

Gerry Leisman

Rola Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku w Rybniku w przeciwdziałaniu wykluczeniu cyfrowemu seniorów

Article

Jan 2020

Zum Zusammenhang von Leistungsmotivation, Flow-Erleben und subjektivem Wohlbefinden. Eine empirische Studie an Schülerinnen und Schülern der Primar-und Sekundarstufe

Thesis

Full-text available

Sep 2020

Viktoria Franz

Ein positiver Zusammenhang von Leistungsmotivation, Flow und Wohlbefinden ist in Einzelpfaden gut belegt. Befunde, welche alle drei Variablen miteinander in Beziehung setzen, stehen in der Bildungsfor-schung noch aus. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss einzelner Dimensionen von Leistungsmotivation & Flow auf das subjektive Wohlempfinden von Schüler/innen, unter Berücksichtigung etwaiger Media-tionseffekte durch Flow zu untersuchen. Die Grundlage der Daten bildet der erste Messzeitpunkt einer motivationsbezogenen Interventionsstudie. Erhoben wurden die Daten im Rahmen einer prospektiven randomisierten Längsschnittstudie im Kon-trollgruppendesign (N=742; 46,2% weibl.), welche mit Schüler/innen von sieben rheinland-pfälzischen Schulen durchgeführt wurde. Leistungsmotivation, Wohlbefinden und Flow wurden mit folgenden In-strumenten erfasst: Petermann & Winkel (2007a&b): Fragebogen zur Leistungsmotivation; Flow-Skala (in Anlehnung an Rheinberg et al., 2003); Flourishing-Skala (in Anlehnung an Diener et al., 2009). Ausge-wertet wurden die Daten mittels Mediatoranalysen per multipler Regression mit SPSS. Die Ergebnisse multipler Regressionsanalysen konnten sowohl in der Primar-, als auch Sekundarstufe direkte Effekte einzelner Leistungsmotivationsskalen auf das subjektive Wohlbefinden belegen. Zudem wurden in den Jahrgansstufen 2&3,4&5,7&9 der Zusammenhang zwischen Leistungsmotivation und Wohlbefinden durch Flow-Erleben mediiert. In der Jahrgangsstufe 11 konnte kein Mediationseffekt gefunden werden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen vorliegende Korrelationsstudien und identifizieren Flow als einen zentralen Mediator zwischen der Leistungsmotivation und dem Wohlbefinden bei Schüler/innen. Die Reflexion dieser Befunde eröffnet großes Potential für die weitere Ausarbeitung und Implementierung Flow-förderlicher Interaktionen in der Schule.

The Social Facilitation of Performance, Emotions, and Motivation in a High Challenge Video Game: Playing People and Playing Game Characters

Article

Jul 2019

Russell Williams

The objective of this study is to analyze motivation, performance, state hostility, and targeted affect in a computer-based car racing game when social actors are opponents, and when game characters are opponents. This is a between-subjects, experimental, study of social facilitation with 97 Gulf Arab women. The social facilitation of performance and finishing time does not take place. There is no difference in state hostility based on social facilitation, but there is in emotions targeted at opponents. People are viewed more positively than NPCs after play. Intrinsic engagement and extrinsic motivation are both facilitated by the presence of human opponents. There is evidence that the experience of playing a game character and playing a person is substantially different even though the outcomes of performance and state hostility are not.

Investigating the “Flow” Experience: Key Conceptual and Operational Issues

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

Sami Abuhamdeh

The “flow” experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) has been the focus of a large body of empirical work spanning more than four decades. Nevertheless, advancement in understanding – beyond what Csikszentmihalyi uncovered during his initial breakthrough in 1975 – has been modest. In this conceptual analysis, it is argued that progress within the field has been impeded by a lack of consistency in how flow is operationalized, and that this inconsistency in part reflects an underlying confusion regarding what flow is. Flow operationalizations from papers published within the past 5 years are reviewed. Across the 42 reviewed studies, flow was operationalized in 24 distinct ways. Three specific points of inconsistency are then highlighted: (1) inconsistences in operationalizing flow as a continuous versus discrete construct, (2) inconsistencies in operationalizing flow as inherently enjoyable (i.e., “autotelic”) or not, and (3) inconsistencies in operationalizing flow as dependent on versus distinct from the task characteristics proposed to elicit it (i.e., the conditions/antecedents). After tracing the origins of these discrepancies, the author argues that, in the interest of conceptual intelligibility, flow should be conceptualized and operationalized exclusively as a discrete, highly enjoyable, “optimal” state of consciousness, and that this state should be clearly distinguished from the conditions proposed to elicit it. He suggests that more mundane instances of goal-directed engagement are better conceived and operationalized as variations in task involvement rather than variations in flow. Additional ways to achieve greater conceptual and operational consistency within the field are suggested.

The Social Facilitation of Performance, Engagement and Affect in a Complex Videogame: Opponent Identity

Article

Jan 2019

Russell Williams

The objective of this study is to analyze the social facilitation of performance, intrinsic engagement, state hostility, and targeted affects in a computer-based driving game where social actors are competitors. This is a quasi-experimental study with 97 Gulf Arab women. Social facilitation of absolute performance does not take place while it does for relative performance. There is no difference in state hostility based on social facilitation, but there is in targeted affect. Intrinsic engagement and extrinsic motivation are both facilitated by human opponents. There is a negative relationship between intrinsic engagement and state hostility across conditions. There is evidence that the experience of playing a game character and playing a person is substantially different. The two most powerful predictors of performance and affect are intrinsic engagement and videogame interest when playing a person. Weekly hours of console play are added to those two when playing a game character.

Historical Lines and an Overview of Current Research on Flow

Chapter

Jan 2021

This chapter introduces the flow concept by listing the components of flow as provided by Csikszentmihalyi. We will show that these components constitute the widely shared definitional ground of researchers in the field, with only minor variation between research groups and time periods. Next, we try to clarify some lingering ambiguities regarding the components of flow, and then talk about flow as an optimal experience as well as discussing the relationship between flow and happiness. Subsequently, we trace the history of flow. We take time to describe the beginnings of flow research by Csikszentmihalyi and a similar research program by Rheinberg in Germany. Following the description of flow and qualitative analyses, we will present the quantitative approach of Experience Sampling Method (ESM), which has greatly influenced research on flow. Then we will look at current lines of research on flow, identifying and describing topics of increasing interest in the last years. Creativity (e.g., in music and arts) and well-being remain an important part of flow research, but flow research has entered many other areas, spanning from the emerging research on flow in teams or psychophysiological correlates of flow to flow in sports, learning (education), development, work, and human computer interaction—all topics that will be addressed in more detail in the chapters of this book. Finally, we complete this first chapter by discussing methodological aspects of the research on flow.

Flow Families: Do Maternal and Paternal Parenting styles foster Autotelic personality?

Experiment Findings

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Jade Biason

The Dark Side of the Moon

Chapter

Jan 2021

When talking about flow, most people probably think of a highly desirable state associated with a broad variety of positive outcomes in terms of positive motivation, well-being and performance. In contrast, this chapter suggests that the characteristics of flow also have the potential to be evil. First, we will explain how flow can lead to addiction when exercising, playing games and using the internet. Then we will consider how flow is linked to impaired risk perception and risky behavior. As a third negative facet of flow, we will outline how it can also be experienced in antisocial contexts and during combat. The chapter ends with some broader comments on the dark and bright sides of flow, including flow as a universal experience, the implications for practical interventions, ethical questions related to flow, and future research questions.

Motivation

Chapter

Sep 2020

Das Kapitel befasst sich im ersten Teil aus theoretischer Sicht mit dem Begriff der Motivation und den wichtigsten in der Literatur bislang differenzierten Motivationskonstrukten. Im zweiten Teil wird über empirische Befunde zur Bedeutung zentraler Konstrukte für Lernen und Leistung berichtet. Dabei stehen die Leistungsmotivation, die Zielorientierungen, intrinsische vs. extrinsische Motivation und das Interesse im Vordergrund. Die Befunde unterstreichen die Wirksamkeit der Lernmotivation, auch wenn andere wichtige Einflussgrößen (z. B. Kompetenzniveau) kontrolliert werden. Schließlich behandelt der dritte Teil des Kapitels die Entwicklung und Förderung der Motivation. Insbesondere intrinsische Formen der Motivation nehmen im Laufe der Schulzeit ab und bedürfen der Förderung. Es wird eine Reihe von empirisch bewährten Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die Lernmotivation zu fördern.

Relations among positivity, positive affect in school, and learning flow in elementary school students: A longitudinal mediation model

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Background. Learning flow is an optimal learning experience representing full engagement in one's studies. The belief-affect-engagement model and control-value theory suggest that positivity would be a motivator of learning flow, while positive affect in school would be a mediator of the relation between positivity and learning flow. Aims. The current research aimed to examine (1) the longitudinal relations among positivity, positive affect in school, and learning flow, and (2) the mediational role of positive affect in school between positivity and learning flow. Sample and Method. A sample of 4681 Chinese elementary school students (44.9% girls; Mage = 9.87 years, SD = 0.70 at Time 1) completed reliable measures for each construct on four occasions across 2 years, using 6-month intervals. Structural equation modelling was used for examining study hypotheses. Results. After controlling for gender, age, and family socioeconomic status, the results showed that (1) positivity, positive affect in school, and learning flow reciprocally facilitated each other directly; (2) positive affect in school mediated the relation between positivity and later learning flow, as well as the relation between learning flow and later positivity. Conclusions. These findings revealed that positivity, positive affect in school, and learning flow form a complex, dynamic system, suggesting that school professionals should consider monitoring and developing interventions based upon these variables as early as elementary school.

Effects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2003

Objectives: To examine the effects of self-selected asynchronous (background) music on flow and netball shooting performance in three netball players. Based on the research of Karageorghis and Terry (1999) it was hypothesized that music would promote flow and would therefore have a positive impact on netball shooting performance. Design: An idiographic single-subject multiple baselines across-subjects design was employed (Wollman, 1986). The rationale centred upon the work of Patrick and Hrycaiko (1998) who indicated that single-subject designs were the most appropriate methodology for applied research. Methods: The participants comprised three collegiate netball players who were asked to complete 11 performance trials. Each trial involved taking 12 shots from lines located at three shooting positions. After each performance trial, flow and the internal experience of each player were assessed using the Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) and Practical Assessment Questionnaire. Participants received the intervention of asynchronous music with the length of pre-intervention baseline increasing for each succeeding player. Results: Two of the participants experienced an increase in the perception of flow while all three participants improved their netball shooting performance. In addition, participants indicated that the intervention helped them to control both the emotions and cognitions that impacted upon their performance. Conclusions: Interventions comprising self-selected music and imagery can enhance athletic performance by triggering emotions and cognitions associated with flow. 

Intrinsic motivation and flow experience

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Falko Rheinberg

Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine possible psychological correlates of flow in a sample of older athletes. Both state and trait, or dispositional flow states, were examined. Masters athletes completed questionnaire assessments on two occasions while competing at an international masters sport competition. The participants (398) completed a questionnaire assessing intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived ability, and typical flow experiences (trait) when participating in sport. Of these participants, 213 completed a questionnaire after and in relation to one event they competed in at the Games. This second questionnaire assessed state flow, as well as perceptions of success, skills, and challenges in a selected sport event. Correlational and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine psychological correlates of state and trait flow. Patterns of relationships were found between flow and perceived ability, anxiety, and an intrinsic motivation variable. Understanding flow and its relationship with other psychological variables are discussed.

Flow-Erleben beim Marathonlauf – Zusammenhänge mit Anforderungs¬passung und Leistung

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2005
Z SPORTPSYCHOL

Approach and Avoidance Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation: A Mediational Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1996
J PERS SOC PSYCHOL

Most contemporary achievement goal conceptualizations consist of a performance goal versus mastery goal dichotomy. The present research offers an alternative framework by partitioning the performance goal orientation into independent approach and avoidance motivational orientations. Two experiments investigated the predictive utility of the proposed approach-avoidance achievement goal conceptualization in the intrinsic motivation domain. Results from both experiments supported the proposed framework; only performance goals grounded in the avoidance of failure undermined intrinsic motivation. Task involvement was validated as a mediator of the observed effects on intrinsic motivation. Ramifications for the achievement goal approach to achievement motivation and future research avenues are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Motivation, Flow-Erleben und Lernleistung inuniversitären Lernsettings

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2005

Zusammenfassung Im kognitiv-motivationalen Prozessmodell des Lernens wird angenommen, dass der Lernerfolg von der Qualität und der Dauer ausgeführter Lernaktivitäten, aber auch vom Funktionszustand des Lerners während der Lernphase abhängt. Es wird vermutet, dass eine von mehreren Variablen des Funktionszustandes der Flow-Zustand während des Lernens ist. In einer Untersuchung in universitären Fremdsprachenkursen zeigte sich in der Tat, dass Flow-Erleben während des Unterrichts die späteren Lernleistungen auch dann vorhersagt, wenn der Leistungseffekt relevanter Lernkompetenzvariablen vorweg berücksichtigt wird. Gemäß dem kognitiv-motivationalen Prozessmodell wird Flow-Erleben seinerseits über die aktuelle Motivation vor der Lernphase vorhergesagt, wobei die wiederum von einer allgemeineren Motivationsvariablen zu Semesterbeginn abhängt. Diese Struktur wurde in einer zweiten Untersuchung repliziert und zwar an Studenten im Verlauf ihrer Statistikausbildung im Fach Psychologie. Beide Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass Flow-Erleben während des Lernens eine leistungsrelevante Variable des Funktionszustandes beim Lernen ist, die sich in ihrer Beziehungsstruktur erwartungsgemäß in das kognitiv-motivationale Prozessmodell einpassen lässt.

Flow-Erleben in einem Computerspiel unter experimentellvariierten Bedingungen

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2003
Z PSYCHOL

Zusammenfassung. Berichtet wird uber eine Moglichkeit, Flow-Erleben unter experimentell kontrollierten Bedingungen systematisch zu variieren. Dabei werden die Tatigkeit (das Computerspiel Roboguard) und die Situationsbedingungen konstant gehalten. Variiert wird lediglich die Schwierigkeitsstufe, auf der gespielt wird. Als abhangiges Mas wurde die Flow-Kurzskala (FKS, Rheinberg, Vollmeyer & Engeser, 2003) verwandt. Es zeigten sich die vorhergesagten kurvilinearen Beziehungen zwischen Anforderungsstufe und Flow mit Effektstarken um d > 1. Die erwarteten Zusammenhange zwischen habitueller Zielorientierung (Hayamizu & Weiner, 1991) und Flow zeigten sich nur bei den flow-auslosenden Schwierigkeitsstufen. Hingegen trat die erwartete negative Beziehung zwischen Zielorientierung und Flow nicht auf, vielmehr korrelierten sowohl die learning- als auch die performance goal orientation positiv mit der Flowkomponente Absorbiertheit. Aus diesem Befund wird eine Arbeitshypothese zur Beziehung von Motivation und Flow her...

Flow-Erleben beim Marathonlauf

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2005
Z SPORTPSYCHOL

Zusammenfassung. Ausgehend vom Flow-Konzept Csikszentmihalyis (1992, 2004) und Forschungsberichten zum Flow-Erleben, stellt der Beitrag zwei Studien vor, die Flow-Erfahrungen von Marathonlaufern (N = 234) dokumentieren und analysieren. Als Messinstrument diente die Flow-Kurzskala von Rheinberg, Vollmeyer und Engeser (2003). Auf der Basis der Selbstberichte der Laufer zum Flow-Erleben (Flow-Generalfaktor) und zu ihrer subjektiven Anforderungs-Fahigkeits-Passung sowie den erfassten Laufzeiten werden in den statistischen Analysen folgende Fragestellungen uberpruft: 1.) Stellt die Anforderungs-Fahigkeits-Passung eine Voraussetzung fur Flow-Erfahrungen dar? und 2.) Steht Flow im Zusammenhang mit den Laufleistungen? Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Passung nicht zwingend als Voraussetzung fur Flow-Erfahrungen angesehen werden muss und ein Flow-Leistungs-Zusammenhang fur Marathonlaufer der mittleren Leistungsfahigkeit (3 bis 4 Stunden Laufzeit) nicht existiert. Im Resumee werden Schlussfolgerungen fur die weitere...

If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy?

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1999

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Ever since systematic thought has been recorded, the question of what makes men and women happy has been of central concern. Answers to this question have ranged from the materialist extreme of searching for happiness in external conditions to the spiritual extreme claiming that happiness is the result of a mental attitude. Psychologists have recently rediscovered this topic. Research supports both the materialist and the mentalist positions, although the latter produces the stronger findings. The article focuses in particular on one dimension of happiness: the flow experience, or the state of total involvement in an activity that requires complete concentration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Version der "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" (PANAS)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1996
DIAGNOSTICA

Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 1990

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Die Erfassung des Flow-Erlebens

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2007

Ausgehend von einer Charakterisierung des Flow-Erlebens als gaenzliches Aufgehen in einem glatt laufenden Taetigkeitsvollzug, den man trotz hoher Beanspruchung noch unter Kontrolle hat, wird auf die Erfassung dieser Motivationskomponente eingegangen. Dargestellt und diskutiert werden Vor- und Nachteile der bisherigen qualitativen (Interviews) und quantitativen Flow-Erfassung (Experience Sampling Method (ESM)) . Ausfuehrlicher wird eine "Flow-Kurzskala" (FKS) beschrieben, die mit zehn Items alle qualitativ verschiedenen Komponenten des Flow-Erlebens oekonomisch und reliabel erfasst. Sie liefert einen Gesamtwert sowie Werte fuer zwei Subskalen (glatter automatisierter Verlauf sowie Absorbiertheit). Daneben erfassen drei zusaetzliche Items die Besorgnis in der aktuellen Situation. Berichtet werden Vergleichskennwerte aus punktuellen Messungen und ESM-Studien. Die hoechsten Werte fuer Flow und Besorgnis wurden bislang bei Graffiti-Sprayern gefunden. Bei einer intellektuell herausfordernden Aufgabe (Postkorbuebung) sind die FKS-Werte mit der Hoffnung-auf-Erfolg-Komponente des Leistungsmotivs korreliert. Furcht-vor-Misserfolg korreliert dagegen mit dem Besorgniswert der FKS. Flow waehrend der Bearbeitung von Uebungsaufgaben fuer Statistik lieferte einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage der nachfolgenden Klausurleistung. Dieser Beitrag blieb erhalten, auch wenn Faehigkeitsmasse kontrolliert wurden. (Buch/A.G. - ZPID)

Relationships between Flow, Self-Concept, Psychological Skills, and Performance

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2010

The main purpose of this study was to examine psychological factors of potential relevance to athletic flow experiences. A secondary purpose was to empirically examine the relationship between flow and optimal performance. Understanding factors that may be associated with flow will help to make this optimal mental state more accessible to researchers and practitioners. Self-concept and use of psychological skills were predicted to be related to self-reported flow states. Competitive athletes across three sports completed dispositional assessments of athletic self-concept, psychological skills, and flow. The athletes also completed a post-event flow assessment, as well as other questions relating to their performance, after a specified competitive event. Positive relationships were found between flow and aspects of self-concept, and the relationships between flow and psychological skills use were also in the expected directions. In addition, the predicted positive relationship between a post-event flow assessment and performance criteria was obtained. This study builds on earlier research that has investigated antecedents of flow, and contributes to the expanding knowledge base of psychological factors related to optimal experience and performance.

Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1989

Followed 78 adult workers for 1 week with the experience sampling method. (This method randomly samples self-reports throughout the day.) The main question was whether the quality of experience was more influenced by whether a person was at work or at leisure or more influenced by whether a person was in flow (i.e., in a condition of high challenges and skills). Results showed that all the variables measuring the quality of experience, except for relaxation and motivation, are more affected by flow than by whether the respondent is working or in leisure. Moreover, the great majority of flow experiences are reported when working, not when in leisure. Regardless of the quality of experience, however, respondents are more motivated in leisure than in work. But individuals more motivated in flow than in apathy reported more positive experiences in work. Results suggest implications for improving the quality of everyday life.

Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance.

Article

Jan 2001

If we are so rich, why aren't we happy?

Article

Oct 1999

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience

Article

Jul 1991
ACAD MANAGE REV

Factors influencing the occurrence of flow state in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 138-166

Article

Sep 1995

Susan A. Jackson

Understanding factors which may influence the occurrence of flow in elaite athletes was the goal of the present investigation. Twenty-eight elite level athletes from seven sports were interviewed about the factors they perceived influenced their experience of flow state. Inductive content analyses of athletes' responses to questions about what facilitates, prevents, and disrupts flow, resulted in 10 dimensions that synthesized the 361 themes suggested by the athletes. These themes and dimensions provided insight into factors that may influence whether or not flow occurs in elite athletes. For example. some of the more salient factors influencing whether or not flow occurred included: preparation, both physical and mental; confidence; focus; how the performance felt and progressed; and optimal motivation and arousal level. This study also involved asking elite athletes about the perceived controllability of these factors, and of the state of flow itself. The majority of the athletes interviewed perceived the flow state to be controllable. or potentially within their control. A large percentage of the factors seen to facilitate or prevent flow were perceived as controllable; however, factors seen as disrupting flow were largely seen as uncontrollable.

Flow-Erleben in Arbeit und Freizeit

Article

Oct 2001
Z ARB ORGAN

Zusammenfassung. Das flowpsychologische “Paradox der Arbeit” besagt, dass im modernen Alltag die Berufsarbeit die Hauptquelle von Flow-Erlebnissen darstelle, trotzdem aber die Freizeit der Arbeit vorgezogen werde. Dies sei nur durch ein kulturelles Vorurteil erklärbar, das den Blick auf die Realität des Erlebens verstelle. Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es, die empirischen Befunde, die zur Formulierung dieses Paradoxes Anlass gaben, in einer Weise zu replizieren, die die angesprochenen Phänomene theoretisch prägnanter sichtbar werden lässt. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde eine sozioökonomisch heterogene Stichprobe von 46 berufstätigen Erwachsenen während einer Woche (Montag bis Sonntag) mit der Experience Sampling Method untersucht. Als Bezugsrahmen diente die Theorie Positiver und Negativer Aktivierung. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die mit dem Flow-Konzept angezielte Erlebnisqualität weitgehend mit Zuständen hoher Positiver Aktivierung deckt und dass in dieser Dimension Arbeit tatsächlich positiver erlebt wird als Freizeit. In der Dimension Negative Aktivierung hingegen wird Freizeit positiver erlebt als Arbeit. Das Paradox der Arbeit erklärt sich dann daraus, dass die Valenz eines Moments in erster Linie durch die Abwesenheit Negativer Aktivierung bestimmt ist. In Bezug auf die Arbeitszufriedenheit ist es jedoch umgekehrt: Sie ist primär vom Ausmaß Positiver Aktivierung abhängig. Die Flow-Psychologie scheint damit auf einen ganz zentralen, bisher eher vernachlässigten Kern längerfristig befriedigender Arbeit aufmerksam gemacht zu haben.

The Personality Research Form Manual

Article

Jan 1974

Douglas N. Jackson

Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games

Article

Jan 1975
CONTEMP SOCIOL

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

The Influence of the Achievement Motive on Spontaneous Thoughts in Pre and Postdecisional Action Phases

Article

Mar 2001
Pers Soc Psychol Bull

Drawing on current goal theories of motivation, the authors investigated participants’ spontaneous thoughts in pre- and postdecisional action phases. In contrast with the research originally initiated by Heckhausen and his coworkers, the authors used a repeated-measures design and considered individual differences in achievement motivation. Participants were given a choice between two tasks. They had to report their thoughts twice, before and after they had made the decision. Thought contents were analyzed according to the theory of action phases. The data clearly indicate that spontaneous thoughts reflect different states of mind in pre- and postdecisional action phases. Furthermore, an optimistic bias in thought contents was found, which was, however, moderated by the achievement motive. Success-motivated participants were optimistic after and pessimistic before decision making. The reverse was true for failure-motivated participants. The results were interpreted as an important extension of the achievement-motive nomological network.

Emotional Consequences of Positive Daydreaming: The Moderating Role of Fear of Failure

Article

Dec 2002
Pers Soc Psychol Bull

The authors argue that the emotional consequences of positive daydreaming (i.e., spontaneously imagining the successful attainment of personal goals) depend on an individuals fear of failure. Positive daydreaming may signal an absence of positive outcomes for individuals high in fear of failure. As a consequence, positive daydreaming may induce negative emotions and attempts at mood repair in individuals high in fear of failure. Three studies (one concurrent, one experimental, and one prospective) examined this hypothesis. Study 1 found that individuals high (relative to low) in fear of failure who had recurrent positive daydreams about attaining agentic personal goals reported increased levels of depression and confusion. In Study 2, fear of failure predicted reductions in goal commitment after participants imagined the successful attainment of an agentic personal goal. Study 3 found that participants high in fear of failure reported fewer daydreams about attaining a personal goal when they were strongly committed to attain this goal.

Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales

Article

Jun 1988

In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

The Achievement Motive

Article

Dec 1954
AM SOCIOL REV

Presents a new edition of the 1953 study establishing the validity of the TAT measure of need for achievement (nAch). Basic problems in the measurement of fantasy and the development of appropriate content analysis procedures, the nature of the achievement imagery index score, and the general development of nAch are examined. A new preface with "hindsight" is also included. (8 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The influence of the achievement motive on probability estimates in pre- and post-decisional action phases

Article

Apr 2005

Rosa Maria Puca

In two experiments, the hypothesis was tested that success-oriented and failure-threatened individuals differ in the mindsets they adopt during action phases preceding and following decisions. In Experiment 1, it was demonstrated that people who are deliberating on different actions or goals rate their probability of success for a subsequent task as being lower than people who are going to implement a chosen action or goal. In the mindset theory (Gollwitzer, 1990), this pattern is predicted to foster appropriate goal setting and efficient pursuit of goals. In Experiment 1 this pattern could be shown only for success-oriented individuals. The reverse was true for failure-threatened participants. In Experiment 2, the Motive × Action Phase interaction was replicated with a different measure of probability of success. It is proposed that the ability or inability to adopt the appropriate mindset in the course of action may be one of the mechanisms, which make success, and failure motives self-stabilizing systems.

Effects of asychronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players

Article

Oct 2003
PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC

Objectives: To examine the effects of self-selected asynchronous (background) music on flow and netball shooting performance in three netball players. Based on the research of Karageorghis and Terry (1999) it was hypothesized that music would promote flow and would therefore have a positive impact on netball shooting performance.Design: An idiographic single-subject multiple baselines across-subjects design was employed (Wollman, 1986). The rationale centred upon the work of Patrick and Hrycaiko (1998) who indicated that single-subject designs were the most appropriate methodology for applied research.Methods: The participants comprised three collegiate netball players who were asked to complete 11 performance trials. Each trial involved taking 12 shots from lines located at three shooting positions. After each performance trial, flow and the internal experience of each player were assessed using the Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) and Practical Assessment Questionnaire. Participants received the intervention of asynchronous music with the length of pre-intervention baseline increasing for each succeeding player.Results: Two of the participants experienced an increase in the perception of flow while all three participants improved their netball shooting performance. In addition, participants indicated that the intervention helped them to control both the emotions and cognitions that impacted upon their performance.Conclusions: Interventions comprising self-selected music and imagery can enhance athletic performance by triggering emotions and cognitions associated with flow.

Evidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains

Article

Oct 2003

Research in diverse domains of psychology has independently identified two behavioral systems, one concerned with obtaining positive outcomes, the other concerned with avoiding negative outcomes. This basic distinction, described in different domains of inquiry with varying terminology, may be integrated within a single appetitive–aversive systems model. The present research was designed to examine the viability of the appetitive–aversive distinction as an organizational construct underlying various particular measures and concepts. In four studies, individual difference measures from different domains were examined with exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Studies 2–4) factor analyses. We expected and found that measures tapping sensitivity to rewards or positive outcomes would load on a common appetitive latent factor, whereas, measures tapping individual differences in sensitivity to punishment or negative outcomes would load a common aversive latent factor. Results strongly supported the hypothesized two-factor structure over alternative models and indicated that the latent appetitive and aversive variables accounted for about half the variance in the observed variables.

A Theory of Achievement Motivation

Article

Jan 1966

The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation

Article

Feb 1992
NEBR SYM MOTIV

Validity and Reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method

Article

Oct 1987
J NERV MENT DIS

To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is an attempt to provide a valid instrument to describe variations in self-reports of mental processes. It can be used to obtain empirical data on the following types of variables: a) frequency and patterning of daily activity, social interaction, and changes in location; b) frequency, intensity, and patterning of psychological states, i.e., emotional, cognitive, and conative dimensions of experience; c) frequency and patterning of thoughts, including quality and intensity of thought disturbance. The article reviews practical and methodological issues of the ESM and presents evidence for its short- and long-term reliability when used as an instrument for assessing the variables outlined above. It also presents evidence for validity by showing correlation between ESM measures on the one hand and physiological measures, one-time psychological tests, and behavioral indices on the other. A number of studies with normal and clinical populations that have used the ESM are reviewed to demonstrate the range of issues to which the technique can be usefully applied.

Assessing Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Motives All at Once: The Multi-Motive Grid (MMG)

Article

Mar 2000

In this article, we introduce the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG), a new diagnostic tool to measure motives with respect to their hope and fear components. The MMG combines features of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with features of self-report questionnaires. Similar to the TAT, a set of 14 pictures representing a balanced set of achievement-arousing, affiliation-arousing, and power-arousing situations is presented together with a set of statements representing important motivational states. Six motive scores can be calculated: hope of success (HS) and fear of failure (FF) for the achievement motive, hope of affiliation (HA) and fear of rejection (FR) for the affiliation motive, and hope of power (HP) and fear of power (FP) for the power motive. Results of factor analyses suggest a 3-factor solution, with a general fear factor (FF, FR, FP), a factor combining the hope components of achievement and power (HS and HP), and a third factor representing HA, but the 6 a priori factors also reflect a sound structural model. Reliability data show that the internal consistency and retest reliability of the MMG scales satisfy traditional standards. External validity of the MMG has been established in all 3 motive domains. Three separate studies document that (a) individuals high in resultant achievement motivation perform better and report more flow experience, (b) individuals high in resultant power motivation profit more from a leadership training program, and (c) individuals high in resultant affiliation motivation recollect more highly memorable affiliative themes.

Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior

Article

Dec 1957

John W. Atkinson

A model explaining how the motive to achieve and the motive to avoid failure influences behavior assumes strength of motivation as being a multiplicative function of motive, expectancy, and incentive. This accounts for level of aspiration and also performance level when only one task is presented. "It also assumes that the incentive value of success is a positive linear function of difficulty as inferred from the subjective probability of success; and negative incentive value of failure to be a negative linear function of difficulty." 2 theoretical implications are "that performance level should be greatest when there is greatest uncertainty about outcome" and people with strong motive to achieve should prefer immediate risk whereas those with strong motive to avoid failure will prefer easy tasks or extremely difficult and risky tasks. Experimental results are cited with implications for research on gambling and social mobility aspirations. 22 references.

Eine Untersuchung zum Paradox der Arbeit mit der Experience Sampling Method [Flow experiences in work and leisure: An experience sampling study about the paradox of work

Jan 2001
176-187

U Schallberger
R Pfister

Schallberger, U., & Pfister, R. (2001). Flow-Erleben in Arbeit und Freizeit. Eine Untersuchung zum Paradox der Arbeit mit der Experience Sampling Method [Flow experiences in work and leisure: An experience sampling study about the paradox of work]. Zeitschrift für Arbeits-und Organizationspsychologie, 45, 176-187.

Hoffnung und Furcht in der Leistungsmotivation

Jan 1963

H Heckhausen

Heckhausen, H. (1963). Hoffnung und Furcht in der Leistungsmotivation [Hope and fear in achievement-motivation].

Das Flow-Erlebnis. Jenseits von Angst und Langeweile: Im Tun aufgehen [Beyond boredom and anxiety -The experience of play in work and games

Jan 1999

M Csikszentmihalyi

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Das Flow-Erlebnis. Jenseits von Angst und Langeweile: Im Tun aufgehen [Beyond boredom and anxiety -The experience of play in work and games] (8th ed.). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

Motivationsförderung im Schulalltag [Promotion of motivation in everyday school life

Jan 1999

F Rheinberg
S Krug

Rheinberg, F., & Krug, S. (1999). Motivationsförderung im Schulalltag [Promotion of motivation in everyday school life] (2nd ed.). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Flow Erleben in einem Computerspiel unter experimentell variierten Bedingungen [Flow experience in a computer game under experimentally controlled conditions

Jan 2003
161-170

F Rheinberg
R Vollmeyer

Rheinberg, F., & Vollmeyer, R. (2003). Flow Erleben in einem Computerspiel unter experimentell variierten Bedingungen [Flow experience in a computer game under experimentally controlled conditions]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 21, 161–170.

Advances in test anxiety research

Jan 1992

K A Hagtvet
T B Johnson

Hagtvet, K.A., & Johnson, T.B. (Eds.) (1992). Advances in test anxiety research. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger Pub- lishers.

Die Erfassung des Flow Erlebens [Measuring flow experience]

Jan 2003
261-279

F Rheinberg
R Vollmeyer
S Engeser

Rheinberg, F., Vollmeyer, R., & Engeser, S. (2003). Die Erfassung des Flow Erlebens [Measuring flow experience]. In J. Stiensmeier-Pelster & F. Rheinberg (Hrsg.), Diagnostik von Motivation und Selbstkonzept (S. 261–279). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Optimales Erleben und die Nutzung der Begabung. [Optimal experience and the use of aptitude

J Nakamura

Nakamura, J. (1991). Optimales Erleben und die Nutzung der Begabung [Optimal experience and the use of aptitude].

Test anxiety: Theory, assessment and treatment

Jan 1995

C D Spielberger
P R Vagg

Spielberger, C.D., & Vagg, P.R. (1995). Test anxiety: Theory, assessment and treatment. Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis.

Talented teenagers: A longitudinal study of their development

Jan 1993

M Csikszentmihalyi
K Rathunde
S Whalen

Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented teenagers: A longitudinal study of their development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

A theory of achievement motivation

Jan 1966

J W Atkinson
N T Feather

Atkinson, J.W., & Feather, N.T. (1966). A theory of achievement motivation. New York: Wiley.

Arousal of Flow Experience in a Learning Setting and Its Effects on Exam Performance and Affect

Abstract

No full-text available

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