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Entrepreneurship: A Survey of the Literature
... It is becoming apparent that there is little consensus on what is actually consisted of in the so-called entrepreneurial activity. Many definitions were proposed by scholars, which, when operationalized usually generate a number of different measures (Audretsch, 2003). ...
... A larger research body on the views on entrepreneurship put its focus on the perception of recent economic opportunities and therefore the subsequent introduction of recent ideas within the market. Entrepreneurship concentrates a lot on change and therefore-entrepreneurs are agents of change; so accordingly, entrepreneurship is defined as the process of change (Audretsch, 1995). OECD (1998) supports this view by referring to entrepreneurs as agents of change and growth in an economy market. ...
... Going back in time, Audretsch (2003) has mentioned that entrepreneurship has become more relevant since the post-World War II era. Not to forget that entrepreneurship is considered as a multidimensional phenomenon with the spectrum of various units of observation, starting from the individual, to the company, region, and even nation. ...
In the last decade, entrepreneurship has become a national priority for many governments around the World (Mamun and Rajennd, 2018) but during the Cov-id-19 pandemic entrepreneurial activities noted a downturn. However, some authors suggest that necessity entrepreneurship will increase in the post pandemic period and there will be a need for focused support from the institutions and all relevant stake-holders including the educational institutions (Liñán and Jaén, 2020). Entrepreneurship can be interpreted as process that creates changes in the economic environment through innovations, produced by individuals who respond to economic opportunities generating value for both individuals and the society (Li and Jia, 2015). Becoming an entrepreneur is not a reflex decision, it requires considerable planning and involves planned behavior (Bird, 1988). Different scholars use various psychological models to predict entrepreneurial intentions. This research utilizes the framework of Ajzen's Theory of planned behavior (1991) that incorporates Perceived behavior control, Attitude toward behavior and Subjective norm. For advanced analysis on the phenomena a fourth factor was included in this study, the Educational environment. Our research will explore if entrepreneurial education influences the entrepreneurial intention of students.
... A number of studies show that entrepreneurship plays a key role in the development of a region (AUDRETSCH, 2003;SCHINDEHUTTE, 2015;MÜLLER, 2016), both for their potential to create new employment and raise per capita income, as well as for the dissemination of an entrepreneurial culture (SZERB; ÁCS; KOMLÓSI; ORTEGA-ARGILÉS, 2015). Thus, the spatial concentration of a relatively high number of entrepreneurs, development and research institutions (public or private) would enable higher rates of entrepreneurship and regional development (MORRIS; NEUMEYER; . ...
... Entrepreneurship is the result of the interaction between individual attributes and the surrounding environment -the structural context in which the individual is inserted, what Müller and Korsgaard (2017) call the "spatial context of entrepreneurship", a phenomenon encased in individuality, but inexorably inserted in local and regional aspects. This is what, according to Audretsch (2003), makes entrepreneurship a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. ...
... Entrepreneurial activity is particularly important in this context, since it has been a driving force for regional economic and social development (AUDRETSCH, 2003;SCHINDEHUTTE, 2015), both in developed regions and in the so-called "peripheries" (BOUTILLIER; CARRÉ; LEVRATTO, 2016), because of their capacity to create jobs and disseminate a certain "local entrepreneurial culture" (SZERB et al., 2015). The strength of entrepreneurship in articulating regional and global levels, promoting a regional development that contemplates the improvement of the living conditions of a population in a given territory, comes precisely from the entrepreneur's ability to uniquely combine resources available in a region and to generate profitable activities that ultimately have their dividends (re)invested locally (MÜLLER, 2016). ...
The demands for a development model that considers the social and environmental dimensions, as well as the economic dimension, has become increasingly imperative, either by society in general or by the initiative of national or supranational bodies, as oversight and regulatory agencies. In this way, the precepts of sustainable development have been gaining more space in political agendas and civil debates. We propose here that this model of development, especially the one linked to strong sustainability (and relative to the branch of ecological economy), would be ideal. For this, based on literature review, we formulate a theoretical model that combines sustainable regional development (as a dependent variable), mediated by the independent variables of entrepreneurship and sustainability. That is, the objective of this paper is the proposition of a theoretical framework that assumes that the sustainable regional development can be reached from the articulation between the foment to the entrepreneurial activity and the precepts of sustainability. As an additive to this model, we also consider the construct of the entrepreneurial ecosystem as a catalyst for entrepreneurial activity at the regional level and sustainable entrepreneurship as a type of business conducive to a more equal income generation, improvement of social structure, and environmental preservation.
... O caráter multidisciplinar do tema do empreendedorismo, visível na diversidade de estudos neste domínio, justificada pela diversidade de teorias e abordagens relativas às diferentes áreas científicas (Ireland & Webb, 2007;Lumpkin & Dess, 2001;P. Murphy, Liao, & Welsch, 2006) reflete, não só, a crescente complexidade do empreendedorismo (Audretsch, 2003), como enfatiza as dificuldades concetuais decorrentes da inexistência de consensos quanto à sua própria definição bem como à sua própria medição (James Carland, Hoy, Boulton, & Carland, 1984;Hébert & Link, 1989;Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). Por outro lado, no entender de vários autores, o carácter multidisciplinar reforça a inexistência de um paradigma concetual comum dada a complexidade e ambiguidade do fenómeno (Cooper, 2003;Landström, 2007). ...
... (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) É o processo de mudança. (Audretsch, 2003) É a criação de uma organização económica e inovadora com o objetivo de ganho ou crescimento em condições de risco e/ou incerteza. (Dollinger, 2008) É o processo de criar algo novo com valor, dedicando o tempo e o esforço necessários, assumindo os riscos financeiros, psíquicos e sociais correspondentes e recebendo as consequentes recompensas da satisfação e da independência financeira e pessoal. ...
... Desde que Schumpeter referiu que o empreendedor tinha traços de personalidade caraterísticos, Max Weber analisou o empreendedorismo como um fenómeno sociológico. Após a II Guerra Mundial, com a crise capitalista instalada em quase todos os mercados, era premente incitar os indivíduos a iniciar novos negócios e a desenvolver a sociedade (Audretsch, 2003;Landström, 2007). ...
As indústrias criativas têm vindo a impulsionar a inovação e o desenvolvimento económico de regiões e países. O crescente interesse neste tipo de indústrias deve-se à sua contribuição de desenvolvimento nos países europeus, mais concretamente nos países mediterrâneos. A débil capacidade de aproximação e relação a diferentes tipos de capital, na oferta e procura de bens e serviços criativos, representa um dos desafios das indústrias criativas.
Na literatura existente de marketing e estratégia é evidente a importância da inter-relação entre recursos, estratégia e desempenho. Da mesma forma que, a procura na identificação de recursos, capacidades e mecanismos são elementos fundamentais para a melhoria do desempenho das organizações. Esta investigação, sendo edificada à luz da teoria do empreendedorismo, analisa de que modo um conjunto de recursos/tipos de capital contribui para o desenvolvimento do capital empreendedor, e de como este, através dos diferentes tipos de capital pode melhorar o desempenho das indústrias criativas. Neste enquadramento, o principal objetivo da presente investigação é compreender o impacto do capital empreendedor no desempenho das indústrias criativas.
Este estudo assume-se como uma abordagem pragmática à investigação. Foi implementado um desenho de investigação misto, o qual articula metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas por forma a identificar os tipos de capital relevantes que integram o conceito de
capital empreendedor, bem como aferir a influência destes tipos de capital no desempenho das indústrias criativos. Os resultados indicam que são o capital financeiro, o capital construído, o capital humano, o capital cultural e o capital social, os tipos de capital que melhor traduzem o capital empreendedor e que devem estar disponíveis e acessíveis ao empreendedor com o propósito de alcançar o sucesso desejado.
Esta investigação oferece várias contribuições para a teoria e para a prática do empreendedorismo. Particularmente, pressupõe o presente estudo, aprofundar a compreensão sobre o capital empreendedor. Ao alcançarmos tal pressuposto, ao nível teórico, contribuímos para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre quais os tipos de capital que moldam o conceito de capital empreendedor. Ao nível prático, este conhecimento permitirá ao empreendedor identificar, em si e no contexto, fatores e forças que podem comprometer a sua ação. Por outro lado, explorando a relação entre o capital empreendedor e o desempenho organizacional, o presente estudo contribui, para a aferição e o desenvolvimento da influência da atividade empreendedora no sucesso das indústrias criativas.
... Theorists argue that large domestic firms may possess huge stocks of resources, internal capabilities and knowledge that may be harnessed to complement and enhance the adoption of foreign technologies, and ensure full exploitation of FDI-induced spillovers (Zhang et al., 2010). Conversely, theory postulates that small firms may have fairly flexible structures that may enable them to make quick adjustments in the face of changing market situations (Audretsch, 2003). Owing to their nonhierarchical and more flexible structures, the firms may also enjoy productive efficiency (Audretsch, 2003). ...
... Conversely, theory postulates that small firms may have fairly flexible structures that may enable them to make quick adjustments in the face of changing market situations (Audretsch, 2003). Owing to their nonhierarchical and more flexible structures, the firms may also enjoy productive efficiency (Audretsch, 2003). ...
The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of foreign direct investment on average wages paid by domestic manufacturing firms in Kenya. Specifically, the paper aims at identifying the transmission channels through which wage spillovers from foreign direct investment occur as well as the impact of technology gap and firm size on the behaviour of the spillover transmission channels. Employing panel data obtained from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys covering the period 2007–2018 and using fixed effects and Two-Step System GMM, we analyzed both horizontal and vertical spillover channels for wage spillovers. Findings from estimations based on all domestic firms indicated that there were no significant wage spillovers from FDI. However, when the technology gap was considered, domestic firms with low technology gaps with foreign-owned firms showed statistically significant positive wage spillovers via backward linkage, demonstration effects, and labour mobility channels and statistically significant negative spillovers via the competition effects channel. Finally, the results showed that firm size had no impact on the behaviour of various wage spillover transmission channels examined.
... Entrepreneurial activities and their local context are involved in a double-sided relationship. On the one hand, previous studies have linked entrepreneurial activities to economic development at the regional level, showing that new firms are key drivers of regional growth and regional employment dynamics (Audretsch, 2003;Kogler et al., 2023;Van Praag & Versloot, 2007). Thanks to firms' ability to generate and combine different pieces of knowledge that lead to the development of innovative products and services (Ghio et al., 2016). ...
... Thanks to firms' ability to generate and combine different pieces of knowledge that lead to the development of innovative products and services (Ghio et al., 2016). On the other hand, scholars have highlighted that the local context plays a crucial role in innovation and entrepreneurship dynamics (Audretsch, 2003;Shane, 2003). In this context, several studies have identified the local socio-economic features that may affect new venture creation and explain the local distribution of startups (Acosta et al., 2011;Cavallo et al., 2018). ...
This paper investigates the role of local knowledge specializations from universities in the artificial intelligence (AI) startup creation process. The empirical analysis is grounded in the Knowledge Spillovers Theory of Entrepreneurship. It provides evidence of the interplay between the presence of university knowledge specializations and the creation of AI startups located in Italian NUTS3 regions. More precisely, we analyze the mix of different types of university knowledge specializations able to foster the creation of AI startups, demonstrating that competencies in technological domains, such as computer science, need to be complemented with domains of applications for the emergence of AI technology. The findings indicate that the creation of AI startups is closely tied to the local knowledge present in the region. The article also proposes an empirical approach to identify and classify innovative startups operating in AI domains. Our work offers important implications for regional innovation policies and the management of AI in entrepreneurship.
... Entrepreneurs identify opportunities, assemble required resources, implement a practical action plan, and harvest the reward in a timely, flexible way. (p. 1) Audretsch (1995Audretsch ( , 2003 and Kao (1993) regard the act of generating change or innovation as the essence of entrepreneurship. In defining entrepreneurship, some attention has been focussed it being a process of identification and exploitation of opportunities (Corbett, 2005;Wempe, 2005;Ardichvili et al., 2003;Eckhardt and Shane, 2003). ...
... Interest in the psychology and traits of the entrepreneur have given rise to work focussing on cognition and learning (Corbett, 2005;Zahra and Nambisan, 2012). The lack of consensus about entrepreneurship reflects its multidimensional nature (Audretsch, 2003) and so it is unsurprising that a variety of definitions of entrepreneurial ecosystems exist. Cohen (2006) defines the concept as "an interconnected group of actors in a local geographic community committed to sustainable development through the support and facilitation of new sustainable ventures" (p. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate challenges of building entrepreneurial ecosystems in peripheral places. The entrepreneurial ecosystem concept is developing a rising popularity among both academics and policymakers in recent years where much of the attention has been put in major urban cities. However, on the way to achieve balanced growth and equity, peripheral places should not be neglected. Thus, this paper links literature on ecosystem with peripheral region studies in creating a conceptual framework of developing entrepreneurial ecosystems in peripheral places.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper first reviews literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems and challenges that peripheral places facing in particular. Then, taking into consideration of literature from both fields, a conceptual framework is developed. In order to better illustrate the framework, a case study on Guildford’s digital gaming industry is reviewed based on secondary data.
Findings
Though facing various challenges such as smallness, remoteness and lack of resources, peripheral places can take advantage of the digital technology and build an entrepreneurial ecosystem of its own kind through holistic collaborative approach to tackle issues around finance, talents, socio-culture environment, infrastructure, markets and policy.
Originality/value
The paper is among the first to focus on developing a holistic conceptual framework in building entrepreneurial ecosystems in peripheral areas. It can lead to a range of further research topics and contribute to develop viable practices particularly for policymakers.
... Until now, research suggested that entrepreneurship was the result of a combination of individual and place-level characteristics. Individual factors such as education, experience, age, and previous employment status determined the likelihood of a person becoming an entrepreneur (Audretsch 2003). Psychological characteristics also ranked highly. ...
... In regions where the language indicates a more entrepreneurial character (entrepreneurial constellation of all Big Five traits as studied in the profile), or (when focusing on Conscientiousness and Openness and single traits) more self-control, personal motivation to excel, better executive skills, and more creativity and openness to new ideas, change, and variety, there is more manifest entrepreneurial vitality (e.g., start-up rates), which is typically linked to subsequent economic growth and development (Beugelsdijk 2010;Glaeser et al. 2015;Stuetzer et al. 2018). Our results may also indicate that research based on language patterns revealing personality patterns-which show substantial stability at the individual and regional level (Elleman et al. 2018;Talhelm et al. 2014)-can be a useful and important tool to analyze the future economic trajectories of territories, helping to assess, for example, how they will react to macro-economic crises ) and respond to changes in policies (Audretsch 2003). Our research could inform the growing literature on entrepreneurial eco-systems, which is interested in the role (and measurement) of the local psychology and culture as markers, and shapers, of said eco-systems (Spigel 2017;Stam 2017). ...
There is increasing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence and Big Data (e.g., generated via social media) to help understand economic outcomes. But can artificial intelligence models based on publicly available Big Data identify geographical differences in entrepreneurial personality or culture? We use a machine learning model based on 1.5 billion tweets by 5.25 million users to estimate the Big Five personality traits and an entrepreneurial personality profile for 1,772 U.S. counties. The Twitter-based personality estimates show substantial relationships to county-level entrepreneurship activity, accounting for 20% (entrepreneurial personality profile) and 32% (Big Five traits) of the variance in local entrepreneurship, even when controlling for other factors that affect entrepreneurship. Whereas more research is clearly needed, our findings have initial implications for research and practice concerned with entrepreneurial regions and ecosystems , and regional economic outcomes interacting with local culture. The results suggest, for example, that social media datasets and artificial intelligence methods have the potential to deliver comparable information on the personality and culture of regions than studies based on millions of questionnaire-based personality tests.
... Another reason had to do with the fact that during this period, the cooperation between unions, governments and firms was greater and more effective and thus, firms offered permanent employment to their employees (Audretsch & Thurik, 2000). Meanwhile, small firms were considered out of fashion; with a small contribution to employment; less efficient than large firms; and not very innovative (Baswell, 1973;Audretsch, 2002;Robson & Haigh, 2008). Audretsch and Thurik call this period the period of the 'managed economy', in which business ownership is concentrated and the main concern of firms was how to mass produce products. ...
This study investigates the relationship between macroeconomic and microeconomic policies and entrepreneurial dynamics in two economies transitioning from planned economies to free markets, comparing them to a developed economy. Macroeconomic policies, despite not directly targeting entrepreneurship, significantly impact entrepreneurial dynamics. Conversely, microeconomic policies specifically aim to promote and enhance entrepreneurial activity. The analysis links policy quality to key entrepreneurial indicators: new firm creation, incumbent firm survival, and overall firm stock. Findings reveal that while transition economies often adopt entrepreneurship policies similar to developed nations, some remain country-specific. These policy variations manifest in distinct entrepreneurial dynamics across the economies.
... No entanto, a partir da segunda metade do século, o empreendedorismo em pequenas empresas surgiu como uma nova estratégia de política econômica com objetivo de estimular a geração de empregos e o crescimento econômico. (BIRS-CH, 1979;AUDRETSCH, 2003;ASHCROFT;PLOTNIKOVA;RITCHIE, 2007). Na visão de Nassif, Ghobril e Amaral (2009), a formação de novas empresas continua desempenhando um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de políticas regionais em todo o mundo. ...
A pesquisa insere-se no debate sobre o empreendedorismo na informalidade, identificando o perfil socioeconômico e grau de satisfação de vendedores ambulantes que foram recentemente transfe-ridos para o novo centro de compras, denominado Shopping Independência de Santa Maria - RS. Objetivou conhecer as motivações que os levaram a iniciar um negócio informal e identificar as dificuldades encontradas para a formalização. Ainda, realizou-se um levantamento das caracte-rísticas comportamentais empreendedoras definidas por McClelland. Para alcançar tais objetivos, utilizou-se como instrumento de pesquisa um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas. Após a coleta, tabularam-se os dados e a partir destes, construiu-se os gráficos e tabelas para as res-pectivas análises. Constatou-se então, que a maioria dos negócios ainda é formado por empresas informais. Apesar disso, os mesmos consideram-se pessoas empreendedoras e pretendem iniciar o processo de formalização, por considerarem a mesma como uma possibilidade de crescimento do negócio. Por outro lado, os pesquisados vêem na burocracia um considerável entrave para o início deste processo de formalização.
... From these datasets, we assembled a panel database containing 186,795 businesses that were created and entered the market (i.e., declared their first sales to the SII) between 2005 and 2011 (or entries). 3 Each cohort of new businesses was tracked up to the fifth year after entry, a period that approximately corresponds to a business "early-stage" (Acs et al., 2008;Audretsch, 2003). This is a period when the business is still new in the market, and its value proposition is still novel. ...
New models of agglomeration cast the urban productivity premium as the outcome of agglomeration economies, a spatial sorting of skilled entrepreneurs and greater selection effects leading to less, but more productive businesses. We provide descriptive evidence of the spatial distribution of growing early-stage businesses in Chile that concurs with the theory. We show, first, that while business entry rates increase systematically with the size of a region, the rates of growing early-stage businesses are not related to the levels of agglomeration. Second, we show that, on the contrary, average early-stage business productivity, the levels of human capital and business exit rates all relate positively with agglomeration. Third, we estimate regression models that verify the expected relationships between agglomeration factors and regional growing early-stage-business activity. The results for Chile suggest that the disadvantages of agglomeration largely offset the benefits , and therefore there is no obvious location penalty to venturing in peripheral areas. Entrepreneurship policies in less-developed countries should not target excessively to specific industries and regions, as they might curtail an entrepreneurial potential that is ubiquitous.
... State authorities in Russia never clearly distinguished between entrepreneurship policy and SME policy, not surprisingly, because even researchers and experts lack understanding of these two approaches. Audretsch (2002) emphasized that SME policies focus on existing enterprises, while entrepreneurship policy also includes potential entrepreneurs, therefore fostering change processes, and paying attention to the overall framework for businesses and aspiring entrepreneurs, whereas SME policy is focused exclusively on the enterprise level. ...
... As indicators of new firm performance, we follow the influential studies by Birch (1981) and Acs et al. (2008) and focus on two variables: firm's real gross sales and employment. Our database contains annual information on firm's sales and employment, with which we follow each firm during its first five years, which more or less corresponds to the period in which a firm is considered new or entrepreneurial in empirical studies (Audretsch, 2003;Acs et al., 2008). Thus, our panel is composed of seven cohorts of firms (becoming active between 2005 and 2011) which are followed up to 2009 (first cohort) and 2015 (last cohort). ...
A central question in Evolutionary Economic Geography is why regions differ in their ability to diversify and thus retain or expand their competitive position. Economic geography has generally tackled this question linking initial regional industrial structures with the emergence of new economic specializations. In this article, we argue that entrepreneurship is a key and largely overlooked mechanism of regional diversification, which has been shown to be eased by industrial related variety, but at the same time dampened by the weak linkages between the mining industry and the local economy. We analyze whether related variety is an enabling condition for entrepreneurship in mining regions. Using an unbalanced panel of around 187,000 new firms created between 2005 and 2011 in Chile, we show that related variety favors new firms’ creation, sales, and employment in non-mining regions, but not in mining regions. The results indicate that, due to the absence of pro-entrepreneurship effects of a relatedly-varied structure, mining regions face particularly challenging conditions for an entrepreneurship-based diversification process. Place-based policies attracting external knowledge, reinforcing territorial embeddedness of mining assets, and strengthening local absorptive capacity can help creating new development paths in mining regions driven by local entrepreneurs.
... Over the past two decades, there has been significant growth in the availability of entrepreneurship courses (and general business courses geared at managing and starting a business) offered to a broader population of undergraduate students enrolled at universities across the world (Kuratko, 2005;Solomon et al., 2002). Factors driving this trend are changes in the economy which have led to fewer jobs and lower salaries for college graduates (Rampell, 2011), as well as growing consensus across governments and educational institutions that entrepreneurship is an important driver of future economic growth, innovation, and job creation (Audretsch, 2003;Thurik et al., 2013). According to Matlay (2006), consequently, given the important role universities play in economic development, an increasing number are offering courses and programs designed to foster entrepreneurial behaviours and outcomes among students beyond western markets. ...
... Over the past two decades, there has been significant growth in the availability of entrepreneurship courses (and general business courses geared at managing and starting a business) offered to a broader population of undergraduate students enrolled at universities across the world (Kuratko, 2005;Solomon et al., 2002). Factors driving this trend are changes in the economy which have led to fewer jobs and lower salaries for college graduates (Rampell, 2011), as well as growing consensus across governments and educational institutions that entrepreneurship is an important driver of future economic growth, innovation, and job creation (Audretsch, 2003;Thurik et al., 2013). According to Matlay (2006), consequently, given the important role universities play in economic development, an increasing number are offering courses and programs designed to foster entrepreneurial behaviours and outcomes among students beyond western markets. ...
... falls within this global mandate and is a strategic component of the ILO's Youth Employment Program (YEP) as well as of the global Youth Employment Network (YEN) in which the World Bank, UNDP and the ILO are partnering with governments across the world,experiences gained by the ILO over the past 10 years has identified various constraints and barriers to youth entrepreneurship. Typical challenges are lack of an enterprise culture in many countries; unfavorable legal, policy and regulatory frameworks for youth entrepreneurship; the lack of entrepreneurship education across formal and informal educational systems; the lack of access to affordable financing in the form of start-up, investment or working capital, and; little knowledge about and access to relevant business development services and support schemes for youth already in business or for those or interested in pursuing an entrepreneurial career(Schoof 2006 ;Nafukho 1998 ;Nasser 2003 ;Weeratunge 2007 ;Blokker and Dallago 2008 ;Greene 2005, Blanchflower and Oswald 1999, Llisterri et al. 2006 Owualah 1999; James-Wilson and Hall 2006; Haftendorn, and Salzano 2003/4 ;Audretsch 2002.).With a short look at principal labor market indicators for youth, it becomes clear that the need for employment creation efforts focusing on young people is necessary(ILO, 2006) Globally, less than half of the youth available for work had jobs in 2004.❖ Global labor force participation rates for young people decreased by almost four percentage points as a whole between 1993 and 2003, mainly the result of an increasing number of young people attending school, staying longer in education and training, and withdrawing from or never entering the labor force.❖ ...
Entrepreneurship creates an opportunity for a person to make a contribution. Most new entrepreneurs help the local economy. A few through their innovations contribute to society as a whole. With an estimated 88 million young women and men worldwide unemployed, the need for employment creation efforts focusing on youth is undeniable. This article focuses on the issues and constraints affecting the youth entrepreneurs and pledge proliferation proponents for their development. This comprehensive desk research involved a scrupulously review of relevant international literature relating to youth entrepreneurship and self-employment, including relevant credentials texts and journal articles, and other publications. Entrepreneurship is an imperative to spur this process. It is agreed that enterprise initiative with virtual qualities can accelerate the industrialization process. Youth entrepreneurs need two-pronged strategic supports-entrepreneurship development and enterprise creation. Capital, non financial supports and policy interventions will accelerate entrepreneurship development and enterprise creation.
... Girişimcilik; son yıllarda yükselen, dünyada yayılan ve önem kazanan bir terim olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Literatürde ve uygulamada girişimciliğe yönelik farklı tanımlarla karşılaşılsa da temelde yeni bir fikir ile bir iş kurma ve belli yöntemlerle bu işi ekonomik başarıya, hedefe götürme işlemidir (Audretsch, 2003). Bu açıdan bakıldığında ekonomik özgürlüğünü kendi elinde bulunduran, belirli risklerle kendi işini yapan herkese girişimci diyebiliriz. ...
Özgirişimler, sundukları yenilikçi fikirler ve iş modelleri ile ulusal ve uluslararası ekonomik büyümeye ve iş gücüne önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Yüksek risk alarak hayatta kalmaya çalışan ve bulundukları ekosistemin teknoloji seviyesinin ve yenilikçilik kabiliyetinin yükselmesine destek olan bu yapıların gelecekte karşılaşabilecekleri olası bütün durumlara hazırlıklı olabilmeleri için sürekli değişen dinamik çevre koşullarına uyum sağlamaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, gelişen bir ekosistem olarak kabul edilen Türkiye’deki özgirişimlerin başarılı olmasında etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi için MICMAC, ekosistemdeki aktörler arası ilişkilerin incelenmesi için MACTOR yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı sistematik bir senaryo planlama yaklaşımından yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca, özgirişimlerin başarısında rol oynayabilecek amaçlar belirlenerek, ekosistemdeki aktörlerin bu amaçlara karşı tutumları (amaçları destekleme ya da amaçlara karşı olma) incelenmiştir.
... Girişimcilik, ülkelerin sosyal ve ekonomik olarak gelişmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır Çünkü girişimcilik faaliyetleri ile yeni ticari organizasyonlar kurulabilmekte ve buna bağlı olarak istihdam oluşabilmektedir (Audretsch, 2003). Dolayısıyla girişimcilik faaliyetleri ile mutlak bir yatırım artışı sağlanarak ülkelerin ekonomilerinin büyümeleri sağlanabilmektedir (Drucker, 2002;Wennekers ve Thurik, 1999;Ács ve Armington, 2014;Wong vd, 2005). ...
Purpose - It is to measure the sensitivity values of the factors affecting the economic freedom's entrepreneurship, the values of the factors contributing to the relational structure in the effect of economic freedom on entrepreneurship and the effect of economic freedom on the entrepreneurship dimension.
Design/methodology/approach - For 2019, the effect of the economic freedom dimension on the entrepreneurship dimension was measured by structural equation modeling based on the values of the factors that constitute the Economic Freedom Index and the Global Entrepreneurship Index for 115 countries.
Findings - In the research, it was concluded that economic freedom affects or provides entrepreneurship in a significant, positive and very high level. In the continuation of the research, it was determined that the most sensitive and most contributing factor to the relational structure of the economic freedom dimension is the rule of law in terms of economic freedom and entrepreneurial skills in terms of entrepreneurship dimension. In addition, it has been determined that the goverment size factor contributes the least to the relational structure towards the effect of economic freedom on the entrepreneurship dimension. It has been found that entrepreneurship contributes more to the relational structure between economic freedom and entrepreneurship dimensions than economic freedom.
Discussion – With the structuring of economic freedom activities on a legal basis and the more pronounced entrepreneurial capabilities, economic freedom plays a more functional role in the formation of entrepreneurship in the global sense. In the framework of the limited state factor affecting entrepreneurship less within the scope of economic freedom, it has been evaluated that goverment size practices of countries around the world restrict entrepreneurship and also, economic freedom is needed to ensure entrepreneurship within the framework of the relational structure, entrepreneurship contributes more than economic freedom. Apart from these, this study is thought to contribute to the literature in the context of explaining the importance of establishing economic freedom in order to ensure entrepreneurship.
... innovative change (Audretsch, 2003;Schumpeter, 1943) are key aspects. Practitioners also define start-ups differently. ...
Corporate Venture Capital (CVC) is an established vehicle for collaboration among a corporation and start-ups. Through equity investments paired with access to resources, capabilities and expert networks, corporations aim at supporting start-up development. Although the efficacy of CVCs is broadly discussed in literature, CVCs are often treated as uniform vehicles. Little is known about the impact of a CVC’s strategic direction and organizational design on the performance of start-ups. Moreover, Corporate Accelerator (CA) is a rather new form of corporate start-up engagement. Due to its newness limited research is available and literature urges – among others – to compare CA with more established form of corporate start-up support, especially CVC. Following these identified research gaps the dissertation consists of two empirical sections. In the first section, the effect of a CVCs organization and strategic direction on start-up performance is evaluated. Using a hand-collected unique data-set of 210 start-ups under the management of 21 German CVCs, the study finds that organization of a CVC impacts the financial and strategic performance in multiple ways. Distinct hypotheses on portfolio size, concentration and fit, previous experience and CVC leadership are developed and tested empirically. The results show that CVC strategy and organization matter for start-up performance, however, disparate effects are observable for financial and strategic performance. Large portfolios enhance the performance of start-ups under CVC management, whereas both portfolio concentration and industry fit have a negative relationship with start-up performance. Moreover, more established CVCs support financial, yet impede strategic start-up performance. Lastly, it is detected that Previous industry experience of CVC personnel leads to financial start-up performance, whereas previous founder experience of CVC personnel strengthens strategic start-up performance. The second section aims at empirically reflecting the differences between CVC and CA, the start-ups under management and performance implications. The work is based on a novel multi-level and hand-collected dataset on financial and strategic performance covering 21 German CVCs with 210 start-ups and 15 German CAs with 132 start-ups. The results show that CVC and CA differ. CVCs tend to support older and further developed start-ups that operate more frequently in strategic proximity to the corporate parent, whereas CAs collaborate with younger and less mature start-ups across varying industries. In addition, CVCs stimulate start-up performance more than CAs do, even when matching CVC- and CA-managed start-ups based on their size and stage of development All in all, the work adds to literature in multiple ways as understanding of CVCs is deepened through a grounding in economic theories, uncovering of white spots determination of performance implications of a CVC’s strategic direction and organizational design and differentiation from a similar corporate venturing form, Corporate Accelerator. The work empirically supports that a differentiation of financial and strategic performance is required in corporate venturing research and sheds light on how CVCs should be organized to foster start-up performance. Moreover, it offers an enhanced understanding of CVC through an empirical comparison with the new phenomenon of CAs. Lastly, empirical evidence on CVC and CA is given based on a German dataset, in contrast to the majority of studies, being based on US data.
... The social valorisation of entrepreneurship often assimilated to the context (environment) plays an important role in the development and pursuit of new opportunities (Audretsch, 2002). Context or environment can be understood as everything that is situated around the individual and can influence him or her. ...
In Burkina Faso, women make up nearly 52% of the population, but they account for less than 20% of business start-ups. This paper seeks to identify factors that explain the entrepreneurial intent of Burkinabe women. It is based on socio-cognitive career theory and a quantitative approach involving a sample of 935 women. The results of the multinomial logistic regression show that five variables (perception of skills, fear of failure, education level, household size and household income level) explain womens intention to start a business with as a reference modality (1: having the intention). The main contribution is of a methodological nature, and through the choice of reference modalities allows for greater precision on the influence of the variables and the categories or sub-groups of women influenced.
... The first factor is the fiscal policy designed by the government. In general, government activity can stimulate entrepreneurship (Audretsch & Link, 2019;Audretsch, 2003) by correcting failures that can occur in markets due to either external shocks or misallocation of resources. Therefore, the government can stimulate entrepreneurial activity through its spending policies (McMullen, Bagby, & Palich, 2008;Gnyawali & Fogel, 1994), for example, by improving income distribution and investing in education and R&D. ...
Concern about environmental problems has led to more attention being paid to the sustainable development objective. Social entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship in general, show a direct relationship with this objective, due mainly to the activities carried out by entrepreneurs regarding the development of new products, the search for new markets, and the introduction of innovations. Because of this, it is important to identify the variables that influence both types of entrepreneurship to adequately design measures to stimulate sustainable development through these activities. These variables can be grouped into two groups: sociocultural factors and economic factors. The objective of this paper is to analyze the behavior of these two groups over general entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, in addition to the impact of these two types of entrepreneurship on sustainable development. To carry out this analysis, we have developed an empirical analysis with structural equations for the case of 15 OECD countries between 2015 and 2016.
La preocupación por los problemas ambientales ha llevado a que se preste más atención al objetivo de desarrollo sostenible. El emprendimiento social, y el emprendimiento en general, muestran una relación directa con este objetivo, debido principalmente a las actividades llevadas a cabo por los emprendedores en relación con el desarrollo de nuevos productos, la búsqueda de nuevos mercados y la introducción de innovaciones. Debido a esto, es importante identificar las variables que influyen en ambos tipos de emprendimiento para diseñar adecuadamente medidas para estimular el desarrollo sostenible a través de estas actividades. Estas variables se pueden agrupar en dos grupos: factores socioculturales y factores económicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento de estos dos grupos sobre el emprendimiento general y el emprendimiento social, además del impacto de estos dos tipos de emprendimiento en el desarrollo sostenible. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, hemos desarrollado un análisis empírico con ecuaciones estructurales para el caso de 15 países de la OCDE entre 2015 y 2016.
... De hecho, en opinión de autores como Croitoru (2012: 137), de todas las teorías que abordan la cuestión empresarial, la de Schumpeter es la más completa. Otras teorías que resaltan tanto la importancia como las características de los empresarios y su impacto en la economía se encuentran la escuela alemana que, en palabras de Audretsch (2003), incluye a von Thunen y al mismo Schumpeter; la escuela de Chicago que engloba a autores como Frank Knigth y Shultz; y la escuela de Austria que contiene a von Mises y Kirzner o incluso la llamada escuela Neo-Schumpeteriana que, según Hanusch y Pyka (2006: 276), resalta el papel del conocimiento, la innovación y el emprendedurismo a nivel microeconómico 2 . ...
En este artículo se analiza la relación de causalidad entre los precios al productor y al consumidor para el caso de los países miembros del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) durante el periodo 1957:01-2011:04. Para ello, se utilizan pruebas de raíz unitaria y de causalidad. Los resultados indican que la causalidad va en ambos sentidos, es decir, de los precios del productor a los precios del consumidor y de estos últimos a los primeros. Ambos precios tienen información útil que ayuda a predecir el comportamiento uno del otro.
... According to (Hormiga, Batista-Canino, & Sánchez-Medina, 2011), establishing and developing a relationship with customers, friends, and acquaintances enables the entrepreneur to access key strategic information for the business. Thus, making it easier for businesses to be profitable (Davidsson & Honig, 2003), but also the support that networks give, facilitates the growth and survival of new enterprises (Audretsch, 2003). ...
The literature has widely covered the factors that determine the success of entrepreneurial ventures from financial and organizational perspectives. This study intends to tackle how the Financial Capital, the Human Capital, the Social
Capital, and the Psychological Capital of the Entrepreneur affect Entrepreneurial Success. Despite that the Financial, Human, and Social Capitals are extensively examined in the literature as they relate to entrepreneurial success, this paper will add the psychological capital of the entrepreneur and examine its effect on entrepreneurial success in Egypt.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Financial Capital, Human Capital, Social Capital, and Psychological Capital on Entrepreneurial Success using a cross-sectional survey. Respondents were the owners and founders of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Cairo, Egypt. The results revealed that Social Capital and Psychological capital had a statistical significance as well as a positive strong relationship with Entrepreneurial success, while the Financial Capital and the Human Capital had statistical insignificance as well as a positive weak to a very weak relationship with Entrepreneurial success respectively.
The study findings suggested that entrepreneurial success is strongly connected to the intangible resources of the entrepreneur, which are Social Capital and Psychological Capital, and that the Psychological Capital had the highest impact on Entrepreneurial success. However, the impact of the Financial Capital and Human Capital on Entrepreneurial Success was statistically insignificant.
... 6. Empirically, since self-employment is measured in most countries comprehensively enough to facilitate cross-country comparisons over time, measures based on self-employment are often used as proxies for the levels of entrepreneurial activity. Such cross-country comparisons of entrepreneurship are otherwise very problematic (Audretsch, 2003;Blau, 1987;Storey, 1991). However, there could be differences in the way these data are collected across nations. ...
Stringent bankruptcy laws are generally understood to increase the costs of failure and thus not conducive for entrepreneurship. In this paper, theory is developed and tested exploring the moderating influences of the dimensions of culture—individualism—collectivism, masculinity–femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance. Results of this study, from conditional fixed effects Poisson regressions, support that stringent bankruptcy laws are positively associated with the levels of entrepreneurial activity in certain cultural contexts.
... Moreover, it compares the delivery of the needed skills between public and private business schools in Egypt and Bahrain. The results show that all the entrepreneurial skills variables have an impact on self-employment practices, which is consistent with Martin (2004) and Audretsch (2002), who demonstrated that entrepreneurship education involves the development of students' entrepreneurial skills and not simply training them for business startups. This finding also confirms with the study of Jabeen et al. (2017), which argues that strategic drivers for improving the role of universities should include an entrepreneurial mindset encompassing soft skills enhancement, technical skills improvement and innovation skills development. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper examines the development of entrepreneurial skills amongst accounting students in public and private universities and its impact on career pathways, including self-employment. Also, the paper explores what skills have an effect on self-employment intentions.
Design/Methodology/approach
This study uses a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial skills developed by accounting students in business schools and whether these skills direct them to choose to start their own business. A questionnaire was developed and a sample of 583 Egyptian and Bahraini accounting students was used.
Findings
The study concludes that in private universities, there is no difference in the development of entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices between students in Egypt and Bahrain. When it comes to public universities, students in Bahrain develop better entrepreneurial skills and subsequent self-employment practices than students in Egypt. In addition, private universities are better than public universities in representing the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and self-employment practices.
Originality/value
This study and its conclusions fill a gap in the literature in comparing public and private universities to highlight the relationship between developing accounting students’ entrepreneurial skills and their self-employment practices. This study is the first to compare universities in Egypt and the Kingdom of Bahrain.
... Therefore, conceptual embedment of this type of research in theory, as well as the summary of the existing output are worth considering. The validity of combining comparative research and international entrepreneurship was already articulated in its first definitions (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000;2003;. ...
Objective: The aim of the article is to recognise the scientific identity of comparative international entrepreneurship (CIE) and to review the literature on this problem in the perspective of international entrepreneurship (IE).
Research Design & Methods: The applied research method is the analysis of theoretical and empirical articles on comparative international entrepreneurship published in the years 1989-2018. On this basis, the Author formulates propositions of problems suitable for the scientific exploration in the future in the stream of comparative research.
Findings: Comparative international entrepreneurship is one of three research domains of international entrepreneurship. We can identify here a few important problems for future research, which concern institutional and cultural conditionings of entrepreneurship, the operationalisation of entrepreneurship and the assessment of the effects of entrepreneurship for the economic growth and development.
Implications & Recommendations: It is recommended to conduct theoretical and empirical in-depth research into international entrepreneurship in the comparative approach. It is of great cognitive importance for the development of the discipline and of utilitarian importance both for entrepreneurs – the micro level and economic decision-makers – the macro level.
Contribution & Value Added: The article fills a research gap related to the conceptual embedment of comparative international entrepreneurship and is one of the first articles to review the literature concerning this problem.
... There are volumes and volumes of literature on the subject of the definitions of an entrepreneur (a few comprehensive works: Urban 2010; McKenzie, Ugbah and Smothers 2007;Audretsch 2003;Acs and Audretsch 2010;Dabkowski 2011). ...
In most research entrepreneurs are described as general subjects. Of course, these approaches reveal that you do not match and can not explain much of the situation. The group of people called the entrepreneur behaves differently from the definitions. In my dissertation (Gergely Németh: Cognitive Approach to Some Entrepreneurial Behavior Patterns, 2017), a chapter is about differentiating the entrepreneur's roles. In this categorization, I have included the Gerber division, already classical citation, and I have also come up with new approaches based on the reviewed literature. I considered the process of entrepreneurship a process that was crossed by the Situational Cognitive Approach (Smith and Semin 2004, 2007) so that the effect of the context can also be reflected in this sphere of interpretation. Below I describe the roles of the entrepreneur, the owner, the manager, the inventor, and the producer.
... Research in entrepreneurship has focused its attention on deciphering this topic contribution to social and economic development [96][97][98][99], and this idea has been what has attracted the greatest attention from academics and political institutions. Defining the discipline [3] and the figure of the entrepreneur is a task of large proportions, which is made even more complicated when taking into account the spectacular increase in literature. ...
This paper examines the evolution of research in Entrepreneurship published in Web of Science, a reference database. A bibliometric content analysis has been carried out as part of this investigation, allowing for a longitudinal study of the main research topics dealt with over time, ranging from classic topics such as its conception to more recent realities that include Social and Sustainable Entrepreneurship. This paper locates research trends by studying the evolution of citations and by incorporating use metrics. The results point to the existence of seven cognitive fronts that have marked the field’s growth and conceptual evolution. Furthermore, evidence is presented that shows how innovation has historically been the thread that links all the core themes. The topics and trends detected contribute specially to advancing the current discussion on entrepreneurship and coordinating future research efforts.
... One of the most quoted scholar of entrepreneurship states that new firms do not always have an innovation propensity higher than incumbent firms, "even for a developed country such as the United States, only a very small fraction of new startups is really innovative" ( [39], p. 8). Without innovative capacity, in a contestable market, these firms have limited chance to growth. ...
... The combination of psychological and managerial characteristics in entrepreneurs is fundamental to understand their behavior. In this sense, Hébert and Link (1989), cited by Audretsch (2003), have identified three distinct intellectual traditions in the development of the entrepreneurship contemporary literature: [1] the German Tradition, based on von Thünen (2015[1875]) and Schumpeter (1997Schumpeter ( [1911), that has the greatest impact on the contemporary entrepreneurship literature; [2] the Chicago Tradition, rooted on Knight (1921) and Schultz (1980), and [3] the Austrian Tradition, based on von Mises (1949), Kirzner (1979), and Shackle (1968). We can add some emerging intellectual traditions formed by Latin American and Spanish researchers, given the socioeconomic peculiarities of these countries that have been barely studied so far in the economic literature on this issue. ...
This chapter deals with the concept and theories of entrepreneurship that can be defined as the type of business strategy focused on the creation of new business ideas, jobs, social wealth, and profit by optimizing the use of productive and commercial resources. Neoclassical and new Keynesian theories are briefly analyzed in the chapter, as well as psychological-based and modern theories, including the jack-of-all trades theory, o-ring theory, resources- and capabilities-based theory, and theory of the optimal triangle. The chapter finishes with the necessity of also including both social and solidarity-based entrepreneurship strategies, alongside the traditional classification made on this concept.
Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals. Management Study HQ describes Management as a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, directing and controlling, and the application of these principles in harnessing physical, financial, human and informational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. A good management is the backbone of all successful organizations. And to assist business and non-business organizations in their quest for excellence, growth and contribution to the economy and society, Management Book Series covers research knowledge that exists in the world in various management sectors of business through peer review chapters. This book series helps company leaders and key decision-makers to have a clear, impartial, and data-driven perspective of how factors will impact the economy moving forward and to know what they should be doing in response.
Creativity is a concept increasingly associated with innovation, resilience, and adaptability. No longer confined to “soft” skill areas like the arts, creativity is a term linked to success in fields both hard and soft that run on constant change to technology and practice. But what precisely is creativity or is this very question anathema to the concept itself? This chapter explores the way creativity is conceptualized in adult lifelong learning and continuing education over the period 2010–2020. It draws on articles published in four major academic journals from the field: the Journal of Continuing Higher Education, the International Journal of Lifelong Education, the International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning (IJCEL) and the International Review of Education (UNESCO). Textual analysis is conducted using the NVivo qualitive data analysis program. The chapter takes a comparative approach in order to explore key themes that are highlighted in each journal and to detect differences in the way creativity is perceived. We are particularly sensitive to the diversity of definitions and whether a relationship exists between this range and the type of programs, such as award and non-award programs and programs in different subject areas. Exploratory in nature, our analysis intends to understand in what contexts the concept of creativity is substantiated and useful and in what contexts it veers towards empty rhetoric. If creativity is an important habit of mind, as we argue it is, then this is a step towards understanding the conditions under which creativity has been successfully articulated in recent research and theory on lifelong learning.
This chapter investigated the roles of medical ethics and entrepreneurship in innovative development, determined the ethical issues in medicine and health promotion, and examined medical ethics and entrepreneurial principles, convergence and divergence. This is with the core aim of critically investigating medical ethics and entrepreneurship and their convergence and divergence. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Data for the study were collected using secondary sources, that is, through Google Scholar, Google Search, peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, interviews, and many more viable sources. Hence, the use of secondary research was engaged in carrying out related literature in this study. Data were analysed using qualitative and content analysis. The thematic analysis was used for qualitative data where themes were drawn in line with the research questions to be answered. The study revealed that medical ethics include respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Additionally, some of the issues connected with these developments that could go against medical ethics are inadequate technical and medical experts to operate the technology, expenses and cost, fraudulent patients’ data access, and human-to-machine treatments. The study concluded that the convergence of medical ethics and entrepreneurship is based on innovation, services provision, engagement of technology, and many more, while their divergence comes with an exception on issues such as social, religious, and economic implications.
This thesis focuses on intangible but essential aspects of the social and economic development of any territory, using as a frame of reference the human development approach originally proposed by the economist Amartya Sen, while claiming the role of innovation in rural development processes in accordance with the classical conceptualisation of Joseph Schumpeter. In this thesis a critical analysis is made of the evolution of the LEADER programme, the most emblematic rural development policy in Spain and the European Union, over the last three decades. Based on evidence available in the academic literature on the strengths and weaknesses of LEADER, alternative orientations and experiences are identified that can serve as a guideline for updating rural development policies and initiatives in a socio-political context in which the demographic dimension of development has acquired greater visibility. In accordance with these premises and with the postulates of the human development approach, a methodology for the elaboration of local development strategies is proposed, describing aims, instruments and actors with the capacity to stop or at least mitigate the cycle of decline of a rural area. Among these actors, the relevance that universities and educational centres could have in the dynamics of transformation of rural territories that remain on the margins of a globalised and knowledge-based economy is justified. Based on this proposal, the result of its application in the design of the development strategy for the period 2014-2020 of a territory included within the diffuse limits of the so-called Empty Spain, the Altiplano of Granada, is described. In this same area, we investigate how different endowments of human capital and social capital at individual, family and municipal level influence the future expectations, perception of their environment, migration intentions and entrepreneurial vocation of young rural people. The results have allowed us to identify the feeling of personal attachment to the place as one of the variables with the greatest weight when it comes to encouraging young people's intention to remain in their villages in the future, an intention that only 3 out of 10 respondents would have. Given the absolute importance of increasing the human and social capital of young people for their own benefit, this thesis argues that emigration for training and work experience does not devitalize the territory; on the contrary, it is a necessary condition for future development, but for this to happen, it must be accompanied by measures that facilitate the creation of attachment to the place during childhood and adolescence, an academic and employment orientation in secondary schools that links students with the needs, resources and potential of their municipalities, as well as actions that later facilitate the eventual return to their localities. The research has identified significant gender disparities among young people in the Altiplano, thus justifying the adoption of differentiated measures by schools, associations, local and regional governments. Where there are no significant gender differences is in the entrepreneurial intentions of young people. The research has made it possible to validate in a rural context the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) about the entrepreneurial intention of secondary school students, finding, in a novel way, a lower interest in entrepreneurship on the part of young people who have parents who are already entrepreneurs, contrary to what is common in the literature. This result would be the consequence of a negative perception of young people regarding the functioning, viability or effort involved in the creation and management of a business in a rural area in decline. The thesis also addresses, from a human development approach, an exploratory analysis of the business fabric of the Altiplano of Granada, in which the low capacity of absorption of innovation of entrepreneurs and their limited social capital, which slows down the potential socio-economic improvement of the area, are evidenced. The thesis concludes with a compendium of conclusions and recommendations for decision-makers in rural areas, as well as an epilogue in which nine stories of entrepreneurs, institutions, and associations from the Altiplano de Granada are recounted, which exemplify in practice many of the central ideas defended in this thesis.
This study aims to identify the transformations from the structural and political point of view at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF) toward an Entrepreneurial University. To this end, the degree of UFF’s evolution and maturity will be verified as such. We then expect to recommend actions to accelerate the institution's evolution in this direction. The authors carried out exploratory research with a qualitative approach to achieve the defined objectives. A review of the literature was carried out, using bibliometric analysis techniques, in themes like Entrepreneurial University and university-company interaction, based on Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo publications. Primary data generation was done with a survey forwarded to two groups of people. The first group, formed by UFF’s undergraduate courses coordinators, managers of the institution and some of its departments and academic units, and professors who had critical experiences related to the theme, received the research through direct e-mail. The second group responded through a social network platform in a group of university professors to identify structural and political transformations at the University. The analysis of the information collected allowed the application of the model developed by Oliveira and Amaral (Gestão nos Institutos Federais de Educação: experiências e aplicações, PPGA/UFF, 2020) to understand the UFF’s evolution stage as an entrepreneurial institution. As a result, the professors of the institution have relatively low knowledge regarding the theme and the mechanisms to support innovation, both at the federal level and at the institution itself, while there is a good performance of interaction activities. With the application of the Oliveira-Amaral maturity assessment model, it was possible to position the institution at level 2 on a scale from 0 to 6, which means a low entrepreneurial positioning. The sampling for the survey was defined by convenience, without a statistical basis. This selection was made to enable the research by sending the survey to a sample of the accessible population. This research takes a picture of the current moment of UFF regarding what would lead to it being understood as an Entrepreneurial University. According to the Oliveira-Amaral Model, it brings the institution’s current needs and, from the application of this model, combined with the poll answered by a sample of the institution’s professors, actions are indicated to solve such needs. Furthermore, understanding a lack of knowledge by UFF regarding Federal Laws and Norms to support innovation, two conceptual frameworks on the subject are presented.KeywordsEntrepreneurial UniversityMaturity modelUniversity–company interaction
This conceptual and theoretical research argues about some implications of the post-development era for rural entrepreneurship as a new developmental strategy and approach. This paper tries to remind us that the entrepreneurship is not an easy ride and has some dark sides; therefore, there is a pressing need to make entrepreneurship more welcoming to criticism and to clarify its common sense ways of thinking and practicing. From the methodological point of view, this study is some sort of an explanatory and instrumental case study and its focus is on the process of rural development in Iran as a specific event or phenomenon. The paper draws on Campbell Jones and André Spicer’s critical theory and approach and is inspired by Aram Ziai’s skeptical post-development in order to unmask the mainstream entrepreneurship discourse and practice in Iran. The paper claims that although rural entrepreneurship is not a deceitful mirage or malignant myth, its current situation in Iran is definitely a sharp deviance from the classic development goals, and therefore the deconstruction of its mainstream discourse and practices is an urgent need. As the main propose of the paper, this deconstruction should be based on a skeptical and critical unmasking theoretical framework. Through answering some important questions, one of the main arguments of the paper is that now it is time to return to the classical goals of development, but after exercising some radical discursive and practical entrepreneurial policy changes.
Several studies examined how some characteristics of personal bankruptcy laws influenced entrepreneurial developments during the last two decades. Our main objective is to analyze the association between self-employment and the leniency of the personal bankruptcy systems in 24 EU countries. Unlike previous studies, we measure differences and changes in the leniency of the regulations with a composite index that incorporates 35 variables. Based on a cross-country database of self-employment ratios and various control variables spanning the years 2000 to 2019, we apply a panel regression model. We find that the implementation of new regulations and reforms in personal bankruptcy legislation in more lenient directions positively correlates with entrepreneurial developments measured by self-employment rates. This is more significant in the group of countries where the eligibility criteria for entrepreneurs are not constrained. We find a one-year negative time-lag effect and conclude that strong anticipation of the law for a more lenient system can immediately change the risk-reward profile, and thereby influence entrepreneurship before implementing the actual reform. An important policy implication is that a major reform in regulation or the first implementation of conservative legislation has the same order of magnitude of effect on promoting entrepreneurship as other public policy reforms of similar purpose.
The economic development of the nation depends upon industrial development and entrepreneurial skills and competencies of the individuals. Some factors that needs to be considered while understanding importance of entrepreneurship in aviation Industry are innovation, technology and human interventions. This research paper brings many insightsin empirical way the opportunities and challenges put forth for entrepreneurs in aviation Industry. Reflection will be there on secondary data source for substantiating with evidences and this study is novel in its own way.Entrepreneurship development involves implementation of various activities, functions and procedures that are associated with understanding opportunities and formation of the organizations to pursue them.ImplicationsEntrepreneurs experience a number of opportunities and challenges within the course of pursuance of their goals and objectives. In this research paper, the main areas that is focused on understanding the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in aviation, latest developments in entrepreneurship and what could be the probable innovative business models in aviation.
A strong financial system plays a critical role in enabling growth and reducing vulnerability
to crises among commercial banks. This mitigates the likelihood of disruptions in the
financial intermediation process that are severe enough to significantly impair the allocation
of savings to profitable investment opportunities. Financial stability is an essential
requirement not only for monetary stability, but also for healthy development of the economy.
This study examined the determinants of financial stability in Nigerian commercial banks.
The study adopted ex-post facto research design. The scope of the study is between 1981 to
2018, a period of 37 years. The study data were collected from the annual reports of CBN
and NDIC. The data was analysed with the aid of OLS technique. The study used Liquidity
ratio, Loan to deposit ratio, money supply and interest rate as the determinants of financial
stability measured as compounded return on asset of Nigerian commercial banks. The study
revealed that liquidity ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio and money supply positively and
significantly impact the financial stability in Nigerian commercial banks while interest rate
exhibits a negative and insignificant relationship with the stability of banks. Based on the
findings, the study recommends that commercials banks should increase their liquidity profile
so that the issue of bank-run will not happen and this will thereby improve their stability over
time. Also, commercial banks need to improve their intermediation activities by giving out loans to the deficit units especially the private sectors. Also, the regulatory authorities need
to always smoothen the expansionary monetary policy because as more money flow in the
economy, it will improve the stability of the banking system through savings. Such a move
would increase the customer base of the bank in a significant manner and this would also
lead to increased customer deposits.
Keywords: Commercial banks, Financial stability, regulatory, Financial system,
Competition
A strong financial system plays a critical role in enabling growth and reducing vulnerability
to crises among commercial banks. This mitigates the likelihood of disruptions in the
financial intermediation process that are severe enough to significantly impair the allocation
of savings to profitable investment opportunities. Financial stability is an essential
requirement not only for monetary stability, but also for healthy development of the economy.
This study examined the determinants of financial stability in Nigerian commercial banks.
The study adopted ex-post facto research design. The scope of the study is between 1981 to
2018, a period of 37 years. The study data were collected from the annual reports of CBN
and NDIC. The data was analysed with the aid of OLS technique. The study used Liquidity
ratio, Loan to deposit ratio, money supply and interest rate as the determinants of financial
stability measured as compounded return on asset of Nigerian commercial banks. The study
revealed that liquidity ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio and money supply positively and
significantly impact the financial stability in Nigerian commercial banks while interest rate
exhibits a negative and insignificant relationship with the stability of banks. Based on the
findings, the study recommends that commercials banks should increase their liquidity profile
so that the issue of bank-run will not happen and this will thereby improve their stability over
time. Also, commercial banks need to improve their intermediation activities by giving out
loans to the deficit units especially the private sectors. Also, the regulatory authorities need
to always smoothen the expansionary monetary policy because as more money flow in the
economy, it will improve the stability of the banking system through savings. Such a move
would increase the customer base of the bank in a significant manner and this would also
lead to increased customer deposits.
The growing body of literature is arguing that entrepreneurial intentions play a significant role in the decision-making process of becoming an entrepreneur. Bolstering the entrepreneurial and innovation-oriented mindsets, primarily among younger generations, might be considered crucial for the successful economic and social evolvement. Detecting the appropriate reasons which induce youngsters, especially students, to become entrepreneurs is a potentially valuable input for different policymakers and a problem explored in this paper. Personal attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control are called motivational ‘antecedents’ of entrepreneurial intentions and has been thoroughly studied within the theory of planned behaviour, developed by Ajzen (1991). The applicability of Ajzen’s model for predicting the main antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions were successfully tested in this study among students with or without international studying experience, as well as distinctions considering several background (individual and social) factors. The results of the correlation and regression analysis pointed out that personal attitudes towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ability represent the most relevant components of the theory of planned behaviour model, while subjective norms have a minor role. Statistically significant differences were found in six factors: age, family background, household incomes, profession, country of origin, and student exchange programmes. These results confirmed previous conclusions about the explanation power of Ajzen’s model to predict entrepreneurial intentions and brought empirical evidence about studying abroad experience which has a noticeable impact on predictors of entrepreneurial intention among students, which potentially deserves additional incentives from policymakers and higher education institutions.
ICEDE Working Paper Series (2254-7487), N°4.
En este trabajo se analiza el fenómeno de la creación de empresas desde un punto de vista teórico y aplicado. Para ello se parte de una revisión sistematizada de la literatura relativa al fenómeno de la creación
de empresas, prestando especial atención a la teoría económica institucional como un marco teórico de referencia para el análisis de este fenómeno. Además se realiza un estudio empírico aplicado al caso de ocho países europeos seleccionados para la investigación desde un punto de vista espacial y sectorial comparado.
En última instancia se desarrolla un modelo explicativo multivariante que conjuga algunos de los principales factores explicativos del fenómeno.
SUMMARY
The hypotheses formulated in the dissertation sought answers to a complex question - the entrepreneurial phenomenon. Because of its interdisciplinarity, this was a great commitment of me. The breakthrough point where I have thought to find my responses were in the field of economics psychology / behaviour economics, so I needed broad new interdisciplinary knowledge making both the approach and the explanations complex.
Although the thesis was written this year (2017), yet for the past decade, I have been researching the questions and the answers of this topic via readings and researches. I tried to investigate the relevant findings of economics, system theory, entrepreneurship and economic psychology.
In the course of reviewing the topics of my scientific lectures (30+) and writings of the past decade, they all brought me a little closer to the main statements of the dissertation now completed. I recall several exciting and enjoyable moments of reading, learning and professional debates, the results of which I hope are welcomed by my colleagues and my fellow researchers.
In my dissertation, I have reviewed a considerable amount of literature, the reason for which is, as I have stated above, that I have summarised basic concepts of several fields of science, supplemented with the most recent literature. I have summarised literature review in four major chapters that can each be linked to the given hypothesis and can lead the reader to conclusions.
Four hypotheses were formulated in the dissertation:
H1: I have assumed, for the basic pillar of the entrepreneurial ecosystem that the so-called hard elements, such as infrastructure, legal and commercial regulatory conditions, government support, capital and money market conditions are nonetheless important, but the quality of the ecosystem will be more determined by the so-called soft factors. Behind these soft factors lie management capacity, resulting from school and out-of-school entrepreneurial training, social-societal values and thus culture, which provides the courage, the relaxed conditions for experimentation and a significant social support (guard-net) for the re-start after the failure.
H2: I have identified the reconsideration of the business-process approach as a second challenge. Based on literature and my observations, I intended to demark the stage of brainstorming more precise than the position of the currently accepted entrepreneurial approaches does. I think that the entrepreneurial process itself is essentially a short stage in the corporate life cycle that is preceded by brainstorming and then followed by the growth phase, which is again followed by the consolidated organisational cycle.
H3: Thirdly, I have stated that very few meet the accepted entrepreneurial definitions based on literature and my experience. All this led me to look at the entrepreneurial roles and their related competences and common personality characteristics. Here, a secondary goal has been identified which might create a new business category that prototypes the expectations of classical entrepreneurial definitions. It was named that is, Non-Conventional Organizations (NCO) (together with my fellow research partner, Zoltán Csigás).
H4: Last but not least, based on my experiences, my previous research and literature I have formulated an organisational competence profile description that describes the survival minimums of organisations (I have named them the KO criteria). Over the last sixty years, we have learned a lot about the organisations' excellent operational capabilities, but the phenomena that make a company excellent may not be helping it to survive. Now, the first level is to keep the organisation alive at the ever-increasing competition. I sought these minimum criteria, what they might be.
I have formulated my hypotheses on three levels and seeking for the way of evidencing. The highest level was the social-societal approach where I tried to find answers regarding the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The question was what criteria and conditions of the ecosystem are needed to make the members of the ecosystem successful. I retained my hypothesis here, since I was able to justify with strong data that there is indeed a relationship between the quality of the entrepreneurs and the ecosystem profile.
At the middle level (organisational level), I have applied a minimalist approach. I was looking for critical organisational features that make organisations survive. I reversed the message of excellence models. I believe that the recipe for success could lead to far, but if we did not solve the mandatory tasks before, then it is pointless to talk about this very high quality level. Here, too, I have found organisational phenomena that are essential to be displayed in the competence inventory of the organisation (dynamic capacity, organisational two-handedness). In addition, I have identified an organisational phenomenon profile that is novel not regarding its elements, but in its system-level approach. These elements were called KO criteria. In the study, I included as the starting point an organisational model created with my previous research associates (COVΛ model).
At the bottom, at the micro level, I was dealing with the individual, the entrepreneur. I have reviewed the validity of entrepreneurial definitions and have identified that life cycle phases of businesses should be shaped differently. Here, my basic conclusion is that the brainstorming phase should be separated from the enterprise shaping stage and it should be demarked from the growth phase as well as from the later consolidated corporate phase.
Entrepreneurial process
Invention➡What is this?➡Chaos and Growth ➡Consolidation
Most important actor and its most important role
Inventor / Idea Man➡Entrepreneur / Producer➡Crisis /
Change Manager ➡Manager
35. Figure 1: The main actor of a high-level entrepreneurial process. The author's own work
I have identified the tasks to be solved for the organisational stages, the competences needed for the solution, and competences regarding the roles (Figure 35). I have dealt with roles in point of enterprises, the display of which has a significant influence on the operation of businesses. I declare that the particular entrepreneurial role can be captured by a personality profile and a competence pattern rather than an average entrepreneur.
During the study, I worked with a new methodology that was named 'post mortem'. This is basically, as it is in its name, an ex post, post-event evaluation of a particular phenomenon. I have looked at the cease of non-operating companies (n = 388), and have concluded results of their aggregated data.
Based on research in the literature and my experiences, I attempted to supplement Lewin's basic formula (B=f(P,E), where the external environment (E) and the internal psychic (P) define behavioral (B) functions (f)) by entrepreneurship (Be=fe {(De,E)×exe}).
As a scientific novelty, I see the results of the accomplished work in a eight smaller steps, as reported in the chapter on scientific innovations (5.2).
This thesis is a milestone, an important stage in my research and the cognitive process in which I have been fortunate to be actively involved in more than a decade...
This chapter investigates companies which contribute to better maintenance of aging and shrinking communities through business and entrepreneurship. Rural communities based on agriculture in developed countries suffer from aging and declining populations and structurally weak local economies, and require creative solutions to maintain the living standards and quality of life of the residents. Redefining and recreating local businesses are among these measures. To identify how businesses can stimulate local economies, two successful companies from Japan and Germany are compared. In both companies, the impact of entrepreneurial leadership is striking. The companies engage in using new combinations of local resources, including aging human capital, to stimulate residents to participate in their enterprises, and their efforts include business and social aspects.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the time-series dynamics of entrepreneurship rates for different race classifications based on household characteristics over the 1996 through 2013 period.
Design/methodology/approach
Using microdata from the Kauffman Foundation, this study investigates the roles of unemployment, homeownership, income, immigration, education, age, gender and marital status in relation to entrepreneurship rates for different race classifications through ridge regression analysis.
Findings
Results suggest that the time-series variation in entrepreneurship rates for different race classifications are variable-dependent, moreover, the economic and statistical significance of the candidate explanatory variables are sensitive to the time period under analysis. Unemployment, homeownership, education, age and marital status are significant variables for whites while unemployment, income, immigration and gender variables are significant for blacks. For the case of Native Americans and Asians, the candidate explanatory variables do not explain the time-series variation in entrepreneurship rates for the sample periods in this study.
Social implications
This study exhibits implications for public policy in helping to promote entrepreneurship at the individual level and help stimulate entrepreneurial activity as a mechanism for promoting economic growth.
Originality/value
The findings suggest the importance of examining entrepreneurship rates across time based on race classifications. This study highlights the importance of conducting ridge regression analysis for different sub-periods in time when assessing entrepreneurship rates.
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