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Political Ideologies: An Introduction
... Furthermore, they showed that this diversity has been affected by the ideological orientation of PB initiators: European left-wing parties in government were more intricately linked to the initiation of institutional designs placing greater emphasis on deliberation and political impact (the 'participatory democracy' model) than other political families. Despite the traditional association between left-wing parties and advocacy for a greater connection of political decision-making with the voices of citizens (Heywood, 2012), its influence on the features of democratic innovations which are put in place in reality has only been studied in detail for the case of the PB. We may wonder whether this is a particularity of the 'PB wave' or whether we can find something similar in the 'deliberative wave'; this is a relevant question, whose answer can offer valuable insights into the development of the 'deliberative wave' and its interaction with the actors of representative democracy. ...
... Ideology is a central element of political actors' stances on political issues, outlining different conceptions of the democratic process (Klingemann et al., 2006;Heywood, 2012; see also Becerril and Font in this volume). This is apparent in how political parties conceive citizen participation in public decision-making. ...
... Among these, we can highlight: who is present in decision-making and whose voices are heard (inclusiveness); the degree of citizen influence on policy-making (popular control); the quality of the deliberative process leading to decision-making and its impact on the democratic skills of participants (considered judgment); the clarity of the democratic decision-making process (transparency); citizens' satisfaction with, and legitimisation of, policies (legitimacy); and the efficiency of the democratic process itself (efficiency) (Fung, 2003;Smith, 2009;Warren, 2009;Geissel, 2012). Parties with different ideological orientations -and thus different values and conceptions of democracy (Heywood, 2012) -place different relative emphases on these elements when talking about citizen participation; indeed, the analyses of party discourses and manifestos reveal how different party families embody different conceptions of what participation is and its democratic purposes (e.g., Kittilson and Scarrow, 2003;Verge, 2007;Allen and Mirwaldt, 2010). ...
The rapid expansion and diversification of deliberative mini-publics around the globe – especially in Western countries – has been accompanied by extensive normative and empirical scholarship on their potentials and limitations. However, the role played in this process by its initiators, normally the public authorities, has largely been overlooked. This chapter aims to examine the interplay between governing parties’ ideology and the diversity of design features of the mini-publics put in place. The main argument is that ideologically different parties, following different conceptions or ‘frameworks’ of the purpose of citizen participation, will initiate deliberative procedures with distinctive design features and democratic capacities. In building this argument, we rely on the literature on what political parties say about participation, as well as on the example of what happened in the European ‘PB wave’. Given that there is almost no previous literature on the subject of deliberative mini-publics, this chapter draws on the OECD ‘DelibWave’ dataset to provide the first descriptive insights based on the experiences initiated in three European countries. Overall, when compared to other political families, left-wing parties have been more associated with mini-publics designed to foster high-quality deliberation and better-quality outcomes.
... Through this investigation, we attempt to make three contributions. First, this study adds a qualitative inquiry to the existing empirical literature which often oversimplifies the gender-CSR relationship by reducing it to linear statistical associations between variables like the presence of female board members and CSR scores (Ginglinger & Raskopf, 2023;Liao et al., 2015) The qualitative exploration responds to the increasing calls for more engaged, dialogic and change-oriented accounting research committed to shed light on enablers and constraints, and recognise contentious, non-linear and sometimes messy relationships in social and organisational changes (Bebbington et al., 2007;Brown & Fraser, 2006;Rao & Tilt, 2016, 2021. Through active engagement and dialogue with female leaders, this study provides much needed understanding of the underlying issues, rationales, challenges and barriers in the gender-CSR relationship research. ...
... To catch up with developed countries, China has constantly increased its female managerial talent pool and obtained a larger scale of such pool in recent years to promote gender equity in business, making its women representation level close to many developed countries (Grosvold et al., 2016;World Bank, 2019). However, in unitary states like China, where power structure is characterised by central dominance, authority and patriarchy, the societal settings, historically and culturally, present many significant hierarchical features, such as large power distance between leaders/elders and subordinates/juniors and dominance of males in political and economic power (Heywood, 2021). The imbalanced power dynamics inherent to such a hegemonic regime may exert a strong influence on economic activities and corporate behaviour, including board discussion and decisions. ...
... As discussed, one of the defining features in Chinese society is the authoritarian system, within which centralised authority, with strong emphasis on hierarchical structures and centralised control, shapes all societal settings. This structure creates a significant power distance between leaders and subordinates, granting the individual at the pinnacle of the hierarchy (whether organisational or socio-political) nearly absolute authority to influence decisions, in contrast to those positioned lower in the hierarchy (Heywood, 2021;Li & Belal, 2018;Qian et al., 2024). This deeply entrenched cultural practice results in CSR decisions primarily depending on the attitude, values, and passion of a single individual at the top, such as the chairman (Qian & Chen, 2021), irrespective of the influence or perspectives of other board members. ...
Previous research predominantly used quantitative data to examine the relationship between female representation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Little is known as to how female leaders drive CSR changes in practice. This study explores the complexities and paradoxes of gender roles in CSR engagement based on 20 in‐depth interviews with female leaders. We find that although gender traits from social roles are relevant, women leaders face considerable challenges in navigating the power dynamics prevalent in boardrooms when driving CSR initiatives. The pronounced power imbalance compels them to reframe CSR within the dominant board discourse and mobilise rhetorical and narrative strategies to acquire authority and alter power dynamics within board CSR decisions.
... Even sometimes, we may commit mistakes in the interpretation and use of these terms. This is particularly so as political ideology is a highly slippery and contested political concept (Vincent, 2010;Heywood, 2019Heywood, , 2003Heywood, , and 2019MacKenzie, 2003;Eatwell, 1993). French philosopher Antoine Distutt de Tracy first coined the term "ideology" in 1796. ...
... Even sometimes, we may commit mistakes in the interpretation and use of these terms. This is particularly so as political ideology is a highly slippery and contested political concept (Vincent, 2010;Heywood, 2019Heywood, , 2003Heywood, , and 2019MacKenzie, 2003;Eatwell, 1993). French philosopher Antoine Distutt de Tracy first coined the term "ideology" in 1796. ...
... For de Tracy, it referred to a new" 'science of ideas," literally an "ideology." His aim was a scientific study of ideas (Heywood, 2021(Heywood, , 2019(Heywood, & 2003Vincent, 2010), whose aim is "to establish a solid and unquestionable method by which correct ideas could be scientifically identified to foster the use of reason in the governance of human affairs for the betterment of society as a whole" (MacKenzie, 2003: 3). ...
Medemer, both as a book and as an idea, is trapped between two extremes: admiration and rejection. Writers from both ends offer their thoughts, criticisms, and reviews of Medemer. The aim of this article is to analyze Medemer from an ideological perspective. Raising some political and policy questions about Medemer’s application is also the aim of this article. This article used a qualitative research approach and comparative and critical research methods. Secondary sources of data were used to compare Medemer with various political ideologies. Ideologically, Medemer meets the three criteria (critics of the present order, vision of the future society, and theory of change). Medemer is a “blended ideology” that combines concepts, principles, and ideas from liberalism, socialism, conservatism, and fascism. Furthermore, Medemer ideology attempted to combine concepts from opposing political ideologies and proposed it as a solution to Ethiopia’s complex sociopolitical and economic problems. Despite the government’s claim that Medemer is Ethiopia’s redeemer, several political questions remain unanswered given the country’s current situation. Therefore, the country’s complicated sociopolitical and economic problems under the regime of the Prosperity Party challenged the applicability of Medemer. Is Medemer thus the sole (or perhaps the only) instrument, policy framework, ideology, and mechanism for resolving Ethiopia’s multiple, dynamic, and complex socio-political problems? These remain a point of contention among academics and politicians.
... Respecto al tercer bloque, este es considerado el más complejo de abordar en tanto las cuestiones ideológicas pueden parecer volátiles y con límites difusos entre ellas. No obstante, el análisis de las respuestas de este bloque ha seguido los ideologemas (marcas nucleares de una ideología) del feminismo (Heywood, 2017;Balanguer, 2019;Donstrup y Rebollo-Bueno, 2023). Estas son: lo personal es político, patriarcado, sexo y género, sororidad e igualdad y diferencia. ...
... Si se atienden a los ideologemas (marcas nucleares de una ideología) del feminismo, de la discusión creada se concluye que se trata de una asociación feminista, así como de una perspectiva feminista de sus acciones. Estos ideologemas -siguiendo a autores como Heywood (2017), Balanguer (2019), Autor/a o Autor/a-son: lo personal es político, patriarcado, sexo y género, sororidad e igualdad y diferencia. Si bien es cierto que dentro de la ideología feminista existen diferencias (e.g., feminismo liberal, feminismo radical, ecofeminismo, etc.), estas son las marcas nucleares comunes de todas diversificaciones. ...
Sara Ahmed aborda la construcción de colectivos a través de la circulación de afectos. Conociendo esto, y ante la gentrificación que acecha a diferentes regiones, el discurso que emana del localismo y, más aún, de los barrios podría considerarse contrahegemónico. Al fin y al cabo, se trata de una realidad que afecta a la identidad de las personas que habitan los espacios y, a su vez, a la concepción que estos tienen sobre el mundo y el trabajo, sobre todo, el manual, el artesano. Por ello, el presente texto tiene como objetivo principal analizar ideológicamente el discurso que tiene la asociación de artesanas del barrio de San Julián de Sevilla; una asociación de mujeres que abanderan los ruidos del barrio y defienden la identidad de su gente, a pesar de la gentrificación que vive su espacio. Para ello, se realizó un focus group con las artesanas de Recoveco Market que se encargan de la comunicación de la asociación. Gracias a esto, se ha determinado cuestiones como la circulación de afectos entre ellas y para con el barrio en el que habitan, así como la concepción que tienen del feminismo y de cómo esto intercede en su realidad común.
... Since political economy is not a new field, and since the political and the economic are closely related, it is a field that is multidisciplinary and difficult to define. While there are many philosophies, philosophers, and theories in political economy (e.g., Freeden et al., 2015;Heywood, 2022;Kymlicka, 2001;O'Neil, 2012;Sargent, 1996;Schwarzmantel, 2008), there are a few schools of thought that are practically applied and have a directly perceptible impact on the regulation of hospitality industry economies and the ways that ATs are regulated in those economies. ...
... Some of the ideologies outlined include populism, ecologism, conservatism, fascism, and fundamentalism, but there are ideologies that are more commonplace and influential on policies. Heywood (2022) lists the major philosophies as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, nationalism, fascism, populism, feminism, ecologism, multiculturalism, and fundamentalism. Freeden et al. (2015) have a similar list and include some regional ideologies, including Modern African, Latin American, and Islamic ideologies. ...
This conceptual paper examines the interplay between Porter’s Diamond, the role of government, and varying political ideologies on automated technology regulation in the global hospitality industry. The way in which these factors influence a global organization’s ability to achieve competitive advantage through the use of technology are examined. Specifically, mercantilist, liberal, social democratic, and communist ideologies are explored in relation to how they support or dissuade regulation, and their respective and collective impacts on competition. Additionally, the sources of government regulation, including global, bloc, country-level, and sub-country levels are discussed in relation to automated technology regulations. Ultimately, this study offers suggestions for competition as a result of existing and potential automated technology regulations for the hospitality industry, and suggests areas of study and questions for further consideration.
... Similarly, a politician's ideology can also be estimated from salient themes and assumptions about the political world they exhibit in their discourse or from their issue positions. They are often categorized into major ideological families such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, nationalism, fascism, populism, feminism, and ecologism (Heywood 2021). ...
... Source: Compiled by the author. Note: Core normative values of ideologies adopted fromHeywood (2021); for regionalism, adopted fromHeinisch et al. (2019). ...
The ideological conflicts of Japan's subnational politics have tended to be interpreted as either being largely muted or contained within national dimensions. Following two decades of substantial decentralization and growing local autonomy, however, a diversity of new ideological responses to local issues have appeared. These include neo-liberal parties and executives in wealthier regions such as Tokyo and Osaka or a rising regionalist identity politics such as that found in Okinawa. Nativist right and populist left along with single-issue parties are also now fielding candidates for subnational elections. Despite this increasingly crowded field, there is still no systematic understanding of the divergent ideological worldviews and dimensions of conflict operating at the subnational level. Nor do we know how these worldviews “deviate” from the traditional “norm” of a progressive vs. conservative conflict dimension assumed to characterize Japanese subnational politics. This paper begins to fill this gap by investigating the campaign discourse of gubernatorial candidates both before and after the pandemic outbreak. We find that the language, and underlying ideological orientation, of these candidates can be separated into four clusters: “mainstream”, “old left”, “neo-liberal”, and “fringe”. In addition, “regionalist” and “new left” populism can also be identified in select elections.
... Parties use political platforms as the basis for their ideologies in an effort to obtain victory in elections and establish their rules around certain standards, convictions, and policies. Social and historical contexts have a significant impact on ideologies, influencing political parties' programmes and goals (Heywood, 2012). The absence of ideology leads to a party platform in PNG that lacks ideas, values and direction. ...
In Papua New Guinea (PNG), unofficial ideologies have a significant effect on individuals' core beliefs. The traditional beliefs of bigmanism, kaikaimanism, wantokism, and other associated beliefs in PNG have an impact on these well-informed ideas. This article aims to analyse and examine the ramifications of PNG's absence of a clear political ideology. This will provide a more detailed explanation of how the absence of political ideas in PNG allowed for the emergence of cultural ideologies such as the wantok system, kaikai man, big man culture, regionalism, nepotism, tribalism, and cola moni as a form of governance, thereby replacing the requirement for traditional political ideologies. These ideas are partially undermining the political system in PNG. The main contribution of this research is to raise awareness of the impact that cultural ideology in PNG has on the country. This perspective is crucial for comprehending the principles and beliefs of PNG. The research proposes that although PNG may appear to be impartial with regard to ideology, it is in fact profoundly influenced by a variety of formal and informal beliefs.
... The role political parties play in the expansion of DMPs is crucial to understand whether the ' deliberative wave' is the product of a particular ideological orientation. Political parties with distinct ideological affiliationsand consequently different values and interpretations of democracy (Heywood 2012) -represent different understandings of what citizen participation is, its democratic purposes and its centrality to the functioning of representative democracy (e.g., Kittilson & Scarrow 2003;Verge 2007). Left-wing parties have traditionally been associated with advocating a greater connection of political decision-making with the citizenry (Fung & Wright 2001), an idea that is reinforced by evidence that leftist politicians have a more favourable attitude towards deliberative procedures than right-wing ones (e.g., Jacquet et al. 2022;Junius et al. 2020;Rangoni et al. 2021). ...
The increasing implementation of deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) such as Citizens’ Assemblies and Citizens’ Juries led the OECD to identify a ‘deliberative wave’. The burgeoning scholarship on DMPs has increased understanding of how they operate and their impact, but less attention has been paid to the drivers behind this diffusion. Existing research on democratic innovations has underlined the role of the governing party’s ideology as a relevant variable in the study of the adoption of other procedures such as participatory budgeting, placing left-wing parties as a prominent actor in this process. Unlike this previous literature, we have little understanding of whether mini-publics appeal equally across the ideological spectrum. This paper draws on the large-N OECD database to analyse the impact of governing party affiliation on the commissioning of DMPs in Europe across the last four decades. Our analysis finds the ideological pattern of adoption is less clear cut compared to other democratic innovations such as participatory budgeting. But stronger ideological differentiation emerges when we pay close attention to the design features of DMPs implemented.
... While some authors consider ideology «a general phenomenon» that characterize «the totality of a particular society and political system» (Blommaert, 2005: 158), others believe in plural ideologies. Typically defined as «-ism» (Heywood, 2007;Galli, 2022), ideologies present the world in a certain way and are often linked to groups. Philosophical reflection shows the mind cannot directly perceive reality, which is shaped by thought and society. ...
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... "Political Ideologies: An Introduction" (1992) 1 , reconhece que os temas indivíduo, liberdade, razão, justiça e tolerância sempre foram as tônicas da ideologia liberalista, mesmo que tais assuntos já tenham sido debatidos por pensadores desde priscas eras, remontando inclusive a Antiguidade Clássica (Heywood, 2012). Pondera Heywood que, inobstante o léxico "liberal" como substância venha a indicar uma perspectiva de ideologia política própria e tenha surgido na Europa do séc. ...
Esta pesquisa possui como objeto investigar a interação trazida na linguagem ideológica liberal clássica das obras Two Treatises Government (1689) de John Locke e De L'esprit des Lois (1748) de Barão de Montesquieu, encaradas como construção epistemológica essencial para a ciência política e teoria geral do Estado, tendo fim inferir para conhecer pontos de ressonância e dissonância quanto a percepção liberal acerca da divisão horizontal do poder político. Empregou-se o raciocínio dialético, com acesso a pesquisa bibliográfica, partindo (tese) das contribuições das obras Two Treatises Government e De L'esprit des Lois, segundo suas definições acerca do estado de natureza, leis, direito natural, liberdades políticas, sociedade civil, formas de governo, Governo Civil, pacto social e limitação do poder estatal, para num segundo momento (antítese) em nível mediador, emergir aspectos de convergência e divergência extraídos das obras objeto de exame, para alcançar em grau de síntese a estabilidade conciliadora acerca da separação dos poderes, como técnica eficaz para limitação do poder político.
... We focus predominantly on the three most alarming political issues -partisan alignment, gun control, and abortion ban -where longstanding concerns about opinion polarization have persisted for decades [33,36,39]. We measure the agents' opinions on various political issues across the left-right political spectrum [44][45][46]. For each issue, thousands of LLM agents freely exchange opinions and develop social relationships within the networked system. ...
Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have empowered autonomous agents to establish social relationships, communicate, and form shared and diverging opinions on political issues. Our understanding of their collective behaviours and underlying mechanisms remains incomplete, however, posing unexpected risks to human society. In this paper, we simulate a networked system involving thousands of large language model agents, discovering their social interactions, guided through LLM conversation, result in human-like polarization. We discover that these agents spontaneously develop their own social network with human-like properties, including homophilic clustering, but also shape their collective opinions through mechanisms observed in the real world, including the echo chamber effect. Similarities between humans and LLM agents -- encompassing behaviours, mechanisms, and emergent phenomena -- raise concerns about their capacity to amplify societal polarization, but also hold the potential to serve as a valuable testbed for identifying plausible strategies to mitigate polarization and its consequences.
... In terms of the former, equality feminism advocates for women's inclusion in the public sphere, while difference feminism recognizes the difference and structures respecting women's characteristics. Liberal, Marxist, and socialist feminism stresses equality in the public sphere (Heywood, 2017), as well as a group within radical feminism, which includes Shulamith Firestone, supports equality in the private sphere (e.g., family, care, reproductive rights…) and accuses the difference of discriminating against women. However, the difference is viewed favourably by other strands, such as Young's unifying socialist feminist theory, radical feminism in general, and postmodern, postcolonial, black, or psychoanalytic feminisms. ...
Political regimes are founded on unequal power relations that shape experiences of citizenship. Drawing upon this claim, we focus on gender relations and analyze the structures and institutions that make up the Turkish political regime, or, to put it in another way, its gender regime. This is a post-positivist feminist-inspired study whose main research question is “How do women interpret the political regime in Turkey from a gender perspective?”. The aims are to interpret whether and how the state under Tayyip Erdoğan’s rule proposes an ideal type based on a national-religious structure; to perceive the relationship between women (citizens) and the political regime (state); and to comprehend the conditions surrounding policy, economy, violence, and civil society. The first chapters introduce the theoretical-conceptual frameworks, which are followed by the topic of study. Then, we conducted a grounded theory study, which is followed by an analytical chapter examining each of the institutional domains of the gender regime. We argue that there is a correlation between opposing gender equality and the nature of the political regime. Afterwards, we contend that this political regime, referred to as ‘New Turkey’, sponsors religious actions and institutionalizes non-equal familialist norms. Thirdly, we assert that this has implications for care policies and is consistent with the ruling party’s economic policy. We aim to produce a discussion of gender and policymaking in Turkey; to contribute to theoretical and methodological fields through the development of specific knowledge on gender and politics and the coverage of a broader insight into political science; and to produce new avenues of research on current Turkish politics: the AKP-era changed the republican paradigm, redefined the role of traditional divisions in Turkey, and the party arose as an anti-gender and familialist authoritarian force on the grounds of a national-religious structure too complex to be limited to conventional cleavages. We discuss this ‘New Turkey’ while proposing a strategy for promoting gender equality in Turkey based on the “theoretical model for the situation and prospects of the gender regime in Turkey”.
... Almanya'da kurulan Yeşiller Partisi'nin diğer ülkelerde kurulan yeşil partilere nazaran daha çok etki bırakmasında, Almanya'nın sanayi sektöründe dünyanın diğer ülkelerine oranla daha ileri bir seviyede olması önemli rol oynamıştır. Almanya'daki Yeşiller Partisi, çevrenin korunmasına dayalı düşüncelerin öne çıkarılması ve çevrenin insanoğlu için en önemli kaynak olarak, korunması yönündeki düşünceler etrafında şekillenmiştir (Heywood, 2003). ...
... Subsequent generations of Marxists displayed a more profound interest in arriving at the correct definition of 'Ideology' than did Marx himself [1][2][3][4][5]. Such a profound interest developed among the later Marxists because of the fact that Marx's pragmatic assumption of the disintegration of the capitalist society proved to highly feasible, inspiring later Marxists to perceive ideology as one of the primordial factors behind the dogmatic resilience of the capitalist society's liberal political thought. ...
This paper discusses the evolutionary journey of the term 'Political Ideology' whereby highlighting the paradigms through which the ideology debate had to evolve. It analyses the lifecycle of the term and concept of 'Ideology', and how ideological hegemony has been restructured and portrayed by various schools of politics giving birth to both pragmatic and utopian debates. The paper highlights the importance of pursuing a newly innovated politics of ideological collaboration rather than the old and limited one of ideological confrontation. It raises questions about how and to what degree should scientific determinism be allowed to impact the concept of 'Ideology'. Although the author highlights the importance of neutralizing the term in a radically polarized world, she adds that the process of neutralization should never eradicate the scientific temper one attaches to the concept, as the unscientific war against radical polarization can only be won by sharpening the scientific temper of the underrepresented and the exploited. It is important to differentiate between 'Ideology' and 'belief system', 'Ideology' and 'Utopia', 'Ideology' and 'Weltanschauung' or 'world view'. Moreover, the paper also discusses why innovative measures should be adopted by political parties and governments to preserve the uniqueness of the concept of 'Ideology'.
... Например, Е. Шеферд исследует институт английского города, а также взаимосвязь его трансформации с доминирующими политическими идеологиями в английском обществе (Shepherd, 2020). Кроме того, на основании работы Э. Хейвуда (Heywood, 2021) автором делается вывод о том, что существует отличие в исследовании «идеологии» и «идеологий». Исследовать «идеологию» означает «рассмотреть определенный тип политической мысли», в то время как исследовать «идеологии» -это «заниматься анализом содержания политических мыслей» (Shepherd, 2020: 29;Heywood, 2021: 2). ...
The article analyzes modern Russian and foreign literature devoted to studying ideology in economics. In contemporary Russian scientific economic discourse, a significant variety of values and ideological attitudes determine the vision of economic processes, which ultimately affects the basic theoretical foundations and subject area of study and can also influence normative judgments and research in economic policy. Moreover, analysis, apologetics, and criticism of ideology in economic science have a deeply rooted scientific tradition. The article develops D. North's approach to studying ideologies as mental models. Based on a systematic review of scientific papers from eLIBRARY.RU, ScienceDirect, Lens. org and Google Scholar databases analyzed in this article, the authors have come to the following conclusions: firstly, the approach defining ideologies as general mental models is rooted in economic science; secondly, the presence of ideology in economics is often underestimated; and, thirdly, the dualistic approach to the study of ideologies is widely represented. According to the authors, this dualistic approach should be transformed into a multiple one to studying ideologies in economic science, which includes a comparison of five economic ideologies: neoliberalism, socialism, dirigisme, special path, and environmentalism. On the one hand, this typology of ideologies is not political and is directly related to economic science and the corresponding theoretical narratives (proto models). On the other hand, it will avoid emphasizing the antagonism between ideologies.
... Members of both society and government have a role in encouraging these traditional values. Examples of social conservatism are marriage, the family as a foundational unit, child adoption, same-gender relationships, prohibition of drug use, and so on (Heywood, 2017). Culturally, conservatism supports keeping the heritage of one nation or of a shared culture that is not defined by national boundaries. ...
The main point of this study is to examine the ideology of conservatism in the selected British novels The Blessing by Nancy Mitford and White Teeth by Zadie Smith through the application of a critical sociolinguistic model. These two novels were chosen for having conservatism as the main theme. In this study, conservatism was analyzed according to four phases: the first phase (initiation) shows context and conservatism types. The second phase (description) highlights the text analysis, which involves analyzing vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and text structure. The third phase represents social analysis, which involves some social factors like age, gender, status, and style. The last phase is evaluation, in which ideology is evaluated according to some selected functions. In both novels, it seems that cultural conservatism is the most commonly used type. Further, it is shown that conservatives tend to use simple words that are easily understood by others. Additionally, declaratives, second and third person pronouns, and modality of necessity and probability are the most followed grammatical categories by conservatives. In relation to social analysis, it is proven that old people are more conservative than young ones, women are more conservative than men, uneducated people are more conservative than educated ones, and informal style is more used than formal style. With regard to evaluating conservatism, it seems that explaining, evaluating, orienting, and prescribing functions are all used in both novels.
... In political science and international relations studies, fundamentalism speaks to dogmatism, inflexibility, authoritarianism, and violence, which are commonly associated with pervasive and conforming ideologies (Heywood, 2021). A common thread in the fundamentalist discourse is its rejection of modernity, rationalism, and secularism, with fundamentalists regarding themselves as conservatives or traditionalists. ...
This article reexamines literature on the Lancaster House negotiations that led to the nation-state of Zimbabwe in 1980. To achieve this, the article reads against the grain the motivations and dynamics of the British's foreign policy within the milieu of fundamentalism theory. Fundamentalism depicts political ideologies that are self-serving and rigid. A key variable of fundamentalism is its exclusive approach that disavows any other alternatives. Consequently, this article aims to unpack the multifaceted dimensions of the British preeminence during the Lancaster House, precipitated by Cold War politics. Employing a qualitative literature review methodology, this article's findings are that a shared 296 approach to studying revolutionary politics in Southern Africa is to locate these within the milieu of regional camaraderie, which finds currency in a transnational history of a fight against colonialism. As a result, hegemonic literature has been promoted to portray the heroic role of African diplomacy (Mozambique and Zambia) in Zimbabwe's struggle for independence. This article's findings dismiss these representations as imprecise, arguing that Mozambique and Zambia's approaches to the Lancaster House negotiations were not altruistic. Mozambique and Zambia were motivated by the limits of African diplomacy, the waning relevance of the Soviet Union, and internal political and socioeconomic considerations in their respective countries.
... Argumentation can take a normative form, in which values and social identity may be the sources of reasoning. Sometimes 'ideology' -as a system of ideas and a policy paradigm, forming political understanding, encompassing positions, belief systems, worldviews, and assumptions -can be the foundation of discursive argumentation (Heywood 2017). ...
This article presents the findings of an in-depth analysis of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s position and argumentation regarding the European Union (EU). The study explores the ideational sources (cognitive and normative) and interactive functions (communicative and coordinative) of his foreign policy discourse. We argue that Erdogan instrumentalises and politicises foreign policy discourse for the coordinative function of political mobilisation. First, Erdogan’s dual approach is shaped by his leadership roles (president versus party chairperson), his target audience (national versus international), and timing (election versus non-election periods), with Euroscepticism and antagonistic argumentation featuring prominently in his discourse. Second, as party chairperson, Erdogan employs nationalist chauvinism, a normative source shared by relevant institutional actors, to fulfil a coordinative function. Third, cognitive dissonance stemming from his positional dichotomy, alongside misrepresenting actors and processes, allows him a blame strategy, framed by accusations of 1) double standards, 2) the EU’s miscalculation, 3) pacta sunt servanda, and 4) the actions of ‘certain’ member states.
... All humans are essentially political theorists; whether they are aware of it or not, people constantly rely on political concepts and ideas to articulate their opinions and navigate through social interactions. Every time a person discusses fairness, justice, power, authority, or rights, they engage in fundamental political theories that have shaped human thought for centuries 11 . These concepts influence the way we perceive the world, form judgments and make decisions about the society in which we live 12 . ...
This volume brings together two pivotal research papers that delve into distinct, yet interconnected themes: The Concept and the Meaning of I(i)nternational R(r)elations and The Concept, the Meaning, and the Phenomenon New World Order. These research papers, unified in one volume, share a common method of inquiry, drawing more inspiration from Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus than from Thomas Hobbes’s Elements of Natural and Political Law. The rigorous clarity, precision, and structured thought processes employed in both papers offer the ideal lens for examining complex and multidimensional concepts. Through an atomistic approach, we can dissect the meanings of terms and their interrelations to uncover deeper insights into these well-known ideas.
A special chapter, ‘What is ‘Phenomenon’?’, exclusive to The Concept, the Meaning, and the Phenomenon New World Order, appears separately, offering further depth into this particular theme. The volume also concludes with a comparative chapter on the differences and similarities between I(i)nternational R(r)elations and New World Order.
This volume not only achieves its objectives of providing fresh perspectives on I(i)nternational R(r)elations and the New World Order, but also completes a research journey that began in 2009 during my university studies. I am thrilled to present these ideas in a cohesive, thoughtful form, the culmination of years of passion and dedication.
I trust that this volume will be valuable to both those embarking on their research in International Relations and seasoned scholars. I believe these research papers have the potential to inspire new ways of understanding the world and its evolving dynamics.
... However, the arrival of the digital era has made traditional art face a new test. The wide application of digital media has changed people's perception of calligraphy, and traditional forms of calligraphy need to be innovated and evolved under the influence of digital technology [6]. At the same time, students' aesthetic interests are increasingly diversified, and traditional teaching methods are difficult to meet their needs. ...
The excellent culture embedded in the art of calligraphy provides new teaching content for the design and realization of the educational objectives of the Civic and Political Science Program in colleges and universities and facilitates the formation of a new teaching mode. This paper combines the network calligraphy art resources, highlights the calligraphy interaction of the Civics course with the help of projection interaction settings, and proposes a new teaching mode of calligraphy art + Civics course in colleges and universities. It also proposes a full convolutional network algorithm based on an attention gate to deal with the task of binning calligraphic document images and extracting calligraphic resources. Combined with the design principles of interactive digital displays, the teaching concept and teaching design of the calligraphy art college Civics and Politics course are analyzed. Based on the results of convolutional neural network processing of calligraphy text image binarization and the recognition of calligraphy handwriting by convolutional neural network algorithm based on the Attention mechanism coding and decoding model, realize the practice of the new teaching mode of interactive calligraphy art + Civics and Politics course, and compare it with the traditional fusion method, and get the mean and standard deviation of the course grades of the traditional group and the interactive group as 36.12± respectively 6.35 points, 45.68 ± 4.73 points. The samples of different groups show significance (p<0.05) for all of participation, ability, challenge, and interest, which means that the mean value of the interactive group is higher than that of the traditional group in the four dimensions of participation, ability, challenge and interest in learning, which proves the feasibility of the teaching mode of the projected interactive calligraphy art resources + Civic and Political Science course proposed in this paper.
... The university stage is an important period in which a person's outlook on life, worldview, and values gradually matures, and counselors, as an important subject of ideological education in universities, can be said to have a direct impact on the formation and development of students' outlook on life, worldview and values [15]. Literature [16] outlines the best principles and resource criteria for counseling interactions for practitioners with master's degrees or higher, providing effective counseling and supervision for master's and doctoral scholarship. ...
With the continuous development of the information society, the information flow model makes the counselor able to transfer some civic and political knowledge to the students more quickly, while the students can get the latest information more feverishly. This paper, recognizing the impact of information flow on civics education in colleges and universities, introduces an enhanced information flow model. It specifically builds an information flow and optimization model using network information technology and information analysis. The article employs an open Civics class at a university as an empirical research object, delving into the proposed information flow model to examine the real impact of Civics teaching on teacher-student interaction. The analysis of students’ learning of the six Civics objectives reveals an improvement in their overall literacy, as evidenced by the quantitative scores of the pre-test and post-test, which are 3.051 and 3.999, respectively, with a 0.948 difference in value pursuit. The analysis of classroom organizational differences reveals that the experimental group has a behavior management score of M = 5.62, while the control group has a score of M = 4.73. This indicates that the teachers of civics courses in the experimental group are capable of providing clear and forward-looking instruction in behavior management, ensuring that students’ behavior management is in place.
... Another central feature of capitalism that Marxists criticise is alienation. It has four uses, each involving a different way in which the worker is estranged from essential parts of his or her identity: self, work, product, and colleagues (Heywood, 2012). Workers, according to Marx, become estranged from the goods they create under capitalism because they are not paid for their labour and cannot decide what goes into production. ...
The present paper deals with one of the top three most notable tragedies in American history is considered to be “Death of a Salesman”. It premiered in 1949, vividly demonstrating an instinctive insight into society. Arthur Miller, the playwright, emphasized that the play should reflect not just the psychological and subjective world of the characters but also the actual, complex social reality. It has effectively captured the pathos of a typical American salesman. The study aim to shed light on Loman's private drama by examining it through the lens of societal issues, thereby illuminating the play's economic context and inner history. This method is timely because it addresses the central contradictions and inequalities that sustain and deepen under capitalism. The study seeks to enrich our understanding of the dangerous impact of the capitalist system on the working class and how it affects them and makes them alienated. This study depends on the original play script rather than others' ideas and recognizes the fusion of Marxism's effect on the play through closely reading the text. The findings that reached after studying Miller’s play is that the materialistic world can be seen as the dominating one and its negative impact mentally and physically on the Lomans.
... Conservatism: conservatism blends support for free-market principles with an emphasis on traditional values and institutions. Conservative economic policies typically advocate for fiscal responsibility, balanced budgets, and reduced public spending, while maintaining certain regulatory measures to ensure social stability and order (Heywood, 2017). ...
Background: political ideologies, such as neoliberal and socialist perspectives, significantly influence the formulation and implementation of education policies, impacting factors such as resource allocation, curriculum design, and access to education. Objective: to determine the correlation between political ideologies and educational psychology in fostering economic growth and sustainable development in Nigeria. Method: the study adopted a structured methodology for an opinion paper which ensured that opinions were presented clearly and persuasively following these steps: introduction, conceptual clarification, review of related literature, conclusion, recommendation, references. Result: the study uncovered that political ideologies and educational psychology play crucial roles in fostering economic growth and sustainable development in Nigeria. Conclusion: there are promising opportunities such as technological advancements, data-driven insights, the growing focus on socio-emotional learning, and global collaboration, leveraging these opportunities, educational psychology can foster a more inclusive and effective educational environment. Unique Contribution: the study provides a nuanced understanding of how various political ideologies influence educational policies and their subsequent impact on economic growth. Key Recommendation: policymakers, educators, and researchers should prioritize the integration of their fields to foster sustainable national development. This collaboration will lead to more informed and effective policies, ensuring benefits for both current and future generations.
... This sense supports the role of beliefs, values and ways of life in establishing a sense of self-worth for individuals and groups alike. (Heywood, 2003) However, concerning the culture in cultural diversity, describing a national culture does not mean that everyone in that culture will display the same cultural traits. On the other hand, some researches did not show cultural differences between groups within a country, for example, regional differences, and differences in terms of social background, age, occupation or religion. ...
Culture encompasses values, beliefs, norms, symbols, and ideologies that shape individuals' lives and serve as a societal "map." Cultural diversity arises from varying geographical origins, resulting in diverse practices and norms within communities. In such diverse societies, conflicts and tensions often arise from differing traditions and norms, particularly in multiethnic contexts. Intercultural communication plays a crucial role in negotiating cultural differences and bridging gaps for conflict resolution and peacebuilding. Myanmar, with its numerous ethnic and subethnic groups, has faced persistent ethnic conflicts since gaining independence in 1948. However, the importance of intercultural communication has been overlooked in Myanmar's multicultural society, despite ongoing efforts by the government. This study highlights the significance of intercultural communication in Myanmar's peacebuilding process, considering its cultural diversity and multiculturism. In-depth interviews with stakeholders, journalists, peace activists, and representatives from ethnic armed organizations, along with secondary data from government sources and newspapers, shed light on intercultural communication practices in Myanmar's peace process. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the need to educate all stakeholders involved in the peace process about intercultural communication and multiculturalism, as they are driving forces for effective conflict resolution, lasting peace, and sustainable development in Myanmar's multiethnic society.
... They describe the fundamental principles of how economic, political, and social orders should be established (Enteman 1993). Although 'ideology is the most elusive concept in the social science' (McLellan 1995: viii), different ideologies provide unique lenses to understand and shape society (Freeden 1996;Heywood 2017). Ideology is a particularly useful concept in examining power structures and the concealed 'interests of those who profit from the prevalent material practices' (Delmestri 2009, 100). ...
... The material advantages of men over women create constraints on the roles and activities of women. The fundamental social institutions i.e. the family, economy and politics perpetuate patriarchy and control the productive and reproductive resources (Millet, 1970), and consider women biology or anatomy central to their subjugation in society (Heywood, 2003). The gender roles determine the place and social importance of masculinity and femininity in society and such stereotypical gender roles and made it impossible for them to come out of the cultural fetters and access economic opportunities. ...
Economic empowerment plays a significant role in the life and decision making process of women in societies around the world. Financial autonomy enables women to influence a range of decision including regarding their reproduction choices. This study was based on quantitative research design to investigate the role of financial autonomy woman in their contraceptive use and birth spacing in their children. The study was conducted in three tehsils of District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. A sample of 413 married women was selected through multi-stage random sampling technique. Primary, data was collected through interview schedule. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to derive study findings and conclusion. Findings of the study showed that economically empowered women were taking equal part in financial decision-making of household and they have more freedom and autonomy of using contraceptives with respect to their counterparts. Further, those women whose decisions were valued regarding the purchasing of precious things for their houses had more freedom in using contraceptives, while the role of economically poor women were minimum in contraceptives use. The study suggests that provision of education, job opportunities and gender equality and awareness raising can enhance women"s financial autonomy which further affects their use of contraceptive uses positively.
The book addresses four major themes: the liberal foundations of Australian law, the hurdles generally encountered by law in its endeavour to lead to positive social change, the impact of social divisions such as class, gender or race on the application of the law, including its resulting failures for the marginalised, and the influences of globalisation on the shape and operation of Australian law.
A broad set of public policy debates concern the limits of humanity’s control over nature. Attitudes towards such topics are not well explained by the standard 2-dimensional political model favored by political scientists of i) a left/right economic spectrum and ii) a liberal/authoritarian social spectrum. I pose a new, orthogonal, political spectrum to fill the void. It is a spectrum of value held for, on the one hand, nature, and on the other, technological progress. This harks back to the 18th Century Enlightenment and Romanticism, but manifests again and again, including in recent debates about human enhancement biotechnology.
Environmental discourses have now become a prime concern of all ecological activists, policy planners as well as the politicians. Environmental issues were seriously debated and discussed by scholars within the domain of International Relations (IR) with the passage of ‘The Limits to Growth’ thesis of 1972. In 1987, the concept of Sustainable Development got a concrete shape when it was put forward by the so-called Bruntland Commission Report. Sustainable Development emphasizes on the development needs of not only for the present generation, but also future generations. Subsequently, this became the focal point and basis of all further debates on environmental protection and conservation in international conferences. These discussions on ecological justice led to the proliferation of many environmental movements in India. The ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’, the ‘Chipko Movement’ and the ‘Chilika Bachao Andolan’ are the three of the prominent ecological movements launched in independent India to safeguard the Earth. This paper seeks to understand and analyze what, how and when these environmental issues and movements propelled the growth of a nascent and indigenous ecological justice movement in India in the 21st century. It also probes into the debate between ‘modernists’ and ‘ecoradicals’ as well as the debate between ‘deep ecology’ and ‘shallow ecology’ in the quest for ecological justice.
RUSSKI MIR: IDEA, IDEOLOGY, MYTHThe article analyses the phenomenon of the “Russian World”. It discusses key concepts of this new ideology, such as a new church-state synthesis, defense of traditional values, and a new ecumenism. Additionally, it explores the synthesis of nation and religion in the new Eurasian concept, the relationship between political revival and the recovery of lost territories, and attempts to rebuild national unity and restore a holistic approach to tradition and history.
O treinamento vocacional centra-se em profissões específicas e transmite as competências práticas que permitem aos indivíduos exercer uma actividade profissional, promovendo assim o desenvol-vimento económico local e está associado aos Objectivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3, 4, 5 e 8 da Agenda 2030 das Nações Unidas. Dessa forma, ele revela-se importante não só para pro-porcionar oportunidades de emprego aos indivíduos ou aumento da renda, mas também para au-mentar a produtividade das empresas, por meio da filosofia learning-by-doing. Em termos meto-dológicos, foram realizadas entrevistas a 14 deslocados do centro de Malica na Cidade de Lichinga e alguns representantes de organizações responsáveis por dar assistência humanitária. Os argu-mentos apresentados por esta pesquisa evidenciam que o treinamento vocacional constitui uma política activa de emprego que favorece na auto-afirmação dos deslocados nas comunidades. Con-tudo, chegou-se a conclusão de que o terrorismo aumentou a vulnerabilidade social dos desloca-dos, deste modo, os benefícios do treinamento vocacional para a reintegração dos deslocados no Niassa depende de como ele é fornecido e do potencial dos kits de auto-emprego oferecidos em gerar mais renda para os agregados familiares das vítimas dos ataques terroristas. Palavras-chave: Treinamento. Terrorismo. Reintegração. Niassa. INTRODUÇÃO Os conflitos armados diferem em seus antecedentes históricos e políticos, actores envolvidos e resultados. Por exemplo, enquanto as insurgências, como no Peru e Angola, terminaram depois que o líder do movimento foi morto, ou no caso do Nepal o movimento venceu ao derrubar o governo, a insurgência da Caxemira ainda estava em andamento no ano de 2011. No entanto, não está claro se esse conflito terminaria num futuro próximo, pois, a Índia e Paquistão discutem sobre
Liberalism has evolved over centuries to become the cornerstone of modern political and economic systems. Rooted in Enlightenment principles, liberalism promotes individual rights, democracy, and free markets as essential components of a just society. Despite its evolution, liberalism has remained central to contemporary political discourse, offering solutions to global challenges such as human rights violations, authoritarianism, and economic inequality. This paper examines the evolution of liberalism, its key principles, its contemporary relevance, and the criticisms it faces in the present age, arguing that liberalism remains the most adaptable and relevant political theory in today's world.
For developed countries, energy supply security and sustainability are very important topics in the policy-making process. Developed countries also need to develop their energy infrastructure in line with their sustainable growth targets. They plan infrastructure investments parallel to their growth targets and population growth projections. The benefit analysis of energy infrastructure for decision makers involves different aspects. External dependency in terms of raw materials and technology, efficiency and environmental sensitivity are important topics for optimum investment. It is not rational for governments to attach the growth dynamics of their countries to an energy infrastructure that is dependent on foreign energy without considering alternative sources. At the same time, the use of more environmentally friendly models is taken as given in terms of public health and happiness.
Due to the high quality of life of the citizens of developed countries, energy demand is also high. High energy demand increases the level of welfare, and environmental sensitivity increases with increasing welfare. For the individuals, the hypothesis that energy supply should be sustainable and environmentally friendly is taken as given. In this respect, individuals take into account energy investments in their democratic choices.
There is a conflict between the state and the individual on the basis of energy investments. The individual demands environmentalist plans and a sustainable energy infrastructure. The state, on the other hand, cares about issues such as investment cost, foreign dependency and sustainability.
This study analyzes the decisions of governments and the reactions of individuals. By addressing the questions “Do the activities of pressure and interest groups influence the decisions of governments?” and “Do the media and communication tools create differences in individual behavior?”, the interaction between the government and the individual will be examined on the basis of voting behavior.
Polarization in Turkey around the headscarf issue with Istanbul University students
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membahas pengaruh implementasi dana infrastruktur pedesaan terhadap pengelolaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan dalam mewujudkan efektivitas penggunaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksplanatori dengan pendekatan teknik evaluasi, teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam pembahasan adalah teknik analisis kausal efektif yang mengkaji dan menganalisis hubungan sebab akibat yang rasional antara pelaksanaan kebijakan dana infrastruktur pedesaan, pengelolaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan, dana infrastruktur perdesaan dan efektivitas penggunaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan. Fokus penelitian adalah kepala desa di Kabupaten Garut dengan menggunakan purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel atau responden sebanyak 84 orang. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan dana infrastruktur perdesaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengelolaan dana infrastruktur perdesaan dan efektivitas penggunaan dana infrastruktur perdesaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah efektivitas penggunaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan untuk bisnis dapat terwujud apabila pengelolaan dana infrastruktur pedesaan dilaksanakan secara optimal yang didukung oleh implementasi kebijakan dana infrastruktur pedesaan secara baik dan berkelanjutan.
The present study explores the escalating concern regarding violence against women in politics within the realm of social media. Rather than contributing to the further democratisation of public and political space, social media platforms have become conduits for thedissemination of hate speech, aggression, violence, and misogyny against women engaged in politics at various levels, be it local, national, or international. This study endeavours to address the critical questions surrounding violence against women in politics on social media and examines the related risks and consequences for women at various stages of their political careers, including parliamentarians and those only setting out on their political journeys.Employing critical discourse analysis and social network analysis, our research delves into the discourse on the X network during the two months leading up to the Slovenian parliamentary election in April 2022. Through the meticulous examination of over 300 handcollectedposts in the Slovenian language, we aim to elucidate the impact of the discourse on the X network on the pre-election events and assess the extent of violent and misogynistic content directed at women actively participating in the election campaign. Our findingsreveal that misogynistic and violent attacks published on X manifest themselves in diverse forms of expression, targeting women with high prospects of achieving favourable election results and those expressing critical views towards the government. The overarching objective of these violent and misogynistic activities transcends mere psychological harm and theinstillation of fear; instead, they aim to induce a sense of inferiority and dissuade women from active political participation, compelling them to retreat from the public sphere intothe private domain.
This study explores the portrayal of political ideologies in popular video games, which are Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and Battlefield 3. As games often contain real-world references, meanings, and themes, they have the potential to convey ideological and political messages to players and shape their perspectives on political issues. Using a qualitative research methodology, the study examines the language, with visual and auditory elements, present in the cutscenes and during the gameplay of these games. The analysis employs van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach (2000, 2006) to decipher the games’ embedded ideological messages. The findings indicate that game developers perpetuate the hegemonic ideology of US military power. The developers also portray Arabs as the main source of terrorism and reinforce negative stereotypes of Iran and Russia.
This paper discusses the symbolic transformation of Thailand’s Victory Monument in the Thai public memory, from embodying militarism to representing the complicated concept of Thai democracy. In the beginning, the monument had an indirect connection to democracy. However, due to the spatial agency, such as protest activities occupying this structure, it has turned into one of Bangkok’s democratic spaces. By looking at the stories of contentious politics and narratives surrounding this structure, this study reveals that the development of the Victory Monument’s meanings mirrors the democratic struggles of the Thai people. It also applies prevailing discourses on Thai democracy to elucidate the connection between the monument and democratic movements. This research provides an understanding of Thailand’s democratic struggles through a different lens, promotes historical awareness, and preserves public memory by emphasizing the role of public monuments in Thai history, society, and democracy.
Artikkelissa analysoimme kahden suomalaisen ja kahden saksalaisen laitaoikeistopuolueen koulutuspoliittisia ohjelmia. Tarkastelemiamme puolueita ovat Suomessa perussuomalaiset ja sinimusta liike sekä Saksassa vaihtoehto Saksalle (Alternativ für Deutschland) ja Saksan kansallisdemokraattinen puolue (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, nykyiseltä nimeltään Heimat eli kotimaa). Artikkelin tutkimuskysymyksenä on, miten nämä puolueet muotoilevat koulutuspoliittisissa ohjelmissaan laitaoikeistopuolueille tyypillisiä koulutuspoliittisia ideoita sekä millaisia yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroavaisuuksia ohjelmien välillä on. Vastaamme kysymyksiin analysoimalla puolueiden koulutuspoliittisia ja muita ohjelmia teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Sisällönanalyysin ohjaavat kategoriat johdamme aikaisemmista laitaoikeiston koulutuspolitiikkaa koskevista tutkimuksista. Analyysimme osoittaa, että tarkastelemamme laitaoikeistolaiset koulutuspoliittiset ohjelmat ovat varsin samankaltaisia. Niiden ohjelmissa korostuu intellektualismin vastaisuus ja koulutuksen ymmärtäminen välineellisesti, erityisesti taloudellisen hyödyn kategorioin. Ne painottavat oppisisällöissä kansallisen identiteetin merkitystä, korostavat urheilun tärkeyttä koulujen opetussuunnitelmissa ja syyttävät nykyisiä koulutusinstituutioita ideologisesta iskostamisesta eli indoktrinaatiosta. Lisäksi ohjelmat pitävät tärkeänä oppilaiden ulkoista eriyttämistä heidän osaamistasonsa mukaan ja vaativat kouluihin opettajien auktoriteetin, kurin ja järjestyksen kunnianpalautusta. Useat näistä lähtökohdista ovat ristiriidassa liberaalin demokratian arvojen ja ihanteiden kanssa.
This article discusses the phenomenon of dysfunctionality of states as a premise for the operation of terrorist organizations on their territory. It analyses historical and contemporary causes of state failure, such as the legacy of colonialism, corruption, poverty, and internal ethnic and religious conflicts. It presents various definitions and classifications of dysfunctional states, including the terms "failed state" and "fragile state." The role of terrorist organizations in such states and their ability to create alternative power structures in areas beyond the control of legitimate governments are also discussed. A key factor in the success of these organizations is radical ideology, which enables the takeover and maintenance of control in the territory of a dysfunctional state. The conclusions indicate the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the problem of state failure in the context of international security.
Plataformas de mídia social, como o Twitter, funcionam como meios de cognição, comunicação e cooperação, possibilitando a prática comunicacional conflitiva de constituição e redefinição constante de sujeitos, suas ações e formas de agenciamento. Nos últimos anos, pesquisas constataram indícios de que a extrema direita ganhou força nesses espaços digitais. Contudo, essas produções prescindiram de uma revisão bibliográfica adequada sobre as características ideológicas da extrema direita e, mais especificamente, da extrema direita no Brasil. A proposta deste trabalho é suprir essa lacuna. Propomos uma estratégia metodológica que se divide em duas partes. Primeiro, fizemos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os mais recentes trabalhos acerca da extrema direita. Em seguida, utilizamos a metodologia de análise de traços digitais, a fim de identificar os elementos identitários da extrema direita brasileira no Twitter. Os achados vão ao encontro da literatura especializada sobre a extrema direita, confirmando os mesmos traços identitários dos atores políticos identificados por meio de outras abordagens metodológicas.
Most people don’t want their teachers, scientists, or journalists to be too ideological. Calling someone an “ideologue” isn’t a compliment. But what is ideology and why exactly is it a threat? I propose that ideology is fruitfully understood in terms of three ingredients: a basic moral claim, a worldview built on top of that claim, and the attempt to politicize this worldview by injecting it into social institutions. I further argue that the central danger of ideology is that activating these three ingredients tends to undermine liberal social institutions. And yet a certain amount of ideology is both unavoidable and desirable, as I show, since it supplies us with important goods like social cohesion and mobilization. This means the best we can do is to try and set boundaries on ideology.
كان الصراع على الشرعية السياسية محورََ الاستقطاب السياسي في مصر بعد انقلاب عام 2013، ومع السمات السلطوية البارزة للنظام، لم تكن الصيغة الكلاسيكية للشرعية الانتخابية القانونية خيارًًا كافيًًا أو فعالًًا؛ لذلك توجّّه النظام إلى توظيف استراتيجيات أخرى لتدعيم شرعيته السياسية. باستخدام النظريات الخاصة بالشرعية السياسية، والأدبيات المتعلقة بصيغ المواطنة في النظم السلطوية. تبحث هذه الدراسة في الإجراءات والممارسات التي قام بها نظام تموز/ يوليو 2013 لتحقيق مقتضيات الشرعية في أوجهها الثلاثة: فاعلية النظام وجدارته، وقناعات المواطنين بالاستحقاق، وسلوكهم الدال على الاعتراف.
The paper deals with the present environmental peril and the dark side of scientific discoveries and technological inventions. All the acts of development were targeted at controlling nature for the maximum benefit of human beings. It is a kind of war in which humans believe in taking control/supremacy over anything and everything. Given the situation, different genres of literature addressing the myriad environmental local and global concerns and issues, assume great importance as they not only assist in redefining/transforming the intricate bond between humans and nature, but the literary works are also the responses to the contemporary climatic changes. The paper delves deep into the American poet Gary Snyders's quintessential ecological philosophy and thought. It is a comprehensive study of the notion of "Deep Ecology" as employed by Synder in his literary oeuvre. Through a close reading of some of his poems, this paper is an attempt to explore Snyder's perspectives and how his understanding of Indian culture, particularly his deep fascination with Buddhism and the spiritual beliefs of Native Americans embellished his creative impulse.
تستهدف هذه الدراسة الكشف عن ظاهرة تنامي التيار اليميني في أوروبا بعد الحرب الروسية الأوكرانية، حيث يتنامى التيار اليميني المتطرف في أوروبا والولايات المتحدة بمعدلات بطيئة منذ بداية القرن الحادي والعشرين وذلك بعد انحساره بهزيمة ألمانيا النازية وإيطاليا الفاشية في الحرب العالمية الثانية، ولكن لوحظ في السنوات الأخيرة تنامي التيار اليميني في العديد من الدول الأوروبية وعلى رأسها إيطاليا والسويد خاصة بعد أن طرأت متغيرات جديدة ساهمت في تنامي تلك الظاهرة وعلى رأسها: الحرب الروسية الأوكرانية، فالصراع القائم بين روسيا وأوكرانيا هو جزء من التنافس الجيوبوليتيكي العالمي المتجدد بين القوى الغربية وروسيا حول مناطق النفوذ، وتبدو أوروبا الطرف الأكثر تضررًا من هذا الصراع بالنظر إلى هشاشة منظومتها الأمنية وتبعيتها للولايات المتحدة في هذا المجال وانكشاف أمنها الطاقوي. فكان لتلك المتغيرات الجديدة التأثير الواضح في شتّى الأبعاد؛ كالأبعاد الأمنية، الاقتصادية، والسياسية بالأساس، خصوصًا مع اضطرار الدول للتعامل مع تلك الظروف الاستثنائية واتخاذ العديد من القرارات والاجراءات لمواجهة الأزمة. ورأى العديد من المواطنين الأوروبيين سياسات الأحزاب اليمينية كطوق النجاة لهم لإصلاح الأوضاع الاقتصادية لهم خاصة بعد فشل العديد من الحكومات الليبرالية السابقة في حلها خاصة بعد تداعيات جائحة كورونا.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.