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Abstract

In his critique of Luhmann’s sociology, Habermas (1987) argued that individuation and socialization are possible on the basis of linguistic structures. This critique touches the blind spot of sociological systems theory as a meta-biology. Whereas the paradigm shift from action theory towards communication theory was fully reflected in Luhmann’s sociology, the difference between the self-organization of social systems and the autopoiesis of biological systems remained underspecified. Social systems allow for communication about observations from within the system and/or from another perspective. Observers are able to participate both in the variation and in the selection; Giddens (1976) introduced in this context the metaphor of a ‘double hermeneutics.’ Through language the distinction between uncertainty and meaningful information is communicated reflexively, and the consequent codification may be changed without becoming confused. The implied communicative competences can be specified from the perspective of communication theory.
LUHMANN, HABERMAS, AND THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
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Leydesdorff, L. (2000). Luhmann, Habermas, and the Theory of Communication.
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(3), 273-288.
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LUHMANN, HABERMAS, AND THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
LUHMANN, HABERMAS, AND THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
Abstract
>  E  ? $ F5 A0!3D  
*=55
(  E   5   
%5( "
   G
?$5%=
 5 
H(      5
5*     C  
*( <5*55*
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 5(  *
  5 H   * 
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keywords:
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Introduction: sociology, action theory, and systems theory
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(*;2
?AJ0!$(3.(D545
A%D@2AJ030$(3-%D(
$J?$H5*5
2(>$
*(
*
&*52
AJ03D(*$*$
925;54?*
AJ0!BD(H
5AJ
0!$(3D(
$?A0!BD
555
(0 03 $
5:
=;5?**AJ
03!D(*55
5$$*
$(":A0-3D
?$?
*%:?%;
(?55A
D$55(
>5*5*
("5:JA5
F5A0!D@LA0!.C0!!DD5
C*$?
55H*
4*AK00D(5
H4*
;%?*(
"54*$
2*(
;?%=5
(444
*2
*(5
24?
*A00-D(
4**$55
=55*A=F0!D(G2*
5*$*$5($J
A03$(.D2;5(?
5*55CI
55(12$*
4*(
AK0!.D2*$
J?5%
5*(
>2
*$**
***(5*
;?E
5*5J
;(?H*5*
*5%(
5$$
2(%=
54A@03!D(
Self-organization
%=4*$$5
=55
(5*54$$
$(
54*4(
25E
4E%
4(
$$$
*45
($*$5*5
(54
AD4
E*(4*
*A
00/D(
K
5(5*425
55$5(
24$
*5$$5*(
;(?
4%&**%
$$5($
*($5
4*4*(
2*(
*25=
&;%=?2$*
5(5H
5*5$5(
>$2**4
&**(
F$**($
5*%=
*(1$
A;?D(>*$
(*&
**55
4(
(
5*G&
25=(
E(;@?
$*$G2*52(
"$G2**
***%=*5
*C*5(2
45$
$(>GA$D
5$4*$
5;$?5
E(5%5A5D5
*H*5
($5H54
*(
G2**
($;%G2*?
G*($
5
*("5A2$4D
*$5
5
(F4*$&
2*2
(
>5
4*$5A%D(>
$G2*%G2*(
5554$45(K
$2$$*5
5H%
G2*(55
5*$5(A0!!D
5*5*C;G2*$?
$$"A0!!D5%
;G2*?A(0!0D(G2*5*
$2$5(
*
25(5
*5*5
(%5&
$(
6*;%?AF50!DG
5($H
;%?5G2*(
=
;5?AJ
0!BD(5
&2$
(
2**AD*(
55*5
5(
Luhmann's restriction
H2$$
(K4
M52M$;?5
*(
NG2*(H5
22*G2**$$
2(7E$*A;?D
5(F
2*
*(5H
I559(
:;?
A(($0!D(
?G2*$$
*$*
$5452;2(?A00 D$2$
5;4(?N
**
(A0!B$( -D$E$H
;$?$;4?A(
K03.$(B!0D(
G2*$*$
G5$G
(5H5G2*
*;(?
A0!BC00/$(3D=&;K
?NH$
5*(
H%
A00D(
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5A;5*?D5*
H(*2
($G2*2
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:5(%=
55*
55G2**(
The self-organization of the social system and biological autopoiesis
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5=5A@03!0!!I@
#0!BD(5%&
555C(
455
"*5
;?*$(@
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5*$5*(
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(4(
H%5*$*$54
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G45AD$55
(
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%5*($45$5*AD

5(
C5**$5%5*
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%G2*(@#A0! $(.D
&
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
5*
$(
62$*5=5*5%
5*$55
(*55*C
%5*5(5
55
5(4
(
N$5%;4?
*4*52
*$5$2$5*
*A0!!0!0D("$
5=A#
K00!D(5*$5
5*CM4M55
5*G2*5(
5I
55(5***A(($D
5*5*H
4(
>$2**$*
5**(%
45$
5H(*
542
***5*
*(>$*
*9(
7**95
(G2*
5G$
*(G2*2*54
G2$=
GG24**("G2*
542(12$G5
5*5G2*$G2*
5G(5
*G2*$$
55(
Habermas' objections
>G?$F5
A0!3$(-!/D4?
;*$59*559*5
(?$;59*?
25*%5*5
5A45D*5
5*(>$?
=5F5;5(?
F55**G2*
554
("4$*=
55
($5*
C($
H5(E
AD
(
>?*$H
(>5$*$
559=("$
(>$2$A(($
4D5(*
*5(
G2*5
$5*
(
*5$*
$2$A"0!BD(>
5$C
*5G22("
5AD2%5=A*%
5=5=D5(5
G222555;%
?*2(
J*2
(12$525
2$
9*(>$**
*2(>*$
;?;?2A0!0D(6*
*=G2*
H&5F5*
5$
*
5*(
$?$5*
&45
*%*A(($0!D(

*;?%$25*(*"
$55*
$$5(
A5D(
55*5*$5
(5*2
(%=2(
?$5*5**5
*M$5M5
5**(>$
;(?$F5;
?*2(
1?*$55;?
$5;4?A=
0/D$?5**
5(5
59(F*$%5
*(@E
5*(*
C59
$955595(*
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E(12$F5A0!3$(-3!D&
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857*
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$5
(
F5A0!D
*%=H
(F5$*
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H$
A(($03/D(
F5599
5&
A"D55*
*5
(
F5$*$2
($$$5
PF5

5(F*
*(
H$*$5
H
=(
Language
"F55?$
*55*
;59*?;%
(?@5=$*$
*59(7
*5==P
F**55
@?C5*?%5*P
F5A0!3D$$E
=$55*
5(F$$;59*
*
(?<$;59*?5
&59*P*
2
5*
*(
J*O*5$F5
;?;*(?;?*
5$
(7
(F54=$
5*(>=
5(<
J?*;
?(>5$%$5
H(*
$(
@$A(($
003DM5M
5%=(1:$
5&5
H5
2*(12$

%*$*
($55
*55(
5*(
5(
H$2$5
AD(>$C$4$
5E
(5
(12$
*4(
5$*$
*5&5
(O5
(
>$4
(5H
(1**$5H
(
2452$
45(#
%$5
H(5
*5=5(12$
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55$
H
*A00 5I(00/5D(
?
5=

(HAD
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*H(
555
A(($(*
HADAD(
A*D5AD
?ADAD(
1$G2*
A$D(G2*$*$55
A5$$
D(
AD55AD(<
5*4?$
%*%*5H
G2*(:*
ADEM$M(
5G2*
5(?(>?
$G
*(
5
(N9$5*$5
55I2$55
(<5G?A?D
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;%G2*?$;%
G2*?4(>
5(F*$
H5*5%(
*5=$5%
A$D%
55*(5
5$$5*
(5
=9
(>22
59
2*(JA0!BD$
54(A0!BD
5$(<
545=*(
H5**
G2*5*(>%%$
*5*C
%5*5P$5*
@?A03!D5(5$*$
@5(F5A0!3D59
?G$
G2*5(
59H
$5
*(
Infrare.exivity
?A3/B%!-!D*;J
*(?*F
C5*%5*
5H5*("2
**H$5
*("
5$
G
(
5*$@?5
5("
H55A;5*?D$
**5
$5$5(
5
(5*>*2ADAD(
%*
A5D$*5*
2$$5(
"ADAD
2AD$*42AD
(5*$$*
5(
$5*?*5
?*(2
*5F5?59*(
>5=H2
(5
5H5
5(H25
$54%A%D(%
5*$*$$
%(AF5?
%$(D*
2
(<$
45
2$$5
$G2*5
**(
**G2**5
$*
G(O$2$5=
5O(AD$
$O*55
AD9(9
(F*$I
*(**I
(
65G2*%G2*5
(
%5*5
G2*("5
5A*%D$
C5*
(>%$%
5E
H(>H$%H5A !D(
"54$5G2*4
5
(E@5*&;"
4$*2$5*%5*
$(?
5$C5*55
G2*G2*(
G2*5
G2**%5*;
*?(?>G2*$*$
G2**5*
2$$5*5(*
5H5
G2*($
*2
$G25
*(
Figure 1
"#
Figure 2
"$#
Figure 3
%$&
*
(F*$525&
*$44
AD(K$5AD
A 'D(5A*D*
4
A (D(5$*$5H2
5I%5
A003D(2
5I4
4*($554*(
5=
(
Communication of `information' in messages
42(
*4
(<52$$*$
55(2
5AD*4(
$2*
AJ*0!/D(*
55
O24
(5$*$
*5(
54$
=55H$2$5
(*$
$52
(
=5
25?
A0B!D(1*$
%EI=
55("$
5;?($
$$25
(

(*2$$
A;H2?D
A;?D($%**
5=A00BD(K
%*5
5A03-D("*5A
KD$***
AD**
AKD(1*AKD$AD
5(2$
*(
**
(*5*
*%**
(>4
A5*D$55
H(12$
2$
55*5
2($%
(
52(
"*
54
2(Q5
5***
(
*25
%("5
AD4$*
5=(4$*$
5*(
?55*
G2*$5
*(<5=
5*55=
5*4(>$
H(
H?
(>25H
*52*5=(
;?*$
$55*4(>&
$5
%(
($
2$
(
2A$D
22A$D(
*
4*5(
%5*
H5(
**
*5(
12$5
(1$5
5*?*(
5*5*
$G5
*4554**(
>$5G2*
5*5$$G2*(
"5G5$
*(2
%G$5
*(<**$
H*5
$F5?$*E
$2$5H%*2
(
Conclusion
=
*03/A03/5$(0D$
&
5$
*$
H
((2
$***
F5A(F503D(F
*(
>4$A(($0!B$00 5$0035DH
*(F*$
G*5
(>%$
5H(
A0!BD45$
O2
$$
(>$5
=(2
***
5*A00BD(**
*$5$4;?**P
5
$2**(
=55(K
*5
**(25
5*(
F**2P
4*$(
54;*&?$
*$$
2(
$55
5**(55H(>
H$
(*
5H(
5*5*5*555
**5&%*5
***(<*
92%5*
5H(K
5%$*
5*
H(54
9*
2%H(
<$5H
AHD$
O2
($
2($(<
$5*55
$*
(
$5%
452(
"G2559H
$(>&
$55
A*D%H(%
5G2%5
*55=A0035D(
%=4
52$*42(
G2**%5*?$*$
HG2*5
5(F5?
5
5%%
O(25
G2*5(
Notes
References
$65A00BD(%%)*$
+:$(
$"(KA0!!D(7(>&J($7(1$8(
$J(*5$(A(D$"+%
"$:$$(/0 % 3(
$"(KA0!0D(7$>8$4%
>5F6*(%,99$%-(
$@A0!0D("-.")/
0#$7N*:$7(
*$1(A0/0D(1"*$F$
8"$R4(
K$JA03.D(%2(K$R4(
K$F5A00D(1*2$
:F$67$S(
K4$8(6(<("A0!D(%%(N*
7:$7(
K$8(A0!.D("#"(:$
R4$(
1$A0.-D("%1(>&SA(D$"
%+/ ($0/!(
J$A03D(3#-2$F$(
J$A030D(+*"(@$(
J$A0!D($$%(>&Q%
77A0!D$(%3B(
J$A0!BD("+$::$75$
NQ(
J*$@4A0!/D(6&:5
65$,91A-D$B!%/ (
J$8A6(DA03!D("""+
4"*$>N*:$K
(
F5$SLA0!D("5$4$
14(@(
F5$SLA0!3D(62?
:59(:(-!%!/&"
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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... Second, we de ned complexity of care needs in accordance with the Luhmann's theory, which assumes that PCCNs and caregivers are integrated into social systems (22), while competing social theories suggest otherwise. For instance, a critical theory would suggest the PCCNs' lifeworld tends to resist the colonization of the practitioners' organizational world, and an actor-network theory would mix PCCN human and non-human actors in socio-technical networks (23,115). Third, because of the speci city of their decisional needs, we excluded two PCCN populations: children with complex care needs and people at the end of life (palliative care). ...
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Background In primary care, patients increasingly face difficult decisions related to complex care needs (multimorbidity, polypharmacy, mental health issues, social vulnerability and structural barriers). There is a need for pragmatic conceptual model to understand decisional needs among patients with complex care needs and outcomes related to decision. We aimed to identify types of decisional needs among patients with complex care needs, and decision-making configurations of conditions associated with decision outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic mixed studies review. Two specialized librarians searched five bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and SSCI). A team of twenty crowd-reviewers selected empirical studies on: (1) patients with complex care needs; (2) decisional needs; (3) primary care. Two reviewers appraised the quality of included studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We conducted a 2-phase case-based qualitative synthesis framed by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and Gregor’s explicative-predictive theory type. A decisional need case involved: (a) a decision (what), (b) concerning a patient with complex care needs with bio-psycho-social characteristics (who), (c) made independently or in partnership (how), (d) in a specific place and time (where/when), (e) with communication and coordination barriers or facilitators (why), and that (f) influenced actions taken, health or well-being, or decision quality (outcomes). ResultsWe included 47 studies. Data sufficiency qualitative criterion was reach. We identified 69 cases (2997 participants across 13 countries) grouped into five types of decisional needs: “prioritization” (n=26), “use of services” (n=22), “prescription” (n=12), “behavior change” (n=4) and “institutionalization” (n=5). Many decisions were made between clinical encounters in situations of social vulnerability. Patterns of conditions associated with decision outcomes revealed four decision-making configurations: “well-managed” (n=13), “asymmetric encounters” (n=21), “self-management by default” (n=8), and “chaotic” (n=27). Shared decision-making was associated with positive outcomes. Negative outcomes were associated with independent decision-making. Conclusion Our results could extend decision-making models in primary care settings and inform subsequent user-centered design of decision support tools for heterogenous patients with complex care needs populations.
... Transparent behavior and creativity like that found through Revelation's autopoietic (self-producing, self-healing) language (Leydesdorff, 2000;Luhmann, 1986) is "situated" in the revelatory powers of the Holy Spirit. Scriptures are replete with the need to warn and expose works of darkness: Yet, the spy Rahab was used to rescue Joshua and his men, who were themselves spies, with the reward of becoming a part of the lineage of Jesus (Joshua 2:1). ...
Chapter
Authentic leadership has been described as when a leader says what they do and does what they say. Authentic leadership is also a style that is assigned by the followers not something declared by the leader. This chapter demonstrates how the main character is genuine about her beliefs, leading to an open and honest exchange with foreign strangers of a distinct cultural belief system. Different cultures have varying morale beliefs and values which can lead to miscommunications and misunderstandings. Socio-rhetorical analysis is used to explore the book of Joshua and the character of Rahab. Addressing the question of whether Rahab demonstrates the traits of and authentic leader.
... Künzler argues that unlike Parsons' linguistic codes, Luhmann's codes can be considered as (meta-)biological duplication rules which are turned "on" or "off" in a binary mode, as in the case of DNA (Habermas, 1987;Künzler, 1987: p. 331;Leydesdorff, 2000Leydesdorff, , 2006a. However, this biological perspective pays insufficient attention to the specificity of inter-human communications when the code is reduced to the dichotomy true/false. ...
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Three themes have been central to my research program: (1) the dynamics of science, tech-nology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization and measurement of these dynamics; and (3) the Triple Helix (TH) of university-industry-government relations. In this introductory chapter, I relate these three themes first from an autobiographical perspective to ( i) ) Luhmann’s sociological theory about meaning-processing in communications with ( ii ) information-theoretical operationalizations of the possible synergies in Triple-Helix relations, and with ( iii ) anticipation as a selection mechanism in cultural evolutions different from “natural selection.” Interacting selection mechanisms can drive the development of redundancy; that is, options that are available, but have not yet been used. An increasing number of options is crucial for the viability of innovation systems more than is past performance. A calculus of redundancy different from and complementary to information calculus is envisaged.
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The theory of communication as autopoiesis proposed by Niklas Luhmann offers a revolutionary perspective in understanding communication in social systems. Luhmann argues that communication is not just a tool for exchanging information, but is an independent process and has autonomous mechanisms to maintain and reproduce itself. This theory combines the concept of autopoiesis which originally came from biology, where a system can produce and maintain its own components through internal interactions. In Luhmann's theory, communication is seen as a basic element of a social system that has the ability to create and reproduce social structures through processes communication itself. Luhmann emphasized that communication occurs through three main elements: information, message, and understanding. This process not only transmits information, but also shapes and constructs social reality. Communication in Luhmann's view is a selective process that involves selecting the information to be communicated, the way the information is conveyed, and how the information is understood by the recipient. Apart from that, the theory of communication as autopoiesis is relevant in the context of modern communication which is increasingly complex and fragmented. In the digital era, where information spreads rapidly and in large quantities, understanding communication as an autopoietic process helps us understand how information is processed, selected, and internalized in social systems. It also helps in understanding the challenges and opportunities that have arisen from developments in communication technologies, such as social media and the internet, which have changed the way we communicate and interact with each other. Overall, Niklas Luhmann's theory of communication as autopoiesis provides a powerful theoretical framework for understanding communication as an independent and dynamic process in social systems. This theory not only provides insight into how communication functions in a social context, but also offers analytical tools for exploring the complexity and dynamics of communication in modern society. By understanding communication through the lens of autopoiesis, we can better capture the essence of the communication process and how it shapes our social reality.
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In this chapter we are extending the concept and reach of the theory of X-Efficiency, as set up by Harvey Leibenstein before. At the end of this study/chapter, we arrive at a behavioral theory that explains efficiency/performance shortfalls, including comparative personal/behavioral, economic and public (administrative) efficiency shortfalls that is useful for all social sciences, and not just microeconomics as Leibenstein did (where he was investigating the behavior of a firm, and the people in it). The new theory depicts different groups of causal factors impeding and/or supporting all sorts of efficiency levels, including governmental/managerial, physical/natural environmental, life-world environmental, and personal levels. This new theory can be called Z-Efficiency Theory. Same as in the case of Leibenstein’s theory, here too, the Theory of Z-Efficiency predicts different general levels of efficiency in different cultural, geographic/societal and historical/time settings; and here too, these efficiency shortcomings/losses can be empirically measured and compared.
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This article is using the method of theory building, and ventures into new territory of behavioral social policy theory. Building on, extending and adapting, Harvey Leibenstein's X-efficiency theory, this article explains the multilayered workings (i.e. different kinds of causal factors) behind any social problem, as well as any systemic social problem. It distinguishes between individual and societal barriers, all of which are being caused by societal ecological conditions and barriers. Here, Foucault's theory of power relations and Luhmann's theory of social communication have e.g. been integrated in a transdisciplinary fashion, to explain systemic and other social problems, and as a consequence to be able to lay out strategies for policy making in general and especially social policy.
Article
This research explores the contribution of Niklas Luhmann's radical systemic sociology to External Fraud Risk Management. To do this, we use two Luhmannian distinctions-between risk and danger, and between confidence and trust-to verify their (in)validity based on two empirical studies on Healthcare Insurance Companies (HIC) to reduce the risk of external fraud. This study concludes that the Luhmannian framework is relevant for external fraud management issues. Keywords: External fraud-Niklas Luhmann-Systemic sociology-Risk/danger distinction. Ce travail explore l'apport de la sociologie systémique radicale de Niklas Luhmann à la gestion de la fraude externe. Pour cela, nous utilisons deux distinctions luhmanniennes-entre risque et danger ainsi qu'entre confiance assurée et confiance EMMANUEL LAFFORT, NICOLAS DUFOUR décidée-pour vérifier leur (in)validité à partir de deux travaux empiriques de réduction du risque de fraude dans le cadre des mutuelles santé (HIC). Cette étude conclut à la pertinence du cadre luhmannien en tant que clé de lecture de la gestion du risque de fraude externe. Mots-clés : Fraude externe-Niklas Luhmann-Sociologie systémique-Distinction risque/danger. Esta obra explora la contribución de la sociología sistémica radical de Niklas Luhmann a la gestión del fraude externo, utilizando dos distinciones luhmannianas-entre riesgo y peligro y entre confianza asegurada y decidida-para verificar su (in)validez sobre la base de dos estudios empíricos de reducción del riesgo de fraude en el contexto de las mutuas de seguros de salud (HIC). Este estudio concluye que el marco de Luhmannian es la clave para comprender la gestión del riesgo de fraude externo. Palabras-clave : Fraude externo-Niklas Luhmann-Sociología de sistemas-Distinción entre riesgo y peligro.
Book
Full-text available
This open access book have three themes have been central to Leydesdorff's research: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization of these concept; and (3) the elaboration in terms of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. In this study, I discuss the relations among these themes. Using Luhmann's social-systems theory for modelling meaning processing and Shannon's theory for information processing, I show that synergy can add new options to an innovation system as redundancy. The capacity to develop new options is more important for innovation than past performance. Entertaining a model of possible future states makes a knowledge-based system increasingly anticipatory. The trade-off between the incursion of future states on the historical developments can be measured using the Triple-Helix synergy indicator. This is shown, for example, for the Italian national and regional systems of innovation.
Chapter
Theorieentwicklungen haben teils immanente, teils externe Gründe. Sie sind sowohl durch die Problemstellungen, Konzeptionen und negierbaren Themen der jeweils vorliegenden Theorie bestimmt als auch durch hinzukommende Erfahrungen mit der Realität. Dies gilt allgemein. Im besonderen Falle der Gesellschaftstheorie kommt hinzu, daß der Gegenstand dieser Theorie ein evoluierendes System, ein Träger evolutionärer Entwicklungen ist. Das macht Theorieentwicklungen kompliziert. Ihre Doppelabhängigkeit von sich selbst und von ihrem Gegenstand befindet sich selbst in Bewegung. Diese Bewegung der Beziehung von Veränderungen im Gegenstand und in der Theorie kann ihrerseits zum Gegenstand der Erkenntnis werden. Sie muß zum Gegenstand der Theorie werden, wenn diese auf Begründung oder auf Universalitätsansprüche hin befragt wird. Das heißt: Gesellschaftstheorie ist, wenn sie Evolution in Betracht ziehen will, nur als reflexive Theorie möglich; nur als Theorie, die ihren eigenen Theoriestatus mitreflektiert. Reflexive Theorie ist nicht eine Domäne der Dialektik. Diese hatte ihren sehr speziellen Ausgangspunkt in dem Problem der Identität in der Nichtidentität von Erkenntnis und Gegenstand. Oder historisch formuliert: in der Notwendigkeit eines Ding an sich, das aber nicht zu erkennen ist. Von da her hat sich jener berühmte Begründungsduktus der selbstreferentiellen Negation entwickelt — jenes Nachrationalisieren eines theoretischen oder dann politischen Wollens. Damit können wir uns an dieser Stelle nicht angemessen auseinandersetzen. Ich konzediere diesem Theorietyp das Erstgeburtsrecht als reflexive Theorie; mich stört andererseits die eigentümliche Schmalspurigkeit, die zu geringe und zu unbestimmte Komplexität, die Fixierung auf wenige Gesichtspunkte, an die man mit vermeintlich eindeutigen Effekten Negationen anknüpfen kann. Ob Sie nun dieses spezifische Unbehagen teilen oder nicht — auf alle Fälle muß es verlocken, mit Alternativen zu experimentieren.
Chapter
Music is a meaningful context which is not bound to a conceptual scheme. Yet this meaningful context can be communicated: The process of communication between composer and listener normally requires an intermediary: an individual per-former or a group of co-performers. Among all these participants there prevail social relations of a highly complicated structure.