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Additional vitamin E required in milk replacer diets that contain canola oil
Abstract
It is known that ingestion of oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 series results in a high degree of unsaturation in membrane phospholipids which in turn may increase lipid peroxidation, cholesterol oxidation, free radical accumulation and membrane damage. Vitamin E is a powerful inhibitor of lipid peroxidation induced by free radical damage to cell membranes and is an essential component of milk replacers. In the experiments reported here, neonatal piglets raised on canola oil based milk replacer diets supplemented according to NRC regulations, and with an α-tocopherol (mg) to PUFA (g) ratio of 0.49:1, had low α-tocopherol levels in their tissues. Depending on the quantity of iron administered, the piglets showed signs of vitamin E deficiency which ranged from acute, with high mortality, to mild, with only microscopic evidence of hepatocyte dissociation. Piglets raised on a soybean oil based milk replacer diet, supplemented with the same amount of α-tocopherol, and with a ratio of α-tocopherol to PUFA of 0.21:1, showed no signs of vitamin E deficiency and had significantly higher tissue levels of vitamin E than the piglets raised with the canola oil milk replacer. The factor(s) present in canola oil which increased the demand for vitamin E are unknown.
... Decreased platelet counts (Naito et al., 2000a ), increased erythrocyte fragility, severe renal injury involving lesions in blood vessels (Miyazaki et al., 2000) and elevated blood pressure (Naito et al., 2000b) are associated with dietary canola oil. Similar anti-nutritional activities of canola oil have been observed in rats of other strains (Naito et al., 2000b), mice (Kameyama et al., 1996) and pigs (Sauer et al., 1997; Innis and Dyer, 1999 ). Although the survival-shortening factor in canola oil had been assumed to be phytosterols (Ratnayake et al., 2000b), the factor and the phytosterols have been partially separated by a CO 2 -supercritical fluid extraction method, indicating that a factor other than triacylglycerol and phytosterols is involved in the survival shortening (Tatematsu et al., 2004a; Ohara et al., 2006). ...
... Thus, some deterioration of hypertension-related cardiovascular injury via an elevated aldosterone level may have relevance to the shortening of life by canola oil and hydrogenated soybean oil in SHRSP. The unusual effects of canola and hydrogenated soybean oil may not be confined to SHRSP because the decreased platelet counts and unusual survival shortening effects of canola oil have also been observed in pigs (Sauer et al., 1997; Innis and Dyer, 1999 ). In boars, rapeseed meal caused degeneration and necrosis of the seminiferous epithelium, resulting in the atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, compared with soybean meal (Rotkiewicz et al., 1997). ...
... Contrary to the risk aspect, one beneficial effect of canola oil has been shown clinically in the Lyon Diet Heart Study (deLorgeril et al., 1994). However, the unusual effects of canola and some other vegetable oils observed in rodents (Huang et al., 1996; Innis and Dyer, 1999; Miyazaki et al., 2000; Tatematsu et al., 2004;) and piglets (Sauer et al., 1997; Innis and Dyer, 13 1999 ), as well as those observed in the present experiments , warrant further study to identify the factor and estimate the risks and benefits of these oils in human nutrition. ...
Canola and some other types of oil unusually shorten the survival of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), compared with soybean oil, perilla oil and animal fats. Since differential effects of canola and soybean oil on steroid hormone metabolism were suggested by a preliminary DNA microarray analysis as a reason for this, the steroid hormone levels in the serum and tissues of SHRSP fed different oils were investigated. The testosterone levels in the serum and the testes were found to be significantly lower in the canola oil group than in the soybean oil group, while no significant differences were detected in the corticosterone and estradiol levels in tissues. In a second experiment, it was found that hydrogenated soybean oil, with a survival-shortening activity comparable to that of canola oil, also decreased the testosterone level in testes to a similar degree. The testosterone-lowering activity of canola and hydrogenated soybean oil observed in SHRSP was considered in relation to other factors possibly affecting the physiology of SHRSP.
... Além disso, o mesmo autor, em estudo testando sucedâneos de leite à base de óleo de canola ou óleo de soja, ambos enriquecidos com a mesma quantidade de α-tocoferol, verificou que os leitões que receberam óleo de canola apresentaram sinais de deficiência de vitamina E, que variou de aguda, com alta mortalidade, à leve, com apenas microscópicas provas de dissociação de hepatócitos. Já os leitões alimentados com sucedâneo à base de óleo de soja não mostraram sinais de deficiência de vitamina E, além de apresentarem níveis significativamente maiores dessa vitamina nos tecidos, quando comparados aos leitões que receberam óleo de canola (Sauer et al., 1997). ...
The swine industry has shown a great technological progress during the last years, especially due to major advances in genetics. A higher number of piglets produced per litter and lower individual weights has been observed, which increased health challenges. The increasing litter size also reduces uniformity at birth by increasing the frequency of small piglets, which can increase the competition between littermates for colostrum and milk. In addition, all piglets have the natural challenge of facing the control of thermoregulation, having low reserves of glucose and fat at birth. This makes piglets rely almost exclusively on colostrum and milk intake for their survival. These factors may lead to an increase in piglet mortality, which mainly occurs in the first three days of life and represents one of the biggest issues facing the pork industry. The supply of energy sources becomes important in order to enhance the immunity development and the performance of young piglets. The purpose of this review is to present the potential use of different energy sources to promote adequate supplementation, reducing mortality and improving the performance of newborn piglets. © 2016, Universidad de Cordoba, Servicio de Publicaciones. All rights reserved.
... Alimentos cozidos com óleo de canola desenvolvem fungos (bolor) muito rapidamente. Durante o processo de desodorização, os ácidos graxos ômega-3 do óleo de canola processado são transformados em ácidos graxos trans, semelhantes aos das margarinas e provavelmente mais perigosos.69 Um recente estudo indica que o óleo de canola "coração saudável" na verdade cria uma deficiência de vitamina E, uma vitamina necessária para a saúde do sistema cardiovascular.70 ...
Tradução: Odi Melo www.melnex.net As gorduras de origem vegetal e animal propiciam uma fonte concentrada de energia na dieta alimentar. Elas também fornecem os elementos formadores das membranas das células, além de uma variedade de hormônios e substâncias assemelhadas. Quando fazem parte de uma refeição, as gorduras retardam a absorção, a fim de que possamos ficar mais tempo sem sentir fome. Além disso, elas funcionam como portadoras das importantes vitaminas A, D, E e K, que são solúveis em gordura (lipossolúveis). As gorduras da dieta alimentar são necessárias para converter caroteno em vitamina A, para absorção de minerais e para uma gama de outros processos. A nutrição "politicamente correta" é baseada na suposição de que devemos reduzir a ingestão de gorduras, principalmente as saturadas e de origem animal. As gorduras de fonte animal também contêm colesterol, que é apresentado como um "vilão gêmeo" da dieta civilizada. A hipótese lipídica A teoria (chamada "hipótese lipídica") de que há uma relação direta entre a quantidade de gordura e o colesterol da dieta alimentar na incidência de doenças cardiocoronárias foi proposta por um pesquisador chamado Ancel Keys, no final da década de 1950. Inúmeros estudos subseqüentes têm questionado seus dados e suas conclusões. No entanto, os artigos de Keys receberam muito mais publicidade do que aqueles que apresentavam posições alternativas. As indústrias de óleos vegetais e de processamento de alimentos, principais beneficiários de qualquer pesquisa que condene os alimentos tradicionais (seus concorrentes) passaram a promover e financiar mais pesquisas, concebidas para dar suporte à hipótese lipídica.
... Besides shortened survival time, we observed accelerated renal injury in SHRSP rats fed rapeseed oil and partially hydrogenated oil (Miyazaki, M., Watanabe, S., Oikawa, T., Morazumi, K., Fuzinami, T., and Okuyama, H., unpublished data). Other groups have also raised questions on the safety of some common vegetable oils using different endpoints; for example, increased mortality after injection of iron into piglets fed a rapeseed oil-supplemented, tocopherol-restricted diet (14), and reduced platelet counts in piglets fed rapeseed oil-or high-oleate vegetable oil-supplemented diets (15,16). The problem of myocardial necrosis reported in rapeseed oilfed Sprague-Dawley rats remains unresolved (8,9). ...
Previously, we demonstrated that several vegetable oils that included low-erucic rapeseed oil markedly shortened the survival time (by approximately 40%) of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats as compared with perilla oil, soybean oil, and fish oil. We considered that a factor other than fatty acids is toxic to SHRSP rats, because the survival time-shortening activity could not be accounted for by the fatty acid compositions of these oils. In fact, a free fatty acid (FFA) fraction derived from lipase-treated rapeseed oil was found to be essentially devoid of such activity. A high-oleate safflower oil/safflower oil/perilla oil mixture exhibited a survival time-shortening activity comparable to that of rapeseed oil, but the activity of this mixed oil was also reduced by lipase treatment. A partially hydrogenated soybean oil shortened the survival time by approximately 40%, but a FFA fraction derived from lipase-treated partially hydrogenated soybean oil shortened it by 13% compared with soybean oil. Fatty acid compositions of the rapeseed oil and a FFA fraction derived from lipase-treated rapeseed oil were similar, but those of hepatic phospholipids of rats fed the oil and FFA were slightly but significantly different. These results support the interpretation that the survival time-shortening activity exhibited by some vegetable oils is due to minor components other than fatty acids, and that an active component(s) were produced in or contaminated soybean oil during the partial hydrogenation processes.
... So far, we have no evidence to suggest that the minor components in rapeseed oil are the cause of these changes in gene expressions. However, it should be noted that besides shortened survival time and accelerated renal injury in SHRSP rats, several vegetable oils, including rapeseed oil, have been reported to have other detrimental e¡ects: reduced platelet count in newborn piglets and SHRSP rats [45^47]; increased mortality after injection of iron to rapeseed oil-fed newborn piglets; and increased myocardial necrosis in rapeseed oil-fed Sprague^Dawley rats [48,49]. ...
We have noted that n-3 fatty acid-rich oils, such as fish oil, perilla oil and flaxseed oil as well as ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA) prolonged the survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) rats by approximately 10% as compared with linoleate (n-6)-rich safflower oil. Rapeseed oil with a relatively low n-6/n-3 ratio unusually shortened the survival time by approximately 40%, suggesting the presence of minor components unfavorable to SHRSP rats. This study examined the effects of dietary oils and DHA on renal injury and gene expression related to renal injury in SHRSP rats. Rats fed rapeseed oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets developed more severe proteinuria than those fed soybean oil-supplemented diet used as a control, but there were no significant differences in blood pressure. In contrast, the DHA-supplemented diet inhibited the development of proteinuria and suppressed hypertension. The mRNA levels for renal TGF-beta, fibronectin and renin were higher in the rapeseed oil and safflower oil groups after 9 weeks of feeding of the experimental diet than in the soybean oil and DHA groups. The fatty acid composition of kidney phospholipids was markedly affected by these diets. These results indicate that the renal injury observed in the groups fed safflower oil with a high n-6/n-3 ratio and rapeseed oil with presumed minor components is accompanied by increased expression of the TGF-beta, renin and fibronectin genes, and that dietary DHA suppresses renal injury and gene expression as compared with soybean oil.
Tocopherols (vitamin E) are natural phenolic antioxidants present in vegetable oils and are responsible for many healthful properties of these foods. They are effective radical scavengers and defend the body against free radical attack by protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E plays an important role at the intracellular level since its deficiency increases membrane fragility and promotes the damage of membranes by oxygen-reactive species, ozone or other free radicals. The tocopherols belong to a group of structurally related compounds called tocols. Foods such as nuts, seeds, some grains and vegetable oils are good sources of natural tocopherol antioxidants. The various tocopherols may exist in a free or a esterified form. In seed oils, they are mainly present in the free state and the level of antioxidant materials is of great importance in the stability of vegetable oil products. It is known that vitamin E activity decreases while the antioxidant activity increases in the order α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols. Canola is one of the most important oil seeds growing in many parts of the world. It is very important to grow canola with high oil levels for agronomical benefits. There is a growing interest for the use of oil seeds for nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical usages. The world production of canola oil is higher than soybean and sunflower. In this study an effective high performance liquid chromatography method for measuring a-tocopherol in canola gathered from different regions.
This study was carried out to optimize microencapsulation conditions for Inonotus obliquus extract powder with mediumchain triacylglycerol (MCT) using response surface methodology (RSM), and to determine the possibility of adding encapsulated I. obliquus extract to milk toward improving the functionality of milk. and to investigate the effects of added encapsulated I. obliquus extract on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the product. The microencapsulation efficiency of I. obliquus extract powder was investigated with respect to three variables (ratios of core material to coating material, amounts of water added, and spray pressure) in RSM. The optimal conditions for microencapsulation of I. obliquus extract powder were obtained from the ratio of core material to coating material (2.92:10) and the amount of water added (0.5 mL); the spray pressure had an insignificant effect on the microencapsulation (p
Canola oil is not presently permitted in infant formulations in the United States because of lack of information concerning the effects of feeding canola oil to the newborn. We have previously reported a transient decrease in platelet counts and an increase in platelet size in newborn piglets fed canola oil for 4 wk, and have confirmed this in the present study. In canola oil-fed piglets, changes in platelet size and number were overcome by adding either long-chain saturated fatty acids from cocoa butter (16:0 and 18:0), or shorter-chain saturates from coconut oil (12:0 and 14:0). Feeding a high erucic acid rape-seed (HEAR) oil, with 20% 22:1n-9, led to an even greater platelet reduction and increased platelet size throughout the 4-wk trial. Bleeding times were longer in piglets fed canola oil or HEAR oil compared to sow-reared and soybean oil-fed piglets. There were no other diet-related changes. Diet-induced platelet changes were not related to platelet lipid class composition, but there were fatty acid changes. The incorporation of 22:1n-9 into platelet phospholipids of piglets fed canola oil was low (0.2-1.2%), and even for the HEAR oil group ranged from only 0.2% in phosphatidylinositol to 2.4% in phosphatidylserine. A much greater change was observed in the concentration of 24:1n-9 and in the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio in platelet sphingomyelin (SM). The 24:1n-9 increased to 49% in the HEAR oil group compared to about 12% in animals fed the control diets (sow-reared piglets and soybean oil-fed group), while the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio increased from about 1 to 12. Even feeding canola oil, prepared to contain 2% 22:1n-9, led to a marked increase in 24:1n-9 to 29% and had a 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio of 5. The canola oil/cocoa butter group, which also contained 2% 22:1n-9, showed a lower level of 24:1n-9 (20%) and the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio (3) compared to the canola oil group. The results suggest that the diet-related platelet changes in newborn piglets may be related to an increase in 24:1n-9 in platelet SM, resulting from chain elongation of 22:1n-9. The inclusion of canola oil as the sole source of fat in the milk-replacer diets of newborn piglets resulted in significant platelet and lipid changes.
In recent studies, the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats was altered by a variety of dietary fats. It was relatively shorter in rats fed canola oil as the sole source of fat. The present study was performed to find out whether the fatty acid profile and the high content of sulfur compounds in canola oil could modulate the life span of SHRSP rats. SHRSP rats (47 d old, n = 23/group) were matched by body weight and systolic blood pressure and fed semipurified diets containing 10% canola oil, high-palmitic canola oil, low-sulfur canola oil, soybean oil, high-oleic safflower oil, a fat blend that mimicked the fatty acid composition of canola oil, or a fat blend high in saturated fatty acids. A 1% sodium chloride solution was used as drinking water to induce hypertension. After consuming the diets for 37 d, five rats from each dietary group were killed for collection of blood and tissue samples for biochemical analysis. The 18 remaining animals from each group were used for determining their life span. The mean survival time of SHRSP rats fed canola oil (87.4+/-4.0 d) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those fed low-sulfur canola oil (89.7+/-8.5 d), suggesting that content of sulfur in canola oil has no effect on the life span of SHRSP rats. The SHRSP rats fed the noncanola oil-based diets lived longer (mean survival time difference was 6-13 d, P < 0.05) than those fed canola and low-sulfur canola oils. No marked differences in the survival times were observed among the noncanola oil-based groups. The fatty acid composition of the dietary oils and of red blood cells and liver of SHRSP rats killed after 37 d of treatment showed no relationship with the survival times. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of vegetable oils plays no important role on the life span of SHRSP rat. However, phytosterols in the dietary oils and in liver and brain were inversely correlated with the mean survival times,indicating that the differential effects of vegetable oils might be ascribed, at least partly, to their different phytosterol contents.
Canola oil (Can), as well as some other oils, shortens the survival of SHRSP rats compared with soybean oil (Soy). Although detrimental factors other than phytosterols have not been identified, they are likely to be hydrophobic and transmissible to pups. To test this possibility, female SHRSP rats (F0) were fed a diet supplemented with Can or Soy and mated at 11 wk of age. The growth of suckling pups (F1) from the Can-fed dams was significantly retarded compared with that of pups from the Soy-fed dams. Half of the male pups (F1) were weaned to the same diet as their dams (Can-->Can and Soy-->Soy groups) and the rest were weaned to the other diet (Can-->Soy and Soy-->Can groups). The survival rate of the male pups (F1) was significantly lower in the Can-->Can group than in the Soy-->Can group, and in the Can-->Soy group than in the Soy-->Soy group, indicating that the oils fed to dams differently affected the growth and survival of pups. There were fewer pups per dam in the Can-fed dams (F0) than in the Soy-fed dams, and in the dams (F1) of the Can-->Can and Soy-->Can groups than in those of the Can-->Soy and Soy-->Soy groups. Although Can is nutritionally detrimental to SHRSP rats compared with Soy, no direct evidence has been obtained thus far relating these observations to human nutrition.
Unusual survival-shortening activities of some vegetable oils were detected in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats, and phytosterol (PS) in the oils and the tissue tocopherol status have been suggested to be the factors for the activities. Here, we re-evaluated the contribution of PS to the survival-shortening, and examined the hepatic tocopherol status. A basal diet for rodents and a test oil were mixed at a 9:1 ratio, and the diet was given to male SHRSP rats upon weaning. The total and major PS contents of the diets and tissue lipids did not correlate with relative survival time. The free fatty acid fractions obtained by lipase and alkaline hydrolyses of canola oil (Can) and the original Can contained PS in comparable amounts but the free fatty acid fractions did not exhibit survival-shortening activities compared with the soybean oil (Soy) group. The activity was not detected in the ethyl acetate extracts of the aqueous phase after the hydrolysis. When a commercially available PS preparation was added to the Soy diet at an amount 2.8-fold higher than that in the Can diet, the mean survival time was shortened but was still significantly longer than that of the Can group. The hepatic tocopherol level was significantly higher in the Can group than in the hydrogenated Soy group and Soy group, but the former two groups exhibited a survival-shortening activity. These results indicate that factors other than PS, tocopherol status and fatty acid composition in some vegetable oils are critical for the survival-shortening activity observed in SHRSP rats.
This study evaluates the need of vitamin E supplementation in very-low-birth-weight infants by long-term follow-up of plasma vitamin E status during the first 15 mo of life, with two different levels of supplementation. The subjects were 51 newborn infants with birth weights less than or equal to 1520 g. During hospitalization the infants were fed human milk. On the third day of life oral vitamin E supplementation of less than or equal to 10 mg/d was started in all infants. In addition, 23 infants selected at random were given intramuscular vitamin E (20 mg/kg/d) during the first 3 d. The data indicate that the 10 mg/d supplement resulted in an adequate plasma concentration of vitamin E. After cessation of supplementation at age 3 mo, the risk of low plasma vitamin E levels increased. Although intramuscular administration resulted in long-lasting increments in mean plasma vitamin E values, some later levels in these infants were marginal.
1. The efficacy of oral vitamin E supplementation in preventing the early anaemia of the premature infant was assessed in a 10-week double-blind trial. Forty-two babies received either a placebo or 5 or 15 mg supplementary vitamin E/d with oral feeding. No infant received less than the recommended vitamin E:polyunsaturated fatty acid (E:PUFA) value of 0.6. No iron supplement was given.
2. Weekly full blood counts were taken, and plasma vitamin E assay and in vitro haemolysis tests performed on blood sampled on day 1, and also at 6 and 10 weeks of age. All blood withdrawn and transfused and all feeds were documented.
3. Thirty-six (86%) of the babies had a plasma vitamin E level at birth below the accepted adult norm, i.e. < 5200 μg/l. At 6 weeks of age thirty-three (79%) and at 10 weeks thirty-five (83%) of the babies had levels within the normal adult range. No baby showed either clinical or haematological evidence of a vitamin E deficiency state during the trial.
4. It is concluded that in the absence of Fe supplementation and observing the minimum recommended E:PUFA value, contemporary feeding practices allow for the absorption of sufficient vitamin E by the premature baby to prevent the development of an early haemolytic anaemia.
5. No significant relation was found between plasma vitamin E levels and the degree of peroxide haemolysis.
These studies were designed to measure the impact of different fish oil sources of dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid on the alpha-tocopherol content of rat immune cells. In the first experiment, rats were fed diets containing either lard, corn oil, menhaden fish oil or cod liver oil. In the second study, sardine fish oil replaced corn oil. Dietary fat source did not significantly influence body weights or the yield of immune cells in either study. In both studies, plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations were significantly lower in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid-fed rats than in rats fed lard. In the first study, immune cell alpha-tocopherol concentrations followed those observed in the plasma and liver. These concentrations closely paralleled the amount of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate added to diets and not the total vitamin E present, which was the same for all treatment groups. However, in the second study, alpha-tocopherol concentration of immune cells was not significantly different among rats fed lard, menhaden fish oil, and sardine fish oil. In that study both the amount and form of vitamin E were carefully balanced across dietary treatment groups. In conclusion, despite having similar amounts of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, two out of three fish oils tested did not lower immune cell alpha-tocopherol concentration even in the face of significantly reduced plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations.
Separations of fatty acid methyl esters were compared using four fused silica capillary columns which were either coated,
crosslinked, bonded, or bonded and crosslinked with polyethylene glycols (Carbowax® 20M). Bonding and crosslinking did affect
the polarity of the stationary phase, contrary to the claim of the manufacturer. The separation sequence of a number of polyunsaturated
fatty acid methyl esters changed sufficiently to resolve some overlapping pairs and invert the relative emergence of other
fatty acid methyl esters. It appears that the bonded or bonded and crosslinked polyethylene glycol phases, with their slightly
increased polarity, gave superior separations in addition to greater stability compared to the coated Carbowax 20M column.
A continuous process was developed whereby the immunoglobulins of porcine blood were selectively concentrated by a two-step ammonium sulfate fractionation process. This involved the addition of ammonium sulfate to 25% saturation, desludging centrifugation to remove fibrin, increasing the salt concentration to 45% and then using decanting centrifugation to remove the precipitated γ-globulin as a sludge which had 38.7% solids. This product was diluted 5:1 with water and then demineralized by electrodialysis to substantially reduce the ammonium sulfate. At this point the purified preparation contained 96.8% protein, of which 61.5% was pure γ-globulin (dry basis). The purified sludge was then blended with condensed skimmed milk resulting in a pigmilk replacer supplement which contained 14.6% γ-globulin and less than 2.3% ammonium sulfate.
A metabolism cage and liquid feeding system for neonatal pigs is described. This system corrects some problems encountered with other systems described in the literature and is designed to facilitate determination of the nutrient requirements of the neonatal pig.
One hundred and eighty weaner pigs were allotted to five dietary treatments comprising a control with no added oil and the control with either soybean oil or rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris cv. Span) each at 10 and 20% of the diet. Postmortem examinations were conducted on equal numbers of boars and gilts at the beginning of the experiment, as initial controls, and after 1, 4 and 16 wk on the experimental diets. When fed for 1 to 4 wk, the higher level of both oils reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain but from 4 to 16 wk, differences were not significant for any of the diets. Consumption of the control diet exceeded (P < 0.05) that of any other diet, but pigs fed the oil diets showed improved (P < 0.01) feed efficiency. Minute focal interstitial infiltrations of mononuclear cells were present in the myocardium of some pigs in each dietary treatment and also in the initial controls. Foci of overt myocardial necrosis were not seen. Oil red 0 stained sections revealed traces of myocardial fat accumulation w...
Using the hemolysis test and distribution studies of radioactive dl-α-tocopherol in the rat, the influence of the feeding of linoleio acid on the requirement for vitamin E was investigated:1.
Linoleic acid reduces the uptake of dl-α-tocopherol from the intestine. The design of the experiments, however, does not allow to decide whether linoleic acid influences the absorption of dl-α-tocopherol or decreases the uptake by destruction of the vitamin in the intestine.
2.
Linoleic acid, however, also increases the requirement for dl-α-tocopherol under conditions which exclude any influence of linoleic acid on the uptake of vitamin E from the intestine. This increase of the vitamin E requirement in the rat amounts to about 0.5 mg of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate per gram of linoleic acid.
The effect of age and dietary fat type on tocopherol status was investigated using young and old C57BL/6Nia mice fed semipurified
diets containing 5% (by weight) fish, corn or coconut oils and supplemented with 30, 100 or 500 ppm dl-α-tocopheryl acetate
for 6 wk. Tocopherol levels in the diets, plasma, liver, kidney and lung were measured by high performance liquid chromatography
following appropriate extractions. The results indicate that mice fed fish oil maintain lower plasma and tissue tocopherol
concentrations than those fed corn and cononut oils (fish<corn oil<coconut oil). The difference was not due to a loss of tocopherol
prior to consumption, but rather appeared to occur during the absorption process. Old mice had lower plasma and liver tocopherol
concentrations than young mice. Old mice fed fish oil, however, maintained plasma tocopherol levels better than young mice
fed fish oil, presumably due to their larger tocopherol pool. No age effect was detected on kidney and lung tocopherol levels.
It is concluded that tocopherol status is affected by age and dietary fat type, especially fish oil.
Methods were developed for the separation, detection, and quantification of tocopherols and phytosterols by high-performance
liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector. Four tocopherols— α, β, γ and δ—and four phytosterols—campesterol,
β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol—were analyzed in soybean, sunflower, low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) and corn
oils. The use of an evaporative light-scattering detector, in conjunction with modification of methods from the literature
to prepare and analyze tocopherols and phytosterols by HPLC, showed consistent results between trials and levels of these
minor constituents.
A study was designed to determine the effect of vitamin E on bilirubinemia in the preterm infant. Twenty infants with birth weight between 1,000 and 1,500 gm and 20 infants with birth weights between 1,501 and 2,000 gm were studied. Half the infants in each birth weight group received vitamin E administered intramuscularly in a total dose of 50 mg/kg during days 1 to 3 of life; the remaining infants served as controls. The administration of vitamin E produced significantly increased plasma tocopherol concentrations and normal hydrogen peroxide hemolysis tests by the end of the first week of life. Infants with birthweights less than or equal to 1500 gm who received vitamin E demonstrated a significant decrease in serum bilirubin on day 3 of life (6.5 +/- 2.2 vs 8.8 +/- 2.2 mg/dl) as well as a significant decrease in peak serum bilirubin during the first week of life (8.3 +/- 2.2 vs 10.6 +/- 2.6 mg/dl). The duration of phototherapy also was significantly less in the vitamin E-supplemented group (48 +/- 18 vs 107 +/- 31 hours). These differences were less pronounced in infants with birth weights more than 1,500 gm.
Thirty-five infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed four commercial formulas (A-D) varying in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (32 per cent linoleic acid in A and B and 12 per cent linoleic acid in C and D) and in iron content (smaller than 1.0 in A and B; 12 to 12 mg per liter in B and D). Infants receiving formula B showed significantly lower hemoglobins (p smaller than 0.01) and higher reticulocyte counts (p smaller than 0.005) than infants fed the other three formulas. Infants receiving the two formulas with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (A and B) showed significantly greater hydrogen-peroxide-induced hemolysis (p smaller than 0.001) than those given diets containing lower amounts. Infants in groups A and B also had lower serum tocopherol concentrations. Infant red-cell membranes are altered by the increased amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron in the diet. It appears that the development of vitamin E deficiency anemia occurs in infants receiving iron supplementation.
SUMMARY Sixteen Yorkshire gilts were assigned ran- domly to four semi-purified diets fed through- out gestation and lactation. Two sources of fat (stripped lard and stripped corn oil) were fed factorially with two levels of vitamin E (a- tocopheryl acetate, 0 and 100 IU/kg of diet). All diets were supplemented with .05 ppm Se as Na2SeO3. Reproductive performance (litter size, individual pig birth weight, weaning weight and livability) was not affected by diet. No signs of selenium-vitamin E deficiency were noted in either dams or progeny. Serum a- tocoperhol concentration of darns was signifi- cantly reduced with low vitamin E diets and was higher in diets containing lard plus vitamin E than in diets containing corn oil plus vitamin E at 2, 8 and 12 weeks and immediately pre-partum. Concentration of a-tocopherol in colostrum and milk fat was several-fold higher with supplemental dietary vitamin E than with- out and lard tended to promote a higher concentration than corn oil although the differ- ence was not significant. There was a pro- nounced decrease in c~-tocopherol concentra- tion in all diet groups in colostrum compared with milk at 3 weeks lactation. Diet did not affect colostral or milk cholesterol concentra- tion or dam or newborn progeny serum choles- terol levels. Progeny of sows in all diet groups had significantly higher serum 0~-tocopherol concentrations than those of their dams (P
Diets rich in linoleic acid (CO) from corn oil, or in linoleic acid and either alpha-linolenic acid (LO) based on linseed oil or n-3 fatty acids (MO) from menhaden oil were fed to male and female Cynomolgus monkeys for 15 wk. In the liver a 40% reduction of alpha-tocopherol occurred in the MO group relative to the CO and LO groups followed by increased formation of lipofuscin in vivo. A four-fold increase of alpha-tocopherol in the MO diet (MO + E) brought the level in the liver to that found with CO and LO. The increased peroxidation in the MO group in the liver phospholipids was associated with the replacement of 60% of the n-6 fatty acids by n-3 fatty acids from menhaden oil. Similar fatty acid profiles were found in groups fed MO and MO + E, respectively. Compared to the CO fed group, feeding alpha-linolenic acid only resulted in a slight incorporation of n-3 fatty acids in the liver membranes mainly due to a direct incorporation of alpha-linolenic acid. However, in monkeys fed menhaden oil more than 30% of the total fatty acids in the liver phospholipids were n-3 fatty acids. The various diets did not influence the activity of liver catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) nor superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), but glutathione-peroxidase activity (EC 1.11.1.9) was higher in monkeys fed the MO diet. The catalase activity in females was 20% higher than in males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Weanling rats were fed diets containing 10% menhaden oil (MO) or 10% corn oil-lard (1:1, COL) with low (less than or equal to 5 IU/kg) or supplementary (35 IU/kg) vitamin E for six weeks. The rats were killed 30 min after injection with 24 mg iron/kg as ferrous chloride because thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver homogenates were highest at 30 min after injection of iron into rats fed a standard diet. Tissue homogenates were used either without incubation (zero-time) or after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. In addition to TBARS and conjugated dienes, headspace hexanal and total volatiles (TOV) determined by capillary gas chromatography were useful indices of lipid peroxidation since they were decreased by vitamin E supplementation and were increased with increasing iron dose. Regardless of the dietary lipid used, vitamin E supplementation decreased headspace hexanal, TOV, TBARS and conjugated dienes in both zero-time and incubated homogenates of liver and kidney. Dietary MO increased TBARS in both zero-time and incubated homogenates of tissue from rats injected with iron. In contrast, dietary MO decreased hexanal and TOV in incubated tissue homogenates. The study demonstrated the usefulness and limitations of using hexanal and TOV as indices of lipid peroxidation.
Feeding rats with 4 g/kg body weight of sardine oil during 7 or 14 days increases the content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the erythrocyte and hepatic microsomal membranes by 2 to 6%. These membranes show increased susceptibility to the induction of oxidative stress, expressed as lipid peroxidation, when they are exposed to Fe2+-ascorbate and to NADPH-FE3+-ADP, respectively. The results indicate that in order to prevent the increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, supplementation with larger amounts of antioxidants may be needed than those required to stabilize the oil.
Nutritional status of vitamin E was assessed in very low birth weight infants of less than 1,500 g, with respect to changes in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) tocopherol concentrations. The forty infants examined were divided into two groups in terms of their birth weight: group A, less than 1,000 g; and group B, 1,000-1,500 g. Immediately after birth, plasma tocopherol level was 335 +/- 101 micrograms/dl in group A and 316 +/- 103 micrograms/dl in group B, while RBC tocopherol was 187 +/- 48 micrograms/dl and 231 +/- 72 micrograms/dl packed PBCs, in groups A and B, respectively. In two infants, RBC tocopherol concentrations were less than 115 micrograms/dl, this level being reported as the lowest of the normal range. After birth, plasma and RBC tocopherol levels decreased markedly during 4 to 6 weeks of life especially in group A, while no decrease below normal range was documented in RBC levels in group B. A fine granule preparation of tocopheryl nicotinate (20 mg/kg/day) was administered in seven other infants, three in group A and four in group B. All three infants in group A showed no elevation of plasma and RBC tocopherol levels during the first 4 or 5 weeks of the administration, but a marked elevation thereafter. In three of the four infants in group B, an elevation of plasma and RBC tocopherol concentrations was documented after 2 weeks of the administration. The above findings indicate that no deficiency exists even in very low birth weight infants immediately after birth, while the deficiency may develop after birth, due to a poor ability to absorb fat.
A simplified approach involving saponification is described for situations in which this route is favoured over total lipid extraction. Sample preparation is completed in a single test-tube, within 45 min, followed by injection and quantification by either reversed- or normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. α-Tocopherol (or its acetate ester) is recovered adequately (94.8%; coefficient of variation = 3.8%) but other less biologically significant congeners are subject to losses, a feature shared by other reported saponification schemes.
Plasma vitamin E unconjugated bilirubin levels glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities and % hemolysis were studied in infants with neonatal jaundice to find out how vitamin E deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice. Significant decreases in the level of plasma vitamin E and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity with concomitant increase in unconjugated bilirubin level and % hemolysis were observed in these infants. Negative significant correlations were observed between vitamin E and bilirubin and Vitamin E and % hemolysis while positive correlation was observed between vitamin E and G6PD activity among the jaundiced neonates. These results indicate that increased hemolysis and mawrked hyperbilirubinemia observed in neonatal jaundice may be due to Vitamin E deficiency especially in G6PD deficient erythrocytes.
Vitamin E status was assessed in 36 infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm who were assigned randomly to receive one of three sources of nutrition: milk obtained from mothers of preterm infants (preterm milk), mature human milk, or infant formula. Infants in each dietary group were further assigned randomly to receive iron supplementation (2 mg/kg/day) beginning at 2 weeks or to receive no iron supplementation. All infants received a standard multivitamin, providing 4.1 mg alpha-tocopherol daily. Serum vitamin E concentrations at 6 weeks were significantly related both to type of milk (P less than 0.0001) and to iron supplementation (P less than 0.05). Infants fed preterm milk had significantly higher serum vitamin E levels than did infants fed mature human milk, and both groups had significantly higher levels than did those fed formula. Ratios of serum vitamin E/total lipid were also significantly greater for infants fed human milks than for those fed formula. The addition of iron to all three diets resulted in significantly lower serum vitamin E levels at 6 weeks (P less than 0.05); however, only in the group fed formula was there evidence of vitamin E deficiency. Preterm milk with routine multivitamin supplementation uniformly resulted in vitamin E sufficiency in VLBW infants whether or not iron was administered.
Forty-eight intact male pigs were used to investigate the influence of source of protein supplement, corn moisture content, and supplemental vitamin E-selenium survived the cidence of mulberry heart disease, hepatosis dietetica and associated lesions. Pigs fed soybean meal-high moisture corn diets survived fewer days than pigs fed the other diets. None of the pigs fed torula yeast-dry corn or soybean meal-high moisture corn without supplemental vitamin E-selenium survived the 13 week trial. Supplemental vitamin E-selenium increased survival of pigs. A higher incidence of hepatosis dietetica, myocardial degeneration, skeletal muscle degeneration, and exudative diathesis was observed in pigs fed torula yeast-dry corn or soybean meal-high moisture corn than pigs fed soybean meal-dry corn. Supplemental vitamin E-selenium resulted in a reduction in the incidence of the above lesions by approximately 50% with the exception of hepatosis dietetica. Tissue selenium concentration did not appear to be related to the incidence of the various lesions.
Female miniature swine, 4-11 yr, were fed 15% fat diets containing n-3 and/or n-6 polyunsaturated fat for 6 months, at 1.95 g fat/kg body weight. Liver lipids from menhaden oil-fed minipigs were elevated in the n-3 fatty acids: 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6, but heart lipids only in 20:5 and 22:6. Liver cell plasma membrane was elevated in 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6 and lowered in the n-6 acids 18:2 and 20:4 in menhaden oil-fed animals, to a greater extent than in the total tissue lipids. Liver alpha-tocopherol tended to decrease upon feeding menhaden oil, but heart alpha-tocopherol concentrations were not affected.
Vitamin E content in colostrum and sow's milk and sow milk yield at two levels of dietary fats
- Nielsen
Retrolental fibroplasia: efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants
- Hitner