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Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents
... Total phenolics content was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the procedure described by Singleton & Rossi [11] and others using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Two hundred µL of extract was introduced into a test tube together with 1000 µL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, adequately diluted 10 times, and 800 µL of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). ...
... The hexadecanoic acid found in P. persica leaves by our GC-MS analysis might justify the antifungal activity, as it is known to bind the active groups of fungal cell walls, limiting their expansion [10,11]. El-Hawary et al. [7] have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of P. persica leaf extracts against two fungal strains including Aspergillus flavus and C. albicans (ATCC 7102)), and three bacteria (E. coli MTCC-40, P. aeruginosa MTCC-2474, and S. aureus MTCC-1144). ...
In this study, waste of leaves of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch was valorized as a source of bioactive compounds. The use of ultrasounds at two different energy levels (35 and 130 kHz) produced 14 extracts from these plant components and using 4 different extraction solvents, that is methanol: water (40:10; v/v; HMe), acetonitrile: water: formic acid (49.5:49.5:1; v/v/v; ANWF), ethyl acetate: water (40:10; v/v; EaW), and pure water (W), all acidified or not (except ANWF). All fractions revealed the presence of phytochemicals, but HMe presented the highest levels of total phenolics (323.31 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (510.58 mg CE/g DW), while ANFW of flavonols (184.97 mg QE/g DW). Thus, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analyses were carried out on these two specific samples to better characterize their biochemical profile. Twenty-one secondary metabolites were detected in the plant samples, including 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, quercetin, genistein, and salicylic acid, together with more lipophilic substances, like hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, phytol, octadecanoic acid, and vitamin E. The study examined the biological activity of HMe and ANFW in vitro, revealing their significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which effectively reduce inflammation and inhibit bacterial and fungal growth. Therefore, recycling leaves from P. persica trees after fruit harvesting and using them as a novel source for nutraceuticals, and more generally bioactive phytochemicals, could represent a way to exploit the potential of this plant waste in favor of the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medicinal industries.
... The TPC of OL samples was determined according to Singleton and Rossi method (Singleton and Rossi 1965). A 10.0 g of OL sample was dissolved in 50 mL of hexane and extracted three times with 80% (w/v) of aqueous methanol. ...
The present study aimed to determine and compare the viscosity, acid value (AV), saponification value, total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid contents (TFC), and the antioxidant activities (DPPH assay) of olive oil samples collected from different areas of Jordan. A total of 28 olive oil (OL) samples were collected from various regions and production years in Jordan. These samples were analyzed for viscosity, AV, saponification values, TPC, TFC, and DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results showed variability among the OL samples in terms of viscosities (0.0523 ± 0.0002—0.0658 ± 0.0000 Pa*s),, AV g (0.12 ± 0.02—1.46 ± 0.10% oleic acid), and saponification value (88.90 ± 0.61–199.80 ± 0.30 mg KOH/g sample). The analyzed OL samples were classified as either extra virgin or of virgin grades. The TPC varied among the OL samples tested based on various regions and year of production, ranging from (0.07 ± 0.01—0.97 ± 0.04 mg GA/g sample), while TFC detected ranged from (0.01 ± 0.01—0.39 ± 0.06 mg RU/g sample). As for the antioxidant activity, all OL samples exhibited DPPH radical scavenging capacities (4.10 ± 0.90—41.80 ± 0.30%). To our knowledge, this study is thought to be the first investigation examining the quality and quantity parameters of various OL samples collected from various regions and years in Jordan as well as for their antioxidant activities. Despite the differences detected in all tests, no significant differences were found concerning the region of OL production. As for the year of production, significant differences were only found in the viscosities and TFC of OL samples produced in 2020 and 2021, being significantly higher the latter year. The findings of this study show that collection region, did not exhibit any significant change on the OL samples based on the tested parameters, While the year of collection resulted in a significant difference in viscosities [F (2, 25) = 3.95, p = 0.032] and TFC [F (2, 25) = 7.76, p = 0.002] among OL samples tested. This study adds to the existing literature regarding Jordanian OL samples’ characteristics and warrants for further investigation, particularly in influence of production year on viscosities, TFC, and other quality parameters..
... The dried aerial parts of the plant were utilized for the estimation of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll content. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method as described by Singleton and Rossi (1965). In brief, 0.5 mL of the plant extract or standard solution was mixed with 2.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted 1:10) and incubated for 6 min. ...
Carbohydrate sources play a critical role in supporting plant growth under in vitro conditions. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., a highly valued medicinal plant, is widely recognized for its therapeutic properties, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurodegenerative effects. Among various carbon sources, sucrose at a 3% concentration is most commonly utilized due to its efficient uptake, metabolism, and stability. In this study, treatment with 7% xylose resulted in the highest accumulation of chlorophyll a (0.86 g/100 g fresh weight and 0.41 g/100 g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (0.41 g/100 g fresh weight). Furthermore, bioactive compound analyses revealed that 7% xylose significantly enhanced the levels of asiaticoside (33.51 ± 0.24 mg/g DW), madecassoside (43.02 ± 0.15 mg/g DW), asiatic acid (20.03 ± 0.07 mg/g DW), and madecassic acid (22.84 ± 0.14 mg/g DW). Additionally, the total phenolic content was maximized in treatments with 7% xylose, 5% xylose, and 7% galactose. Other monosaccharides, such as 5% fructose and 5% glucose, also promoted the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Among disaccharides, 1.5% sucrose increased madecassoside levels, while 7% maltose and 5% galactose elevated both asiaticoside and madecassoside concentrations. These results emphasize the significant impact of specific carbohydrate sources on chlorophyll biosynthesis and bioactive compound production in C. asiatica, highlighting their potential to optimize in vitro culture protocols for enhanced phytochemical yields.
... The total phenolic content of samples was determined by the spectrophotometric method. 16 The total phenolics content was expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract/fractions dry weight (mg GAE/g dw). ...
Objectives
Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae) has long been valued in traditional medicine primarily as a bitter drug. While recent studies have confirmed its pleiotropic properties, the antineurodegenerative potential of its bioactive compounds remains insufficiently studied. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of the primary 70% ethanol extract of G. lutea roots and its fractions obtained by liquid-liquid extraction.
Methods
Total phenolic content, dominant secoiridoid gentiopicroside and the main xanthone isogentisin were quantified, as well as the correlation among investigated compounds and activities of samples. The antioxidant activity was tested through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), FRAP (ferric-reducing ability of plasma), and β-carotene bleaching assays, while neuroprotective activity was investigated through testing against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (Tyr) activity.
Results
The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and isogentisin contents (4.3 and 17.6 times higher than the primary extract, respectively), while the n-butanol fraction contained the highest amount of gentiopicroside (2.9 times higher than the primary extract). Antioxidant assays indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest activity. The primary ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Notably, the primary ethanolic extract showed promising tyrosinase inhibition (50.85% inhibition), comparable to kojic acid used as a positive control (51.81% inhibition) at the same concentration (100 μg/mL).
Conclusions
Therefore, G. lutea roots extract possesses significant potential for further investigation and possible utilization as a component of pharmaceutical or food products with antioxidant and anti-neurodegenerative features.
... Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton, 1965): 2.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reactant, previously diluted with water (1:10, v/v), and 2 ml of a 75 g/L sodium carbonate aqueous solution were added to 0.5 ml of an aqueous solution of Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3);BLE E : Branches and leaves E. globulus extracts; GAE: Galic acid equivalent; AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent;Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Samples subscripted by different letters are significantly different in terms of impact of raw material particle size distribution at p < 0.05. ...
Forestry is an interesting source of fibres and metabolites with high applicability for the textile industry and one
of the main alternatives to reduce its high environmental impact. In recent years, the use of forest raw-materials
as sources of dyes and natural fibres for the textile industry has gained interest due to environmental and sustainability concerns. The feasibility of the valorisation of Eucalyptus globulus small branches and leaves (BLE) as a
raw material in the production of extracts that allows the production of functional dyed textiles with antioxidant
properties was evaluated. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in water methodology was used, as it is
environmentally friendly, and the impact of the BLE particle size distribution on the phenolic content and
antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined. Chemical characterisation of the extracts was performed by
LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and FTIR. The extracts obtained were used to dye and functionalise cotton textile
samples, evaluating the effect of using alum as a mordant and NaOH as a pH modifier on the properties of the
dyed textile products. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain dyed textile products with interesting colour
and light fastness properties only by using BLE extracts as natural textile dyes. Furthermore, the dyed textile
products obtained showed interesting antioxidant properties, with the best results obtained when only BLE extracts were used as dyes.
... Total phenolic substance amounts in olive samples was determined according to the method reported by Singleton and Rossi (1965). For this purpose, 5 mL of 0.2 N Folin Cioceltau reagent was added to 100 µL of olive extract and the mixture was kept in the dark for 5 min. ...
In this study, the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of olive fruits collected from olive groves in the Fethiye region of Türkiye from different geographical directions (North, South, East and West) were investigated. Olive samples were extracted using different solvents, and the total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometric method. Individual phenolic compound analysis HPLC and antioxidant activities were determined by free radical cleaning analyses. The results showed that olive fruit has a wide range of phenolic compounds, such as katehin, ellagik, epicathery, gallic acid, protocolic, siriyngik, caffeic, sinnamic, vanilik, p-cumaric, ferulic, rintirinic, and routine. In addition, significant differences have been determined between breeding zones in terms of phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity due to genetic and environmental factors. These results reveal that olives in the Fethiye region can be considered as important functional food components in terms of health and contribute to the regional economy.
... The total phenolic contents of samples were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [25]. Briefly, 2.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu solution (0.2 N) and 2 mL of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) solution (75 g/L) were added to 0.5 mL of olive stone powder tea. ...
Olive stones, a by-product of olive processing, are now valued for their potential as a food ingredient due to their high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. The innovative use of olive stones in tea production offers a unique approach to the reusing of agricultural waste in beverage production. In this study, the optimum infusion conditions of olive stone powder tea were determined using the surface response method. As a result of studies on four response variables; the total phenolic content and the L*, a*, b* values of certain ranges were determined for infusion time, infusion temperature and amount of olive stone powder. As a result of the optimization, the ideal values for infusion conditions were found to be 5 min, 95.5 °C and 2.29% of olive stone powder, respectively. The total phenolic compound content of the olive stone powder tea sample infused under optimum conditions was determined as being 0.095 mg GAE/100 g, antioxidant activity as 134.76 mg Trolox/100 g, and tannin content as 1.02 mgTAE/100 g. These results show that olive stone powder tea contains the bioactive compounds important for health. Color analysis showed that olive stone powder tea exhibited greenness and yellowness similar to herbal teas, though its brightness was lower, likely due to the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose content. Furthermore, the infusion temperature and the amount of olive stone powder affected the parameters of brightness, greenness and yellowness. As a result, olive stone powder tea is seen to exhibit citrus, floral, and partially fruity and green aromas, and a bitter, astringent, persistent taste. The study found that olive stone, rich in bioactive compounds and fiber, can be used to produce herbal tea, providing environmental benefits, diversifying products, and increasing the economic value of olive processing waste.
... TPC was calculated using the method given by Singleton and Rossi (1965). About 1 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added to 200 μL of extract. ...
This study aimed to explore the incorporation of Jerusalem artichoke powder (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in the production of functional fruit snacks, assess the quality attributes of the resulting products, and evaluate their changes during storage. The composition, moisture content, water activity, and color values of both Jerusalem artichoke tubers and their powder were analyzed. Increasing the proportion of Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly enhanced the nutritional profile of the functional snacks, with total dietary fiber increasing from 4.68% to 9.47%, inulin content rising from less than 1% to 16.93%, protein content from 0.6% to 3.57%, and ash content from 0.83% to 3.02%. However, as the amount of Jerusalem artichoke powder and storage time increased, a reduction was observed in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the samples. Slight changes in color values were noted, with decreases in L* and b* values and an increase in a* values. Moisture content ranged from 12.02% to 15.64% and decreased over the storage time, while water activity (0.51–0.65) and titratable acidity (0.95%–1.50%) remained within acceptable limits. Texture values increased with both storage time and the amount of Jerusalem artichoke powder added. Sensory evaluation indicated that the samples containing 10% and 15% Jerusalem artichoke powder were the most favored by consumers. Overall, it was concluded that Jerusalem artichoke powder can serve as a functional ingredient to enhance the nutritional value of fruit snacks. The study presents promising findings for the development of value‐added products in the dried fruit snack market.
... The total phenolic content was determined using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, as described by Singleton and Rossi (1965) with slight modifications. To prepare the extract, 0.1 g of leaves was ground in a mortar with 2 ml of 80 % methanol and centrifuged at 15000 ×g for 15 min. ...
Radiation-induced priming is a potent method for improved stress tolerance under adverse conditions, such as drought. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the morphological and physiological responses and drought tolerance indices of Oenothera speciosa genotypes exposed to different doses of gamma rays and to determine the appropriate dose of radiation for the use in drought stress tolerance programs in this species. Seeds from three genotypes of O. speciosa were exposed to different levels of gamma radiation, including 50, 100, 200, and 300 Gy for 21' 22", 42' 44", 85' 28" and 128' 12", respectively. Then, treated seeds were sown in pots, grown in the greenhouse, and transferred to the field. The field experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications for 3 months. The plants were irrigated weekly under normal conditions until the early flowering stage. Afterward, irrigation continued to maintain the minimum soil moisture at 50 % (normal condition) and 15 % (drought condition) of field capacity for two months. The growth and physiological traits associated with tolerance to drought stress of plants were examined from the flowering stage onward. The study revealed a notable rise in plant height, fresh weight, thousand-grain weight, flowers per plant, seed yield, total carbohydrate content, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, anthocyanin content, ascorbate and glutathione contents, oil content, and a significant drop in electrolyte leakage, H 2 O 2 , and malondialdehyde contents in all 3 genotypes of O. speciosa, exposed to all gamma irradiation levels, under both drought and normal irrigation conditions. In addition, OS3 was the best genotype responding to gamma irradiation related to its higher seed yield and plant dry weight-based drought tolerance indices. According to the results of the present study, it is concluded that the impacts of O. speciosa seed priming with gamma radiation may result in a significant increase in tolerance to drought stress conditions.
... Total phenolics were measured using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, as outlined by Singleton and Rossi. 20 For each sample, in a 96-well microplate, to 20 μL of extract were added 100 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu´s phenol reagent (1:10) and 80 μL of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 , 7.5%), mixing the mixture thoroughly. The microplate was maintained at room temperature in darkness for 30 min, after which the absorbance values were measured at 765 nm. ...
Background
Sweet cherry is highly valued around the world for its sensory qualities. Bioactive properties play significant roles in sweet cherry quality and consumer acceptance due to its health benefits. Plant nutrition through balanced fertilizer application helps in abiotic stresses mitigation, enhancing the biosynthesis of bioactive substances. For three consecutive years, magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were applied as foliar sprays to sweet cherry trees of the Burlat cultivar, with the aim to improve phytochemical composition. Fruits from each treatment were harvested at the commercial ripening stage to evaluate cherry bioactive composition and antioxidant activity.
Results
Overall, the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity increased over the three trial years, reaching their highest values in 2021, highlighting the effects of continuous fertilization with Mg and K. The Mg treatments (especially Mg250 in 2019 and Mg125 in 2020) enhanced the phytochemical composition of sweet cherries by increasing total phenolics, flavonoids, ortho‐diphenols, and anthocyanin contents, as well as boosting antioxidant activity. In contrast, K treatments (mainly K50) led to a decrease in all bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The levels of individual phenolic compounds varied across treatments; however, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside contents declined over the 3 years, while neochlorogenic acid and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside levels increased, stabilizing in 2020 and 2021.
Conclusions
These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing sweet cherry bioactive properties. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
... After adding 20% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), the tubes were submerged in boiling water for one minute. At 650 nm, the optical density was measured (Singleton and Rossi 1965). ...
This study investigates the anticancer properties of the starter culture from Tripura using in-silico analysis focused on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proximate analysis reveals the starter culture's suitability for fermentation, with a moisture content of 26.6 ± 0.5%, ash content of 1.52 ± 1.9%, carbohydrate content of 30 ± 0.5 mg/ml, crude protein content of 35.12 ± 0.4 µg/ml, and total soluble sugar content of 29 ± 0.3, which collectively ensure optimal microbial stability and activity. Antioxidant analysis demonstrated moderate capacity, with an IC50 value of 48.5 µg/mL and significant flavonoid content (15 ± 0.23 mg quercetin equivalent/g%), enhancing the nutritional and sensory qualities of rice beer. GC–MS analysis identified over twenty bioactive compounds, including trans-13-octadecenoic acid, sitostenone, Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one, N-Hexadecenoic acid, and 2-Pentadecanone. These compounds exhibit diverse bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. Molecular docking studies showed that Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one had the highest binding affinity for the ErbB2 (HER-2) receptor, with a binding energy of − 8.5 kcal/mol, suggesting significant potential to inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation. Drug-likeness assessment based on Lipinski's Rule of Five indicated favorable properties for oral bioavailability, although some compounds exceeded the MolLogP threshold. Pharmacokinetic studies highlighted high gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier permeability for trans-13-octadecenoic acid, despite potential challenges related to drug metabolism inhibition. This work highlights the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches for the development of innovative anticancer drugs, underscoring the importance of traditional starter cultures in the production of rice beer with enhanced health benefits and therapeutic potentials.
Graphical abstract
... The total phenolic content was determined according to the method of Singleton and Rossi. [25] Briefly, approximately 1 g of powdered dried chili was mixed with 20 mL of methanol-80 and shaken for 1 hour in a water bath at 25°C. The resulting solution was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 × g. ...
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a popular spice, and its use has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in Western countries. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of hot-air (60°C), vacuum, infra-red, and freeze-drying on the quality of dried chilies. Physico-chemical properties evaluated were total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant properties (ABTS⁺, FRAP, DPPH), instrumental color (L*, a*, and b* values), total color difference (ΔE), browning-index (BI), bulk-density, and texture. The TPC values of dried chilies varied from 498.40 to 528.07 mg GAE/g, db. The DPPH and ABTS⁺ values (µmol TE/g, db) ranged between 184.00 (infra-red) to 195.56 (hot-air) and 167.13 (freeze) to 181.30 (vacuum), respectively, with no significant differences across drying methods (p > 0.05). Freeze- and vacuum-drying retained significantly higher (p < 0.05) FRAP values (155–158 µmol TE/g db) than hot-air or infra-red drying. There were no differences in Hunter color L* and b* values, however, vacuum- and freeze-drying retained higher color a* values (44.38–44.48) than hot-air dried sample (36.59). The ΔE and American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) values were not different across drying methods (p >0 .05), whereas the BI values were lower in freeze-dried chilies. These findings highlighted the importance of optimizing drying techniques to maintain the quality and marketability of chili peppers.
... The total polyphenol content (TPC) of the algal concentrate and control (without algae) was determined as described previously by Kupina et al. (2018) and is based on the AOAC recognized method of Singleton and Rossi (1965). Test extracts with algae and without (control) were prepared as follows: 100 mg of the test extract was transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask. ...
Introduction
The discovery of the methane-mitigating effect of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis has triggered a search for other seaweed species with similar effects. Brown seaweeds constitute the largest production volume of seaweeds in Europe. Some brown algae are known to inhibit methanogens and could potentially reduce enteric methane emissions. Use of by-products generated from industrial processing of plants are typically inedible for human consumption but well known as ruminant feeds. As fractions from Laminaria hyperborea showed significant reductions in methane emissions in vitro , a L. hyperborea by-product was chosen for an in vivo trial with sheep. The aim was to investigate the effect of L. hyperborea by-product inclusion in the diet of growing lambs on dry matter intake, methane emissions, growth rate and nitrogen digestibility.
Methods
Twenty-four Norwegian White Sheep lambs (12 ewe and 12 male lambs, 4 months; 36.8 kg live weight) were fed a Control diet (grass silage and control concentrate) or an Algae diet (grass silage and algae concentrate 2% inclusion rate). Lambs were fed a basic diet (grass silage and neutral concentrate) and, in staggered order, introduced to their respective diets for five weeks before entering one of six open circuit respiration chambers. Methane production was measured for three consecutive days. All lambs entered the chambers three time (Periods 1, 2 and 3). Feed intake was measured four consecutive days a week, and live weight (kg) was measured every two weeks. Twelve male lambs were used to investigate in vivo nitrogen digestibility using metabolism crates.
Results
The inclusion rate of L. hyperborea by-product was above the target and ended at 2.5% of DM. There was an increase in feed intake and live weight over the experimental period, consistent with the growth of the lambs. Methane production, yield, or intensity was not affected by diet, overall, but the Algae diet reduced methane in Period 1. Male lambs produced more methane than female lambs. Algae inclusion affected live weight negatively.
Discusssion
It is concluded that use of L. hyperborea by-products as a feed additive to sheep needs further investigation due to inconclusive results in the present study.
... TPC of mushroom samples was measured spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent [33]. Extracts (150 µL) were mixed with 2 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (2 N) and 600 µL of sodium carbonate (7.5%) in test tubes. ...
Background
Mushrooms are natural antioxidant sources that have been consumed as food from past to present and have a nutraceutical effect thanks to the bioactive components they contain. The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition effect of three mushroom species (A. bernardii, A. bresadolanus and A. cupreobrunneus) belonging to the Agaricus genus and to perform the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessment of toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in mushrooms.
Results
The highest antioxidant activity (12.85 mg/mL), TPC (993.04 mg GAE/100 g), and LPO inhibition effect (2.50 mg/mL) were detected in A. bresadolanus mushroom. The lowest content of bioactive compounds was measured in A. cupreobrunneus mushroom. The range of Cd, Pb, As, and Hg levels detected in the three mushroom species were 1775.54–7521.61 µg/kg, 1176.87–2377.37 µg/kg, 15201.26–3092.53 µg/kg and 147.86–576.53 µg/kg, respectively. The THQ value of As in A. bresadolanus was found to be higher than 1. The HI values of A. bernardii, A. cupreobrunneus and A. bresadolanu were 1.29, 0.98 and 5.57, respectively. The CR values of Cd, As, and Hg were found to be around 10− 4 in A. bernardii, A. cupreobrunneus, and A. bresadolanus. Meanwhile, the CR levels of Pb were found to be around 10− 6 in the three mushrooms. The HI value for non-carcinogenic risk assessment was higher than 1, and the CR for carcinogenic effect was around 10− 4, indicating that consumption of these mushrooms poses a risk to human health.
Conclusions
It is thought that the elemental impurity levels in the analysed edible mushroom species were found to be at a risk potential level, and despite their antioxidant properties, uncontrolled consumption of wild edible mushrooms may cause serious risks. In order to minimize these risks, metal risk assessment studies should be continued in addition to the antioxidant effects and health-beneficial properties of mushrooms.
... The total polyphenol content in the organic extract was determined by spectrophotometry using the colorimetric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as described by Singleton and Rossi (1965) with some modifications. Briefly, 200 µL of each extract at a concentration of 1 mg/mL dissolved in methanol was mixed with 1 mL of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. ...
Actinomycetes bacteria are an inexhaustible natural source of secondary metabolites with diverse antimicrobial activities. In the current study, screening based on antimicrobial activity of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of 23 actinomycetes isolates from Atlas forest soils in Northeastern Algeria was performed against ten human bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain. Among them, three isolates AM138DZ, AM141DZ and AM183DZ showed antagonistic effects towards indicator pathogens. The isolate AM183AZ exhibited strong activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, C. albicans ATCC 10231, clinical strains Esherichia coli BLSE and Salmonella spp. BLSE. The isolates AM141AZ and AM138AZ displayed high antimicrobial activity towards C. albicans 10231. Interestingly, the CFS of AM138DZ and AM141DZ combined with amoxicillin inhibited β-lactamase activity from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, an extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing strain. The ethyl acetate extracts of the three isolates displayed a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all pathogens tested. Analysis of their contents by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed the identification of 16 to 18 compounds, among them 5 flavonoids, 6 organic acids and 2 phenols. Overall, flavonoids (such as rutin, chrysin, quercetin and catechin) were the major compounds detected in the three extracts. Depending on the isolate, other notable compounds were detected at significant levels: β-caroten, salicin and salycilic acid. Molecular identification of the three isolates using 16S rRNA sequence homology suggested that these isolates should be assigned as Streptomyces flavogriseus AM138DZ, Streptomyces felleus AM141DZ, and Streptomyces rubiginosohelvolus AM183DZ strains. Our study provides a promising natural alternative source of antimicrobials and β-lactamase inhibitors in particular.
... Quantification of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content of the selected plant extracts was quantified according to Singleton and Rossi [26], Zhishen et al. [27], and Bainbridge et al. [28], respectively. ...
Background
Different parts of Allanblackia floribunda, Calotropis procera, Hymenocardia acida, Irvingia gabonensis, Newbouldia laevis , and Xylopia acutiflora have been used traditionally across different parts of Cameroon to overcome infectious diseases, especially pneumonia. Hence, this study investigated the antibacterial potential of six Cameroonian medicinal plants against selected ESKAPE pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as Streptococcus pneumoniae .
Methodology
The inhibitory activities of different extracts from six Cameroonian plants against the pathogens were evaluated by determining their MICs. Subsequently, the top four bioactive plant extracts were assessed for antibiofilm activity, time-kill kinetics, cytotoxicity (Raw and Vero cell lines), as well as antioxidant activities. Finally, the effect of the most potent extract, viz. ethanolic extract of Xylopia acutiflora steam bark, on bacterial morphology was elucidated through scanning electron microscopy while its phytochemical composition was profiled using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS).
Results
Twenty-two out of the 32 prepared extracts showed significant antibacterial activity, with MICs varying from 31.5 to 1000 µg/mL. The ethanolic, methanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts from Xylopia acutifolia and ethanolic extract from Colotropix procera exhibited broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting and eradicating bacterial biofilm. Furthermore, the extract from X. acutifolia was shown to be the most effective scavenger against DPPH (IC 50 ; 83.79 ± 1.92 µg/mL) and FRAP (IC 50 ; 22.89 ± 1.36 µg/mL) radicals, while C. procera extract was the most effective against ABTS (IC 50 ; 67.95 ± 1.83 µg/mL). The extracts were demonstrated to possess low cytotoxicity on both Raw and Vero cell lines. In addition, SEM revealed that X. acutifolia elicited cell membrane rupture and consequently cytoplasm leakage in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Twenty-four different compounds were detected in the X. acutifolia extract via LC–MS analysis, and it was hypothesized that the recorded bioactivity in the extract might be ascribed to these compounds.
Conclusion
Results from this study have scientifically validated the ethnomedicinal uses of the six Cameroonian plants as therapeutics for infections with X. acutiflora ethanolic extract displaying the highest bioactivity. Thus, there is the need for further investigations into phytochemicals from these plants as they could serve as important sources of novel antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
Graphical abstract
... The total phenolic content was assessed utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu technique with slight modifications (Singleton and Rossi 1965). A total of 0.5 ml of extract solution was combined with 2 ml of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (1:10 in deionized water) and incubated at ambient temperature (26 ± 2 °C) for 3 min. ...
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici , threatens global tomato production, with losses reaching 80%. Although chemical fungicides are effective, their prolonged use risks resistant strains, reduces soil biodiversity, and causes environmental damage, highlighting the urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives. This study investigated the viability of Salvia officinalis (sage) methanolic extract as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium wilt (FW), employing a comprehensive approach that incorporates in vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking techniques. Four distinct isolates of F. oxysporum were identified through molecular techniques, and their virulence was assessed by examining the presence of tomatinase genes. The antifungal properties of S. officinalis extract were found to be compelling, with a total phenolic content of 64.15 mg GAE/g and a remarkable antioxidant activity of 97.04%. In laboratory tests, S. officinalis exhibited potent antifungal activity, inhibiting mycelial growth by between 52.00% and 88.67% at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Additionally, in vivo experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in disease severity in treated tomato plants. Molecular docking analyses revealed strong binding affinities between key phytochemicals in the extract and target receptors such as tomatinase, highlighting the potential of the extract as a sustainable and effective alternative to chemical fungicides for managing FW in tomato crops.
... The method of Singleton and Rossi (1965), Jia et al. (1999), Shamsa et al. (2008) was employed to estimate the total phenols and total tannin, total flavonoids and alkaloids respectively. ...
Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants, have been attributed to the therapeutic properties of these plants. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of cold and hot leaf extracts of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel were determined using standard methods and GC-MS technique was used to examine specific bioactive constituents. The qualitative results showed the presence of of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins whereas phlobatannins, thiols and steroids were absent in the cold and hot leaf extracts. The extract from hot water had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) value in phytochemical content than the cold water in all total phytochemicals determined with flavonoids (4.808 ± 0.099, 2.596 ± 0.045) having the highest concentration in the hot and cold water extract respectively while phenol (1.382 ± 0.010, 1.356 ± 0.002) had the least concentration in the hot and cold water extract respectively. The GC-MS result showed the following: n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E), 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl ester, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z), 9-Tetradecenal, (Z), 9-Octadecenoyl chloride, (Z), Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E), 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, etc. The following are a few of the phytochemicals' pharmacological characteristics: antioxidant, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory. The results of this investigation provide insight into the plant's medicinal usefulness, especially the hot extract, which had higher levels of phytochemicals. Hence, R. vomitoria plant may be a true source of medicinal agents to manage and treat diseases.
... Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the 7-dayold callus of F. tataricum were determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocâlteu and Aluminium Chloride colourimetric methods respectively [10,50]. Around 100 mg of tissue was homogenised in a mortar with liquid nitrogen, resuspended in 2 ml cold 95% MeOH, and incubated for 24 h in the dark at room temperature (RT). ...
Background
Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary buckwheat) is known for its high phenolic content, particularly rutin. High concentrations of these compounds secreted in the tissue culture medium can lead to its darkening and the eventual death of explants in in vitro cultures. This study aims to enhance the morphogenesis of F. tataricum callus cultures by utilising phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) inhibitors and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to mitigate oxidative browning and improve tissue viability.
Results
We analysed the response of protoplasts isolated from morphogenic callus to media supplemented with varying concentrations of PAL inhibitors (AIP, AOPP, OBHA) and PVP. The flow cytometry results revealed that 10 µM AIP and 1% PVP yielded exclusively diploid plants, whereas higher concentrations (100 µM AIP and 3% PVP) failed to regenerate plants. Moreover, AOPP and OBHA addition resulted in the regeneration of tetraploid plants. Further analysis of proembryogenic cell complexes (PECCs) isolated from Tartary buckwheat morphogenic calli responses to AIP and PVP indicated that 100 µM AIP was most effective for plant regeneration. Metabolomic analysis showed that AIP treatments reduced phenolic compounds, notably rutin, and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Gene expression analysis highlighted elevated expression of somatic embryogenesis-related genes (LEC2, BBM) and WUSCHEL in AIP-treated callus.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that AIP enhances the regeneration potential of F. tataricum callus cultures, offering valuable insights for optimising tissue culture techniques for industrial crops. Additionally, we have detailed the metabolomic changes in calli treated with PVP and AIP, highlighting their impact on metabolism.
Graphical Abstract
... Using the method outlined by Singleton and Rossi (1965), the total phenolic content was measured as follows: one gram of fresh leaf tissue was homogenized with 5 ml of 80% methanol in a mortar and pestle, repeated three times. The pooled extract volume was adjusted to 50 ml with distilled water, from which 0.5 ml was taken and added to a test tube containing 0.2 ml of 1 N Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and 3.3 ml of distilled water. ...
... The total indole content was determined using the method, as described earlier [30]. Ethyl acetate extractant of the samples, on the other hand, was used for the estimation of phenolics [31], flavonoids [32], and gibberellic acid [33]. ...
Background
India has a rich history of agriculture with its vast biodiversity niches and traditional soil conservation practices. More recently, there have been growing molecular insights into crop-soil management practices and their niche microbial consortia and underlying services. However, harnessing traditional innovations to conserve and promote niche-specific microbiome management in agriculture has not been explored in detail. In an earlier report, we anticipated that the oldest documented microbial technology, Kunapajala, has the indigenous microbiome potential that reinforces its unifying cyclical operation interlinked with agro-waste recycling and valorization to eco-friendly food production. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular signatures of the microbiome–metabolite potential in this traditional liquid manure.
Results
Our results showed that fish- and livestock waste-derived Kunapajala are dynamic sources of plant-available macronutrients, plant growth regulators, and other bio-active compounds over 90 days of incubation. Besides estimation of microbial loads and dynamics in culture-based assays, whole genome metagenome (WGMG) sequencing data confirmed that bacteria, primarily Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, constitute the dominant kingdom (> 95% of total reads), with over 30% microbial abundance as potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), notably representing Clostridium, Corynebacterium, and Bacillus, in 30-day fermented products. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database further identifies the predominance of enzymatic regulations in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism (> 20%), reflecting high organic matter turnover into different hydrolysates and metabolites in Kunapajala. To further support and validate, liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS) based metabolite screening elucidates their potential roles in plant growth promotion and stress adaptation. We also investigate the plant biostimulant potential of Kunapajala and further establish its function as an organic fertilizer in a controlled pot-based assay in red amaranth. Overall, our microbiome–metabolite data highlight the dynamic co-occurrence of non-microbial and microbial biostimulants to redefine its niche compositional network and potential roles in sustainable agriculture.
Conclusions
Our study presents the first comprehensive microbiomes and metabolite profiling of Kunapajala, which could further advance and inform strategies for customized optimization of microbial consortia in agroecosystem functioning. Overall, employing metagenomic approaches to harnessing traditional organic amendments brings new molecular insights to strengthen conservative practices in sustainable agriculture.
Graphical Abstract
... The total phenolic content (TPC) was measured spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as described by Singleton and Rossi, (1965). An acidified MeOH extract (0.1 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, which was then oxidized using 0.5 ml Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (1:10 Folin-Ciocalteu:water) and 0.8 ml 7.5 percent Na2CO3. ...
Background: India faces significant challenges with hunger and malnutrition, despite being a major producer of oilseed meals. These meals, byproducts of oil extraction, are rich in nutrients but underutilized for human consumption. Aim: This study aimed to develop nutrient-dense versions of the traditional Indian snacks, mathi and sev, by incorporating different oilseed meals, thereby addressing nutritional deficiencies and promoting the utilization of these byproducts. Methodology: Groundnut meal, sesame meal, and flaxseed meal were incorporated individually and in composite form into mathi and sev recipes at 12%, 18%, and 24% levels. A panel of semi-trained judges conducted organoleptic evaluations and found that 24% of the products were acceptable; further evaluation was carried out on those products. The nutritional properties, including proximate composition, antioxidant activity, phytic acid content, and in vitro protein digestibility, were analyzed of 24% level products. The shelf life of the developed products was also assessed. Results: The incorporation of oilseed meals enhanced the nutritional profile of both mathi and sev. All developed products were organoleptically acceptable. Conclusion: Oilseed meals can be effectively utilized to develop nutrient-dense traditional Indian snacks. These products have the potential to improve nutritional status and reduce malnutrition within communities.
... The total phenolic and antioxidant compounds were extracted from ground tissues (1.0 g), homogenized in an 80% ethanol (10 mL) solution, and subsequently centrifuged at 11,200 rpm for 10 min. The total phenolic content was determined as described by Singleton and Rossi [69] with slight modification. Briefly, 120 µL of the extract was mixed with 50 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and left for 3 min at room temperature. ...
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most significant species within the Allium genus worldwide, widely used in cooking and both traditional and modern medicine due to its beneficial biological and therapeutic properties. In Italy, diverse pedo-climatic conditions and historical–cultural fragmentation have led to the development of various garlic landraces, prized for their unique organoleptic qualities and cultural importance. This study aimed to assess the intra-varietal diversity and uniqueness of two red garlic landraces from the Lazio region in central Italy, “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri” and “Aglio Rosso di Proceno”, using SSR and ISSR molecular markers, along with evaluations of bulb morphological traits, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties. The molecular analysis included 11 accessions of “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri”, nine of “Aglio Rosso di Proceno”, and 15 control accessions, comprising eight Italian red-type garlic landraces, four Spanish red garlic commercial varieties, two white garlic accessions, and an accession of A. ampeloprasum var. holmense used as an outgroup. SSR and ISSR markers revealed moderate genetic diversity within the collection, with mean PIC values of 0.41 and 0.17, respectively. The molecular data identified four distinct genetic clusters, with the two Lazio landraces forming separate groups, indicating their genetic distinctiveness. The results from the STRUCTURE analysis support the hypothesis that these landraces may have originated from the widely cultivated “Aglio Rosso di Sulmona” or a common ancestral population once prevalent in central Italy. The study also revealed significant intra-population genetic diversity within the two garlic landraces, underscoring the need for in situ conservation and clonal selection. Phenotypic evaluations confirmed the distinctiveness of the two landraces, with “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri” characterized by smaller bulbs and cloves with higher dry matter content and distinct color profiles. Additionally, significant variation in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed by analyzing 13 selected accessions from the two landraces (six from “Aglio Rosso di Proceno” and seven from “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri”) and five red garlic control accessions, with the two Lazio landraces exhibiting higher levels than the control group. This study highlights the importance of integrating molecular, phenotypic, and chemical analyses to understand garlic landrace diversity, with significant implications for their conservation and protection of local agro-food products.
... For (26). First of all 1 mg/ml concentration solution of the plant extract was prepared. ...
Sickle cell anaemia is a severe global disease marked by oxidative stress and painful episodes. This study evaluates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-sickling properties of the ethanolic extract of Ficus virens Aiton leaves. Total phenolic (TPC), tannin (TTC), and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed spectrophotometrically,
while antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH, anti-inflammatory activity via the HRBC method, and antisickling effects through Emmel and reversibility tests. The extract showed high TPC (79.84±2.77 µg/mg GAE), TTC (10.51±0.62 µg/mg GAE), and TFC (132.62±6.69 µg/mg QE). It significantly reduced haemolysis (12.19±1.84% at 2000 µg/ml) and exhibited strong antioxidant activity (89.34±0.56% DPPH scavenging at 75 µg/ml, IC50: 22.76±1.01 µg/ml). The extract also demonstrated a high sickle cell reversal rate (84.13±0.25% at 10 mg/ml after 150 min), comparable to phenylalanine (85.71%). These results highlight Ficus virens Aiton as a promising candidate for treating inflammation and sickle cell anaemia
... Total phenols were determined as described by Singleton and Rossi [25]. 1 g sample was mixed with 10 ml methanol (80%) and shaked for 2h. The mixture was filtrated and the color was developed by 0.250 ml Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and 725 nm against blank using a Jenway spectrophotometer sample extract. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ozone gas exposure (at 2, 4 and 6 hours) treatments on controlling the life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus insects (eggs, larvae and adults) for infesting cowpea seeds and their effects on some insect enzymes (phenoloxidase, peroxidase,-esterases and-esterases). The ozonated cowpea seed samples (ozone exposure for 6 h) were assessed with respect to some physicochemical and technological characteristics. The insect eggs were highly tolerant to ozone followed by adults and larvae stages which were the lowest tolerant. The maximum reduction percentage in F progeny 1 was found in eggs followed by larvae stages at 6 h of the exposure period. The ozone decreased the activity of peroxidase,-esterases and-esterases in adult insects except for phenoloxidase which was higher in treated insects compared with control sample. The ozonated cowpea seeds were lower in germination percentages, the 1000-seed weights and starch granules size compared with control. Ozone treatment increased lightness, redness and yellowness values of seeds. Results showed, also, an increase in fiber and ash contents and in vitro protein digestibility; while the moisture, protein, fat and minerals (calcium, iron, zinc and phosphorus) were lower in ozonated samples compared with the control. Ozone treatment reduced the cooking time and total soluble solids. Ozonated cowpea seed samples were accepted in all tested sensorial attributes compared with control samples before and after storage periods (12 weeks).
... 0.50 Folin Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 1.0 ml of Na 2 CO 3 (7.50%), and 8.0 ml distilled water (Singleton and Rossi, 1965). The reaction mixture was kept in the dark for thirty minutes. ...
The influence of partial substitution of wheat flour (87.50% extraction) with proso millet or phalaris flour in balady bread blends, and their effects on bread quality were studied to meet the need for alternative sources for making balady bread suitable for Egyptian consumers. Wheat flour blends were prepared with different substitution levels (10-25%) of proso millet or phalaris flour and used for preparing balady bread. Proximate analysis for raw materials and rheological analysis for the blends were evaluated. Balady bread was examined for sensory evaluation, proximate analysis, color, and staling. The highest contents of protein, ash, fat, fibers, zinc, phenols, carot-enoids, antioxidant activity, and water holding capacity were found in phalaris flour, while proso millet flour had a higher iron content and oil holding capacity. Regarding rheological analysis, the water absorption of dough declined as proso millet ratios increased ; however, it elevated with increasing phalaris ratios. Substituting wheat flour with proso millet or phalaris flour in the balady bread resulted in an increase in protein , fat, crude fibers, phenols, and carotenoids contents relative to the control bread, as well as antioxidant activity. Likewise, there is an increase in the weight and yel-lowness of the produced bread with increasing levels of proso millet substitution. The best overall acceptability of the resulting balady bread was achieved by substituting wheat flour with 15% proso millet or 10% phalaris flour, respectively.
... The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic, a two gram of sample was mixed with 20 ml of methanol (80%), shaken for two hours, filtrated, and the color was developed by adding 0.250 ml of sample extract to 0.250 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 0.50 ml of Na2CO3 solution (7.50%), and 4 ml of distilled water (Singleton and Rossi, 1965). The reaction mixture was kept in the dark for 30 min, the absorbance was measured at 725 nm using a Jenway spectrophotometer (Model-6715-UV/Vis, Cole-Parmer Ltd, Staffordshire, UK), and samples were calculated as mg/100g of gallic acid equivalent. ...
Six faba bean varieties, namely Sakha 1, Sakha 4, Giza 3, Giza 716, NA 112, and Santa Mora, were evaluated for the physicochemical, phytochemical, and technological properties as well as the impact of some technological processes, i.e., soaking, germination, and cooking on phytochemical and vicine contents of such varieties. Results revealed that Santa Mora variety had a higher kernel weight and dimensions (length and width). Likewise, Giza 716 had the highest lightness and yellowness values, while NA 112 had the highest redness values. The NA 112 and Giza 716 varieties had the highest protein content, and Sakha 4 had a higher crude fibers content. The highest potassium and phosphorus contents were in Giza 716 and Sakha 1, respectively. The NA 112 variety was the highest content of iron and zinc. Santa Mora had the highest phenolic content, followed by NA 112. The content of anthocyanins, and flavonoids were significantly varied among the tested varieties. Pyrogallol possessed the highest phenolic compound in such faba bean varieties, and the highest content was in Giza 716 and Santa Mora. Catechin was the highest flavonoid compound, and the varieties contained the highest values were Sakha 1 and Santa Mora. Santa Mora had the highest content of L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine), while Sakha 1 had the highest total vicine. The phytochemical compounds, L-DOPA and total vicine decreased in all varieties after different processing methods and cooking processes revealed a high loss in such components. Overall, data showed that the Giza 716 and Sakha 4 had the highest cookability and overall acceptability.
... The total phenolic content (TPC) of the vinegars was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton and Rossi 1965;Bulantekin et al. 2023), with the results obtained by a spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Evolution 300, Massachusetts, USA) at a wavelength of 725 nm. The concentration of TPC was calculated using a calibration curve and reported as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per liter (mg GAE/L). ...
The parts of some pine species are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be used in various food products. The current work, the physicochemical, bioactive, antimicrobial, sensory, and aromatic properties of traditional vinegar produced from Anatolian Black Pine Cones from different provinces of Turkey were determined, as well as the cultivable microbial diversity and metagenomic analysis. The total phenolic content of the vinegars ranged from 163.88 to 174.79 mg GAE/L. Antioxidant activity, measured via DPPH and ABTS assays, varied among the samples. CnB vinegar, made from Burdur province cones, stood out for its bioactive compounds, including terpenes, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, and the highest α‐terpineol content (3.13%). CnB also exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, with the largest inhibition zone (44.91 mm) against E. coli type A, while CnM showed the lowest activity. Sensory evaluations favored CnB for its balanced flavor, while CnV was criticized for excessive sharpness, and CnM was deemed too mild. The bacterial microbiome of CnB was predominantly composed of acetic acid bacteria, with an average concentration of 7.36 log CFU/mL in the enumeration of culturable microorganisms. The dominant bacterial taxa at the phyla level included Proteobacteria (72.296%), Firmicutes (22.062%), Bacteroidota (3.665%), followed by Acetobacteraceae (71.47%), Clostridia (13.187%), Bacilli (5.066%), Bacteroidetes (3.665%), and C. negativicutes (3.737%) at the phylum level. The fungal microbiome was mainly represented by Ascomycota (78.717%) and Eukaryota Incertae sedis (15.840%). The findings demonstrate that pine cone vinegar can be employed in a multitude of applications, including food preservation and health promotion.
... The TPC assay was performed based on Folin-Ciocalteu method [21]. In brief, 10 µL of phenolic extracts (20%, w/v), sugar standard solution (50%, w/v), and methanol as control was transferred to a microtube separately, and 600 µL of deionized water and 50 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added to all microtubes and mixed. ...
Saffron and Eryngium honeys are unique types of monofloral honeys collected from eastern and center of Iran. In present study, first, we investigated melissopalynological and physicochemical parameters in honey samples. Then we extracted the phenolic compounds and evaluated in vitro antioxidant by FRAP assay and anti-inflammatory activities by lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Phenolic extracts reduced nitric oxide and the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFSF9 in the inflamed cells, and by reducing the NF-kB and increasing Nrf2 gene expression, showed an anti-inflammatory effect, but in general, Eryngium honey showed higher anti-inflammatory properties. Also, by studying the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and HO-1 genes, we showed that there is a relationship between inflammation and apoptosis in macrophage cells that the phenolic compounds showed their anti-apoptotic properties. Eryngium honey had a better performance in anti-apoptotic properties. Moreover, promising results indicate that Iranian honeys could be an important source of phenolic compounds presenting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which can have health-promoting properties if included in the diet and medicine.
The solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial by-products such as okara, pomegranate peel, and cranberry pomace presents a sustainable approach to enhance the release of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of different microbial cultures—Rhizopus oligosporus, Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus thermophilus, and a co-culture of R. oligosporus and S. thermophilus—on the bioconversion of bioactive compounds in 100% okara, okara with 2% pomegranate peel, and okara with 1% cranberry pomace. The objective was to assess whether co-culture fermentation with molds and S. thermophilus augments the release of bioactive compounds in okara-based fermentations through synergistic enzymatic activity. Over a period of 72 h, isoflavone transformation (daidzin, daidzein, genistin, and genistein), pH evolution, and water activity were assessed. The co-culture system exhibited improved bioconversion, leading to significant (p < 0.01) increases in daidzein and genistein in pure okara compared to the starting material. The highest polyphenol content (0.908 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (24.9 mg Trolox eq/g) were recorded in 100% okara. However, pomegranate peel inhibited β-glucosidase activity, delaying the release of isoflavone aglycones. These findings confirm that co-culture fermentation is an effective strategy for enhancing the bioactive properties of okara-based fermentations. This facilitates the release of bioactive aglycones and supports the upcycling of agro-industrial by-products into functional food ingredients. Future research should focus on optimizing fermentation parameters to further enhance the release of bioactive compounds.
White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds are the most commonly used mustard species in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of inflammatory disorders. Due to its increased bioavailability and lower toxicity, the green biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) utilizing plant extract as a capping agent has been demonstrated over a number of years. Thus, the current study sought to examine the in vitro biological activity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) that were biosynthesized using aqueous, methanolic, and petroleum ether extracts from S. alba seeds. Phytochemical and in vitro biological activities (antioxidant, scavenging, anti-diabetic, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities) were assayed in all prepared extracts before and after being used for the biosynthesis of the M-NPs. It was found that the total methanolic extract possessed the highest biological activities compared to other native extracts. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of secondary metabolites showed that the total methanolic extract contained 7 phenolic acids and 9 flavonoid aglycones. This helped find the active ingredients. We characterized 8 phenolic acid derivatives, 7 flavonoid glycosides, 4 aliphatic glucosinolates, and 3 aromatic aryl glucosinolates in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, the methanolic extract contains the highest concentrations of total polyphenols, condensed tannins, and total flavonoid compounds. The biosynthesized Se-NPs using methanolic extract showed higher in vitro biological activities compared to those of the biosynthesized CuO-NPs. The median lethal dose (LD50) showed that the biosynthesized Se-NPs using the studied extracts appeared safer compared to those of the biosynthesized CuO-NPs. The findings of this study concluded that the total methanolic extract is the most suitable bioresource for biosynthesizing Se-NPs through green nanotechnology, with higher biological efficiency in relation to its metabolite fingerprint.
In this study, we investigated the potential applications of Achillea maritima by analyzing its chemical composition and biological activities. Fresh above ground parts of A. maritima were collected and processed to obtain an extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of total phenolic content (234.44 ± 6.05 mg GAE/g extract DW) and total flavonoid content (74.14 ± 4.59 mg QE/g extract DW). The antioxidant potential was assessed using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with an IC 50 value of 0.32 ± 0.01 mg/mL, and iron‐chelating ability, with an IC 50 value of 5.64 ± 0.33 mg/mL. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis identified polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids as predominant constituents, with bis (methyl sulfonyl) methane being the major contributor to antioxidant properties. Additionally, three trace compounds were discovered for the first time in plants. Overall, A. maritima extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential, supported by its rich phenolic and flavonoid content, suggesting its potential value in pharmaceutical and other industries. These findings provide a basis for further exploration of A. maritima ’s diverse applications.
This study employed a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), temperature and pH, to optimize the extraction of beet compounds (betacyanins and phenolic compounds) using subcritical water extraction (SWE). An innovative approach of this study was to incorporate an in-line detector to monitor the extraction process in real-time, providing instant data on the compounds being extracted and optimizing the process. The work complies with the principles of green chemistry, using clean technology with a sustainable solvent. The results indicate that the extraction of biocompounds in the treatments with lower temperatures (33.43 °C and 50.00 °C) occurred quickly after 25 min. Extractions with higher temperatures (130.00 °C and 146.56 °C) showed greater efficiency in obtaining betacyanins (extract with red-violet color) and phenolic compounds accumulated under 146.56 °C and pH 5.50. The treatment with a temperature of 130.00 °C and pH 7.00 showed a higher oxidizing response at 45.19 µmol TEAC g⁻¹. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds (20.49 mg GAE g⁻¹) was obtained in the treatment with a temperature of 130.00 °C and pH 4.0. The highest concentrations of glucose and fructose were obtained at 130.00 °C and pH 7.00 with 1.76 mg g⁻¹ and 1.11 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The optimal conditions were observed at the temperature of 146.56 °C, in-line detection wavelength at 535 nm, and pH 7.62, recovering 13.02 mg g⁻¹ of betacyanin, i.e., recovery of approximately 80% in up to 20 min of extraction. This arouses interest for future industrial applications in the development of new products.
Graphical Abstract
As an essential mineral element, selenium (Se) must be consumed by organisms through food and beverages. A method used to raise the amount of Se in food made from plants is biofortification, which is the process that increases the bioactivity and content of Se in the edible parts of plants. Foliar fertilization is the most feasible method of introducing selenium into the food chain. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar biofortification with Selenium on various quality attributes of fruit species suitable for fruit-based beverage production, with the main goal of verifying the incorporation of Se into plant tissues. During the growing season in 2023, sodium selenate was applied in an equivalent of 150 g/ha Se in professional raspberry, blueberry, redcurrant, honeysuckle and apple plantings, from which fruit-based juice was later produced and analyzed. There was significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the Se content in the fruit’s juice, which was the main goal. Furthermore, after the application of Se under the mentioned conditions, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in nutritionally valuable parameters, such as antioxidant activity, ferulic acid and resveratrol, but also the content of glucose, fructose, malic acid, total acids, Mn, Ba, Ca, Li, myricetin and chlorogenic acid content. On the other hand, a decrease in some valuable indicators, but also heavy metals (Al, Cu, Cr), were noticed in some fruit juices.
Chronic wounds represent a global public health burden to patients and healthcare professionals worldwide. Considering the unmet need for safe and effective therapeutic approaches for wound healing, research on discovering new bioactive materials that support all stages of wound healing is gaining importance. In this study, the wound‐healing activity of postbiotics obtained from Limosilactobacillus reuteri EIR /Spx‐2, isolated from the gut microbiota of long‐lived blind mole rats ( Nannospalax xanthodon ), was investigated. Our results demonstrated that postbiotics exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against important skin pathogens, eliminated their biofilm formation, and downregulated the expression of genes involved in their quorum‐sensing regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, treatment with postbiotics resulted in a significant increase (23.82% ± 2.11%) in L929 fibroblast cell proliferation. Additionally, postbiotics applied on scratched fibroblast monolayer significantly accelerated the re‐epithelialization by 66.78% ± 3.74%. The treatment also increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of COL1A1 in the early healing phase. Moreover, the intracellular ROS levels of L929 cells suppressed by H 2 O 2 were significantly reduced, which could be attributed to the content of flavonoids (4.8 mg/g) and phenolic compounds (7.12 mg/g) in postbiotics, as well as their DPPH scavenging activity. After treatment with postbiotics, the mRNA levels of IL ‐6 (5.77‐fold) and TNF ‐ α (1.76‐fold) and the amount of NO (79.25% ± 3.18%) were significantly decreased in LPS ‐induced murine macrophages. The diverse metabolite profile of postbiotics, as characterised using chromatographic techniques, exhibited a strong correlation with their biological activity across all stages of the wound healing process, highlighting their potential as promising candidates for wound healing applications.
Antioxidants had a growing interest owing to their protective roles in food and pharmaceutical products against oxidative deterioration and in the body and against oxidative stress-mediated pathological processes. Screening of antioxidant properties of plants and plant derived compounds requires appropriate methods, which address the mechanism of antioxidant activity and focus on the kinetics of the reactions including the antioxidants. Many studies have been conducted with evaluating antioxidant activity of various samples of research interest using by different methods in food and human health. These methods were classified methods described and discussed in this review. Methods based on inhibited autoxidation are the most suited for termination-enhancing antioxidants and, for chain-breaking antioxidants while different specific studies are needed for preventive antioxidants. For this purpose, the most commonly methods used in vitro determination of antioxidant capacity of food and pharmaceutical constituents are examined and also a selection of chemical testing methods is critically reviewed and highlighting. In addition, their advantages, disadvantages, limitations and usefulness were discussed and investigated for pure molecules and raw plant extracts. The effect and influence of the reaction medium on performance of antioxidants is also addressed. Hence, this overview provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant capacity methods for the food, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplement industries. Also, the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method were detected and highlighted. The underlying chemical principles of these methods have been explained and thoroughly analyzed. The chemical principles of methods of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS·+) scavenging, ferric ions (Fe³⁺) reducing assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions (Cu²⁺) reducing power assay (Cuprac), Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCR assay), superoxide radical anion (O2·−), hydroxyl radical (OH·) scavenging, peroxyl radical (ROO·) removing, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing, singlet oxygen (¹O2) quenching assay, nitric oxide radical (NO·) scavenging assay and chemiluminescence assay are overviewed and critically discussed. Also, the general antioxidant aspects of the main food and pharmaceutical components were discussed through several methods currently used for detecting antioxidant properties of these components. This review consists of two main sections. The first section is devoted to the main components in food and their pharmaceutical applications. The second general section includes definitions of the main antioxidant methods commonly used for determining the antioxidant activity of components. In addition, some chemical, mechanistic, and kinetic properties, as well as technical details of the above mentioned methods, are provided. The general antioxidant aspects of main food components have been discussed through various methods currently used to detect the antioxidant properties of these components.
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. and Ocimum basilicum L., species belonging to Lamiaceae, are used in cosmetics and folk medicine. Most of the available studies focus on the phytochemical profile of these plants. The present study was aimed at understanding the metabolic content of both plants collected in summer, winter and rainy season. The plants were collected in all three seasons and analysed using gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC MS) and liquid chromatography using Agilent Jet Stream and Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometric detection. The total phenolics were found to be highest in the monsoon samples for M. suaveolens at 5.3 mg/mL ± 0.124 and in the summer samples for O. basilicum at 7.46 mg/mL ± 0.23. Total flavonoids were to be highest in summer samples in both M. suaveolens and O. basilicum with 3302 mg/mL ± 112.6 and 5210 mg/mL ± 74.57 respectively. Total terpenoids were found to be highest in the summer samples in both plants with 72 mg/mL ± 1.55 and 58 mg/mL± 1.413 in M. suaveolens and O. basilicum respectively. In total, more than 950 compounds were identified, with majority of the compounds identified being phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids. Metabolic profiling revealed the presence of compounds such as ethers, esters, steroids, catechins, imidazoles, retinols, ketones, amino acids, alcohols and aldehydes. The comparative analysis also revealed that M. suaveolens showed more accumulation of compounds compared to Ocimum. This study led to an in-depth understanding of the metabolite content in Mesosphaerum, which is a less studied wild plant. It also helped in understanding how seasons influence the metabolite content of both plants which has also not been studied at length.
Objective: Datura stramonium, traditionally used in medicine, is now scientifically studied for its bioactive properties. This study is to assess the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer potential of Datura stramonium leaf extracts. Method: The Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed to determine the total phenolic content, while the Aluminum Chloride Colorimetric method was used for flavonoid quantification. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was analysed through the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on 3T3-L1, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines were evaluated using the MTT assay, which measured cell viability across different concentrations and exposure times. The GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the chemical constituents present in the extracts. Result: Methanolic extract exhibit the maximum flavonoid content while ethanolic extract showed maximum phenolic content, whereas the antioxidants present in various extracts exhibited maximum DPPH scavenging at concentrations of 100 mg/mL and the highest IC50 value is obtained for chloroform and acetone extract which contain Neophytadiene as a major compound. The acetone extract shows a strong cytotoxic effect with 50% viability at IC50 165mg/ml and 58mg/ml at 24hrs and 48 hrs, respectively against the MCF-7 cell line. The GC-MS analysis identified several compounds in which Neophytadiene (R. Time: 24.4) is often found in all Datura stramonium extracts and may be further investigated for several disorders. Conclusion: The current study's findings suggest that Neophytadiene (diterpene) in Datura stramonium leaf extract can found to be a promising anticancerous agent.
This study intends to investigate the green synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) using Echinophora platyloba extract and to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the synthesized NPs and the extract. In this study, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of E. platyloba were prepared, which were used for the biosynthesis of Ag and Au NPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used to characterize the green NPs. The antioxidant effect of the NPs was estimated using in vitro methods, including reducing power (RP), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of E. platyloba extract and Ag and Au NPs, we used the carrageenan method. In our experiment, the extract and the synthesized NPs were administered orally to the mice 2 h before the carrageenan injection. The subsequent inhibition of inflammation and reduction of paw thickness were quantified. To evaluate their antioxidant effect, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were also quantified. In this study, the results indicate that the synthesized Ag and Au NPs have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The most promising results were observed in the groups that received the Ag NPs.
The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of oregano leaves exctract (OLE) and its bioactive lipid compounds (BLC) as a natural feed additive on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and carcass traits of rabbits. A total of 48 male weaned Sinai Gabali kits with an average live body weight of 806.24 gm were randomly divided into equal (12 kits/group) four experimental groups. The 1 st group (T1) was fed the basal diet with no additives (control). The 2 nd group (T2) was fed the basal diet supplemented with oxytetracycline antibiotic (OTC) at a level of 50 mg/ kg diet. The 3 rd group (T3) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 8 ml/kg diet OLE + 0.75 ml/kg diet BLC. The 4 th group (T4) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 12 ml/kg diet OLE + 1 ml/kg BLC. A total of nineteen active components in OLE were identified. The highest components were Rosemarinic acid (15.590 mg/L), Hesperidin (8.175 mg/L) and Myricetin (4.14 mg/L). The oregano BLC was mainly composed of carvacrol (14.6%), thymol (12.7%), β-fenchyl alcohol (12.9%), and δ-terpineol (7.6%). Supplementation of different levels of OLE and its BLC significantly improved dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract digestibility compared to the control group. Regarding the total digestible nutrients (TDN), rabbits fed the T4 diet recorded the highest value (78.73%), followed by the groups of T3, then T2. However, the control group had the lowest TDN (77.23%). Final live body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved with the dietary inclusion of OLE and its BLC compared with the control group. No significant differences between the treatment and control groups in liver, heart, lung, trachea, and leg weights were identified. However, T4 had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight at slaughtering, kidneys, and belt weights compared with the control group.
Polyphenolics in plants exist in free, soluble-bound, and insoluble-bound structural forms. The concentration of these structural forms depends on the plant’s developmental stage, tissue type, soil water availability, and food preparation methods. In this study, for the first time, the effects of growth temperature (RT—room temperature—23 °C day/18 °C night, HT—high temperature—38 °C day/33 °C night, LT—low temperature—12 °C day/7 °C night) on variations of polyphenolic structural forms—free, soluble-bound (esterified and glycosylated), and insoluble-bound—in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) microgreens were investigated. Using spectrophotometric, RP-HPLC, and statistical analyses, it was found that the highest amount of total phenolics (TP) in broccoli microgreens was present in the esterified form, regardless of the temperature at which they were grown (63.21 ± 3.49 mg GAE/g dw in RT, 65.55 ± 8.33 mg GAE/g dw in HT, 77.44 ± 7.82 mg GAE/g dw in LT). LT significantly increased the amount of free (from 13.30 ± 2.22 mg GAE/g dw in RT to 18.33 ± 3.85 mg GAE/g dw) and esterified soluble TP (from 63.21 ± 3.49 mg GAE/g dw in RT to 77.44 ± 7.82 mg GAE/g dw), while HT significantly increased the amount of TP glycosylated forms (from 14.85 ± 1.45 mg GAE/g dw in RT to 17.84 ± 1.20 mg GAE/g dw). LT also enhanced free and esterified forms of total flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols. HT, on the other hand, increased glycosylated forms of TP, flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and phenolic acids, and decreased insoluble-bound tannins. According to the ABTS method, HT induced antioxidant potential of free and glycosylated forms, while LT increased antioxidant capacity of free forms only. According to the FRAP method, LT increased antioxidant potential of free and esterified polyphenolic forms. Also, based on ABTS and FRAP assays, esterified polyphenolics showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity than any other form. Principal component analysis showed that structural form had a greater impact than temperature. Hierarchical clustering showed that RT-, HT- and LT-broccoli microgreens were most similar in their glycosylated polyphenolics, but differed the most in esterified forms, which were also the most distinct overall. In conclusion, HT and LT induced specific shifts in the structural forms of broccoli polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity. Based on the results, we recommend applying LT to increase the amount of free and esterified polyphenolics in broccoli microgreens, while HT may be used to enhance glycosylated forms.
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante, a toxicidade e a atividade antimicrobiana das folhas da Anredera tucumanensis (Lillo & Hauman) Sperling, uma planta alimentícia não convencional pertencente à família Basellaceae e encontrada no Sul do Brasil. A coleta do material vegetal foi realizada na região serrana do Paraná (Município de Morretes) e a identificação no Herbário do Museu Botânico Municipal de Curitiba. Após separação de folhas e caule, as folhas foram levadas à desidratação em estufa e posteriormente trituradas. Com o material seco foi realizada a extração por maceração e percolação em aparelho Soxhlet, utilizando acetona como solvente extrator. A partir do extrato cetônico foi realizado o fracionamento com solventes de polaridade crescente, obtendo as frações hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e remanescente. O resíduo da amostra foi extraído com etanol a 96%, sendo obtido o extrato etanólico. Foi avaliada a propriedade antioxidante do extrato cetônico e das frações (hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e remanescente), bem como do extrato etanólico pelos ensaios ABTS , DPPH e FRAP. Foram dosados os fenólicos e os flavonoides totais, e realizadas análises de toxicidade e ação antimicrobiana. O potencial antioxidante e o teor de fenólicos foi estatisticamente maior na fração clorofórmio. As amostras estudadas não apresentaram toxicidade pelos testes preliminares da Artemia salina e capacidade hemolítica, bem como não exerceram ação antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Enterococcus faecalis. Com base nos ensaios preliminares conduzidos, foi possível verificar que além da propriedade antioxidante, presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, as folhas da A. tucumanensis apresentam baixa toxicidade. Esses dados reforçam a relevância da continuidade de investigações sobre composição a dessa espécie vegetal de forma a identificar seu potencial como alimento funcional e matéria-prima para o desenvolvimento de nutracêuticos.
Water stress is a major limiting factor in agriculture, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where climate change exacerbates drought conditions. Soil microbiome composition plays a crucial role in plant resilience to environmental stressors, particularly water scarcity and excess. This study examines the impact of different irrigation regimes (optimal, severe deficit, and excess) on tomato soil microbiome composition and plant physiology in a Mediterranean context. Metataxonomic profiling revealed significant shifts in microbial community structure: Proteobacteria dominated under optimal irrigation (WO), Acidobacteria under water deficit (WD), and Actinobacteria under both water deficit and excess (WE). Functional analysis indicated irrigation-induced alterations in microbial metabolic pathways, influencing nutrient cycling. Soil respiration varied, peaking in the WE condition. Plant physiological responses, including gas exchange and Proline content, were significantly affected by water stress. An inverse correlation was observed between microbial diversity and chlorophyll content, suggesting a link between plant stress responses and soil microbial composition. This study underscores for the first time the intricate relationship between water availability and microbial community dynamics, emphasizing the importance of microbiome-driven soil and plant resilience, thus showing this be a key factor in agricultural sustainability under changing climatic conditions.
In recent decades in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a flood has been one of the main causes of crop yield loss. On the other hand, the percentage of maize production in the total crops is 71%. Therefore, examining the impact of floods on maize plants is extremely important for understanding the mechanisms of adaptive responses and the selection of resistant hybrids. Although, flood leadsto anaerobic conditions for plant growth, it induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS oxidatively damage cellular macromolecules and may ultimately lead to cell death. In order to protect themselves from ROS, plants activate antioxidant metabolism (enzymatic antioxidants: superoxide dismutase, (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Class III peroxidases (POX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic compounds (PhOH)). The aim of our work was to examine the biochemical response of two maize hybrids (ZP 555 and ZP 606) to flood induced by the partial submergence of plants for 72 h. Changes in oxidative (H2 O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA)) parameters and antioxidants (SOD, CAT, POX and PhOH) were monitored during the duration of the flood, as well as differences in the response of hybrids. The results showed that changes in the concentration of oxidative parameters were insignificant between treated and control plants in both hybrids, indicating a strong response of antioxidant metabolism. However, differences were observed in the antioxidant metabolism response of hybrids: ZP 606 had a stronger enzymatic response, while hybrid ZP 555 had a stronger non-enzymatic response. Even though our results showed that both hybrids tolerate short-term flooding, in order to characterize them as flood-tolerant hybrids, additional research is needed that includes different developmentalstages of plants and different duration of flooding.
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