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Willem Kuyken, Christine A. Padesky, and Robert Dudley: Collaborative Case Conceptualization: Working Effectively with Clients in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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BOOK REVIEW
Willem Kuyken, Christine A. Padesky, and Robert Dudley:
Collaborative Case Conceptualization: Working Effectively
with Clients in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Guilford, 2008, 366 pp, $ 40.00
Robert D. Friedberg
Published online: 23 February 2010
ÓSpringer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor
who boards ship without a rudder and compass and
never knows where he may cast.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Case conceptualization is the theoretically based founda-
tion for clinical practice. However, the ugly truth of
clinical practice is that many clinicians eschew case
conceptualization and essentially board Da Vinci’s figura-
tive ship with neither a compass nor a rudder. They suffer
drift with various winds and tides frequently blowing them
off course. Teaching and training experiences tell me that
many clinicians avoid case conceptualization because they
may believe it is a time consuming, arcane intellectual
exercise that has limited practicality. Thankfully, in
Collaborative Case Conceptualization, Kuyken, Padesky,
and Dudley have authored a book which makes case
conceptualization immediately accessible to clinicians.
The super-ordinate concept is collaboration. Indeed,
the joint effort toward psychological understanding of
individuals’ emotional and interpersonal difficulties is
empowering to clients. Knowledge is interactional in this
model. Clients actively participate as co-engineers of the
conceptualization. In the authors’ astute paradigm, case
conceptualization is transparent to the client and psycho-
logical formulation is demystified. Amplifying client’s
strengths and building resiliency factors in the case con-
ceptualization is another overriding theme. The process of
case conceptualization is seamlessly integrated with on-
going cognitive behavioral therapy. There is no artificial
boundary between conceptualizing the case and interven-
tion strategy. Most impressively, Kuyken and colleagues
demonstrate a keen cultural alertness when conceptualizing
problems and intervening with clients.
The book is beautifully written and cogently organized.
Kuyken and colleagues brilliantly detail a layered approach
to case conceptualization. They begin with conceptualiza-
tion on a descriptive level, progress to a cross sectional
formulation, and conclude with a longitudinal explanatory
working model. Sections and key points flow logically and
in an orderly manner. The scholarly and empirical foun-
dations of the approach are comprehensively included.
Nonetheless, the writing style is engaging and accessible.
There are many metaphors, cultural references, and literary
allusions.
Readers can tell they are in the presence of gifted cli-
nicians and teachers when reading the book. There is a
palpable intimacy in the words, case examples, and
teaching tools embedded in Collaborative Case Conceptu-
alization. For instance, Kuyken and colleagues construct
help boxes entitled, ‘Inside the Therapist’s head’ which
clue the readers into the therapists’ thinking about the case.
The authors sprinkle inspired teaching metaphors in the
text, such as the Procrustean Bed, the Crucible and the Sufi
story of Nasruddin to spark readers’ attention and recall.
The many clinical examples come to life with engaging
dialogues. The authors share many clinical metaphors with
the readers such as the compost and the flower, learning to
live in the light, and the orchid, and the dandelion. The
diagrams and illustrations are extremely helpful and
informative. There is a chapter guiding supervisors on the
effective way to teach collaborative case conceptualization.
Finally, Kuyken and colleagues even include a very useful
history form in the appendix.
R. D. Friedberg (&)
Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Center/College of Medicine,
Hershy, USA
e-mail: rfriedberg@psu.edu
123
J Contemp Psychother (2010) 40:181–182
DOI 10.1007/s10879-010-9140-6
This book appeals to a wide audience. Graduate stu-
dents, novice therapists, and seasoned clinicians alike will
all profit from the book’s invaluable and stimulating con-
tent. Additionally, the text is likely to be embraced by
professionals from multiple disciplines including psychol-
ogy, psychiatry, social work, mental health counseling,
nursing, and virtually any other group that wants to
improve their case conceptualization skills. I anticipate this
book will become well-worn by its owners as they return to
it repeatedly to refresh their thinking on case conceptual-
ization in cognitive behavioral therapy.
As a clinician-educator in an academic medical center, I
read a lot. However, there are precious few texts that make
the reader feel genuinely smarter, more clinically astute,
and professionally able after reading them. Fortunately,
Collaborative Case Conceptualization is one of them.
Kuyken, Padesky, and Dudley have penned a book that is
destined to become a modern classic. I recommend clear-
ing a space in your bookshelf immediately for this com-
pelling book and giving it a treasured place in your
professional library.
182 J Contemp Psychother (2010) 40:181–182
123
Reproducedwithpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Furtherreproductionprohibitedwithoutpermission.
... Formulation should be 'constructed collaboratively' (Beck 1995; Division of Clinical Psychology [DCP] 2011), rather than within the therapist's mind during or between therapy sessions (Kuyken, Padesky, and Dudley 2011). Collaborative formulation can have several benefits, including enhancing the client's and therapist's understanding of the formulation and the client's difficulties (Kuyken et al. 2005), improving the therapeutic relationship (Boschen and Oei 2008), increasing compassion and empathy for clients, providing a focus for therapy and increasing confidence in treatment (DCP 2011;Dudley and Kuyken 2006;Johnstone and Dallos 2013). ...
... Furthermore, in one study (Spencer et al. 2022), longitudinal formulations were identified as nonblaming. Spencer et al. (2022) suggest incorporating a small number of external perpetuating factors within maintenance cycles to help acknowledge that personal agency does not always exist in people's lives (Bakker 2008) and to help alleviate appraisals of self-blame; they note that strengths-based formulations (Kuyken, Padesky, and Dudley 2011) may help empower clients to implement attainable change. ...
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Objectives: Creating a formulation is one of the key competencies of a clinical psychologist and is understood to be important for guiding therapeutic input and understanding client distress. However, client experience of formulations can vary, with some reporting it is unhelpful and distressing. This novel review explores the experiences of clinicians and clients when creating a formulation, specifically the barriers and facilitators to collaborating on a formulation. This ultimately aims to improve client experience and engagement in formulation. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and EMBASE was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. This search was conducted using terms related to 'psychological formulation' and 'experience'. Nineteen qualitative papers met inclusion criteria and were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Findings that pertained to formulation were thematically synthesised. Results: Three analytical themes were identified: toleration of the formulation process-'a necessary evil', which highlights the potential emotional impact of formulation on the client and indicates the importance of responding to client readiness and expectations of formulation; development of the therapeutic relationship-'it's like a two way thing, isn't it?', which suggests that client empowerment, adapting to client needs and clinicians creating a safe and containing environment facilitated the formulation process; systemic factors-'walking a tightrope', which highlights the constraints of resources and team dynamics in therapists' ability to engage in collaborative formulation. Conclusion: Facilitators to a collaborative formulation include the following: simple formulations, thorough assessment and preparation for formulation, 'doing with' activities such as timelines and diagrams and working environments that include supportive colleagues and time for reflection and training.
... One of the most important tasks of the supervisor is the gentle yet consistent encour agement to construct a "good enough" conceptualization at the onset of treatment. There is extensive agreement that an early attempt to construct a case conceptualization is an important and necessary foundation for competent practice in several approaches (CBT; Kuyken et al., 2009;Persons, 2008), dynamic therapy (McWilliams, 2011;Shedler, 2022), and interpersonal therapy (Hopwood et al., 2019). Moreover, there is an emergent agreement regarding the clinical importance of the involvement of clients in case con ceptualization, goal setting, and treatment planning (Beck et al., 1979;Hopwood et 2019; Kuyken et al., 2009;McFarquhar et al., 2023;Tee & Kazantzis, 2011). ...
... There is extensive agreement that an early attempt to construct a case conceptualization is an important and necessary foundation for competent practice in several approaches (CBT; Kuyken et al., 2009;Persons, 2008), dynamic therapy (McWilliams, 2011;Shedler, 2022), and interpersonal therapy (Hopwood et al., 2019). Moreover, there is an emergent agreement regarding the clinical importance of the involvement of clients in case con ceptualization, goal setting, and treatment planning (Beck et al., 1979;Hopwood et 2019; Kuyken et al., 2009;McFarquhar et al., 2023;Tee & Kazantzis, 2011). Such client involvement is crucial for enhancing the transparency of clinical practice and facilitating the client's understanding of -and, therefore, engagement in -therapy itself. ...
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Case conceptualization is central to the success of the therapeutic process. However, integrative case conceptualization research has lagged behind research on integrating therapeutic intervention techniques. A successful case conceptualization provides (a) a dynamic, context-sensitive, yet parsimonious model of the client’s functioning; (b) relevant treatment targets and associated assessment procedures; and (c) a treatment plan including intervention phases and potential obstacles. Success in case conceptualization is a core clinical competency goal for trainees in clinical psychology and a career-long learning goal even for expert clinicians. Emerging technological trends and the formation of adversarial collaborative teams may assist research on the utility of well-constructed case conceptualizations.
... Por lo anterior, la conceptualización guía la toma de decisiones sobre el tratamiento, al permitir identificar los problemas del consultante y los mecanismos psicológicos a la base, aspectos que definirán los objetivos del tratamiento y las técnicas cognitivo conductuales con soporte empírico a implementar (Beck et al., 1979;Eells, 2007;Needleman, 1999;Persons, 2006). Sumado a lo anterior, la formulación de caso es utilizada para evaluar el tratamiento y generar los cambios necesarios para su potenciación (Hardy y Lleweyl, 2015), por lo que, técnicamente, está en constante evaluación (Kuyken et al., 2009). De acuerdo a Tolin (2016), esta se puede acompañar de un diagrama o representación gráfica que facilite la comprensión sobre los diversos factores que contribuyen a la mantención del problema que aqueja al consultante. ...
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The present article evaluates the relation among empirically collaborative conceptualization, its level of adjustment and clinically significant change in patients. A quantitative study with a repeated measures within-subjects design was carried out with the participation of 56 adult patients. The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), whose dimensions are Subjective Well-being, Problems and Symptoms, General Functioning and Risk, and the Ad-Hoc Questionnaire of Degree of Adjustment Conceptualization and Perception of Change (GA-PC) were applied. The results show statistically significant differences in all dimensions of the CORE-OM. Likewise, 61% of the consultants presented clinically significant changes at the sixth session of the treatment. These changes are correlated with the degree of agreement on the coherence of the conceptualization with the demand, the usefulness for the understanding of the demand, the perceived emotional change, the sense of relief experienced and the progress in facing their problems. The empirically collaborative conceptualization process, and its optimal degree of adjustment for the client, contribute to clinical change in a short period of time, and can be configured as a therapeutic intervention in itself.
... Clients object that they seem too mechanical or machine-like and do not sufficiently consider their emotional state (Prasko et al. 2010). The problem in such cases often lies in that the supervisee needed to adequately understand why the strategy was important in the context of the patient's problem formulation (Linehan & McGhee 1994;Persons 2008;Kuyken et al. 2009). Another issue might be that the supervisee imposes too heavy or too many tasks on the client and needs to sufficiently explore the client's possibilities and limitations . ...
... Adding a case formulation (CF) approach to EBP protocols guides this process. CF is a patient-centered, collaborative process between providers and patients that allows providers to tailor treatment to address patients' unique clinical complexities within clear parameters of what justifies divergence from the standard protocol (Kuyken et al., 2011;Persons, 2012). Although CF is often considered a cornerstone of cognitive behavioral therapy, it has been deemphasized as disorder-specific treatments have been manualized for widespread dissemination (Wilson, 1996). ...
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The heterogeneity of the core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), high rates of comorbid mental and physical health conditions, and substantial impact of the disorder on functioning and well‐being contribute to complex clinical presentations that can be challenging to treat. Despite these challenges, there are excellent manualized treatments for PTSD with significant empirical support. Although the success of frontline treatments for PTSD is evident, there remains room for improvement as indicated by suboptimal response and attrition rates. To address challenges to optimal therapy outcomes (COTOs), researchers have conducted numerous clinical trials designed to (a) enhance the core structure of treatment protocols to increase flexibility or (b) expand the protocols to address comorbid conditions that inhibit recovery. However, it is implausible to ever conduct the number of enhancement and expansion clinical trials necessary to test manual modifications for the universe of possible COTOs. This conceptual review describes the concept of a personalized model of therapy that leverages a case formulation approach to implementing an evidence‐based treatment for PTSD. This personalized approach provides guidance for the clinician in assessing the patient's COTOs, monitoring them throughout treatment, and relying on the patient's idiosyncratic data to inform treatment decisions, including how and when to diverge from treatment when clinically indicated and ensuring a clear path to return to trauma‐focused work when the COTO is stabilized. This personalized, case formulation approach to treating PTSD provides guidance for adopting a more flexible approach to treating clinically complex patients while ensuring fidelity to the protocol.
... (p. 125) Kuyken et al. (2009) A collaborative process of synthesizing a client's presenting issues and experiences with theory and research to form a new understanding that is original and unique to the client. (p. 3) Kuyken et al. (2005) A process aimed at describing a person's presenting problems and using theory to make explanatory inferences about causes and maintaining factors that can inform interventions. ...
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Case conceptualization is an important stage in the sport and performance psychology (SPP) consulting process. The conceptualization of a case can influence a consultant's understanding of the underpinning mechanisms contributing to a presenting concern, interventions selected to help a client, and the effectiveness of provided services. Guidelines for case conceptualization have been developed for SPP professionals, but little is known about how this activity is undertaken in practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the case-conceptualization methods and approaches of certified SPP professionals. Fifty-two certified mental performance consultants completed an online qualitative survey exploring how they conceptualized cases. Our findings suggested that SPP consultants viewed case conceptualization as an ongoing process, something that helps a consultant understand a client's presenting concerns and guide any intervention plans, a collaboration between client and consultant, and a way to evaluate the effectiveness of their practice.
... This self-monitoring formulation is fundamental CBT 11 and provides a straightforward technique that facilitates the identi cation of cognitive events, emotions, behaviors, and somatic experiences by patients 12,13 . ...
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