Article

Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory: An Integrative Theory of Personality

September 2012

DOI: 10.1002/9781118133880.hop205005

Authors:

University of Massachusetts Amherst

Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is a global theory of personality that substitutes an adaptive unconscious for the Freudian maladaptive unconscious. The unconscious of CEST is an associative, automatic learning system, mediated by affect that humans share with other higher order animals that have adapted successfully with it over millions of years of evolution. The system is referred to as an experiential system because it adapts by empirically learning from experience. Humans also uniquely process information with a “rational system,” which is a verbal reasoning system. The two systems operate by different rules and attributes. They operate in parallel and are bi-directionally interactive, both simultaneously and sequentially. Although the systems usually operate in harmony and often synergistically, they also may conflict with each other and otherwise interfere with each other's performance.The influence of the experiential on the rational system can account for the irrationality of humans particularly when attempting to solve interrelationship problems, both interpersonal and intersocietal. According to CEST, despite their remarkable intelligence people often do poorly in solving relationship problems, which fall primarily in the domain of the experiential system, as their experiential processing biases their rational processing.This chapter demonstrates that CEST has theoretical and research implications for elucidating a wide range of psychological issues, including the nature of intuition, the existence of a global factor of experiential intelligence, psychological sources of physical and emotional well-being, psychobiography, and the meaning of dreams.Keywords:CEST;cognitive-experiential self-theory;integrative personality theory;adaptive unconscious;dual-process theory

Linking Experience to Intuition and Cognitive Versatility in New Venture Ideation: A Dual‐Process Perspective

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

As many high-profile business leaders purport to make decisions based on gut feelings, a growing number of management scholars are seeking to explain how leaders use intuition in organizational settings. In line with dual-process theories, management scholars argue that the most effective decision makers are cognitively versatile, which means that they are able to ‘switch cognitive gears’ between intuition and analysis and, more importantly, that they are able to use both types of processing at high levels. Although this has important implications, the actual use of intuition as well as cognitive versatility have received limited scholarly attention. Motivated by the desire to address this gap, we pose the following research question: To what extent is experience associated with a) intuition and b) cognitive versatility, and with what effects? We consider the influence of domain-specific experience because this is considered to be a prerequisite for intuition, and we explore the effects in the context of new venture ideation which is a precursor to and the lifeblood of entrepreneurial action, not only for founders of new ventures but also for managers of existing organizations who seek to drive innovation and be entrepreneurial. We build on insights from the dual-process Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory, as well as the literature on managerial and entrepreneurial intuition, to develop a conceptual model, which we test on data collected from 74 technology-entrepreneurs via think-aloud protocol analysis and an online survey. We find that experienced entrepreneurs are able to use both intuition and analysis extensively during new venture ideation, and that the use of intuition is most effective for new venture ideation when used together with analysis – both at high levels – in a cognitively versatile strategy.

Holistic View of Intuition and Analysis in Leadership Decision-Making and Problem-Solving

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Making decisions is a key task for leaders and managers. Senior leaders are currently exposed to increasing amounts of data which they must process quickly in our current dynamic world. Complex factors in the business world are not always best approached through an analytical framework. Using tacit knowledge gained through intuition can enable a more holistic understanding of the deep nature of today’s problems. This paper takes an expansive view of decision-making with intuition right at the centre and canvasses understandings of intuition arising from philosophy, psychology, Western and Eastern beliefs; and proposes a model that relates intuition to other problem-solving approaches. The paper presents the results of interviews with senior leaders who must make difficult decisions in complex turbulent environments. The interview schedule is based on questions raised in a prior literature search concerning the relationship between intuition and analysis in complexity decision-making and problem-solving, the usefulness to this group of respondents, the possibilities of combining both approaches and any conflict arising from that combination, and understandings of the concept of intuition by these respondents. The resultant model presents a visual description of a process that moves from exterior assessment achieved via sensing and analysis, through to deeper understandings and a more holistic discernment gained through intuition. The model has the potential to assist leaders faced with difficult-to-solve problems in providing a better understanding of the steps involved in tackling problems of increasing levels of complexity.

Attention to emotion and reliance on feelings in decision-making: Variations on a pleasure principle

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021
COGNITION

Individuals are thought to differ in the extent to which they attend to and value their feelings, as captured by the construct of attention to emotion. The well-being correlates of attention to emotion have been extensively studied, but the decision-making correlates have not been. A three study program of research (total N = 328) sought to examine relationships between stimulus-specific feelings and decisions concerning those stimuli in the context of high levels of within-subject power. Evidence for the pleasure principle was robust, in that individuals placed a virtual self closer to stimuli that they found more pleasant (Study 1) and they wished to re-view such stimuli more frequently (Studies 2 & 3). These relationships, however, were more pronounced at higher levels of attention to emotion. The findings affirm the importance of feelings in decision-making while highlighting ways in which individual differences in attention to emotion operate.

Socio-Emotional Skills, Quality, and Equity: The Multilevel Person-in-Context ~neuroperson (MPCn) Framework

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

This white paper introduces a theoretical framework designed to describe the integrated set of mental and behavioral parts and processes (i.e., schemas, beliefs, awareness, behavior, agency) that are socio-emotional skills and that produce both basic and advanced forms of agency. With improved definitions and understanding of SEL skills, and the causes of SEL skill growth, we hope to improve reasoning about programs and policies for socio-emotional supports in any setting where children spend time. Perhaps most importantly, we hope to inform policy decisions and advance applied developmental science by improving the accuracy and meaningfulness of basic data on children’s SEL skill growth.

Public risk perceptions, emotions and behaviours under a major epidemic: A structural equation model analysis

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
J ADV NURS

Aim To explore the relationships between public risk perceptions, emotions and behaviours during a major epidemic. Design Exploratory cross‐sectional design. Methods The 701 subjects were surveyed using self‐administered questionnaires, including the General Information Questionnaire, Public Risk Perceptions Questionnaire, Public Emotions Questionnaire and Public Behaviours Questionnaire. The results were analysed using structural equation modelling, and mediated effects were probed at the same time. Results The median of the total scores of the Public Risk Perceptions Questionnaire was 70, the median of the total scores of the Public Emotions Questionnaire was 65 and the median of the total scores of the Public Behaviours Questionnaire was 83. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient ρ between public risk perceptions and emotions was 0.26 (p < 0.01); the correlation coefficient ρ between risk perceptions and behaviours was 0.36 (p < 0.01); and the correlation coefficient ρ between emotions and behaviours was 0.37 (p < 0.01). After many rounds of correction, the final model was established, the fit was good, and the results of the mediating effect analysis showed that the level of public risk perceptions under a major epidemic had a direct positive effect on public emotions (β = 0.41, p < 0.01) and public behaviours (β = 0.51, p < 0.01). The level of public risk perceptions also had an indirect positive effect on behaviours by affecting public emotions (β = 0.11), while public emotions had a direct positive effect on public behaviours (β = 0.27, p < 0.01). Conclusions Our findings revealed that public perceptions and public emotions directly influenced public behaviours. Additionally, public perceptions can indirectly influence public behaviours through public emotions.

THE ROLE OF INTUITION IN THE STRUCTURE OF SELF-REGULATION IN CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

Article

Jun 2022

The article updates the issues of research on the topic of intuition, emotional intelligence and self-regulation in the context of decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, focusing on the limitations of modern scientific assets on this topic, which to a greater extent reflect the nature of the confrontation between rational and intuitive approaches. Instead, this article presents a view of the modern world оf BANI, which requires a modern man to be flexible and have a developed ability to adapt. The article reflects the empirical results that demonstrate the ambivalent nature of the manifestation of indicators of the intuitive-rational approach, emphasizing the urgent need for further development of modern research with the involvement of a wider sample, and changing the conditions of the experiment. Moreover, this paper describes theoretical components of the decision-making process, which demonstrate the presence of stress and uncertainty in the process of making even everyday decisions. The concept of subjective and objective uncertainty is revealed and their possible influence on our life and the decision-making process itself is highlighted. The characteristic influence of uncertainty on the self-regulation of the individual from the point of view of a modern war is also described. The absence of a modern conceptual apparatus that could clearly outline the concept of intuition and processes that can be called intuitive is emphasized. The results of the research of modern scientific schools demonstrate the tendency of individuals to an intuitive approach when making decisions in natural conditions. Theoretical assets demonstrating the connection between intuition, affective states and emotions, which reflect the main principles of information distortion in the decision-making process, are also highlighted.

In the eye of the beholder: Decision-making of lawyers in cases of sexual harassment

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022
PLOS ONE

Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of deliberative vs. intuitive thinking styles on forensic judgments of legal professionals. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) that low deliberative thinking would be related to judgmental biases (b) that lawyers would report a greater tendency and preference toward deliberative thinking in comparison to students and make more rational judgments. Method Ninety-one lawyers and 120 undergraduate students, who served as controls, were asked to read a criminal case depicting sexual harassment (SH) and judge victim and offender blame, whether the case constitutes SH, and the damage for the victim. Results Deliberative thinking of lawyers was higher than students, and higher than their intuitive thinking style, supporting the more rational blame attributions of the former. In addition, higher deliberative thinking was related to a stronger perception of the event as SH. Nevertheless, all the participants were more inclined to perceive the case as SH when the victim was a woman instead of a man. Conclusions The results suggest that gender stereotypes and bias may persist despite high deliberative thinking and may even be manifested through deliberative thinking processes. Awareness of legal professionals of these biases as well as the development of more objective tools which will help make the judging process less subjective—will ensure more accurate assessment of victims, offenders, and cases.

Informing Users: Effects of Notification Properties and User Characteristics on Sharing Attitudes

Article

Jun 2022

Information sharing on social networks is ubiquitous, intuitive, and occasionally accidental. However, people may be unaware of the potential negative consequences of disclosures, such as reputational damages. Yet, people use social networks to disclose information about themselves or others, advised only by their own experiences and the context-invariant informed consent mechanism. In two online experiments (N=515 and N=765), we investigated how to aid informed sharing decisions and associate them with the potential outcomes via notifications. Based on the measurements of sharing attitudes, our results showed that the effectiveness of informing the users via notifications may depend on the timing, content, and layout of the notifications, as well as on the users' curiosity and rational cognitive style, motivating information processing. Furthermore, positive emotions may result in disregard of important information. We discuss the implications for user privacy and self-presentation. We provide recommendations on privacy-supporting system design and suggest directions for further research.

Does Gender Differentiate in Expectations Regarding the Representation of Preferential Information in Decision Support Systems?

Chapter

Jun 2021

The present study reports the results of an online survey in which we examined gender-specific expectations towards the support mechanisms offered in the decision support systems. The preferred ways of declaring preferences (e.g. using numbers, words, or pictograms) and decision-makers expectations regarding the forms of representing the results by the system (e.g. rankings vs ratings) were analyzed. The relationships between gender and the declarations regarding the support mechanisms were examined using the one-tailed two proportion test and the chi-square test of independence. This study’s main result is significant differences in the preferred form of representation of preference information in decision support mechanisms depending on user gender. The results show that females are more likely to use rating and more willing to declare their preferences using the non-numerical form. Consistent with this finding, females recommend more often the AHP and TOPSIS methods for solving multiple criteria problems than males, while males recommend more often SMART. These results may be used to individualize the decision-making support mechanisms to allow for more reliable preference elicitation.

The aesthetic experience of critical art: The effects of the context of an art gallery and the way of providing curatorial information

Article

Full-text available

May 2021
PLOS ONE

The aim of our research was to investigate the influence of the situational context of presenting contemporary critical artworks (in an art gallery vs in a laboratory setting) and the way in which one is acquainted with contextual information, i.e. a curatorial description (reading it on one’s own vs listening to it vs a lack of curatorial information), on the reception of critical art. All experimental stimuli were exemplars of contemporary art which raise current controversial social and political issues. Non-experts in the field of art were asked to rate their emotional reactions on non-verbal scales and estimate their liking and understanding of the artworks. As predicted, the art gallery context increased both the experience of aesthetic emotions–in terms of valence, arousal, subjective significance, and dominance and aesthetic judgements–in terms of liking. Thus, for critical art (i.e. current artworks which critically address serious, up-to-date issues) the situational context of the gallery increased the aesthetic experience–which is in line with previous studies on the gallery (or museum) effect. Curatorial information increased understanding, so non-experts seem to need interpretative guidance in the reception of critical art. Subjective significance was higher in the reading of curatorial information condition than the listening to curatorial information condition or the control condition (a lack of curatorial information). It seems, therefore, that art non-experts have a better understanding of critical art after being exposed to the curatorial description, but this does not result in an increase in liking and aesthetic emotions. Probably this is because the curatorial description allows one to grasp the difficult, often unpleasant issue addressed by critical art.

Is There 'Spiritual Intelligence'? An Evaluation of Strong and Weak Proposals

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

The debate about whether, and in what sense, there is 'spiritual intelligence' remains unresolved. We suggest it will be helpful to make a distinction between strong and weak versions of the claim. The strong version proposes that there is a separate and distinct spiritual intelligence that meets the criteria set out by Howard Gardner in his 'multiple intelligences' framework. This involves evidence from neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, individual differences, experimental tasks, and psychometrics. We review the relevant evidence and conclude that there is no support for the strong proposal. The weak version of the claim assumes that the intelligence that is apparent in spiritual contexts is the same as is found elsewhere, but it is nevertheless deployed in a distinctive way. We suggest that the evidence supports the claim, and we review six key marks of spiritual intelligence: ineffability, embodiment, open-minded attention, pattern-seeking meaning-making, participation, and relationality. Our approach makes use of a cognitive architecture, Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS), which has been proved useful in modelling spiritual practices. It will be helpful in the future to bring this approach into dialogue with other scientific approaches to spiritual intelligence from psychometrics and from experimental research.

Decision styles and their association with heuristic cue and decision-making rules

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

This study attempts to assess preferences for processing information (decision style) in normative and descriptive decision-making tasks. This study examines the relationship of rational and experiential decision styles with heuristics and the application of decision rules. 324 undergraduate and postgraduate students were drawn purposively from a technical institute. They were administered “Rational‐Experiential Inventory”, “Applying Decision Rule” task and two versions (expert and not-expert) of an essay (as a measure of heuristics). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques. The results suggest that rational decision style (RDS) is positively related to the application of decision rules, but negatively associated with the heuristic cue. Experiential decision style (EDS) and the use of heuristic in decision-making has a significant positive relationship. The application of decision rules (integration skill) and the use of heuristics showed a significant negative correlation. The regression result indicates that both decision styles, rational and experiential, play a significant role in decision-making and impact the use of heuristics and the application of decision rules in decision-making. The findings show the utility of investigating cognitive process manifestations such as decision-making styles and the application of decision-making rules based on competencies.

Die 30-jährige Geschichte des Verhaltensdiagnostiksystems (VDS)

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Das Verhaltensdiagnostiksystem (VDS) ist das umfassendste weitverbreitete Diagnostiksystem der deutschsprachigen Verhaltenstherapie. Es kann auf 30 Jahre wissenschaftliche Entwicklung zurückblicken – beginnend mit dem VDS1-Fragebogen »Meine Lebensund Krankheitsgeschichte«, der VDS90 Symptomliste, dem VDS14-Interview zum Erheben des psychischen Befunds, dem VDS30-Fragebogen zur Erfassung dysfunktionaler Persönlichkeitszüge, weitergeführt mit den Fragebögen VDS27 bis VDS29, mit denen Grundbedürfnisse und Grundformen der Angst und der Wut erhoben werden, bis zur Erfassung der dysfunktionalen Überlebensregel mit dem VDS35 und dem VDS31 Fragebogen, der den sozio-emotionalen Entwicklungsstand nach Piaget und Kegan erhebt. Testtheoretische Merkmale der Güte und Zuverlässigkeit wurden bei den wichtigsten Fragebögen durch zahlreiche empirische Untersuchungen geprüft. Die heutigen Fragebögen bauen auf einem stabilen, empirisch-wissenschaftlichen Fundament auf, das sie für die Verwendung in der Routineversorgung von ambulanten und stationären Psychotherapie-Patienten1 ausweist. Sie können kostenlos als PDF heruntergeladen oder online ausgefüllt werden unter https://vds-skalen.eupehs.org.

Challenges of the Schoolteachers and Student’s Families in Jordan During the Covid-19 Conversion to Online Teaching

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Abdelkarim al Hloul

A psychological flexibility perspective on well-being: Emotional reactivity, adaptive choices, and daily experiences

Article

Sep 2022

According to psychological flexibility theory, fully experiencing one's emotions, even when they involve negative reactions, can enhance psychological well-being. In pursuit of this possibility, procedures capable of disentangling reaction intensities from reaction durations, in response to affective images, were developed and variations of this paradigm were applied in understanding variations in happiness and adaptive behavior. Consistent with psychological flexibility theory, three studies showed that more intense emotional reactions, irrespective of valence, were associated with higher levels of well-being. Two additional studies showed that happy individuals, relative to less happy individuals, exhibited more functional approach/avoidance behavior in behavior-focused tasks. Together, the results are consistent with the idea that adaptive emotion generation systems are those that flexibly adapt emotion output to concurrent emotion-related stimulation. The program of research adds to our understanding of the relationship between emotion reactivity and well-being while highlighting specific processes through which emotion and well-being interact. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Individual differences moderate effects in an Unusual Disease paradigm: a within-subjects study using a psychophysical data collection approach

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2022

We investigate the impact of individual differences in risk-style and thinking-style on choice option characteristics in Tversky and Kahneman's famous Unusual Disease problem setting with a psychophysical data collection approach extending Mahoney et al. (2011). In addition to gain-loss frames, we varied the number of affected people, probabilities of surviving/dying, the type of disease, and the allotted time for making a decision. Framing effects were moderated by individual differences measured on five different scales. Moreover, the effects of disease type and probability to survive/die on risky choice frequencies were also affected by individual differences on all five scales; the effect of the number of affected people and time limits by some scales. The study further demonstrates that a psychophysical approach allows for varying defining choice characteristics and presenting them in a within-subjects design.

How to make big decisions: A cross-sectional study on the decision making process in life choices

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022
CURR PSYCHOL

People often make life choices that will affect their future (e.g. getting married). However, research on decision making focuses more on abstract dilemmas than on decision making. The aim of this study is threefold: to analyze (1) whether people rely mainly on intuitive or rational processing (System 1 or 2) when making life choices; (2) whether some characteristics of recalled life choices (e.g., difficulty in making the decision) differ between life areas (sentimental and work contexts); (3) whether personality traits and System 1 or 2 utilization may predict final satisfaction in life choices. By conducting a cross-sectional study on 188 participants' recall of selected life decisions (in the sentimental and work life areas) we found that System 1 is more involved than System 2 in sentimental choices while the opposite happens for work ones. Lastly, satisfaction in life choices is partially predicted by the involvement of cognitive systems and individual differences, with different predictors emerging across life areas. Discussion suggests directions for future research on naturalistic decision making.

On the Constructive Effects of Critical Thinking on EFL Learners’ Grammatical Accuracy

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

There has long been a rash of research efforts in the field of EFL/ESL instruction aimed at studying student critical thinking dispositions and performance. The present research intended to investigate the extent to which critical thinking ability would influence learners’ grammatical accuracy. In so doing, the present study was conducted with 70 upper intermediate English learners. Based on quasi-experimental design and by implementing Thesis-Analysis-Synthesis key (TASk), one experimental group and one control group, namely high and low critical thinkers respectively, were determined. The subjects had the same level of knowledge of grammar prior to participating in the study. For ten sessions, both of the groups received grammar instruction based on Cambridge Passages. After the course ended, a post-test was run in order to figure out the extent of subjects’ post-instruction knowledge of grammar. It was found that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in developing grammatical accuracy, so that the participants in the former group significantly developed their grammatical accuracy. Finally, the paper presents a number of practical ways to incorporate and improve critical thinking ability in the EFL/ESL instruction. Keywords: Critical thinking, Grammar, Accuracy, EFL instruction

The Role of STEM-Based Sustainability in Business and Management Curricula: Exploring Cognitive and Affective Outcomes in University Students

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021
J Manag Educ

To address deficiencies in STEM and sustainability in business management and intra-university curricula, we developed and implemented an interdisciplinary STEM-based sustainability curriculum at a university in the Western United States. Six classes participated in curricular efforts including in-person and online sections of a business management course, in-person and online sections of a general elective STEM course, and a matched control course for each ( n = 214). We systematically designed, developed, and implemented curricular interventions—multi-week STEM-based business sustainability modules—using the case teaching method. A comprehensive evaluation with pre- and post-tests was conducted to assess student sustainability cognition and affect. Significant results emerged for sustainability cognition including the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability. Counterintuitively, student sustainability affect did not improve. However, sustainability cognition and affect were significantly correlated on the post-test for treatment students, an indication that cognitive and affective changes share the same directionality. Discussion, implications, limitations, and future research directions are provided.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Chapter

Jan 2021

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition that can arise following severely threatening events. It is characterized by the re-experiencing of trauma memories, such as through flashbacks, nightmares or emotional reactions, avoidance of memories and reminders of the trauma, negative trauma-related cognitions and affect, and hyperarousal symptoms. This chapter reviews the epidemiology and diagnosis of PTSD, as well as current theoretical models and evidence-based treatments used to address the disorder. The chapter uses cognitive therapy for PTSD as an example to describe how to conduct effective trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. The potential for resilience interventions and future developments in the field are also discussed.

Luxury Ethical Consumers: Who Are They?

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021
J BUS ETHICS

Building on a model of the biological, socio-psychological, and structural drivers of luxury consumption, this article explores when and why luxury consumers consider ethics in their luxury consumption practices, to identify differences in their ethical and ethical luxury consumption. The variables proposed to explain these differences derive from biological, socio-psychological, and structural drivers, namely, consumers’ (1) age, (2) ethicality, (3) human values, (4) motivations, and (5) assumptive world. A cluster analysis of a sample of 706 U.S. adult luxury consumers reveals five segments of luxury consumers, each reflecting a specific persona, that engage in both ethical and ethical luxury consumption to varying extents. The five segments differ in the extent to which they exhibit features related to four discriminant functions (immorality, ego-orientation, and strain; altruistic-orientation; conservation, in control, and positivity; and youth and luxury savvy), which vary across the biological, socio-psychological, and structural drivers. The findings thus indicate which segments of luxury consumers are most relevant for luxury firms pursuing a long-term sustainability agenda and suggest practical actions to reach those goals.

Role of Entrepreneurial Cultural Support and Locus of Control as Predictors of Entereprenurial Intuition among Private University Students

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Ojewumi Kehinde

The study examined the predictive role of entrepreneurial cultural support (ECS) and locus of control (LOC) on entrepreneurial intuition (EI). This was to identify factors that predict EI among undergraduates’ of a private university, in Osun state, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design. For the study, primary data was used while the population of the study consisted of final year undergraduate students’. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 362 students. Their age ranged from 16 to 30 years with a mean age of 21.43 years, SD (2.65). Four standardized psychological scales were used in the study. These were entrepreneurial intuition, ECS and LOC scale. Data collected were analysed using zero order correlation and multiple regression. The result shows a significant positive relationship between ECS and entrepreneurial intuition [r (360) = 0.76, p<.01]. There was also significant positive relationship between LOC and entrepreneurial intuition [r (360) = 0.58, p<.01. The study concluded that there was predictive role ECS and LOC on entrepreneurial intuition among undergraduates. It is therefore recommended that trained psychologists should develop psychological intervention programmes which should be tailored toward improving ECS and LOC which invariably can help improve and enhance EI among undergraduates. Received: 23 August 2021 / Accepted: 25 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Is There More Than One Ratio Bias? If So, Why?

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

The ratio bias refers to decision makers' propensity to overestimate probabilities that are specified as ratios of large numbers in comparison to a ratio of smaller numbers (e.g., 9:100 vs. 1:10). To reconcile conflicting findings about this bias, we study such deviations in a more general setting allowing for deviations in both directions, irrational indifference, and inability to decide. We find that the predominant direction of deviations depends on the probabilities involved and that there is no uniform bias in favor of high numbers across all settings. Our findings indicate a strong negative impact of risk literacy on all such bias phenomena. We also test the relationship of the ratio bias to rational/experiential system theory and find that, contrary to the theoretical predictions, biased responses tend to take longer time than logically correct answers.

L'expérience face à l'intuition et à l'émotion dans la décision clinique de l'infirmière : rôle de la posture "cognitivo-émotionnelle" de l'infirmier-ière face au "ressenti" éprouvé dans l'activité clinique d'orientation et d'accueil des urgences hospitalières

Thesis

Oct 2019

Annie Farrayre

Cette recherche qualitative identifie le rôle de l’expérience face à l’intuition et à l’émotion dans la décision clinique de l’infirmière d’accueil et d’orientation des urgences hospitalières. La problématique du rôle triple de l’expérience sur le raisonnement, sur la nature et le contrôle du « ressenti » éprouvé dans le feu de l’action est étudiée au travers de l’influence de la posture de connaissance face à l’expérience induisant l’acquisition et l’usage de savoirs explicites et implicites (Dewey, 2004) agissant sur le modèle opératif de pensée d’un professionnel (Pastré, 2011). La méthodologie, orientée par une posture théorique multi référentielle (Ardoino,1986), articule les approches de la décision en économie (Simon, 1983), en neurosciences (Berthoz, 2003 ; Damasio, 1995) avec les travaux sur l’intuition dans la pensée bi-systémique (Kahneman, 2016) et les approches du rôle cognitif des émotions (Livet, 2002 ; Rimé, 2009, Thievenaz, 2017). Des entretiens semi-directifs et d’explicitation (Vermersch, 1994) sont conduits auprès de vingt infirmiers-ères, de deux hôpitaux.Six propositions théoriques émanent des résultats. L’existence d’une posture « cognitivo-émotionnelle » face à l’expérience vécue dans l’action est découverte. Elle génère un mode et des modalités de raisonnement et d’élaboration d’indicateurs cliniques ou de savoirs d’action mais aussi un mode décisionnel à partir du vécu de l’expérience. Elle influence la nature « ressenti » qui est intuition ou émotion ou étonnement. Selon sa posture, l’infirmière cherche à confirmer son intuition. Elle cherche des preuves à son étonnement, régule son émotion ou renonce à prendre une décision, ou se protège de tout « ressenti ».

Psychological Safety, Need for Cognition, and Proactivity among Public Sector Employees

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2019

Kim Byeongjo

While employee proactivity has been hailed in management literature as a critical characteristic enabling an organization to accomplish its goals, little is known about how public sector employees exert proactivity at work. This study examines the effect of individual and contextual factors that enhance proactive work behavior among public sector employees. Using two samples of nonprofit hospital employees and part-time graduate students working in the public sector, we investigate the role of the need for cognition and psychological safety in promoting proactive behavior at work. We also examine the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between the two antecedents and proactive behavior. We first confirm the measurement invariance across two samples and then examine hypothesized relationships using structural equation modeling. Our results show that both the need for cognition and perceived psychological safety promote proactive behavior through the mediation of employee’s role breadth self-efficacy.

Chapter 5. Cause for optimism: Non-native pre-service teacher’s attitudes towards and beliefs about accent

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2021

How Well Agents Represent Their Principals’ Preferences: The Effect of Information Processing, Value Orientation, and Goals

Chapter

Oct 2021

There is an implicit assumption that the agents who negotiate on behalf of principals prepare for the negotiations. This study focuses on the negotiation preparation phase during which the agents are given information in both text and graphical forms, which unambiguously expresses their principal’s preferences. The analysis of data obtained from the online bilateral negotiation experiments shows that the majority of the agents make both ordinal and cardinal errors in the reconstruction of the principal’s preferences. It shows that the agents’ intrinsic motivation contributes to the errors and has a negative effect on their preparation. To determine how different types of motivation contribute to the agents’ inaccuracy, a hierarchical framework of the epistemic, social, and identity motivation is proposed. The framework is analyzed with a structural equation model (SEM) and the resulting model shows relations among the motivation types and between motivation and accuracy. The results show that the rational motivation system has a significant direct effect on social motivation (accommodating, competing, and collaborating intentions) and identity motivation (learning and substantive goals). The experiential motivational system has no significant effect on social motivation but it affects two goals of identity motivation (substantive and relational). The model also shows that only identity motivation has a direct effect on the accuracy of the preferences formulated by the agents in comparison with their principal’s preferences.

Announcement of formal controls as phase-shifting perceptions: their determinants and moderating role in the context of mobile loafing

Article

Jul 2021
INTERNET RES

Purpose Mobile loafing, or non-work-related mobile computing, is deviant workplace behavior that can reduce productivity and increase cybersecurity risks. To thwart mobile loafing, organizations often adopt formal controls that encompass rules and policies. These formal controls can serve as a phase-shifting event. Phase shifting is a process where individuals reevaluate and revise their perceptions of the regulation of deviant behaviors. Despite the importance of understanding this process, little research has examined the announcement of formal controls as an impetus for phase shifting. The primary objectives of this study were to induce a phase-shifting perception in an organizational setting and explore its determinants and moderating role in the context of mobile loafing. Design/methodology/approach The authors proposed and tested a model using two-wave data collected from 231 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. To test the research hypotheses, they used covariance-based structural equation modeling and logistic regression. Findings The authors found that peer's mobile loafing and neutralization positively influence mobile-loafing intention before and after the announcement of formal controls. This research also shows that the higher an employee's neutralization, the likelier they perceive the announcement of formal controls as phase shifting. Also, the authors found that the moderating effect of phase-shifting perceptions functions in such a way that the relationship between T1 and T2 mobile-loafing intention is weaker when employees perceive the announcement of formal controls as a phase-shifting event. Practical implications The authors’ results provide managers with useful insights into effectively using formal controls to mitigate employees' deviant behavior. To effectively use formal controls, managers should articulate formal controls that can trigger employees to revise their perceptions of counterproductive workplace behavior policies. Originality/value This study is one of the first in information systems research to empirically examine the announcement of formal controls as a phase-shifting event and explore its antecedents and moderating role in the context of deviant workplace behavior in general and mobile loafing in particular.

The Analytic Cognitive Style and Conspiracy Mentality as Predictors of Conspiracy Beliefs

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021
STUD PSYCHOL

Eva Ballová Mikušková

The study aims to verify the level of conspiracy beliefs and the relationship of conspiracy beliefs with the conspiracy mentality and analytic cognitive style. A total of 470 participants (49.4% women) aged 18-73 years old (M = 42.35; SD = 13.12) participated in the study. They completed the Slovak Conspiracy Belief Scale, the Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, the Cognitive Reflection Test, the Jellybean Task, the Rational-Experiential Inventory, and the Master Rationality Motive Scale. Conspiracy beliefs were at the midpoint level, and the beliefs that participants most trusted were identified. Although conspiracy beliefs correlated negatively with cognitive reflection, denominator neglect and motivation for rational integration and positively with conspiracy mentality and preference for experiential thinking, only conspiracy mentality, cognitive reflection and motivation for rational integration were significant predictors of conspiracy beliefs. © 2021 Institute of Experimental Psychology, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Priming effects of a slot machine game and amphetamine on probabilistic risk-taking in people with gambling disorder and healthy controls

Article

Mar 2023
J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC

Introduction: The Game of Dice Task (GDT) captures probabilistic risk-taking, which is an important feature of addictions and integral to gambling disorder (GD). No research appears to have assessed effects of gambling-specific priming manipulations or the pharmacological basis of such effects on the GDT. Aims: To investigate effects of slot machine gambling (Slots) and d-amphetamine (AMPH; 20 mg) on risk-taking in people with GD and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 30/group). The role of dopamine (DA) was assessed by pre-treating participants with the D2 receptor (D2R)-preferring antagonist, haloperidol (HAL; 3-mg) or mixed D1R-D2R antagonist, fluphenazine (FLU; 3-mg). Hypotheses: Slots and AMPH will each increase risk-taking based on fewer (less probable) possible outcomes selected (POS) and poorer net monetary outcomes (NMO; gains minus losses) on the GDT, with stronger effects in Group GD. If DA mediates these effects, outcomes will vary with pre-treatment. Method: Participants attended a pre-experimental baseline session and 4 test sessions. Antagonist Group (HAL, FLU) was manipulated between-participants. Pre-treatment (antagonist, placebo) was manipulated within-participants and counterbalanced over sessions for Slots and AMPH test phases. Moderator/mediator effects of trait and neuropsychological factors and GD severity (South Oaks Gambling Screen; SOGS) were explored via covariance. Results: AMPH led to an escalation in risky POS over trial blocks in both groups, regardless of pre-treatment. Cognitive inflexibility (high perseveration-proneness) moderated this effect in Group HC. In Group GD, SOGS selectively predicted riskier POS on AMPH sessions. Group GD achieved poorer NMO vs. Group HC on the pre-experimental baseline and Placebo-Slots sessions. Group HC selectively displayed poorer NMO on the Antagonist-Slots session. Conclusions: The GDT can detect behavioral and pharmacological priming effects. Cognitive inflexibility and symptom severity moderate AMPH-induced risk-taking in HC and GD participants, respectively. Sensitization-related "wanting" of risk may contribute to the latter effect in people with GD.

Shamanic and doctrinal: Dunbar and the spiritual turn in contemporary religion

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

[Message me for the full text] Robin Dunbar's How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures rehabilitates the long-standing anthropo-logical view that religion evolved in two phases. The first, shamanic phase of religion consisted mainly of trance-dancing practices in hunter-gatherer societies, followed by a later stage in which beliefs about gods became more elaborate. Dunbar dates the transition to this later phase of "doctrinal" religion as coming in with the agrarian settlements of the Neolithic period, 10,000 years ago. The first, practice-based phase of religion used to be called "primitive", which implied a pejorative view of it, but there is no such condescension in Dunbar's two-phase theory of the evolution of religion. We will focus here on the distinction between shamanic and doctrinal religion, and elaborate a theoretical position about the different modes of human cognition associated with shamanic and doctrinal religion. We will relate these two phases in the evolution of religion to the two different modes of cognition that have been identified in humans, sometimes called "experiential" and "rational" (Watts, 2020). In How Religion Evolved, Dunbar uses his evolutionary perspective on religion as an interpretive lens for understanding the current state of religion in Western society. We will here extend his approach to the distinction that is now often made between religion and spirituality, suggesting that the religion that is currently being rejected is a form of doctrinal religion, and that there is a turn to spirituality that in some ways (though not in every way) is like shamanic religion. Finally, we will compare Dunbar's approach to the evolution of religion with the evolutionary Cognitive Science of Religion, suggesting that Dunbar's approach benefits from the distinction between shamanic and doctrinal religion; from focusing on practices and experience as well as beliefs; and from taking a socially-embedded rather than an individualistic approach.

Conference Proceeding 6th international Conference on Contemporary Studies in Management (CoSiM) 2022, Suderburg Working Paper No. 16

Preprint

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Markus Launer

Conference Proceeding 6th international Conference on Contemporary Studies in Management (CoSiM) 2022, Suderburg, Germany Acknowledgement of our Patron, Editorial Board & Review Team Patron Jürgen Markward, Mayor of the City of Uelzen, Germany Collaborators and Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Joanna Paliszkiewicz, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland Çetin, Fatih, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkiye Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye Prof. Dr. Joane Serrano, University of the Philippines, Los Banos Prof. Dr. Erik Capistrano, University of the Philippines, Manila Prof. Dr. Dave Marcial, Silliman University, Philippines Prof. Dr. Kandappan Balasubramanian, Taylor`s University, CRiT Institute, Malaysia Prof. Dr. Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA Prof. Dr. Bo Aquila Yang, Beijing Open University, China Prof. Dr. Joeffrey Maddatu Calimag, Kyungsung University, Korea Review Team Prof. Dr. Frithiof Svenson, UIT - The Arctic University, Norway Çetin, Fatih, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkiye Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye Prof. Dr. Erik Capistrano, University of the Philippines, Manila Dr. Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Moderators of the Conference Prof. Dr. Joeffrey Maddatu Calimag, Kyungsung University, Korea Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye Dr. Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Acknowledgement of our Key Note Speakers Prof. Dr. Jengchung Victor Chen, Distinguished Professor of the Institute of International Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. Dr. Marta Sinclair, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business Strategy and Innovation, and member of the Griffith Asia Institute, Australia. Editor of the Handbook of Research Methods on Intuition. Prof. Dr. Eugene Sadler-Smith, Professor of Organizational Behaviour, University of Surrey, UK. Dr. Dean Radin, Institute of Noetic Science (IONS) and Associated Distinguished Professor of Integral and Transpersonal Psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies. Dr. Francesca McCartney, Founder and President Academy of Intuition Medicine, CA, U.S.A. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ozbilgin holds a Chair of Human Resource Management at Brunel University. He is also co-chair of Management and Diversity at University Paris-Dauphine in France. Prof. Dr. Ramesh Sharma, Human Resource Development Centre, Ambedkar University Delhi, India. Balasubramanian, Kandappan, Taylor's University, CRiT Institute, Malaysia. Joachim Delekat, Member of the Uelzen City Parliament and Project Manager at the Independent Institute for non-profit Services gGmbH (Institut für gemeinnützige Dienstleistungen), Germany. OStD Stefan Nowatschin, OStR Frank Nierath and over 40 students from the Vocational School Uelzen (Berufsbildende Schulen 1, Uelzen).

LATENT PROFILES OF PERSONALITY AND DECISION MAKING REGULATION STYLESЛАТЕНТНЫЕ ЛИЧНОСТНЫЕ ПРОФИЛИ СТИЛЕВОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

T.V. Kornilova

Decision making (DM) generally assumes that the person is performing a choice between a multitude of alternatives under uncertainty and possible risk. According to the concept of dynamic regulative systems (Kornilova, 2016), preferred or most relied on DM strategies are linked in an integrative way with a variety of personality traits that can be at the top of the hierarchy. These include risk readiness, rationality, and Dark Triad traits as reflective of a generally unstable personality core. Decision-Making Tendency Inventory (DMTI; Misuraca et al., 2015) defined DM characteristics via maximization, satisficing and minimization. However, the relationships between DM characteristics captured by DMTI and the listed personality traits have not been explored before. The goal of the current study was establishing latent personality profiles in a person-centered approach that integrates DM “tendencies” and the listed personality traits by identifying relatively homogenous subgroups of individuals with similar profiles. Methods. 625 individuals in the age from 17 to 39 years (М = 20,17, SD = 3,02; 84% females) participated in the study. We used DMTI, Dirty Dozen, and LFR questionnaires to measure DM tendencies, Dark Triad traits, and risk readiness/rationality, respectively. Latent profile analysis was performed in VarSelLCM for R. Results. The results indicated the presence of three latent profiles in the data after adjustments for age and sex. Risk readiness and Dark Triad traits were positively related with maximizing and satisficing, forming one latent class. In another class lower rationality, on the other hand, was linked with minimization. In the third class higher rationality accompanied lower Dark Triad traits. Conclusions. The results provide evidence in favor of the general hypothesis that latent profiles of personality traits are associated with distinct preferences for specific DM tendencies. Higher levels of maximizing, satisficing, and minimizing were not related to subclinical psychopathy or Machiavellianism. Higher narcissism and risk readiness, generally unrelated, are nonetheless characteristic of the latent class that prefers maximizing and satisficing. Preference for minimization of effort during DM was associated with lower rationality. Latent class or latent profile analysis is a powerful technique that sheds new light on the relationships between personality and DM, beyond the contributions of variable-centered approaches such as correlational analysis....

Latent Profiles of Personality and Decision Making Regulation Styles

Article

Aug 2022

TATIANA V. KORNILOVA

Selbstgestaltung und psychische Grundbedürfnisse

Chapter

Jan 2022

Guenther Wuesten

The Relationship between Religious Identity Development and Transgender Counseling Competence

Article

May 2022

The purpose of this national study was to analyze the relationship between religious identity development and transgender counseling competency among 157 counseling students from CACREP accredited programs. The results, derived from a canonical correlational analysis, indicated a significant relationship between religious identity development and transgender counseling competency. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

A Behavioral Approach to Pricing in Commodity Markets: Dual Processing of Prices within and around Willingness-to-Pay Ranges

Chapter

Apr 2022

Many behavioral heuristics are fast and frugal ways for buyers to cope with uncertainty. Therefore, the extent to which pricing can rely on heuristic consumer reactions depends on the specifics and the extent of uncertainties in the market. In markets with a high degree of commoditization, uncertainties about the product are by definition low. However, as buyers are also uncertain about their own preferences, behavioral approaches can explain consumer reactions to price, even in a context of commoditization.In this chapter, we propose and test a dual process framework for pricing around buyers’ reservation prices. Such a dual process includes both rational and heuristic modes of choice. According to our framework, reactions to prices are more or less influenced by heuristic choice, depending on their relation to a buyers’ reservation price. This framework can explain the interrelations between rational and heuristic modes of choice, willingness-to-pay ranges, and latitudes of price acceptance. We also base a set of pricing and combined price-and-communication strategies on this framework. One interesting implication is that these pricing strategies are specific to target groups among buyers: as preferences and reservation prices are heterogeneous even in commodity markets, there are different potential buyers with a more rational or more heuristic mode of choice, for every price imaginable.

Gaining and Losing Control: Tattoos and Interpretive Sovereignty

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Maja Jerrentrup

This article explores the ways in which individuals are able to create their own bodies, influence the perception of others, and shape their memories by getting tattooed. Tattoos can be a powerful way of gaining control and experiencing oneself as an active creator of one’s life. However, in the process of getting tattooed, people have to be passive: they are at the mercy of a person whom they usually do not know well and who has specific personal interests in tattooing others—working efficiently and earning money or a good reputation. Further, the tattooees cannot control how other people will interpret their tattoos. Yet, most tattooed individuals seem to regard the active aspects as more important than the passive act of getting tattooed and interpreted by others and qdevelop strategies to reinterpret their loss of control.

Pandemic and investors' reactions: big data analysis of Twitter messengers in the face of uncertainty Pandemia a reakcje inwestorów : analiza big data komunikatorów z Twittera wobec zjawiska niepewności

Book

Full-text available

Feb 2022

March 2020 was the period of high uncertainty that was the result of a new global virus. At that time, governments all over the world began to impose restrictions aimed at preventing the spread of the coronavirus. While these restrictions are important to stop pandemic, they create economic uncertainty. [...] In March 2020, it was difficult for decision-makers to formulate expectations and the mood was pessimistic due to significant drops in asset prices. They tended to be guided by heuristics, schemata and emotions in decision-making. They also showed a tendency to use the, so-called, short path in information processing. One of the widely used sources of information is the Twitter. [...] Therefore, it is important to explore the moods, emotions and intensity of the COVID-19 discussion by investors. These tasks can be performed at various levels - from general exploratory text analysis to sentiment analysis and statistical analysis of time series of explored indicators. The results of the study should support public institutions in the fight against the pandemic and help rationalize investor decisions - thus influencing the volatility of the stock market.

Design Exploration as a Research Discovery Phase: Integrating the Graduate Design Thesis with Research in the Social Sciences

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Matthew Peterson

Contemporary research problems are complex, and design must better integrate with the social sciences to have an equal part in addressing them. The terminal master’s degree in design (usually an MFA or MDes in the United States) can prepare students for this integration, but doing so requires that design activity be adapted to ultimately contribute to evidence-based research, rather than remaining unchanged and retroactively deemed to be a form of research. To achieve this end, I present design-based discovery, a model of design inquiry that situates design within the theory development cycle as theory building, not theory testing. Design-based discovery has recently been codified in a master’s program in graphic design at a public research university in the US. In this article, I outline six investigation components that together represent this model, and support these with examples. Notably, the investigation components include a standardized format for research questions, as well as the derivation of design principles from processes that involve exploration rather than those that yield solutions. This model can readily be adopted in other master’s programs with the requisite resources, which has the potential to make design essential within research universities.

Mentalisierungsfördernde Verhaltenstherapie: Entwicklung von Affektregulierung, Selbstwirksamkeit und Empathie

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Serge Sulz

Mit einem Geleitwort von Michael Linden. Mit dem Ansatz der Mentalisierungsfördernden Verhaltenstherapie vereint Serge K.D. Sulz erfolgreiche Konzepte der Verhaltenstherapie und der psychodynamischen Psychotherapie und vermittelt anschaulich notwendige Kompetenzen für die klinische Praxis, denen eine zentrale Therapiestrategie zugrunde liegt: Zunächst wird mit dem Aufbau einer sicheren Bindung und selbstwertstärkenden Beziehung begonnen. Aus der Biografie wird die kindliche Überlebensstrategie (inneres Arbeitsmodell) als heute dysfunktional gewordene Überlebensregel offengelegt und durch eine Erlaubnis gebende Lebensregel ersetzt. Mit Achtsamkeit werden die Emotionsprozesse in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit geholt und mit dem Emotion Tracking in der Tiefe erfahren und reflektiert. Schließlich wird die Stagnation der Entwicklung behoben, indem der Schritt von den nicht-mentalisierten (impulsiven oder affektiven) Stufen auf die mentalen Stufen (Selbstwirksamkeit und Empathie) gefördert wird.

Mental Health Informatics

Chapter

Nov 2021

Mental health informatics (MHI) is a relatively new specialty within the field of biomedical informatics. MHI seeks to develop, enhance, and apply informatics theories, paradigms, and technologies to optimize the mental health of individuals and communities. In this chapter we define the scope of the field and discuss its relationship not only to the larger field of biomedical and health informatics, but also to work occurring natively within the field of mental health. We introduce the three primary fields of science within which our basic scientific knowledge of mental health and illness is produced: the biological sciences, the behavioral sciences, and the social sciences. We describe the opportunities and challenges inherent in developing and using informatics technologies in a field in which knowledge is acquired in the context of three different fields in two different branches of science, each with its own unique epistemology, or way of knowing. We describe some of the unique features of the behavioral and social sciences that call for novel informatics paradigms and that highlight the need for significant enhancements in existing informatics technologies.

Big Data: Knowledge Discovery and Data Repositories

Chapter

Nov 2021

“Big Data” is a concept that has been used in the last 10–15 years to describe the increasing complexity and amount of data available at scale in organizations and companies—data that often requires novel computational techniques and methods to generate knowledge. Compared to other health domains, mental health is influenced by a greater variety of factors, such as those related to mental, interpersonal, cultural, environmental, and biological phenomena. Thus, knowledge discovery in mental health research can involve a broad variety of data types and therefore data resources, including medical, behavioral, administrative, molecular, ‘omics’, environmental, financial, geographic, and social media repositories. Moreover, these varied phenomena interact in more complex ways in mental health and illness than in other domains of health so knowledge discovery must be open to this complexity. In this chapter, we outline the main underlying concepts of the “big data” paradigm and examine examples of different types of data repositories that could be used for mental health research. We also provide an example case study for developing a data repository, outlining the key considerations for designing, building, and using these types of resources.

Transdiagnostische Therapie durch Mentalisierungsfördernde Verhaltenstherapie (MVT) – Modul 1 bis 5

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Mentalisierungsfördernde Verhaltenstherapie baut auf der Bindungstheorie, dem Mentalisierungsansatz von Fonagy und Mitarbeitern sowie der Entwicklungspsychologie Piagets auf. Ihre Ziele sind Bindungssicherheit, Affektregulierung, Selbstwirksamkeit und Empathiefähigkeit. Sie besteht aus sieben Therapiemodulen: dem Bindungs-Beziehungs-Modul, den beiden Akzeptanzmodulen Überlebensregel/inneres Arbeitsmodell und Achtsamkeit-Akzeptanz, den beiden Mentalisierungsmodulen Emotion Tracking und Metakognition – Mentalisierung sowie den beiden Entwicklungsmodulen Schritt von der Affektauf die Denkenstufe sowie Schritt von der Denkenstufe auf die Empathiestufe. Damit ist sie ein behavioraler Brückenkopf zu den psychodynamischen Psychotherapien, wobei der gegenüberliegende Brückenkopf die Mentalisierungsbasierte Therapie MBT ist. In dieser Arbeit werden die ersten fünf Module beschrieben, die restlichen zwei (Entwicklung) sind Gegenstand des zweiten Artikels.

ترومای روان شناختی و درمان پردازش مجدد هولوگرافیک

Book

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Sajjad Basharpoor

این کتاب در 19 فصل نگاشته شده است. در فصل اول مفاهیم استرس، بحران و تروما؛ در فصل دوم اثرات عاطفی، رفتاری و شناختی تروما؛ در فصل سوم اختلالات مرتبط با تروما؛ در فصل چهارم درمان‌های مبتنی بر شواهد برای PTSD و سایر اختلالات مرتبط؛ در فصل پنجم کلیاتی درباره پردازش مجدّد هولوگرافیک معرفی شده است. فصول بعدی کتاب نیز اطلاعاتی دربارۀ CEST، هولوگرام، هولوگرام‌های تجربه‌ای، مؤلفه¬های مختص به آن و انواع رایج هولوگرام‌های تجربه‌ای و تمایزات نظری انواع مداخلات مواجهه‌ای ارائه می‌کند. در فصل‌های آخر نیز شیوه‌های خاص کاربست پردازش مجدّد و همچنین کاربردهای دیگر این مدل درمانی، نظیر کاربرد آن در زندگی زناشویی، خانواده و موضوعات فرهنگی‌اجتماعی توضیح داده شده است. اگرچه ممکن است ساختار ارائۀ توضیحات دربارۀ مبانی این نظریه، خطی به نظر برسد؛ اما تلاش بر این بوده است ترجیحاً خطی رهنمودی باشد تا یک نسخۀ دستوری. این کتاب به‌ویژه برای درمان‌گرانی مفید است که با درمان‌جویانی کار می‌کنند که با بحران‌ها، تغییرات ناگهانی در زندگی، مشکلات شغلی یا ارتباطی، عودها و یا موضوعاتی که نیاز به انعطاف¬پذیری درمانی بالایی برای ایجاد بهبودی دارند.

The Effect of thinking style on dynamic systems performance: The mediating role of stock-flow understanding

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Rosa Hendijani

Dynamism is an important characteristic of many systems, including those of an economic nature. These systems include stocks (i.e., accumulations) and flows (i.e., inflows and outflows) that change the stock's level. Previous studies show that rational thinking positively influences decision making and performance in dynamic systems. This paper reports on two studies designed to examine whether rational thinking improves performance in dynamic systems both directly and indirectly through stock-flow understanding. An inventory management task known as the near-beer game measures dynamic systems performance. The first study uses two standard gauges of rational thinking: the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) and Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI-40). The results of this study support the hypothesis that rational thinking has a significant positive direct effect on performance, as well as a significant indirect effect through stock-flow understanding. The second study uses a one-factor experimental design with three levels for thinking mode manipulation, including rational thinking, intuitive thinking, and control conditions. The results support only an indirect effect in which rational thinking improves stock-flow understanding and, in turn, dynamic systems performance. Taken together, the two studies indicate that rational thinking in chronic and situational forms improves stock-flow understanding and performance in dynamic systems.

Addressing social polarization through critical thinking: Theoretical application in the “Living Well With Difference” course in secondary schools in England

Article

Sep 2021

Responding to international calls for critical thinking programs to address social polarisations and extremism through education, this article examines the cognitive and socio-psychological foundations of a critical thinking programme for secondary schools in England called “Living Well With Difference” (LWWD). The aim of LWWD is to develop critical thinking about issues of social polarisation, prejudice and any kind of extreme thinking. These issues often involve the interaction of emotion and thinking, which is understood using a dual systems framework, illustrated with examples of course methodology and content. The learning process aims to promote more cognitively flexible, complex and integrated thinking, measured by integrative complexity, and is supported by meta-awareness to enable emotion management. The aim is for participants to engage with difficult social issues through structured group activities, while becoming aware of social, emotional, textual, visual and rhetorical influences to increase Media Information Literacy, as a foundation for engaging with differing perspectives in order to reduce barriers between groups in society.

Measuring Socio-Emotional Skill, Impact, and Equity Outcomes

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

This paper presents steps to (a) identify the real objects we seek to represent with measurement and models (i.e., the parts of an individual’s SEL skill set and the type and amount of skill change that is likely to occur during the program) and (b) produce SEL skill indicators and measures that are feasible and valid for both CQI and impact evaluation uses.

Where Are we Currently in Digital Fundraising?

Chapter

Jul 2021

The wave of digitalization has also reached fundraising. The question is, will it be a tsunami that leaves no stone unturned? Or is it a gentle wave that slowly surrounds what already exists—like an ocean current.

Listening Fast and Slow

Chapter

Jun 2021

Like other constructs studied by communication scientists, listening has been viewed as a predominantly deliberate process that requires considerable cognitive resources to perform well. Listening, contrasted with hearing as a more passive mode of information processing, requires a person to actively receive, process, and sensibly respond to aural information. The emphasis on deliberate processing might perhaps have been fueled by research in social psychology, from which much communication theory is drawn. That literature has emphasized rational, deliberate processing at the expense of a more intuitive mode that tends to be viewed as inferior in human decision making and grounded much more in emotions. Using a general dual-process framework, the authors argue that an intuitive, experiential system plays a much more important role in the listening process than previously recognized. They lay out their rationale and model for experiential listening and discuss ways in which people can improve their intuitive listening through mindfulness-based metacognitive practices.

The revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008

Unforgettable Experiences: The Relation of Life Events to Basic Beliefs About Self and World

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1992
SOC COGNITION

A survey was conducted to examine the relation of current basic beliefs about the self and the world to reports of 13 emotionally significant life events and reports of childhood relationships with parents. For 5 of the 13 events, a differentiated pattern of significant differences was found in levels of basic beliefs between those who had and had not experienced the event. Reports of childhood relationships to parents were also found to be selectively related to current basic beliefs. Regression analyses demonstrated that discrete major life events and reports of childhood relationships with parents made independent contributions to basic beliefs. The quality of childhood relationships with parents moderated the relation of composite favorability of events to the belief regarding the meaningfulness of life. On the basis of the observed relations, inferences are made regarding the processes through which emotionally significant experiences are translated into enduring basic beliefs.

To be adored or to be known: The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1990

William B Swann

Demystifying Intuition: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Does It

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2010
PSYCHOL INQ

Seymour Epstein

Definitions of intuition are discussed and two working definitions are proposed. This is followed by a list of eight unresolved problems concerning intuition. It is suggested that all of these problems can be resolved by cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), a dual-process theory of personality according to which people process information with two systems, an experiential/intuitive system that is an associative learning system that humans share with other animals and a uniquely human verbal reasoning system. Intuition is considered to be a subsystem of the experiential/ intuitive system that operates by exactly the same principles and attributes but has narrower boundary conditions. The next section includes a presentation of the most relevant aspects of CEST with an emphasis on the operating rules and attributes of the experiential/intuitive system. This is followed by demonstrating how the operation of the experiential/intuitive system can resolve each of the unresolved problems concerning intuition. The article closes with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the experiential/intuitive and rational/analytic systems. It is concluded that neither system is generally superior to the other, as each has important advantages and disadvantages.

Implicit learning of tacit knowledge

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1989

Arthur Reber

I examine the phenomenon of implicit learning, the process by which knowledge about the rule-governed complexities of the stimulus environment is acquired independently of conscious attempts to do so. Our research with the two seemingly disparate experimental paradigms of synthetic grammar learning and probability learning, is reviewed and integrated with other approaches to the general problem of unconscious cognition. The conclusions reached are as follows: (a) Implicit learning produces a tacit knowledge base that is abstract and representative of the structure of the environment; (b) such knowledge is optimally acquired independently of conscious efforts to learn; and (c) it can be used implicitly to solve problems and make accurate decisions about novel stimulus circumstances. Various epistemological issues and related problems such as intuition, neuroclinical disorders of learning and memory, and the relationship of evolutionary processes to cognitive science are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Why Emotional Intelligence is an Invalid Concept

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2005
J ORGAN BEHAV

Edwin A. Locke

In this paper I argue that the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) is invalid both because it is not a form of intelligence and because it is defined so broadly and inclusively that it has no intelligible meaning. I distinguish the so-called concept of EI from actual intelligence and from rationality. I identify the actual relation between reason and emotion. I reveal the fundamental inadequacy of the concept of EI when applied to leadership. Finally, I suggest some alternatives to the EI concept. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2004

Ap Dijksterhuis

The role of unconscious and conscious thought in decision making was investigated in 5 experiments. Because of the low processing capacity of consciousness, conscious thought was hypothesized to be maladaptive when making complex decisions. Conversely, unconscious thought was expected to be highly effective. In Experiments 1-3, participants were presented with a complex decision problem in which they had to choose between various alternatives, each with multiple attributes. Some participants had to make a decision immediately after being presented with the options. In the conscious thought condition, participants could think about the decision for a few minutes. In the unconscious thought condition, participants were distracted for a few minutes and then indicated their decision. Throughout the experiments, unconscious thinkers made the best decisions. Additional evidence obtained in Experiments 4 and 5 suggests that unconscious thought leads to clearer, more polarized, and more integrated representations in memory.

Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory

Article

Jan 1999

Constructive thinking; The key to emotional intelligence (vol 44, pg 467, 1999)

Article

Feb 2000

Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life

Article

Jan 1997
INTELLIGENCE

L. S. Gottfredson

Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life

Article

Jan 1997
INTELLIGENCE

Linda Gottfredson

Personnel selection research provides much evidence that intelligence (g) is an important predictor of performance in training and on the job, especially in higher level work. This article provides evidence that g has pervasive utility in work settings because it is essentially the ability to deal with cognitive complexity, in particular, with complex information processing. The more complex a work task, the greater the advantages that higher g confers in performing it well. Everyday tasks, like job duties, also differ in their level of complexity. The importance of intelligence therefore differs systematically across different arenas of social life as well as economic endeavor. Data from the National Adult Literacy Survey are used to show how higher levels of cognitive ability systematically improve individual's odds of dealing successfully with the ordinary demands of modern life (such as banking, using maps and transportation schedules, reading and understanding forms, interpreting news articles). These and other data are summarized to illustrate how the advantages of higher g, even when they are small, cumulate to affect the overall life chances of individuals at different ranges of the IQ bell curve. The article concludes by suggesting ways to reduce the risks for low-IQ individuals of being left behind by an increasingly complex postindustrial economy.

The Ecological Study of Emotions in Humans

Chapter

Jan 1979

Seymour Epstein

Our emotions appear to us as beyond our rational control, a reminder of our animal heritage. We tend to regard them as primary and our cognitions as secondary, a thin veneer that evolved late and that remains under the influence of the emotional substrata. As will be seen shortly, there is a serious fallacy in this way of thinking, for while it considers what man shares in common with other animals, it fails to consider what is unique in the experience of human emotions. It fails to consider that underlying all emotional experience in humans are implicit cognitions.

Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases

Article

Jan 1982

Many decisions are based on beliefs concerning the likelihood of uncertain events such as the outcome of an election, the guilt of a defendant, or the future value of the dollar. Occasionally, beliefs concerning uncertain events are expressed in numerical form as odds or subjective probabilities. In general, the heuristics are quite useful, but sometimes they lead to severe and systematic errors. The subjective assessment of probability resembles the subjective assessment of physical quantities such as distance or size. These judgments are all based on data of limited validity, which are processed according to heuristic rules. However, the reliance on this rule leads to systematic errors in the estimation of distance. This chapter describes three heuristics that are employed in making judgments under uncertainty. The first is representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event belongs to a class or event. The second is the availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development, and the third is adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available.

Emotions and psychology from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory

Article

Jan 1998

S. Epstein

A Secure base

Book

Jan 1988

John Bowlby

Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge

Article

Sep 1989
J EXP PSYCHOL GEN

Arthur Reber

I examine the phenomenon of implicit learning, the process by which knowledge about the rule-governed complexities of the stimulus environment is acquired independently of conscious attempts to do so. Our research with the two, seemingly disparate experimental paradigms of synthetic grammar learning and probability learning is reviewed and integrated with other approaches to the general problem of unconscious cognition. The conclusions reached are as follows: (a) Implicit learning produces a tacit knowledge base that is abstract and representative of the structure of the environment; (b) such knowledge is optimally acquired independently of conscious efforts to learn; and (c) it can be used implicitly to solve problems and make accurate decisions about novel stimulus circumstances. Various epistemological issues and related problems such as intuition, neuroclinical disorders of learning and memory, and the relationship of evolutionary processes to cognitive science are also discussed.

Emotional Intelligence

Article

Mar 1990

This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especially social intelligence, to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related skills is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review, the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested.

What Is an “Explanation” of Behavior?

Article

May 1992

Herbert A. Simon

The cognitive “revolution” in psychology introduced a new concept of explanation and somewhat novel methods of gathering and interpreting evidence. These innovations assume that it is essential to explain complex phenomena at several levels, symbolic as well as physiological; complementary, not competitive. As with the other sciences, such complementarity makes possible a comprehensive and unified experimental psychology. Contemporary cognitive psychology also introduced complementarity of another kind, drawing upon, and drawing together, both the behaviorist and the Gestalt traditions.

The Influence of Visualization on Intuitive and Analytical Information Processing

Article

Mar 2001

To test the assumption in cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) that visualized experience is similar to real experience in people's intuitive-experiential system but not in their analytical-rational system, participants responded to a verbal description of the ratio-bias (RB) game of chance with and without vivid visualization of the situation. In real situations, people have consistently been willing to pay small sums of money for the privilege of drawing from a bowl that offered 10 winning items out of 100 in preference to one that offered 1 winning item out of 10. Some reported that although they “knew better,” they “felt” they had a better chance of drawing a winning item when there were more of them. Interestingly, this irrational response does not occur when people are simply asked what they believe they would do in a real situation. In support of prediction, vivid visualization of a verbal description of the game of chance reproduced the phenomenon that otherwise occurs only in real situations. Several subsidiary predictions based on CEST were also supported, including the biasing effect of intuitive-experiential thinking on subsequent attempts to think rationally. This effect, which has been demonstrated in several other situations, has important implications for understanding human irrationality.

The Analysis of the Self

Article

Jan 1971

Kohut HK

The Missing Link in the Paradox of the Linda Conjunction Problem: Beyond Knowing and Thinking of the Conjunction Rule, the Intrinsic Appeal of Heuristic Processing

Article

Feb 1999
Pers Soc Psychol Bull

Participants who adopted an intuitive-experiential but not an analytical-rational mode of information processing reproduced the usual finding for the Linda conjunction problem of a preference for a heuristic, representativeness over a statistical, conjunction-rule solution. Many who knew and thought of the conjunction rule (the absence of which previously were considered the major reasons for the prevalence of representativeness solutions) preferred a representativeness solution. The widely held belief that people prefer the outcome of their rational more than their intuitive processing when both are equally accessible is of limited generality. The preference by many who know the conjunction rule for a heuristic, representativeness solution can account for both the very high rate of conjunction errors to the Linda problem and their resistance to elimination by training. A finding of a surprisingly strong priming effect suggests that once people engage in a processing mode, it tends to be self-maintaining.

The Linda Problem Revisited from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory

Article

Nov 1995
Pers Soc Psychol Bull

Results from four experiments (N = 548) support the hypothesis from cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) that the resistance of the notorious Linda conjunction problem to solution can be attributed primarily to its simultaneously concrete and unnatural context. The experiments demonstrated that the influence of other variables, such as problem order, event likelihood, within-versus between-protagonist context, and statistical sophistication, although important, cannot account for the robust influence of the combination of the concrete-abstract and natural-unnatural dimensions. The implications of the demonstration that virtually everyone has intuitive knowledge of the conjunction rule are discussed, in addition to cuing effects, narrative processing, and methodological issues that have produced serious distortions in the interpretation of previous research.

The Generality of the Ratio-Bias Phenomenon

Article

Oct 1995
Pers Soc Psychol Bull

A well-substantiated, surprising finding is that people judge the occurrence of an event of low probability as less likely when its probability is represented by a ratio of smaller (e.g., I in 20) than of larger (e.g., 10 in 200) numbers. The results of three experiments demonstrated that the phenomenon is broadly general and occurs as readily in pre-as in post outcome judgments. These results support an interpretation in terms of subjective probability, as suggested by the principles of cognitive-experiential self theory, but not an interpretation in terms of imagining counter-factual alternatives, as proposed by norm theory.

Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious

Article

Jan 2002

Timothy D. Wilson

The Difficulty of the Linda Conjunction Problem Can Be Attributed to Its Simultaneous Concrete and Unnatural Representation, and Not to Conversational Implicature

Article

Jan 1997

To determine whether the high rate of conjunction errors (CEs) to the notorious Linda problem can be explained by the violation of implicit conversational rules, rather than by its concrete-unnatural representation, as proposed by cognitive-experiential self-theory, participants were given completely disclosing information. Although this procedure, directed toward a rational mode of information processing, reduced CEs, a majority of participants continued to make CEs. A graded series of problems designed to activate latent, intuitive knowledge, but not a procedure designed to provide additional information of a rational nature, additionally reduced CEs. The implications of the findings are discussed with respect to two independent, parallel modes of information processing: experiential-intuitive and rational-analytic. In certain situations the outcome of the experiential-intuitive mode is more compelling than that of the rational-analytical mode, even when the latter is equally accessible. Our findings indicate that the resistance of the Linda problem to a probabilistic solution is even greater than previously suspected.

Depressive realism: Four theoretical perspectives

Article

Jan 1988

Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition

Article

Jan 1989

J. A. Bargh

Overview of validity generalization for the U

Article

J. E. Hunter

Judgments of and by Representativeness

Article

May 1981

The concept of representativeness and the conditions in which it can be used to explain intuitive predictions and probability judgments are discussed. Four cases of representativeness are distinguished that refer to the relations between a value and a variable; an instance and a category; a sample and a population; an effect and a cause. The principles of representativeness differ significantly from the laws of probability. In particular, specificity can increase the representativeness of an event, even though it always reduces its probability. Several studies of judgment are reported in which naive and sophisticated respondents judge a conjunction to be more probable than one of its components. Violations of the conjunction rule. P(A&B) < P(B), are observed in both between-subjects and within-subjects comparisons, with both fictitious and real-world events. The theoretical and practical implications of the conjunction fallacy are explored. (Author)

Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment

Book

Jan 1980

The interpretation of dreams from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory.

Article

Seymour Epstein

Given the lack of an objective criterion for determining the meaning of dream symbols, there is no entirely satisfactory way of establishing their meanings. However, there are ways of making the procedure simpler and of reducing its subjectivity. In this chapter, the author presents 1 such procedure. The intent is to uncover the principles of dream interpretation that can be observed in the simplest, most readily interpretable representations in dreams. This will undoubtedly fall short of the kind of data required to support a complete theory of dream interpretation, but at least it is a useful beginning. The 1st part of the chapter presents a theory of dream interpretation based on a global theory of personality called cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), that has much in common with Freud's theory but differs in several important ways. In CEST, the principles of unconscious processing were established with reference to waking behavior, with evidence given to findings in cognitive research and broad theoretical considerations. The empirical procedure used to identify and subsequently test the theory's principles is illustrated, including examples of the application of the principles to dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Implications of cognitive self-theory for psychopathology and psychotherapy.

Article

Seymour Epstein

a summary of a personality theory was presented in which it was assumed that all individuals have personal theories of reality that are composed of self-theories, world theories, and beliefs about the relationship between the two it was demonstrated that, in addition to explaining the symptoms that Freud attributed to the repetition-compulsion in the traumatic neurosis, the demonic fate theme, and the transference neurosis, the theory that was presented can elucidate a number of other conditions, such as fear of success, acute schizophrenic disorganization, paranoid delusions, and the regulation of self-esteem self-acceptance, or self-esteem, is one of the most basic postulates in an individual's self-theory a hypothesis with important implications for psychotherapy is that reflected appraisals from significant others represent an important means for changing self-esteem (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Controversial issues in emotion theory

Article

Jan 1984

Seymour Epstein

Discusses controversial issues concerning emotions, including the definition of emotion, the role of biological relative to social factors, the role of cognition in emotion, the instigation of emotions, whether there are 1 or more arousal states, implications of emotions and moods for self-knowledge, and the therapeutic value of catharsis. The discussion is provided within a framework of cognitive self-theory. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Interaction of Three Facets of Concrete Thinking in a Game of Chance

Article

Nov 1999

The ratio-bias (RB) phenomenon refers to the perceived likelihood of a low-probability event as greater when it is presented in the form of larger (e.g., 10-in-100) rather than smaller (e.g., 1-in-10) numbers. According to cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), the RB effect in a game of chance in a win condition, in which drawing a red jellybean is rewarded, can be accounted for by 2 facets of concrete thinking, the greater comprehension of single numbers than of ratios, and of smaller than of larger numbers. In a lose condition, in which drawing a red jellybean is punished, the assumption of a 3rd facet of concrete thinking, the "affirmative-representation principle," is necessary, as many participants reverse their focus of attention from the undesirable red to the desirable white jellybeans. 117 college students were asked how they believed others would respond in a real situation and how they, themselves would behave. Results supported the CEST explanation of the RB effect by showing a predicted negative linear relation between the magnitude of the RB effect and the magnitude of the probability-ratios in the win condition and a positive linear relation in the lose condition. Support was also found for the associative principle of experiential processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Is the Self Motivated To Do More Than Enhance and/or Verify Itself?

Article

Jan 1995

address a number of important self-esteem issues from the perspective of Cognitive–Experiential Self Theory (CEST) / [present] the essential features of CEST that are most relevant to self-esteem issues / CEST also assumes that the motive of self-enhancement is only 1 of 4 basic motives [the others being the need to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, to develop and maintain a coherent, accurate model of the world, and the need to maintain relatedness with others] that are equally important and that serve as checks and balances on one another / present research that shows that compromises among these motives account very well for how high and low self-esteem individuals respond to favorable and unfavorable feedback / discuss some implications of distinguishing between the rational and experiential systems for the conceptualization and measurement of self-esteem / conclude by applying CEST to issues related to psychological adjustment (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Validity and Utility of Alternate Predictors of Job Performance

Article

Jul 1984

Meta-analysis of the cumulative research on various predictors of job performance showed that for entry-level jobs there was no predictor with validity equal to that of ability, which had a mean validity of .53. For selection on the basis of current job performance, the work sample test, with mean validity of .54, was slightly better. For federal entry-level jobs, substitution of an alternative predictor would cost from $3.12 (job tryout) to $15.89 billion/year (age). Hiring on ability had a utility of $15.61 billion/year but affected minority groups adversely. Hiring on ability by quotas would decrease utility by 5%. A 3rd strategy—using a low cutoff score—would decrease utility by 83%. Using other predictors in conjunction with ability tests might improve validity and reduce adverse impact, but there is as yet no database for studying this possibility. (89 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Temporal Order and the Perceived Mutability of Events: Implications for Blame Assignment

Article

Dec 1990

Hypothesized that later occurrences in a series of events tend to evoke counterfactual alternatives more strongly and, hence, tend to be blamed more for ensuing negative outcomes than do earlier occurrences. In Study 1, Ss played the role of students whose task it was to read an article and then to identify the questions they thought a teacher might include on a test of it. Consistent with the hypothesis, Ss were less critical of a teacher whose test questions did not match their own when the teacher generated his or her questions before they did than when he or she generated them after they did. In Study 2, Ss played the role of teachers whose task it was to select questions to be answered by a student. Presumably, because of a greater fear of being blamed, Ss selected easier questions when their selection of questions occurred after the student had finished studying than when it occurred before the student began studying. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Pattern & Growth in Personality

Article

Jan 1961

Gordon W. Allport

A revision of the author's 1937 publication, "Personality: A Psychological Interpretation" (see 11: 1964). The most important recent "fruits of personological research" are surveyed. Intended for "college students who have little or no background in psychology," this edition incorporates a restatement of Allport's thesis that man is not a reactive robot but a being with unique potential for growth and a revision of his argument regarding functional autonomy. New chapters dealing with cultural factors in personality, cognition, the self, learning, personality assessment, and person perception are included. The philosophical consequences of endorsing one psychological interpretation of personality rather than another are discussed. From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:3HA93A. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Inner World of Mental Illness

Article

Jan 1964

Bert (Ed) Kaplan

A series of first-person accounts of mental illness. Includes excerpts from the writings of such well known former mental patients as Anton Boisen, Clifford Beers, and William E. Leonard. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Implications of cognitive-experiential self-theory for personality and developmental psychology

Article

Jan 1993

Seymour Epstein

Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is a broadly integrative theory of personality that is compatible with psychodynamic theories of personality, learning theories, phenomenological theories, and modern cognitive views about information processing. It achieves its integrative power through two major assumptions: First, in addition to accepting the Freudian unconscious, it introduces a subconscious system--the experiential system--that is intimately associated with emotional experience and that automatically organizes experience and directs behavior. Second, it integrates the conflicting views on basic sources of motivation of other schools of psychology by assuming the existence of four basic sources of human motivation. In this chapter, the author reviews some of the assumptions of CEST, explores how the experiential system acquires and encodes the constructs in its system at two levels of complexity, and considers the implications of CEST for new directions in research, particularly in personality and developmental psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Constructive thinking and mental and physical well-being.

Article

Seymour Epstein

[constructive thinking is defined as the ability to solve problems in everyday life at a minimal cost in stress] / outlines the structure of a Constructive Thinking Inventory comprised of scales to assess emotional coping, behavioral coping, categorical thinking, superstitious thinking, naive optimism, esoterical thinking, and global scale to measure constructive thinking / presents results from four studies with nonclinical samples in which the relationships between constructive thinking and mental and physical well-being was examined / good constructive thinkers are reported to experience less stress and to be able to carry a heavier productive load, while poor constructive thinkers are reported to react to a laboratory stress situation with a greater increase in negative thought and affect arousal and physiological arousal Epstein's findings allow the conclusion that poor constructive thinking has the status of a trait variable that promotes negative thinking in general and about potential stressors, thus resulting in negative affect and heightened arousal / of special interest are hints to see convergent validity in relation to other frequently used measures that are considered to reflect protective factors [Seligman's Attribution Style Questionnaire, Rutter's Introversion–Extroversion scale, Kobasa & Maddi's hardiness scale, and Sarason's Social Support Questionnaire] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Article

Dec 1920
J NERV MENT DIS

Freud Sigmund

A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Article

Apr 1921

Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory of Personality

Chapter

Apr 2003

Seymour Epstein

Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is a psychodynamic theory of personality that achieves a high degree of integration through a synthesis of the psychodynamic, emotional unconscious of psychoanalysis, the affect-free unconscious of cognitive science, and principles of learning theory. According to CEST, people operate by two information-processing systems, a predominantly conscious, verbal, rational system and a predominantly preconscious, automatic, experiential, learning system. The two systems operate in parallel by different rules and are interactive. The influence of the experiential system on the rational system can account for everything that the psychoanalytic unconscious can and, unlike the latter, to do so in a manner consistent with evolutionary principles and cognitive science. An extensive research program is described that provides support for many of the assumptions in CEST, including the operating principles of the experiential system and the interaction of the two systems. The implications of the theory are discussed for psychotherapy and psychological research. According to CEST, there are three basic ways in which psychotherapeutic change can occur: by using the rational system to correct the experiential system, by learning directly from emotionally significant experience, and by communicating with the experiential system in its own medium (e.g., fantasy, imagery, metaphor). It is important in research to take into account the two processing systems and their influence on each other, rather than following the more customary procedure of assuming there is a single, unified system.

Everyday life as an intelligence test: Effects of intelligence and intelligence context

Article

Feb 1997
INTELLIGENCE

Robert A. Gordon

To show why the importance of intelligence is often misperceived, an analogy between single test items and single nontest actions in everyday life is drawn. Three requirements of good test items are restated, and the analogy is employed to account for underrecognition of the importance of general intelligence in everyday actions, which often fail to meet the requirements and thus fail as intelligence measures for reasons that have little to do with their dependence on intelligence. A new perspective on the role of intelligence in nontest actions is introduced by considering its operation at three levels: that of the individual, that of the near context of the individual, and that of entire populations. Social scientists have misunderstood the operation and impact of IQ in populations by confining attention to the individual level. A population-IQ-outcome model is explained that tests for the pooled effects of intelligence at all three levels on differences between two populations in prevalences of certain outcomes. When the model fits, the difference between two populations in the outcome measured is found commensurate with the difference in their IQ or general intelligence distributions. The model is tested on and found to fit prevalences of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, single parenthood, HIV infection, poverty, belief in conspiracy rumors, and key opinions from polls about the O.J. Simpson trial and the earlier Tawana Brawley case. A deviance principle is extracted from empirical findings to indicate kinds of outcome the model will not fit. Implications for theories of practical and multiple intelligences are discussed. To understand the full policy implications of intelligence, such a fundamentally new perspective as that presented here will be needed.

Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Aptitudes, Job Knowledge, and Job Performance

Article

Dec 1986

John E. Hunter

This paper reviews the hundreds of studies showing that general cognitive ability predicts job performance in all jobs. The first section shows that general cognitive ability predicts supervisor ratings and training success. The second section shows that general cognitive ability predicts objective, rigorously content valid work sample performance with even higher validity. Path analysis shows that much of this predictive power stems from the fact that general cognitive ability predicts job knowledge (r = .80 for civilian jobs) and job knowledge predicts job performance (r = .80). However, cognitive ability predicts performance beyond this value (r = .75 versus r = [.80][.80] = .64) verifying job analyses showing that most major cognitive skills are used in everyday work. The third section of the paper briefly reviews evidence showing that it is general cognitive ability and not specific cognitive aptitudes that predict performance.

On the Psychology of Prediction

Article

Jul 1973

Considers that intuitive predictions follow a judgmental heuristic-representativeness. By this heuristic, people predict the outcome that appears most representative of the evidence. Consequently, intuitive predictions are insensitive to the reliability of the evidence or to the prior probability of the outcome, in violation of the logic of statistical prediction. The hypothesis that people predict by representativeness was supported in a series of studies with both naive and sophisticated university students (N = 871). The ranking of outcomes by likelihood coincided with the ranking by representativeness, and Ss erroneously predicted rare events and extreme values if these happened to be representative. The experience of unjustified confidence in predictions and the prevalence of fallacious intuitions concerning statistical regression are traced to the representativeness heuristic.

Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making

Article

Sep 1974

This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty.

The Interpretation of Dreams

Book

Jan 1899
J NERV MENT DIS

Sigmund Freud

An Experiential Thinking Style: Its Facets and Relations With Objective and Subjective Criterion Measures

Article

Oct 2011
J PERS

In Study 1, an experiential factor divided into the following 3 factors when 3 or more factors were extracted: intuition, emotionality, and imagination; whereas a rational factor retained its coherence. In Study 2, an experiential but not a rational thinking style was positively associated with performance measures of creativity, humor, aesthetic judgment, and intuition and with self-report measures of empathy and social popularity. A rational thinking style was associated with several measures of adjustment. Both thinking styles were positively related to personal growth. Support was provided from several sources for the discriminant validity of the experiential facets. In a third study, the independence of the 2 thinking styles and of gender differences in self-reported data were verified by observations by others of participants' thinking styles. The importance of identifying facets of an experiential thinking style and of discovering previously unrecognized favorable attributes of this thinking style was discussed.

Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory: An Integrative Theory of Personality

Abstract

No full-text available

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