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Biological effect of sound field stimulation on paddy rice seeds
Abstract
In this article, we adopt the apparatus invented by ourselves to investigate on the sound effects on paddy rice seeds in the germination index, height of stem, relative increase rate of fresh weight, rooting ability, activity of root system and the penetrability of cell membrane. The experiment results show that 400 Hz and 106 dB are the ‘best frequency and intensity’. But when the sound wave stimulation is in excess of 4 kHz or 111 dB, it is harmful for paddy rice seeds. The study not only validates sound field stimulation can certainly promote the growth of plant, but also indicates the practicability of the apparatus.
... On the other hand, sound stimulation results demonstrate that ne- gative effects on plant development can be induced when certain fre- quencies are applied on it. Bochu and collaborators in 2003 reported an increase in the germination index when rice seeds were stimulated with a 400-Hz sound wave, nonetheless, at 4 kHz frequencies the index dropped ( Bochu et al., 2003). In spite of that, an interesting result is that this effect can be reversible when the sound waves go from 4 kHz to 400 Hz. ...
... The optimum external stress for enhancing the metabolism of A. chinensis occurs when a sound wave of 100 dB and 1000 Hz is applied. Apparently, the sound stress increase the electric potential in mitochondrion transmembrane, providing higher latent energy or activating H + -ATPase synase for synthesizing more ATP ( Bochu et al., 2003). ...
... Transpiration and ethylene decreasing. ( Bochu et al., 2003) 400 kHz and 4 kHz -Germination index decrease at 400 Hz and 4 kHz the effect was dropped. (Xiaocheng et al., 2003) 500 Hz -Impact in the content of ATP biotic or abiotic factor that provokes changes in enzymatic pathways that alter the content of bioactive secondary metabolites (Gorelick and Bernstein, 2014); in this context, could be included stimulus from dif- ferent sources that causes stress such as sound waves. ...
Plants are sessile organisms that need to face threats presented in its surrounding; consequently, they have developed mechanisms to perceive the signals of the ambient and to process them in order to detect threats or advantageous circumstances that could increase their chances of survival. One of the mechanisms is dedicated to detect sound vibrations (SV) or acoustic waves (AW). The SV has the ability of modifying the behavior of plant cells through Ca²⁺ and ROS cues linked to signaling process of stressed plants. These signals cause behavior changes in the cell, regulate gene expression and/or modify its biochemical activity in order to face the biotic and abiotic factors that could provoke damage in the plants. The plants face threats through the generation of compounds or substances that cause a signaling cascade and provoke a modification in its behavior. The signaling cascade caused by sound perturbations generally results in the generations of secondary metabolites that are beneficial to human health, principally, against the chronic diseases. Nowadays, reliable mechanism that could explain precisely the ability of plants to perceive, process or emit acoustic waves have not been proposed; however, there are several compounds that are generated when the plant is stressed by biotic and abiotic factors and coincide with compounds that are produced by the plants when they are under a treatment of specific SV. This allows infer that acoustic waves could serve as elicitor, sometimes, cheaper and friendlier with environment compared with the commonly used biotic or abiotic elicitors.
... In addition, sound can improve the immune system and the efficiency of light absorption for photosynthesis (Cai et al. 2014;Choi et al. 2017;Kratochvil and Pollirer 2017). Although sound vibrations were suggested to increase yield, quality, and protein content, organogenesis (e.g., 400 Hz and 106 dB increased the germination index, shoot height, and root activity (Wang et al. 2003a;da Silva and Dobranszki 2014;Hassanien et al. 2014) and stimulate the in vitro growth and development in rice (Oryza sativa) (Liu et al. 2003b), higher frequencies (70 kHz ultrasound) produced harmful effects, reinforcing the idea that the use of sound vibrations on agriculture has to be very selective and avoid ultrasounds because it causes negative botanical effects (Hassanien et al. 2014). Similarly, increased organogenesis stimulated by sound vibrations has been described in aloe (Aloe arborescens, Liu et al. 2003a (Chuanren et al. 2004). ...
... Treatment with sound could reduce the use of fertilizers and increase the immune response against harmful insects and diseases (Hassanien et al. 2014). In addition, these treatments can promote the acceleration of seed germination and organogenesis process by modification of phytohormonal levels (Wang et al. 2003a(Wang et al. , 2004Zhao et al. 2003;Appel and Cocroft 2014). ...
... In addition, sound can improve the immune system and the efficiency of light absorption for photosynthesis (Cai et al. 2014;Choi et al. 2017;Kratochvil and Pollirer 2017). Although sound vibrations were suggested to increase yield, quality, and protein content, organogenesis (e.g., 400 Hz and 106 dB increased the germination index, shoot height, and root activity (Wang et al. 2003a;da Silva and Dobranszki 2014;Hassanien et al. 2014) and stimulate the in vitro growth and development in rice (Oryza sativa) (Liu et al. 2003b), higher frequencies (70 kHz ultrasound) produced harmful effects, reinforcing the idea that the use of sound vibrations on agriculture has to be very selective and avoid ultrasounds because it causes negative botanical effects (Hassanien et al. 2014). Similarly, increased organogenesis stimulated by sound vibrations has been described in aloe (Aloe arborescens, Liu et al. 2003a (Chuanren et al. 2004). ...
... Treatment with sound could reduce the use of fertilizers and increase the immune response against harmful insects and diseases (Hassanien et al. 2014). In addition, these treatments can promote the acceleration of seed germination and organogenesis process by modification of phytohormonal levels (Wang et al. 2003a(Wang et al. , 2004Zhao et al. 2003;Appel and Cocroft 2014). ...
Plants have been considered passive, static, and immutable organisms for a long time, but research shows that plants can perceive their environment and respond to stimuli by modifying their growth and development. Plants communicate with each other and with the world around them. This communication has been explained through the contact between mycorrhizae and volatile organic compounds, but recently, plant acoustic perception and communication have become a newline of research. The sounds produced by plants would contain information with ecological implications, which could be used in the management of crop fields or in the prevention of biodiversity loss. In addition, anthropogenic noise inflicts ultrastructural damage on various tissues of marine plants that could have implications at ecosystems level and in the planet’s biodiversity in general. This chapter provides an overview of the plants bioacoustics and aims to underline the need to develop criteria to assess the impact of sound on marine plants. Understanding how the intricate communication networks between the roots supplies vital information for individuals in marine ecosystems, the possible capacity to warn their peers of dangers and the root role on the sensory and communication capacities could be new research lines in marine plant bioacoustics.
... Sounds are mechanical waves of pressure that propagate through a transmission medium such as air. As a wave of pressure, the sound can be considered as a mechanical stimulus and it could have an influence on developmental and physiologic plant processes 35,17,29 Different types of sound have been demonstrated to increase the growth of mung bean, rice, cucumber and arabidopsis seedlings 34,20,5 increased the leaf area in young strawberry plants 31 and increased the root length in Actinidia chinensis and paddy rice 3,43 Some sounds seems to be capable of orienting root growth 13,12 and significantly increased the callus growth in Dendranthema morifolium 47 and Chrysanthemum. 40 There are also evidences that determinate sounds can influence the development of fruits, for example, delaying tomato fruit ripening, 22 has an influence in pollination, for example, in buzz-pollination the pollen from anthers is only released upon vibration at a particular frequency produced by bee buzz. ...
... 2 The number of induced genes in each annotation data category. 3 The number of genes you would expect in each annotation data category in Arabidopsis thaliana according to the total number of induced genes supposing a random distribution. 4 Number of induced genes in each annotation data category divided by the expected number. ...
We examined the responses of sound-treated arabidopsis adult plants to water deprivation and the associated changes on gene expression. The survival of drought-induced plants was significantly higher in the sound treated plants (24,8%) compared to plants kept in silence (13,3%). RNA-seq revealed significant up-regulation of 87 genes including 32 genes involved in abiotic stress responses, 31 involved in pathogen responses, 11 involved in oxidation-reduction processes, 5 involved in the regulation of transcription, 2 genes involved in protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and 13 involved in jasmonic acid or ethylene synthesis or responses. In addition, 2 genes involved in the responses to mechanical stimulus were also induced by sound, suggesting that touch and sound have at least partially common perception and signaling events.
... However, even within the same plant gene pool, there have been conflicting results on the use of sound frequencies. For example, Wang et al. (2003) reported positive effects on the growth stimulation of paddy rice (Oryza sativa) seeds when exposed to 400 Hz sound waves at 106dB; while Jusoh et al. (2023) reported that playing classical music at 357 Hz and 350 Hz simulated paddy rice seeds' growth; and Jeong from South Korea exposed paddy rice plants to pure tones of 125 Hz and 250 Hz and found significant increase in genetic activity of two specific genes (Smith, 2007). ...
The study aimed to investigate the influence of different types of acoustic stimulus (classical vs. rock music) on the growth of bok choy (Brassica rapa) plants. Three separate groups of bok choy plants were exposed to classical music, rock music, or else no music, during growth and development and the influence on yield was observed. The results reveal that those plants exposed to classical music exhibited significant differences in shoot characteristics with the highest total fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, and mean leaf numbers. Meanwhile, those plants exposed to rock music demonstrated values that were the lowest across all plant parameters. Plants treated to classical music had the lowest root length but the highest root volume, indicating that the roots were significantly stouter and more compact as compared to those plants treated to rock music and no music. This study therefore serves as a future reference for the use of music in plant growth.
... These studies further support the notion that SV fine tunes plant defence response against different biotic and abiotic stressors. SV priming has been reported to improve root growth in paddy rice and Actinidia chinensis by increasing their hormonal contents [191,192]. Previous studies have shown that different types of SVs increase the in vitro growth and development of several plants. For example, in Chrysanthemum SV (1400 Hz) exhibited a decrease in ABA and an accumulation of IAA that increases callus growth [29]. ...
Background
How plants emit, perceive, and respond to sound vibrations (SVs) is a long-standing question in the field of plant sensory biology. In recent years, there have been numerous studies on how SVs affect plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits related to growth and adaptive responses. For instance, under drought SVs navigate plant roots towards water, activate their defence responses against stressors, and increase nectar sugar in response to pollinator SVs. Also, plants emit SVs during stresses which are informative in terms of ecological and adaptive perspective. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the SV perception and emission in plants remain largely unknown. Therefore, deciphering the complexity of plant-SV interactions and identifying bonafide receptors and signaling players will be game changers overcoming the roadblocks in phytoacoustics.
Aim of review
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent developments in phytoacoustics. We primarily focuss on SV signal perception and transduction with current challenges and future perspectives.
Key scientific concepts of review
Timeline breakthroughs in phytoacoustics have constantly shaped our understanding and belief that plants may emit and respond to SVs like other species. However, unlike other plant mechanostimuli, little is known about SV perception and signal transduction. Here, we provide an update on phytoacoustics and its ecological importance. Next, we discuss the role of cell wall receptor-like kinases, mechanosensitive channels, intracellular organelle signaling, and other key players involved in plant-SV receptive pathways that connect them. We also highlight the role of calcium (Ca²⁺), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormones, and other emerging signaling molecules in SV signal transduction. Further, we discuss the importance of molecular, biophysical, computational, and live cell imaging tools for decoding the molecular complexity of acoustic signaling in plants. Finally, we summarised the role of SV priming in plants and discuss how SVs could modulate plant defense and growth trade-offs during other stresses.
... Similarly, SV (sound vibration) priming has been reported to improve root growth in paddy rice and Actinidia chinensis (Bochu et al. 2003;Yang 2004). Previous research has demonstrated that during drought stress, SV priming shifts the direction of root development toward water (Gagliano et al. 2012(Gagliano et al. , 2017. ...
Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that rapidly translate extrinsic or intrinsic mechanical tensions into biological responses. They can serve as potential candidates for developing smart-resilient crops with efficient root systems.
Mechanosensitive (MS) calcium channels are molecular switches for mechanoperception and signal transduction in all living organisms. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding mechanoperception and signal transduction in bacteria and animals, this remains largely unknown in plants. However, identification and validation of MS channels such as Mid1-complementing activity channels (MCAs), mechanosensitive-like channels (MSLs), and Piezo channels (PIEZO) has been the most significant discovery in plant mechanobiology, providing novel insights into plant mechanoperception. This review summarizes recent advances in root mechanobiology, focusing on MS channels and their related signaling players, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and phytohormones. Despite significant advances in understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling in root biology, little is known about the involvement of MS channel-driven Ca2+ and ROS signaling. Additionally, the hotspots connecting the upstream and downstream signaling of MS channels remain unclear. In light of this, we discuss the present knowledge of MS channels in root biology and their role in root developmental and adaptive traits. We also provide a model highlighting upstream (cell wall sensors) and downstream signaling players, viz., Ca2+, ROS, and hormones, connected with MS channels. Furthermore, we highlighted the importance of emerging signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and neurotransmitters (NTs), and their association with root mechanoperception. Finally, we conclude with future directions and knowledge gaps that warrant further research to decipher the complexity of root mechanosensing.
... It is believed that vibrations induced by sound waves can enhance the permeability of membranes and be useful in regulating the movement of substances in or out of the cell, thereby enhancing plant growth. Bochu et al. (2003) showed that sound waves with a frequency of 400 Hz could improve the buoyancy of the cell membrane and strengthen the mutual function between lipid and protein regions of the membrane. ...
Various attempts have been made to increase rice production, including breeding for high-yielding and stress-tolerant varieties, a good crop management system, and increased agricultural input in rice production. Soundwave stimulation has been demonstrated to affect plant growth; thus, this method can be employed in the current rice production methods to improve yield. The study aims to determine the effects of different sound wave qualities on the general growth, physiological, and morphological of rice seedlings. Rice seeds of the MR219 variety were grown under a glasshouse condition in a nested design with five replications and were stimulated with various sound wave frequencies. Various sound wave frequencies, 380, 359, 357, 353, and 350 Hz, were obtained by placing the pot at varying distances (80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 cm, respectively) from the sound source, except control treatment. There were significant effects in some of the parameters: plant height, leaf physiology, and stomatal pore and length when treated with varying sound wave qualities. Plants can be stimulated with 380, 357, and 350 Hz soundwaves frequencies for the best 440 Pertanika photosynthetic experience. In addition, 359 Hz of sound wave stimulation resulted in high water use efficiency, which is beneficial in improving crop performance in drought conditions. Thus, it was demonstrated that the sound wave stimulation method has the potential to enhance rice performance in addition to the regular agronomic practices of rice production in farmers' fields.
... It is believed that vibrations induced by sound waves can enhance the permeability of membranes and be useful in regulating the movement of substances in or out of the cell, thereby enhancing plant growth. Bochu et al. (2003) showed that sound waves with a frequency of 400 Hz could improve the buoyancy of the cell membrane and strengthen the mutual function between lipid and protein regions of the membrane. ...
Various attempts have been made to increase rice production, including breeding for high-yielding and stress-tolerant varieties, a good crop management system, and increased agricultural input in rice production. Soundwave stimulation has been demonstrated to affect plant growth; thus, this method can be employed in the current rice production methods to improve yield. The study aims to determine the effects of different sound wave qualities on the general growth, physiological, and morphological of rice seedlings. Rice seeds of the MR219 variety were grown under a glasshouse condition in a nested design with five replications and were stimulated with various sound wave frequencies. Various sound wave frequencies, 380, 359, 357, 353, and 350 Hz, were obtained by placing the pot at varying distances (80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 cm, respectively) from the sound source, except control treatment. There were significant effects in some of the parameters: plant height, leaf physiology, and stomatal pore and length when treated with varying sound wave qualities. Plants can be stimulated with 380, 357, and 350 Hz soundwaves frequencies for the best photosynthetic experience. In addition, 359 Hz of sound wave stimulation resulted in high water use efficiency, which is beneficial in improving crop performance in drought conditions. Thus, it was demonstrated that the sound wave stimulation method has the potential to enhance rice performance in addition to the regular agronomic practices of rice production in farmers’ fields.
... Germination and growth of rice seedlings Submission twice a day, for two days, at 400 Hz at 106 dB or frequency higher than 4 kHz at 111 dB Increase in the germination index and seedling growth at 440 Hz and 106 dB and decrease of these same variables above 4 kHz and 111 dB Bochu et al. (2003) Ca 2+ -ATPase activity in Aloe arborescens callus cells Submission to 20 kHz ultrasound for 2 to 10 s Increase in protein activity between 5 and 10 s of exposure, but only at 2 W energy condition, with activity decrease at 10 W condition Liu et al. (2006) Mitosis and cell growth in root apex of Allium cepa ...
Main conclusion
Specific sound patterns can affect plant development.
Abstract
Plants are responsive to environmental stimuli such as sound. However, little is known about their sensory apparatus, mechanisms, and signaling pathways triggered by these stimuli. Thus, it is important to understand the effect of sounds on plants and their technological potential. This review addresses the effects of sounds on plants, the sensory elements inherent to sound detection by the cell, as well as the triggering of signaling pathways that culminate in plant responses. The importance of sound standardization for the study of phytoacoustics is demonstrated. Studies on the sounds emitted or reflected by plants, acoustic stress in plants, and recognition of some sound patterns by plants are also explored.
... Under the influence of the specific frequency sound wave produced by the plant acoustic frequency technology generator, the lettuce of the selected crops grew more vigorously than that without music treatment, especially in the yield of the edible parts of our plant. This is consistent with some of the research on cotton, sweet pepper, cucumber, and tomato [7, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers reduces the quality of crops, harms human health, and causes environmental pollution, thus hindering the sustainable development of agriculture. In the process of realizing ecological agricultural production, audio control technology has increasingly become an area of concern. As a physical agricultural technology, it has become a combination of music acoustics and agricultural science. However, the research on the ecological role and function of audio control technology is still relatively lacking. In view of this, the authors studied the effects of audio control technology (specific frequency sound wave and different types of music) on the growth of lettuce, and showed that the specific frequency sound wave treatment produced by the plant acoustic frequency technology generator significantly increased the growth of lettuce compared with the condition of silent environment processing. Treatments of different types of music (electronic music, rock music, and classical music) promoted lettuce growth, especially the significant increase in the output of edible parts under the influence of electronic music. The research results further showed that the specific frequency sound wave treatment produced by the plant acoustic frequency technology generator enhanced the chlorophyll content of lettuce leaves (1.98 ± 0.15 mg/g), thus promoting photosynthesis. Different types of music had different effects on the photosynthesis of lettuce leaves; electronic music treatment increased the chlorophyll content of lettuce (1.48 ± 0.07 mg/g), and had the greatest impact.
... Music at too high a decibel level was not beneficial to plants. This was consistent with the study of Wang et al. and Cai et al. 8,33 In this study, the results showed that the soft music named "The Purple Butterfly" at 60-70 decibels promoted the growth of the frond number of duckweed ( Figure 1). Furthermore, under music treatment for 7d, the average protein content in duckweed treated with music was 8.89 mg/g FW, which was significantly higher than the average protein content (5.49 ...
Sound vibration, an external mechanical force, has been proven to modulate plant growth and development like rain, wind, and vibration. However, the role of sound on plants, especially on signal response, has been usually neglected in research. Herein, we investigated the growth state, gene expression, and signal response in duckweed treated with soft music. The protein content in duckweed after music treatment for 7 days was about 1.6 times that in duckweed without music treatment. Additionally, the potential maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) ratio in duckweed treated with music was 0.78, which was significantly higher in comparison with the control group (P < .01). Interestingly, music promoted the Glu and Ca signaling response. To further explore the global molecular mechanism, we performed transcriptome analysis and the library preparations were sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq platform. A total of 1296 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found for all these investigated genes in duckweed treated with music compared to the control group. Among these, up-regulation of the expression of metabolism-related genes related to glycolysis, cell wall biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose phosphate pathways were found. Overall, these results provided a molecular basis to music-triggered signal response, transcriptomic, and growth changes in duckweed, which also highlighted the potential of music as an environmentally friendly stimulus to promote improved protein production in duckweed.
... However, the sound wave intensity that promotes the germination of agricultural crop seeds such as rice, maize (Z. mays L.), mung bean (Vigna radiate Linn.) is generally between 80 and 110 dB (Wang et al., 2003a;Cai et al., 2014;Vicient, 2017). ...
Mechanical stimulation technology is critical in agricultural crop production because it is constantly regarded as a developing green technology to regulate plants to meet people's need for green and healthy agricultural products. Various environmental mechanical stimulation impacts seed germination, seedling growth, flowering date, fruit quantity, and fruit quality throughout the life cycle of a horticultural plant. This study first outlines the basic characteristics of six types of common mechanical stimulation in nature: precipitation, wind, gravity, touch, sound, and vibration. The effects of various mechanical stimulation types on the seed, seedling, flowering, and fruit of horticultural plants throughout their whole life cycle are then presented, as reviewed in the recent 100 years of existing literature. Finally, potential future study directions are discussed. The main challenge in mechanical stimulation technology is to uncover its potential capabilities for regulating and controlling plant development and fruit quality in green agriculture instead of agricultural chemicals.
... The application of sound with a certain frequency to stimulate plant growth has been widely carried out, for example ultrasonic applications for growing vegetables [1] [2], sonic bloom application to stimulate soybean plants [3], sound application to stimulate germination [4] [5], plant genes [6], and Kamran cultivar [7]. Sound variations were also tried to be used for stimulation during the cowpea germination stage [8]. ...
This study aims to determine the effect of exposure and sound intensity level of audio bio harmonic (Dundubia manifera) manipulated with a peak frequency of 4500 Hz in the morning, afternoon, and evening on the growth of corn (Zea mays) plants. We used two agricultural fields, one as control land and the other as experimental land. To exposure the audio bio harmonic sound, we used an audio bio harmonic device (ABH) taken from Dundubia manifera sound manipulated to a sonic bloom frequency. Sound exposure in the morning, afternoon, and evening are held at 07.00-08.00, 12.00-13.00, and 16.00-17.00 respectively. The results show that the experimental plant growth rate was strongly influenced by the sound exposure time. It shows that in the morning, where the selection of a certain intensity determines the growth rate of the plants.
... Stimulation of plant growth and development under in vitro conditions or agricultural settings by sound treatment has been described in many species [4]. Just one example, the treatment of paddy rice with 400Hz and 106dB produces a significant increase in the shoot height, fresh weight, root system activity, and the cell membrane penetrability [10]. Other described effects are an increase in the grain yield and quality, the numbers of leaves and flowers, the content of chlorophyll, the total length, number, and activity of roots, the height of the plant, the size of the leaves, hypocotyl elongation, etc. ...
Sound has been identified as a mechanical stimulus that gives rise to various physiological and molecular
changes in plants: promote seed germination and plant growth (in vivo and in vitro), induce stress
responses (biotic and abiotic), induce changes in the concentrations of different plant compounds, induce
mutations, facilitate genetic transformation, etc. Some of these changes may have important benefits at
different scales: research, agriculture, biotechnology or food processing. Here, we summarize the possible
applications of sound treatments and the pros and cons of its application.
... Sound waves also elicited changes at the molecular and physiological level, including the levels of polyamines and uptake of oxygen [51], regulation of antioxidant enzymes [52], synthesis of RNA and soluble proteins [30,53], and gene expression [13]. Jeong, et al. [13] Stress response of plants is also modulated through sound waves. ...
Responses of plants to environmental signals have been studied for a long time. These responses are exhibited in the form of morphological and physiological adaptations, and relaying the signal to environment (including other plants) through volatile organic compounds and extrinsic chemicals as well as proteins. However these signals do not correspond to the consciousness in the plants. Recent research in this field has produced evidence of non-physical signals e.g. sound and (electro) magnetic field. Plants produce such signals as well as perceive and respond to these signals. There are many novel techniques that have been used in last three-four decades to understand such signals, mostly acoustic signals. This review summarizes the old knowledge as well as recent developments in the area of generation, perception, integration and processing of acoustic signals by the plants as a response to the environment as well as to communicate among themselves. If understood fully, technological interventions and manipulations of these signals can add an extra tool for crop improvement.
... The energy propagation that accompanies sound vibrations greatly affects the various processes that take place in the germ cell related to its physiology. Research that has been conducted by [10] stated that exposure to sound with a frequency of 0.4 kHz at a sound level of 106 dB increased germination index, root growth activity and cell membrane penetration. Plant height is the most frequently observed plant size both as an indicator of growth and as a parameter used to measure environmental effects or the treatment applied. ...
The objective of this research was to investigate effect of violin sound exposure to morphology characteristic and green mustard productivity. Experimental design used was completely randomized design with one treatment factor which was sound level. The sound level consisted of three levels, 70-75 dB, 80-85 dB and 90-95 dB. Total treatment combinations were 4 combinations. The object of this research was Tosokan variety of green mustard which are commonly available in market. The number of samples was considered as repetition. Result showed that violin sound at level 70-75 dB resulted the highest germination rate about 98% when compared to 80-85 dB and 90-95 dB levels. Violin music sound stimulation gave significant effect on plant morphological characteristics such as plant height, leaf area and plant and root length when compared to the control plants. Sound exposure at 70-75 dB sound level generally produced highest values for all morphological characteristics. Statistical analysis showed that sound exposure at 70-75 dB sound level produced highest productivity average weight, 22.5 grams per plant, while control plants produced an average weight only 15 grams per plant. The conclusion of this study was violin music stimulation resulted increased green mustard productivity, especially at low sound level.
... There was a significant increase in the expression of genes related to cell division in the roots of the Arabidopsis exposed to 100 and 100 + 9k Hz sound waves ( Figure 3A). Similarly, sound waves increase the cell number in the S phase of chrysanthemum development, suggesting that sound waves promote growth by affecting the cell cycle [50]. Cell cycle progression is controlled by cyclin. ...
Sound waves affect plants at the biochemical, physical, and genetic levels. However, the mechanisms by which plants respond to sound waves are largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of sound waves on Arabidopsis thaliana growth. The results of the study showed that Arabidopsis seeds exposed to sound waves (100 and 100 + 9k Hz) for 15 h per day for 3 day had significantly longer root growth than that in the control group. The root length and cell number in the root apical meristem were significantly affected by sound waves. Furthermore, genes involved in cell division were upregulated in seedlings exposed to sound waves. Root development was affected by the concentration and activity of some phytohormones, including cytokinin and auxin. Analysis of the expression levels of genes regulating cytokinin and auxin biosynthesis and signaling showed that cytokinin and ethylene signaling genes were downregulated, while auxin signaling and biosynthesis genes were upregulated in Arabidopsis exposed to sound waves. Additionally, the cytokinin and auxin concentrations of the roots of Arabidopsis plants increased and decreased, respectively, after exposure to sound waves. Our findings suggest that sound waves are potential agricultural tools for improving crop growth performance.
... Germination index, stem height, root system activity of paddy rice seeds were significantly increased at sound frequency of 0.4 kHz and SPL of 106 dB. Conversely, the sound waves inhibits the growth of paddy rice seeds when it exceeded 4 kHz or 111dB [10]. ...
... used a frequency of 1000 Hz capable of increasing root activity and plasmalemma H + -ATPase in Chrysanthemum plants [16]. showed that sound effects with a frequency of 400 Hz is able to increase germination index, stem height, relative increase in fresh weight, rooting ability, root system activity, and ability to penetrate cell membranes in rice seeds [17]. Kim, et. ...
This study aims i) to determine the effect of Dundubia manifera insect sound on the stomata opening area of corn plant (Zea Mays L.) at frequencies of (in Hz) 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5000, and ii) to know the peak frequency that can optimize the stomata opening of the corn plant. The insect sound has been manipulated into peak frequencies and validated using Octave 4.2.1 software. The experiment uses one corn-field for the treatment and control plants. Sampling is taken three times, i.e.: 15 minutes before sound exposure, during sound exposure for 30 minutes, and 15 minutes after sound exposure. The stomata opening area is observed using a microscope by observing the output via NIS Elements Viewer program. The length and width of the stomata openings are measured using Image Raster 3.0 and the area of the stomata opening is calculated using the elliptic equation. This study shows that the stomata opening area when given sound exposure is larger than without sound exposure. The largest stomata opening area is obtained at a frequency of 3000 Hz, viz.: 93.7 µm².
... Ultrasonic waves apparently may have impacted mechanical energy needed by radicle to overcome dormancy and seed coat barrier to push out for early emergence. Wang et al. [31] observed improved sprouting rate in ultrasound treated paddy rice and attributed their observation to the ability of ultrasound waves to transfer energy to cytoplasmic cells for efficient cytoplasmic streaming during the sprouting process. Similarly, Yu et al. [14] reported 18.07% significant increments in sprouting percentage with ultrasound treated peanut sprouts compared to their control. ...
Limited literature is available concerning the phenolic biosynthesis and antioxidative potential of common bean sprouts induced by ultrasound elicitation. In this study, common bean seeds were treated with ultrasound at different power (0, 180 and 360 W) and time (0, 30, 45 and 60 min) levels, before they were subjected to sprouting (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Stress markers (H2O2, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase), activities of defense phenolic triggering enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase), phenolic contents (total phenolic acids, total flavonoids and anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS and Fe2+ scavenging) were monitored. Results showed that, ultrasound elicitation (especially 360 W, 60 min) significantly increased accumulation of stress markers at 96 h of sprouting, leading to elevated activities of defense phenolic triggering enzymes, and final accumulation of phenolics and antioxidant capacities at significant levels compared to control. Ultrasound treatment at 360 W and 60 min reduced sprouting time by 60 h, compared to control. Results from principal component analysis clearly differentiated latter stages of sprouting and high ultrasound levels from other sprouting conditions as distinct treatments for the production of phenolic-rich common bean sprouts. Overall, results from this study indicated that elicitation with ultrasound can be a green and novel approach for producing phenolic-enriched common bean sprouts as an organic nutraceutical vegetable.
... So, the bone flute found in France is at least 32 thousand years old. Modern researchers are studying the effect of music on humans, animals, plant and protozoa, using the achievements of scientific and technological progress for developing not only a theoretical knowledge but also new biotechnologies (see for example [2][3][4][5][6]). Our article pays a special attention to development of scientific musical therapy and acoustical biotechnologies using, in particular, achievements in the field of genetical coding and bioinformatics. ...
The article is devoted to fundamentals and achievements of scientific musical therapy and acoustic bitechnologies developed in Russia and used now in many countries. This scientific-technologic direction has received in 2019 year from European Union a special grant for further developing thematic international cooperation: “Comprehensive multiprofesional approach to the treatment the patients using the elements of the scientific music therapy”. The article describes some Russian patented solutions in this fields and also theoretical and technological approaches for further increasing their effectiveness.
... [23] . The effects of sound on the mathematical parameters like quantitative seed germination process [24] . Differential germination rate was observed as a function of time using various frequencies of noise from 100 to 9000 Hz.Root elongation was found related to cell metabolism and positive relationships between root growth and different types of music was reported [25] . ...
... Weinberger and Measures, 1979 [130] reported that sonication at 5 kHz and 92 dB led to stimulate tiller growth with an increase of plant dry weight and number of roots in Rideau winter wheat. Different types of sound have been demonstrated to increase the growth of mung bean, rice, cucumber and Arabidopsis seedlings (Takahashi et al., 1992, Johnson et al., 1998, Uchida and Yamamota, 2014Cai et al., 2014) [111,66,117,14] , and increased the root length in Actinidia chinensis (kiwi) and paddy rice , Yang et al., 2004 [10,139] . Hou et al., 1994 [55] reported 100 Hz frequency of an external sound showed positive impact on philodendron plant growth. ...
Like other environmental factors, Sound vibrations also reported to greatly influence the plants at physical, biochemical and gene level. Based on relevant literature, this manuscript discusses the influence of Sound vibration in stimulating various growth and developmental parameters in plants like seed germination, root elongation, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, yield, post harvest shelf-life, and also highlights various researches carried out to support influence of acoustic frequencies in defense, metabolism, cell cycle, and production of secondary metabolites, hormones and enzymes. Application of wide range of sound frequencies, infrasonic to ultrasonic, could provide myriad possibilities in advancement of future agriculture; however, a more comprehensive knowledge on signalling and regulation mechanisms is required to exploit the full potential.
... 16 Although several studies of increasing physiologically active substances in plants (including secondary metabolites) in various growth environments have been reported, few studies have focused on increasing functional compound levels in vegetable sprouts using sound wave treatments. 17,18 In this study, we selected the best sound wave treatment conditions for increasing total flavonoid contents in alfalfa, broccoli and red young radish sprouts by varying the sound frequency, growth stage and total sound wave exposure time. The sprouts were subjected to 1 h ST treatments in the morning and afternoon or 1 h LT treatments in the morning and afternoon on multiple days after sowing. ...
BACKGROUND
Sound waves are emerging as a potential biophysical alternative to traditional methods for enhancing plant growth and phytochemical contents. However, little information is available on the improvement of the concentration of functional metabolites like flavonoids in sprouts using sound waves. In this study, different frequencies of sound waves with short and long exposure times were applied to three important varieties to improve flavonoid content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sound waves on flavonoid content on the basis of biochemical and molecular characteristics.
RESULTS
We examined the effects of various sound wave treatments (250 Hz to 1.5 kHz) on flavonoid production in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and red young radish (Raphanus sativus). The results showed that sound wave treatments differentially altered the total flavonoid contents depending upon the growth stages, species and frequency of and exposure time to sound waves. Sound wave treatments of alfalfa (250 Hz), broccoli sprouts (800 Hz) and red young radish sprouts (1 kHz) increased the total flavonoid content by 200%, 35% and 85%, respectively, in comparison with untreated control. Molecular analysis showed that sound waves induce the expression of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which positively corresponds to the flavonoid content. Moreover, the sound wave treatment significantly improves the antioxidant efficiency of sprouts.
CONCLUSIONS
The significant improvement of flavonoid content in sprouts with sound waves makes their use a potential and promising technology for the production of agriculture‐based functional foods. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
... Proper intensity ultrasonic waves can enhance the dissolution of substrate (Bochu et al., 2003) thus the catalysis effect of enzymes improves (Delgado-Povedano and De Castro, 2015). Dalagnol et al. (2017) reported a 17% increase in the catalytic efficiency of cellulase with sonication possibly by increasing the reaction stability. ...
... Recently there has been renewed interest in the field of plants and sound (Mishra, 2016) (Petraglia & Marcelo, Silveira, 2008.) (Schöner, 2016), though most experiments have been looking at growth patterns (Qi, 2010) (Bochu, 2003) and gene expression in response to sound (Jeong et al., 2008). Perhaps the most astonishing recent discovery was that of sounds generated by maize roots . ...
Please note this thesis accompanies accompanies online content which can be found here :
http://www.augustineleudar.com/Offline%20Website/indexphd.html
Abstract: This thesis accompanies a portfolio of site specific sound installations that were delivered in the UK, Europe and South America between 2012 and 2016. The principle focus of the research is to combine plant electrophysiology and 3D sonic art with a particular emphasis on spatial audio. By using networks of electrodes, audio spatialisation and various artistic techniques, electrical activity in the biosphere was made tangible through sound in real-time. Installations based on this research were presented at public events, immersing listeners in the complexity of these processes. Bespoke software was created to meet creative and technical objectives. The main research question asks 'How can plant electrophysiology and art be integrated?' The case is made that the artistic and scientific side of this interdisciplinary research should meet on an equal footing, in which art does not occupy a subordinate role to science. The research therefore aimed to create a combination of both fields that enables a genuine dialogue between them. Novel sound installations were created that were designed to stand as works of art in their own right regardless of whether or not the audience knew there was a scientific component to the piece; at the same time new approaches to monitoring electrical activity in plants were developed. A description of how these two elements are combined and how scientific needs influence artistic work and vice versa is given. The case is also made that, for site specific work, the context and location in which the sounds are presented are just as important as the sounds themselves. The principle object of this research is not to gather qualitative or quantitative data, but to convert signals into sound in real-time and create art installations that engender a space where independent elements of both disciplines can merge as well as develop independently from each other. Technical and artistic gaps in the field are identified through the literature review and addressed in the installations. The software created forms a bridge between the creative and the technical side of the research and is described by means of videos. During the course of the research some discoveries were made, that although do not directly address the original research questions, nonetheless form interesting subjects in their own right and potential avenues for future investigation, as such they are included. This commentary is accompanied by a USB stick that has relevant software and audio documentation. It also includes an offline website which contains important information such as videos, and is referred to throughout the text and forms an essential component of the thesis. P a g e | 3 ii) Acknowledgements I would like firstly to thanks my supervisor, Professor Michael Alcorn for his guidance and for supporting me to conduct the research and create the art installations I had dreamed about for years, both in the Amazon rainforest and at home.
... For example, sound treatment increased hypocotyl elongation in seedlings of rice, cucumber, and Arabidopsis thaliana (Weinberger and Burton 1981;Takakashi et al. 1992;Johnson et al. 1998;Creath and Schwartz 2004). Sound waves also enhance root development in rice in paddy fields (Bochu et al. 2003). Moreover, the Alcohol dehydrogenase (Ald) promoter responds to sound in a frequency-specific manner in transgenic rice (Jeong et al. 2008). ...
We previously reported that sound wave treatment (1 kHz) delays fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), affecting the expression of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACS) and ACC oxidases (ACO). In this study, we investigated the activity of the transcription factors RIN and HB-1, which function in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, in response to sound treatment. To investigate whether RIN and HB-1 directly activate the transcription of ACS and ACO, we performed transcriptional activation analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf protoplasts, transiently expressing RIN or HB-1 and using reporter constructs with promoters of the tomato ACS and ACO genes. Activation of the endogenous AtACS and AtACO genes was also measured by qPCR. The RIN- and HB-1-induced expression of these genes decreased, but the HB-1-induced expression of some genes increased after sound treatment. To confirm these results, we performed transient assays in Nicotiana tabacum, which produced results similar to those observed in Arabidopsis. The major ethylene biosynthesis-related genes harbor a CArG-box as a RIN-binding motif. These findings indicate that RIN and HB-1 affect the expression of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes in response to sound treatment, and they suggest that RIN may regulate the ethylene biosynthesis-related genes by binding to their CArG-boxes.
... Furthermore, SVs have been shown to stimulate the in vitro growth and development of various plant species, such as Daucus carota (Wang et al., 1998), Oryza sativa (Liu et al., 2003b), Aloe arborescens (Liu et al., 2003a), Gerbera jamesonii , Cucurbita pepo (Ananthakrishnan et al., 2007), Dendrobium officinale (Wei et al., 2012), and Corylus avellana (Safari et al., 2013). Wang et al. (2003a) reported a significant increase in the germination index, shoot height, fresh weight, root system activity, and the cell membrane penetrability of paddy rice treated with SVs of 400 Hz frequency and 106 dB. However, frequencies above this range caused harmful effects, suggesting that SVs only within an optimal range can enhance cells' physiological activity. ...
Being sessile, plants continuously deal with their dynamic and complex surroundings, identifying important cues and reacting with appropriate responses. Consequently, the sensitivity of plants has evolved to perceive a myriad of external stimuli, which ultimately ensures their successful survival. Research over past centuries has established that plants respond to environmental factors such as light, temperature, moisture, and mechanical perturbations (e.g. wind, rain, touch, etc.) by suitably modulating their growth and development. However, sound vibrations (SVs) as a stimulus have only started receiving attention relatively recently. SVs have been shown to increase the yields of several crops and strengthen plant immunity against pathogens. These vibrations can also prime the plants so as to make them more tolerant to impending drought. Plants can recognize the chewing sounds of insect larvae and the buzz of a pollinating bee, and respond accordingly. It is thus plausible that SVs may serve as a long-range stimulus that evokes ecologically relevant signaling mechanisms in plants. Studies have suggested that SVs increase the transcription of certain genes, soluble protein content, and support enhanced growth and development in plants. At the cellular level, SVs can change the secondary structure of plasma membrane proteins, affect microfilament rearrangements, produce Ca2+ signatures, cause increases in protein kinases, protective enzymes, peroxidases, antioxidant enzymes, amylase, H+-ATPase / K+ channel activities, and enhance levels of polyamines, soluble sugars and auxin. In this paper, we propose a signaling model to account for the molecular episodes that SVs induce within the cell, and in so doing we uncover a number of interesting questions that need to be addressed by future research in plant acoustics.
... Plants' responses to environmental stresses are also regulated by genetic progress at the DNA, transcription, post-transcription, translation and post-translation levels. Effect of sound waves on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in chrysanthemum was studied (Wang X et al. 2003). Inoculated stems were stimulated by sound waves (intensity = 100 db; frequency = 1,000 Hz) once for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days, respectively, and daily for 60 mins. ...
Plants are exquisitely sensitive to the physical factors in nature, where exposure to precipitation, wind or touch results in shortened plants which are able to better tolerate stress conditions, and are capable of responding in terms of thigmomorphogenesis, alterations in the growth of plants to cope and compensate for the mechanical variables. An understanding of stress physiology in plant growth is important to many plant scientists, since physical stress has a major impact on biological diversity and agricultural productivity, as well as other environmental and ecological problems. In this chapter, a restricted definition of physical stress is presented as a complicated stress factor whose properties can be separated into several physical aspects, which would be induced by the exterior or internal physical environment and eliciting certain specific or non-specific responses in plant growth. Four interrelated phases that could qualify as primary cues for the differentiated courses induced by stress are restated here, and we are confirmed that there exists undoubtedly a bidirectional function of physical stress. In particular, the elegant experimental methodology designed to investigate the relationship between artificially delivered force and the resultant morphological, physiological, and genetic changes is reviewed. The experimental findings reveal that application of mechanical forces can elicit the response of plant in various aspects: growth and development of plant organism, biophysical characteristics (thermodynamic properties), biochemical metabolism, energy metabolism, signal transduction, resistance formation, and some genetic processes.
In recent years, the idea has flourished that plants emit and perceive sound and could even be capable of exchanging information through the acoustic channel. While research into plant bioacoustics is still in its infancy, with potentially fascinating discoveries awaiting ahead, here we show that the current knowledge is not conclusive. While plants do emit sounds under biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, these sounds are high‐pitched, of low intensity, and propagate only to a short distance. Most studies suggesting plant sensitivity to airborne sound actually concern the perception of substrate vibrations from the soil or plant part. In short, while low‐frequency, high‐intensity sounds emitted by a loudspeaker close to the plant seem to have tangible effects on various plant processes such as growth – a finding with possible applications in agriculture – it is unlikely that plants can perceive the sounds they produce, at least over long distances. So far, there is no evidence of plants communicating with each other via the acoustic channel.
Plants are highly sensitive organisms and can indeed benefit from specific sound signals in multi-layered processes. Scientific evidences have shown the potential applications of sound wave treatment in plant biology. However, there are some limitations to sound wave treatment that must be overcome. We still do not understand how do plants initially perceive and recognize sound signals, which is very critical to maximize the effectiveness of the use of sound treatment from practical viewpoint. Proper setup of sound treatment equipment and detailed understanding and evaluation of the effects of selected frequencies and intensities along with sound exposure times are also very crucial during sound treatment. More experimental studies with different models need to be done in a multidisciplinary approach toward establishing suitable mechanism for sound treatment application in agriculture production. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of findings associated with potential effects of audible sound waves including music on different biological, physiological and biochemical processes in plants.
For nutritional security, the availability of nutrients from food sources is a crucial factor. Global consumption of edible seeds including cereals, pulses, and legumes makes it a valuable source of nutrients particularly vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The presence of anti-nutritional factors forms complexes with nutrients, this complexity of the nutritional profile and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in edible seeds lead to reduced bioavailability of nutrients. By overcoming these issues, the germination process may help improve the nutrient profile and make them more bioavailable. Physical, physiological, and biological methods of seed invigoration can be used to reduce germination restraints, promote germination, enhance early crop development, to increase yields and nutrient levels through sprouting. During sprouting early start of metabolic activities through hydrolytic enzymes and resource mobilization causes a reduction in emergence time which leads to a better nutritional profile. The use of physical stimulating methods to increase the sprouting rate gives several advantages compared to conventional chemical-based methods. The advantages of physical seed treatments include environment-friendly, high germination rate, early seedling emergence, uniform seedling vigor, protection from chemical hazards, and improved yield. Different physical methods are available for seed invigoration viz. gamma irradiation, laser irradiation, microwaves, magnetic field, plasma, sound waves, and ultrasonic waves. Still, further research is needed to apply each technique to different seeds to identify the best physical method and factors for seed species along with different environmental parameters. The present review will describe the use and effects of physical processing techniques for seed invigoration.
Plants can listen to sounds and respond to these sounds by changing metabolic activity. A good sound will have a positive effect on plant metabolism and vice versa. The adhan to prayer is a call to pray and contains good sentences. This study aims to determine the effect of the sound of the adhan on the growth, production, and disease incidence of the Brassicaceae family. This was conducted by performing split plot design which consisted of 2 factors namely plants spesies and the sound of the adhan. The plant species consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely: A1= Mustard greens, A2= Kailan, A3= Pakcoy. Meanwhile, frequency of the adhan consists of 7 levels, namely: B0= without adhan, B1= 2 times a day, B2= 3 times a day, B3= 4 times a day, B4= 5 times a day, and B5= 6 times a day. The results showed that there was a tendency for differences in plant height, leaf area, plant total fresh weight and net weight given the sound of the adhan compared to without sound, but statistically it was not significantly different. The more often the plant is played the sound of the adhan can increase the production of the brassicaceae family.
Sound plays a critical role in all life forms in one way or the other. Higher organism such as vertebrates have evolved sophisticated auditory organs to perceive as well as emit specific range of sound frequencies. Extensive studies have been done on implication of sound in animal kingdom. Plants at the other side lack specialized organs for the same, which makes them mysterious as well as interesting subjects. In recent years significant advancement has been made towards understanding of sound emission and perception in plants. Through this review an attempt is made to unveil the current advancements in plant acoustics, its significance in overcoming the environmental challenges, biotic threats, facilitating pollination, inter-kingdom communication for mutual benefits and learning by association. Along with this, the application of sound in boosting plant growth, yield, enhancing functional metabolite production, evading pests and postharvest management has been emphasized. In this respect, several examples are presented to strengthen our understanding of plant responses to sound at behavioural, physiological and molecular level. At last, in the light of existing knowledge, we discuss current challenges in plant acoustic research, ecological hazards associated with artificial sound wave treatments and plausible ways alleviate it.
Sound wave technology or Sonic Bloom technology has long been applied to plants. Sound waves affected the plants at different frequencies, sound pressure levels, presentation periods, and distances from sound sources. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of sound technology exposure on certain frequencies on the beginning of shoot growth, plantlet height, leaf number, and stomata opening width. The experiment was conducted by comparing chrysanthemum plants exposed to Quran recitation (Surah Al-Fatihah) at an average frequency of 1237.8 Hz for 2 hours for 8 Weeks After Culture (WAC). The results showed that Quran recitation and media interactions occurred in plantlets height after 4 WAC and leaf number after 8 WAC. The exposure of Quran recitation had affected on plantlet height after 2 WAC. The treatment influenced the number of leaves after 4 WAC, and the number of roots after 6 WAC. In testing the opening of the stomata, the leaves that given al-Fatihah recitation treatment, having a stomata opening wider than the leaves that were not treated (control). This study is the beginning of research to find the right frequency to stimulate growth in plants.
It has been reported that both naturally occurring and artificially created sounds can alter the physiological parameters of various plants. A series of experiments were designed in the present study to estimate the physiological responses and the variation in the Cd decontamination capacity of Festuca arundinacea under sonic wave treatments. Plant seeds were treated by sound waves of frequency 200, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 Hz, and the germinated seedlings were transplanted to Cd-polluted soil. The results showed that all the sonic treatments increased the whole plant dry weight of F. arundinacea compared with that of the control, and the highest value was observed in the 200 Hz treatment. The Cd content in below-ground and aerial tissues of the species increased with increasing frequency till 400 Hz, after which they became constant. A higher proportion of senescent and dead leaf tissues was observed in the high-frequency treatment (1000 Hz), and more Cd was transferred to these failing tissues. Therefore, in the 1000 Hz treatment, a significantly greater amount of Cd could be eliminated by harvesting the senescent and dead leaf tissues of the species compared with that of the other treatments. The concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the proportions of hydrophilic fractions which have a strong Cd affinity, in the rhizosphere soil of F. arundinacea increased with the increase in sound frequency. Cd extraction ability of DOM also increased with increasing frequency. This study indicated that a suitable sonic treatment can improve the phytoextraction efficiency of F. arundinacea, and also explained the mechanism from the perspective of the variations in soil DOM.
Genetic improvement of Grape is limited by traditional methods. An effective regeneration system for tissues culture of transgenic adult plants could facilitate genetic modification of them. So it is necessary to develop and improve embryogenesis and regeneration systems in plants. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasound (0 (as control), 60, 120, and 240 seconds), tryptophan (0 (as control), 50,100, 200 µM), and proline content (0 (as control), 50, 100 and 200 µM) on grape stem internodes explants in Kodori cultivar. This project was performed in the factorial experiment (two factors) on the basis of a completely randomized design with three replications at the tissue culture laboratory of Shahed University of Tehran. Results showed that both ultrasound and two explained amino acids had significant effects on studied characteristics such as callus frequency, callus length, and width, fresh weight, embryo numbers in each callus, and their germination percentage. Generally, using 100 µM tryptophan and proline coincide with 120-second ultrasound had the highest positive effects on the most studied characteristics.
Muscular dystrophies are inherited myogenic diseases and considered by progressive muscle wasting and weakness with variable distribution and severity. The essential characteristics of muscular dystrophies are selective involvement, significant wasting and weakness of muscles. The most common and frequent types of muscular dystrophies are Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD), Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSHD) and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD). Metabolic disturbance is observed in muscular dystrophy patients (DMD, BMD, FSHD and LGMD-2B). Alteration in the level of metabolites (BCAA, Glu/ Gln, Ace, alanine, glucose, histidine, propionate, tyrosine and fumarate) in dystrophic muscle reflects the alteration in the activity of enzymes. Collectively, these observations propose that there is alteration in the rate of glycolysis, TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis pathway and protein metabolism (catabolism & anabolism) in the muscular dystrophy patients. Metabolic disturbance, further provide the explanation about the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy.
In this work, a new analytical approach combining optical microscope with software was carried out to study the effect of music on bacteria and to explore its potential mechanism. The stimulation of classical music (Flight of the Bumblebee) with different frequencies (range from 55 Hz to 4186 Hz) and tempos (range from 25 BPM to 250 BPM) was transmitted in the form of vibration by the apparatus which was bone conduction to Escherichia coli MG1655. The increment of E. coli motility affected by Flight of the Bumblebee was quantified by two approaches. One was indirect motility assay and the other was the in-situ monitoring on the swimming behavior of E. coli under the optical microscope. The in-situ monitoring was conducted by combining optical microscope with software which enabled real-time observation on the swimming behavior of E. coli. Both results showed that different frequencies and tempos of musical vibration affected the motility to a different extent. With comparison, it was found that the music with higher frequency and faster tempo could enhance more on the motility. Above findings suggest this new analytical approach could be applied for investigating the motility of E. coli, and also a potential mechanism to modulate biological cells for future digital therapeutic and medical device applications.
Background and Aims
Sound is omnipresent in nature. Recent evidence supports the notion that naturally occurring and artificially generated sound waves induce inter- and intracellular changes in plants. These changes, in turn, lead to diverse physiological changes, such as enhanced biotic and abiotic stress responses, in both crops and model plants.
Methods
We previously observed delayed ripening in tomato fruits exposed to 1 kHz sound vibrations for 6 h. Here, we evaluated the molecular mechanism underlying this delaying fruit ripening by performing RNA-sequencing analysis of tomato fruits at 6 h, 2 d, 5 d and 7 d after 1 kHz sound vibration treatment.
Key Results
Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes and non-coding small RNAs revealed that some of these genes are involved in plant hormone and cell wall modification processes. Ethylene and cytokinin biosynthesis and signalling-related genes were downregulated by sound vibration treatment, whereas genes involved in flavonoid, phenylpropanoid and glucan biosynthesis were upregulated. Furthermore, we identified two sound-specific microRNAs and validated the expression of the pre-microRNAs and the mRNAs of their target genes.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that sound vibration helps to delay fruit ripening through the sophisticated regulation of coding and non-coding RNAs and transcription factor genes.
Previous studies have shown that sound wave treatment can affect the expression of plant genes and improve the growth. So, we investigated the ability of sound waves to increase AsA (l-ascorbic acid) content in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) sprouts in this study. Sprouts were exposed to a range of sound wave frequencies for two 1-h periods per day for various numbers of days. Most sound wave treated sprouts had a higher AsA content than untreated sprouts. In addition, the activity level of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme with potent antioxidative properties, was increased in sound wave-treated sprouts. The AsA content varied in response to sound wave treatment. Most processing conditions, including 500 and 1000 Hz, increased AsA content by 24–50%; however, some treatment conditions caused reduced AsA content during sprout growth. Furthermore, AsA content during sprout storage was increased by most sound wave treatment conditions, with 13–36% increases observed following 800 and 1000 Hz sound wave treatments compared to untreated sprouts. To investigate the mechanisms underlying changes in AsA content, we analyzed the expression levels of AsA biosynthesis-related genes. We found that several genes, including VTC1, VTC2, VTC4, GME, L-GalDH, GLDH, MDHAR, and DHAR1, displayed differential expression in response to sound wave treatment. Therefore, sound wave treatment may be a viable method for increasing the nutritional contents of sprouted vegetables. © 2017 Korean Society for Plant Biotechnology and Springer Japan KK
The acoustic frequency technology is to treat the plant with a specific frequency sound wave. Acoustic studies have found that plants can produce low frequency sound spontaneously. With the addition of the technology, the specific frequency sounds to make a match-absorption and resonance on the target plants. Thus, the technology strengthens photosynthesis and speeds of cell split and makes plant grow and develop faster. Treated plants are blooming and bearing fruits ahead of time. Acoustic frequency technology was applied to sweet pepper, cucumber and tomato in greenhouse. Various controlled experiments were made and all results indicted that the technology could increase the output of vegetables notably, improve crops quality, strengthen the capability of disease-resistance. The yields of treated sweet pepper, cucumber and tomato were 63.05%, 67.1% and 13.2%, respectively higher than that of control group. Moreover, the incidence of treated tomato disease decreased by 6, 8, 9, 11 and 8 percentage points, respectively, including red spider, aphids, grey mold, late blight and virus disease.
Acoustic frequency technology can promote the growth of plants in horticulture, but the promotion mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the method of spontaneous acoustic frequency (SAF) measurement was explored, and the spontaneous spectrum of cucumber seedlings was examined. Using a laser PDV-100 vibrometer, the SAF of cucumber seedlings in different locations (main vein, mesophyll and stem) and different environments (light intensity changes and drought stress) was measured in a semi-anechoic room by non-contact measurement. The power spectrum and autocorrelation of SAF were analyzed and the spontaneous spectral characteristics of cucumber seedlings were obtained. The results showed that the basic frequency of cucumber seedlings' SAF was in 4.98~5.86 Hz and the spontaneous acoustic signal variations under different environments in the three parts of the cucumber were consistent.
Expression of the calmodulin-related TCH genes of Arabidopsis is strongly and rapidly up-regulated in plants after a variety of stimuli, including touch. As an approach to investigating the mechanism(s) of TCH gene regulation, a manipulable cell culture system in which TCH gene expression is regulated has been developed. In response to increased external calcium or heat shock, TCH2, -3, and -4 mRNA levels significantly increased. Significantly, these two stimuli are known to result in cytoplasmic calcium increases, therefore implicating a role for calcium itself in the regulation of calmodulin-related genes. Further, external calcium is required for maximal heat-shock induction of expression of the TCH genes but not of the 70-kDa heat shock protein; therefore, there may exist at least two distinct mechanisms of heat shock induction of gene expression. Calcium ion regulation of genes encoding calcium-binding proteins may ensure the efficacy of calcium ion as a transient second messenger and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This possible regulatory circuit would likely be relevant not only for plant cells but also for the great variety of animal cells that transduce extracellular stimuli, such as hormones and electrical impulses, into calcium signals.
Adaptation of plants to environmental conditions requires that sensing of external stimuli be linked to mechanisms of morphogenesis. The Arabidopsis TCH (for touch) genes are rapidly upregulated in expression in response to environmental stimuli, but a connection between this molecular response and developmental alterations has not been established. We identified TCH4 as a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase by sequence similarity and enzyme activity. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases most likely modify cell walls, a fundamental determinant of plant form. We determined that TCH4 expression is regulated by auxin and brassinosteroids, by environmental stimuli, and during development, by a 1-kb region. Expression was restricted to expanding tissues and organs that undergo cell wall modification. Regulation of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes, such as TCH4, may underlie plant morphogenetic responses to the environment.
The role of Ca2+ in the gravitropic perception and/or response mechanism of Coprinus cinereus was examined by treating stipes with inhibitors of Ca2+ transport and calmodulin. Inhibitors had no effect on gravity perception but significantly diminished gravitropism. It is concluded that, under the conditions tested, Ca2+ is not involved in gravity perception by Coprinus stipes, but does contribute to transduction of the gravitropic impulse. The results would be consistent with regulation of the gravitropic bending process requiring accumulation of Ca2+ within a membrane-bound compartment. Treatment of stipes with an actin inhibitor caused a significantly delayed response, a result not observed with the Ca2+ inhibitors. This suggests that cytoskeletal elements may be involved directly in perception of gravity by Coprinus stipes while Ca(2+)-mediated signal transduction may be involved in directing growth differentials.
Regulation of cellular Ca2+ is an essential cell, function that is accomplished by a complex of processes collectively called the Ca2+ homeostat. This review discusses some of the progress that has been made in identifying the components of the Ca2+ homeostat in plants-pumps, secondary transporters, and ion channels-as well as progress in characterizing the operation of the homeostat in Living cells during signal transduction, A current hypothesis for understanding how the Ca2+ homeostat influences cell function suggests that the spatial and temporal properties of changes in Ca2+ levels induced by stimuli are important, An examination of the Ca2+ changes induced by a number of stimuli in plants shows the Ca2+ homeostat to be capable of generating changes in Ca2+ that have characteristic spatial and temporal properties. Thus, the timing and location of Ca2+ changes in the cell, together with changes in the activity of other cellular mediators, can explain the variety and specificity of cellular responses that are triggered by Ca2+.
We use the two-phase partitioning method to purify the plasma membrane vesicles as materials, and investigate the influence of water stress on the physical state of plasma. Our experiments show that, as the concentration of PEG increases (that is, as the extent of water stress increases), the fluorescent time and even fluorescent time of long-life composition of DPH decreases, the fluorescent polarized value of DPH and the fluorescent intensity of MC 540 increase. All of these imply that water stress makes plasma membranes vesicles small, the flowing and surface charge density of plasma membrane decreases. It also suggests the hydrophobicity reduction. In our further experiments, the time of long-time composition of intrinsic tryptophane decreased, and the activity of H+-ATPase reduced, which suggests the change of configuration and function of plasma membrane proteins. As a result, we thought that the change of the lipid physical state of plasma membranes is the primary response of possible awareness to water stress.
Chrysanthemum seedlings are treated by sound wave with a certain intensity (100 db) and frequency (1000 Hz) for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days, respectively, and each day for 60 min. The results show that the activity of roots and the content of soluble protein increase greatly under sound stimulation. The activity of plasmalemma H+-ATPase increases while stimulated by sound wave. The concentration of Ca2+, the Ca2+ passage blocker (Verapamil) and the Ca2+ carrier (A23187) can affect the activity of plasmalemma H+-ATPase and the protein kinase inhibitor (Staurosporine) can decrease the activity. The results indicate that the phosphorylation–dephosphorylation process probably regulates the activity of plasmalemma H+-ATPase under sound stimulation.
The effects of alternative stress on Ca2+ distribution in Chrysanthemum callus cells were studied. The field of alternative stress was generated through a strong sound field system in our lab, and the changes of Ca2+ distribution in subcellular structures were observed by electron microscopy (EM). We found that there were distinct differences between the control and treatment group, In the control cells, Ca2+ was concentrated to vacuole and was less in other organelles, while in the treatment samples, Ca2+ was concentrated to the vacuole membrane with a linear pattern, less Ca2+ was in the vacuoles. Ca2+ increased notably in cytoplasm, inner lateral of vacuole membrane and nucleus. Some Ca2+ were found in the Golgi complex and chloroplast. In this paper, we emphatically discussed the possible mechanisms of Ca2+ redistribution in the Chrysanthemum callus cells.
The effects of sound field on Chrysanthemum callus were studied. The field of alternative stress was generated through a strong sound field system set up in our lab, and the activity of SOD, the content of soluble proteins, the activity of IAA oxidase and the absorption rate of calcium were measured. We found that the sound field stimulation has dual effects, which can enhance or inhibit the growth of Chrysanthemum callus, the growth effects of sound field on Chrysanthemum callus depended greatly on the intensity and frequency of sound field. The activity of SOD, the content of soluble proteins and the absorption rate of calcium in callus increased with the intensity and frequency increasing. However, those indexes began to decrease when the intensity and frequency went beyond the limit of 100 dB and 800 Hz, respectively. However, the changing tendency of IAA oxidase activity was reversed to the above three indexes. We draw a conclusion that the optimal stimulation conditions are 100 dB and 800 Hz. Under the conditions, the sound field can distinctly enhance the growth of Chrysanthemum callus. We think that moderate stress stimulation can enhance the assimilation of tissues or cells, improve their physiological activity and accelerate the growth of plants, this moderate stress stimulation is helpful to the growth of plant tissues.
Studies on the relationship between plant cell (tissue) and physical stimulation is one of the study focuses of Biomechanics, and it is an effective method to research the stress effect of woody plant tissue by treating Actinidia chinensis callus with mechanical vibration. In this paper, several important plant physiological indexes were measured in order to further explore its mechanism stress effect. From our experimental results, we found that there was a great similarity of stress effect on mechanical vibration between A. chinensis and Gerbera Jamesonii acrocarpous, a kind of herbage plant, which had been studied in our laboratory before. That is to say, the mechanical vibration also has dual effects on woody plant. The proper frequency of mechanical vibration stimulating on the callus could promote callus growth, and the optimum frequency is about 3 Hz. The study showed that the biological effects of the mechanical vibration on the callus are obvious, and they are either positive or negative effects in comparison with that of the control group. The mechanism of vibration stimulation on plant tissue (cell) from the level of cell and molecule was discussed in this paper.
Carrot cells were exposed in suspension to 28 kHz continuous wave ultrasound. Exposure durations were from 2 to 40 s at the beginning of the cell suspension culture, so as to encompass the first decade of decreased or increased survival at each action time. In our experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to assay cell growth by means of measurement directly the absorbance (ABS) change in suspension culture. The experimental results indicated whether it would have been a positive or negative influence on plant cell growth in suspension culture with ultrasound exposed time varying; Meanwhile, we got two shake modes, a reciprocal shaker and a rotary shaker, that had almost same influences on plant cell growth under assigned conditions.
A recent resurgence of interest in mechanical forces and cell shape as biological regulators has revealed extracellular matrix as the site at which forces are transmitted both to and from cells. at the same time, great advances have been made in terms of defining cell-surface integrin receptors as transmembrane molecules that mediate cell attachment and physically interlink extracellular matrix with the intracellular cytoskeleton. Convergence of these two lines of research has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which cells sense physical forces and transduce mechanical signals into a biochemical response.
In response to water spray, subirrigation, wind, touch, wounding, or darkness, Arabidopsis regulates the expression of at least four touch-induced (TCH) genes. Ten to thirty minutes after stimulation, mRNA levels increase up to 100-fold. Arabidopsis plants stimulated by touch develop shorter petioles and bolts. This developmental response is known as thigmomorphogenesis. TCH 1 cDNA encodes the putative Arabidopsis calmodulin differing in one amino acid from wheat calmodulin. Sequenced regions of TCH 2 and TCH 3 contain 44% and 70% amino acid identities to calmodulin, respectively. The regulation of this calmodulin-related gene family in Arabidopsis suggests that calcium ions and calmodulin are involved in transduction of signals from the environment, enabling plants to sense and respond to environmental changes.
The current concept of stress in plants has been well developed over the past 60 years. Any unfavorable condition or substance that affects or blocks a plant's metabolism, growth, or development is regarded as stress. Vegetation stress can be induced by various natural and anthropogenic stress factors. One has to differentiate between short-term and long-term stress effects as well as between low-stress events that can be partially compensated for by acclimation, adaptation, and repair mechanisms, on the one hand, and strong stress or chronic stress events causing considerable damage that may eventually lead to cell and plant death, on the other hand. Some essential stress syndrome responses of plants are summarized in a unifying stress concept. The major abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic stressors are listed. Some stress tolerance mechanisms are mentioned. Stress conditions and stress-induced damage in plants have so far been detected using the classical ecophysiological field methods as well as point data measurements of particular chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and of reflectance spectra. The novel laser-induced high-resolution fluorescence imaging technique, which integrates chlorophyll and blue-green fluorescence, marks a new standard in the detection of stress in plants.
The effects of alternative stress, which was generated through a strong sound field apparatus set up in our lab, on cultured chrysanthemum callus cells were studied. Meanwhile we measured the deformability of chrysanthemum cell membranes and studied the influence of the cytoskeleton after the treatment of colchicine using micropipette aspiration technique. Based on our experimental results, we found that the deformability of cell membrane decreased in stress condition. However, the effect disappeared after the treatment of cytochalasin. Therefore, we thought that the reason on the deformability of cells decreasing was the microfilament rearranging and consequently the cells becoming more rigid under the alternative stress.
Vegetative and reproductive growth responses of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) to periodic seismic (shaking) stress were investigated during fall, winter, and spring seasons in a greenhouse. Growth changes caused by equivalent shaking treatment varied quantitatively among seasons, with the least response occurring during winter, but they were qualitatively similar during all three seasons. Shaking caused significant reduction in all growth parameters measured except root dry weight and leaf number after 16 days of treatment. Reproductive growth responses to shaking (occurring from 16 to 35 days of treatment) included delay of anthesis but no difference in number of fruits set after as much as 35 days of treatment. Seismic stress significantly reduced the number but not the weight of individual seeds per pod. Mean relative shoot growth rate was reduced by shaking during reproductive as well as vegetative growth. During both periods of development this response was caused almost entirely by inhibition of net carbon assimilation rate.
Thigmomorphogenetic responses occur in many environmental settings. The most pronounced effects are found under conditions of extremely high rates of turbulent wind or water flow. However, it is an ubiquitous phenomenon, since mechanical perturbations are to be encountered under all but the most stringent laboratory conditions. Our present understanding of these phenomena is the result of studies at the ecological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical, biophysical and molecular biological levels.
The appliance of supersonic in bioengineering
- S Y Qiu
- R H Yao
- M H Zong
S.Y. Qiu, R.H. Yao, M.H. Zong, The appliance of supersonic in bioengineering, Dev. Bioeng. 3 (1999) 45 Á/48.
Inquiry on method of seed vigour test: physiologic measure of seed germination
- Gu
Z.H. Gu, Inquiry on method of seed vigour test: physio-logic measure of seed germination, Seed 3 (1982) 11 Á/16.
The appliance of supersonic in bioengineering
- Qiu
Improvement of TTC methods for maize root
- Bai