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Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder
Abstract
The relationship between thinking and feeling has puzzled philosophers for centuries, but more recently has become a dominant focus in psychology and in the brain sciences. This second edition of the highly praised Cognition and Emotion examines everything from past philosophical to current psychological perspectives in order to offer a novel understanding of both normal emotional experience and the emotional disorders. The authors integrate work on normal emotions with work on the emotional disorders. Although there are many influential theories of normal emotions within the cognition and emotion literature, these theories rarely address the issue of disordered emotions. Similarly, there are numerous theories that seek to explain one or more emotional disorders (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and phobias), but which rarely discuss normal emotions. The present book draws these separate strands together and introduces a theoretical framework that can be applied to both normal and disordered emotions. It also provides a core cognition and emotion textbook through the inclusion of a comprehensive review of the basic literature. The book includes chapters on the historical background and philosophy of emotion, reviews the main theories of normal emotions and of emotional disorders, and includes separate chapters organised around the five basic emotions of fear, sadness, anger, disgust, and happiness. Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder provides both an advanced textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in addition to a novel approach with a range of implications for clinical practice for work with the emotional disorders.
... Individuals with high emotional regulation capacity engage in a conscious and effortful procedure to control their negative and positive emotions, which helps them escape impulsive, emotional responses to stressful events (Gross, 1999). Past research shows that high emotional regulation individuals are more likely to use adaptive or functional approaches, such as cognitive reappraisals, when faced with a stressful situation (Power & Dalgleish, 1997). In contrast, people with low emotional regulation capacity cannot deliberately control spontaneous emotional reactions that impair their psychological functioning and contribute to dysfunctional behaviors (Kring & Werner, 2004). ...
... In contrast, people with low emotional regulation capacity cannot deliberately control spontaneous emotional reactions that impair their psychological functioning and contribute to dysfunctional behaviors (Kring & Werner, 2004). Such individuals are more likely to use maladaptive strategies such as rejecting or blocking emotions, resulting in emotional, behavioral, and psychosomatic health problems (Gross, 1999;Power & Dalgleish, 1997). ...
... In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals with high emotional regulation are likely to adopt a problem-focused approach by accepting this fear and actively seeking others' advice and sharing their feelings, which will lessen their paranoid cognitions. Past research shows that people with high emotional regulation directly manage their negative emotions by engaging in goaldirected or problem-solving behaviors (Power & Dalgleish, 1997). ...
Drawing from the cognitive appraisal theory of stress and coping, this study examines and tests a moderated mediation model of the detrimental effects of fear of the COVID-19 virus. We examine paranoid cognition as an explanatory mechanism to help unveil how fear of the COVID-19 virus creates higher anxiety and lower life satisfaction. We also hypothesize that an individual’s emotional regulation capacity moderates the fear of the COVID-19 virus and paranoid cognition relationship. Using a three-wave and temporally segregated research design (n = 271), we collected online data from working adults belonging to Pakistan. Our findings support the moderated mediated model whereby fear of the COVID-19 virus results in promoting higher anxiety and lower life satisfaction via paranoid cognition at low levels of emotional regulation. Our findings suggest practical implications for organizations and future avenues for researchers to combat this prevailing global health crisis.
... How individuals appraise an event will determine the extent to which, and how, it affects their well-being. For example, appraisals of an event as being threatening and difficult to handle will stimulate feelings such as worry and fear, while appraisals of losses that are difficult to cope with will elicit sadness and misery [13] (p. 50). ...
... Both anxiety and depression are forms of strain that can emerge from the appraisal process. Though they may co-exist, they are distinct and can even be negatively related, as some people may show less anxiety as they become more depressed [13] (p. 245). ...
... Regardless of its type, we expect uncertainty has an immediate effect on well-being. This is consistent with appraisal theory according to which the effects of stressor appraisal on well-being are transmitted rapidly through cognitive processing, so as to appear to be concurrent [13]. We thus first test this initial-impact model for each of the three time periods in our study, through the hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: There will be a positive relationship between uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic with (a) anxiety-contentment and (b) depression-enthusiasm at times 1, 2, and 3. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic heightened uncertainties in people’s lives—and was itself a source of fresh uncertainty. We report a study of homeworkers on whether such uncertainties, and particularly those related to their work environment, are associated with lower levels of well-being and whether this association is exacerbated by prior poor well-being. We focus on five uncertainties surrounding the pandemic and employment—the virus, the job quality, workload, logistics of work lives, and support from the employer. Our empirical tests show that uncertainties around the virus, employer support, and their job quality have the strongest negative associations with well-being. These are based on data collected over three time periods in the first year of the pandemic from a sample of university staff (academics and non-academics) and well-being is measured on two continua, anxiety–contentment and depression–enthusiasm. The effects of uncertainties around workload and logistics are less pronounced, but more apparent among employees with better (not poorer) past well-being, at various times of the recession. The study adds to our understanding of the pandemic and highlights the need to link uncertainty to mental health more than it has in the past.
... Multilevel theory suggests that aesthetic experience can occur without conscious aesthetic cognition. Aesthetic cognition, then, is the basis of aesthetic experience, and aesthetic emotions are formed by individuals during any aesthetic process by in turn responding to aesthetic cognitive processes [10,11]. According to Zhang Dayun, aesthetic cognition is aesthetic information processing; it involves the input, encoding, transformation, storage and extraction of aesthetic information [12]. ...
... This study found that university students' aesthetic cognitions have a significant positive impact on their aesthetic emotions, affirming H1. These results are consistent with cognitiveemotional theory [10,11] and with the findings of scholars [17]. The importance of aesthetic understanding in aesthetic experience is undisputed, and the successful completion of each stage of the aesthetic process triggers an emotional experience of self-reward and continuously increases the overall level of a subject's aesthetic emotions; these results are consistent with previous findings [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
This research investigates the psychological and behavioural mechanisms of college students’ aesthetic behaviours. A survey was administered to 1,060 students attending general undergraduate universities and measured four structured scales: aesthetic cognition, aesthetic emotion, aesthetic value tendency and aesthetic behaviour. The responses were scored with a 5-point Likert scale. Structural equation modelling was used to construct the measurement model and structural model. The survey results indicate a positive correlation among the four variables. Second, aesthetic cognition has a direct and positive predictive effect on college students’ daily aesthetic practices. Furthermore, aesthetic cognition influences aesthetic behaviour through the chain mediating effect of aesthetic feeling and aesthetic preference. Accordingly, we conclude that the concrete path and mechanism of college students’ aesthetic cognitions affect their aesthetic behaviours. Specifically, college students’ aesthetic cognitive abilities are conducive to their cognitions of positive aesthetic feelings and their cultivation of aesthetic standards, boosting the development of their daily aesthetic practice.
... Despite disgust being considered to be an evolutionarily adaptive mechanism, studies propose that abnormal levels of disgust are related to various psychological disorders including depression, anxiety, contamination-based Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders, sexual dysfunctions and hypochondriasis [3][4][5][6]. In the recent years, a different disgust-related construct has been investigated, termed self-disgust, originally proposed by [7]. Self-disgust describes the emotion of disgust but directed towards one's own physical appearance, moral actions, and behaviour [8]. ...
... Conversely, state denotes the experience of self-disgust that arises in response to particular stimuli or situations [8]. Previous studies [7] have indicated a negative association between better EF performance and trait self-disgust in individuals with schizophrenia. Additionally, other studies have suggested that trait self-disgust may be closely related to the frequency of use of ER strategies and ToM. ...
Self- disgust is an adverse self-conscious emotion that plays an important role in psychopathology and well-being. However, self-disgust has received little attention in the emotion literature, therefore our understanding of the processes underlying the experience of self-disgust is relatively scarce, although neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies support the idea that this emotion may heavily rely on frontal lobe-related cognition. To test this hypothesis, in two studies we investigated the relationship between state and trait levels of self-disgust, cognition and emotion regulation in healthy adults. Specifically, in Study 1 we tested the hypothesis that emotion regulation strategies (avoidance, suppression, and cognitive reappraisal) mediate the relationship between inhibition ability and state and trait levels of self-disgust. In Study 2, we followed a more comprehensive approach to test the hypothesis that frontal lobe-related cognitive processes (updating, Theory of Mind–ToM-, and self-attention) are closely related to the experience of self-disgust in healthy adults. Overall, across these studies, we found evidence to support the idea that inhibition ability and ToM may play a role in the experience of state and trait self-disgust, respectively. However, we did not find consistent evidence across the two studies to support the notion held in the literature that the experience of self- conscious emotions, in this case self-disgust, is heavily dependent on frontal lobe-related cognition.
... Sometimes, people can feel disgust towards certain aspects of themselves. The feeling of disgust about one's own physical appearance, personality or behavior can be defined as self-disgust Power & Dalgleish, 1997). This emotional response carries the activation of the threat system, and it has a physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral component . ...
... It is not an isolated phenomenon, and instead, it exhibits different degrees of association with emotional and cognitive events (Powell et al., 2015). Power and Dalgleish (1997) argued that self-disgust is a dominant psychological mechanism to the origin and maintenance of negative cognitions. It may create distortions that perpetuate vicious cycles of global dysfunctional cognitive patterns, in which ruminations and negative thoughts precede experiences of self-disgust (Davey et al., 1998). ...
Introduction: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe condition related to emotion, self-image and relationships instability, feelings of abandonment and emptiness, marked impulsivity, self-harm behaviors and suicide ideation. Patients with BPD often show decreased quality of life and well-being, and present one of the highest suicide rates of mental disorders. This disorder has a developmental path that often begins in childhood and the onset usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Identifying marked borderline features at early ages would be valuable to refer adolescents for appropriate treatment and prevent these features’ growth. Moreover, research on psychological processes in adolescence is scarce but crucial to understand the development of BPD and sustain and design psychotherapeutic interventions. Thus, this doctoral dissertation aimed (1) to provide valid and adapted instruments for early assessment of borderline symptoms in the Portuguese population, (2) to describe and characterize youth borderline features in Portugal, identify internal risk and protective factors and examine the relationships between them and finally, (3) to longitudinally explore different trajectories of borderline features and test the influence of self-disgust and self-compassion over time.
Methods: This research included ten studies, of which four are psychometric, four cross-sectional and two longitudinal. Most studies were conducted with convenience adolescent samples from the general population. In one study was used a sample of parents, in two studies were used panels of experts in mental health, and in another was used a sample of adolescents with non-suicidal self- injury (NSSI) history. Data were collected in schools and online, mostly through self-report questionnaires. Additionally, data from parent-rated questionnaires and a clinical interview was also collected. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS (and PROCESS Macro), AMOS and MPLUS.
Results: The psychometric studies indicated that (I) the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C) and for Parents (BPFS-P) are valid, reliable and brief questionnaires to assess borderline features in youth; (II) the Multidimensional Self-Disgust Scale for Adolescents (MSDS-A) showed good psychometric quality, with good convergent validity and also temporal stability; (III) the Clinical Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder for Adolescents (CI-BOR- A) was accepted by youth and the expert panel classified the instrument as generally good, providing important suggestions and comments to improve its quality; (IV) and the English version of the CI-BOR-A was approved by English experts and is now also available to be used in other countries. In turn, cross- sectional studies showed that (V) the more prevalent borderline features amongst Portuguese youth were feelings of abandonment, emotional intensity, and an unstable self-image; and that impulse, suicide ideation, stress and depression were significant predictors of borderline features; (VI) girls exhibited higher borderline features and self-disgust than boys, and lower self-compassion; (VII) mindfulness, isolation, and self-judgement were the self-compassion factors that mediated the relationship between memories of subordination and threat in childhood and borderline features; (VIII) self-compassion stood in the way of self-disgust and borderline features, highlighting the mediating role of self-compassion. Longitudinal studies revealed that (IX) self-compassion protected adolescents with NSSI from developing borderline features over six months; and (X) adolescents who already had higher borderline features seem to present a gradually rising trajectory, and feelings of self-disgust increased borderline features over one year.
Conclusions: Early assessment of borderline features, BPD and related constructs is essential to identify adolescents that need appropriate treatment. The BPFS-C, BPFS-P, MSDS-A, and the CI-BOR-A can now be used for this purpose in the Portuguese population. Self-disgust increases the risk of adolescents growing borderline symptoms and self-compassion might counter this effect and evolution. Targeting self-disgust and cultivating self-compassion in adolescents with subthreshold BPD symptoms could mitigate the development of borderline features, decreasing BPD occurrence in adulthood, with significant implications for patients, families, communities, and society.
Keywords: borderline features, adolescence, self-compassion, self-disgust, non-suicidal self-injury, developmental trajectories, assessment, prevention
... Meanings are derived from different sources including innate factors, maturation, experiences and learning. (Power & Dalgleish, 1997). ...
... This approach suggests that meanings are derived from different sources including innate factors, maturation, experiences and learning. The brain is not a tabula rasa, but has a number of innate starting points and there is some evidence of innate basic emotions such as sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and happiness (Power & Dalgleish, 1997). ...
Constant forces of rapid change-social, economic, communications, global, etc.-bring uncertainty, opportunity, complexity and flux (Toffler, 1970). The new reality seems to be one of constant flux, requiring new competencies of managing in ambiguity, constant change, competing values and interests, and global communication, business and government relations. For some scholars, the changes we are experiencing call for transformational or paradigm shifts in what we are doing or an entirely different paradigm for managing. We review key characteristics defining transformational processes within six fields of study and assess the success of these approaches. In analyzing the current research and concepts, we attempt to move the theoretical needle forward as a means to contributing to the literature on leadership and transformational change. 3
... Social media platforms are ideal for these comparisons, but most social networks encourage upward social comparisons (Verduyn et al., 2017), for instance, comparing an individual's true reality to their idealized peers (e.g., perfect social media profiles). These comparisons can lead to negative self-evaluations (e.g., shame; Tangney et al., 2007), which in turn can result in negative self-perceptions and self-disgust (Power & Dalgleish, 2007). Additionally, on social media, individuals may encounter negative comments, criticism, or even cyberbullying, which can contribute to increased self-disgust (Patchin & Hinduja, 2010). ...
Objective
Previous research linked problematic mobile social media use to non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI). However, little research explored the underlying mechanism. Drawing on the social displacement hypothesis, which suggests that excessive social media use may disrupt offline social interactions, leading to negative emotional experiences, the study employs a longitudinal design to explore the relationship between problematic mobile social media use and NSSI, with a specific emphasis on the mediating role of self‐disgust.
Methods
A total of 1,684 Chinese adolescents (52.3% females; Mage = 14.59 years, SDage = 1.27) completed self‐report questionnaires regarding problematic mobile social media use, self‐disgust, and NSSI. The assessment was conducted in three waves, 6 months apart.
Results
Using latent growth curve and structural equation modeling, our study observed a consistent linear decline in NSSI levels over time. Higher initial NSSI levels correlated with a slower reduction. Problematic mobile social media use positively influenced the initial level of NSSI. Additionally, self‐disgust played a mediating role in the relationship between problematic mobile social media use and NSSI.
Conclusions
The study underscores the importance of understanding the emotional experiences behind social media use, beyond mere usage duration. By revealing the mediating role of self‐disgust, it provides new insights into the complex interplay between problematic mobile social media use and adolescent NSSI.
... The past study by Sakka and Juslin 19 indicated that depressed people are characterized by negative cognitive tendencies, called cognitive biases, which are observed in at least four areas of information processing. The four are 1)interpretation bias 20 , 2) negative attention bias 21,22,20,23 , 3) impaired in perceiving and recognizing emotions with music 24,25 , and 4) Mood-congruent memory in relation to retrieval of autobiographical (episodic) memories 26,27 and overgeneral autobiographical memory 28 . Of note is the interpretation bias, where people with depression have been shown to have a negative bias when interpreting ambiguous events, including events that involve surprise 29 . ...
Music has the power to influence people's emotions. Therefore, music is also used as an intervention to reduce the stress in mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Recent research has suggested that the body plays a key role in the connection between music and emotion with a correlation between the head sensations and negative emotions while listening to music. Additionally, strong sensations in the head have been suggested as a bodily perception associated with depression. In this study, we investigated the bodily sensations experienced by people with depressive tendencies when listening to music and their association with specific emotional states, using body mapping and musical chord progression. Our results revealed that individuals with depressive tendencies experience strong head sensations, with unpleasantness and low aesthetics, particularly for chord progression with a high level of surprise and uncertainty. This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between music, bodily sensations, and emotional states, providing valuable insights for research on the body and for developing musical therapeutic interventions targeting depression and related conditions.
... rGMV regional gray matter volume SDS self-disgust scale sMRI structural magnetic resonance imaging TBV total brain volume TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation VBM voxel-based morphometry VMPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex Shu Su a, b , Wenfeng Zhu c, d , Ling-Xiang Xia a, b* Introduction Self-disgust is a cognitive-affective tendency or response toward the self which reflects disgusted appraisal and feelings toward oneself and one's own behavior (Overton et al., 2008;Powell et al., 2015;Power & Dalgleish, 2016), and is a special form of disgust directed toward the self (Ille et al., 2014;Lazuras et al., 2019). Self-disgust comprises physical and behavioral self-disgust (Overton et al., 2008;Powell et al., 2016). ...
Self-disgust is a negative appraisal and feeling of the self and one’s own actions that plays an important role in psychological problems. However, evidence about the neural substrate underpinning individual difference in self-disgust and its negative function (i.e., anger rumination) remains inadequate, which would be valuable for understanding the self-mechanism. Here, we employed voxel-based morphometry to explore the neuroanatomical basis of individual difference in self-disgust, measured using the Self-Disgust Scale in 205 healthy volunteers. Whole-brain multiple regression analysis showed that regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was negatively correlated with individual difference in behavioral self-disgust, with sex, age, and total brain volume (TBV) as covariates. Meanwhile, prediction analysis applying four-fold balanced cross-validation with linear regression supported the robustness of the link between rGMV in the MPFC and individual difference in behavioral self-disgust after adjusting for sex, age, and TBV. Furthermore, mediation analysis indicated that rGMV in the MPFC predicted anger rumination (measured by Anger Rumination Scale) through individual difference in behavioral self-disgust after controlling for sex, age, and TBV. The results of this study suggest that the MPFC plays a critical role in individual difference in behavioral self-disgust and its effect on negative affective cognition. Additionally, the present study provides novel perspectives on, and evidence for, the neuroanatomical mechanisms of the negative self and its deleterious effects.
... According to this, the six things to remember for achieving fit between emotions and viral messages are surprise, joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. Ekman & Friesen (1975); Izard (1977); Power & Dalgleish (1997); Rozin, Haidt & McCauley (1999); Scherer (1984) ;Scherer, Wallbott & Summerfield (1986); Scherer & Wallbott (1994), by Dobele et al. (2007) Emotion Explanation Behavior Surprise Generated when something (product, service, or attribute) is unexpected or misexpected. ...
Nowadays, in the international marketing world, a new concept called “viral marketing” has gained enormous popularity thanks to the development of electronic media that substantially facilitate interconnections between companies and potential buyers. Viral tools that give international marketing a new dimension also accelerate international trade transactions. Viral marketing seeks to spread information about a good and service from person to person by word of mouth or sharing via the e-mail or internet. Thus, exact like a virus or buzz, information about the company including its brand message, and its products and services is spread to potential buyers. Then those buyers pass the information along to other potential buyers. So that a huge network is created rapidly. On the other hand, there is another concept called “impulse buying” started to gain importance among international businesses and marketers because of its increasing popularity across a wide range of different product classes. Impulse buying which is also expressed as unplanned, unexpected, instant, or sudden purchases refers to the unpredictable purchase action without any thought, and a pre-determined plan. It seems that viral marketing can be a successful tool for effective marketing communication, and it may trigger the sudden purchase decision for certain products. However,
there is still a limited understanding of how viral marketing tool works. When effective execution is achieved, viral marketing campaigns can create an instantaneous buzz in the promotion and distribution of the brands and products of the companies. For this reason, it is important to identify the relationship between online viral marketing factors and consumer impulse purchasing behaviour. Therefore in this study, consumers’ instant buying attitudes towards viral marketing factors are searched. Within the scope of this study, which viral marketing factors are determinant in the impulse purchasing behaviour of consumers is investigated through a wide literature review and secondary research findings.
... Previously, emotion was proposed as the outcome of cognition, and remained neglected despite its potential importance in the appraisal process [77][78][79]. However, the emotional-transactional model expands on Lazarus' previous work and includes the four basic 'negative' universal emotions: fear/anxiety, disgust, anger, and sadness [80]. This provides a more comprehensive view of the appraisal process that an individual engages in when confronted with a stressful situation. ...
The world’s health, economic, and social systems have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. With lockdown measures being a common response strategy in most countries, many individuals were faced with financial and mental health challenges. The current study explored the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological well-being, perception of risk factors and coping strategies of two vulnerable groups in Malaysia, namely women and older adults from low-income households (USD592). A purposive sample of 30 women and 30 older adults was interviewed via telephone during Malaysia’s Movement Control Order (MCO) regarding the challenges they faced throughout the pandemic. Thematic analysis was subsequently conducted to identify key themes. The themes identified from the thematic analysis indicated a degree of overlap between both groups. For women, seven themes emerged: 1) Psychological challenges due to COVID-19 pandemic, 2) Family violence, 3) Finance and employment related stress and anxiety, 4) Women’s inequality and prejudice, 5) Coping strategies, 6) Professional support, and 7) Women’s empowerment. Similarly, there were six themes for the older adults: 1) Adverse emotional experiences from COVID-19, 2) Threats to health security, 3) Loss of social connections, 4) Government aid to improve older adults’ psychological well-being, 5) Psychological support from family members and pets, and 6) Self-reliance, religion, and spirituality. The findings provide valuable information on the specific burdens faced by these groups, and support psychological interventions and mitigations that would be appropriate to improve well-being during the recovery phase.
... Hojat 2006). Phillips and Power (2007) use the framework described by Power and Dalgleish (1997) to operationalise functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation. Functional emotion regulation strategies use the information of an emotion by processing and holding the emotion (Phillips and Power 2007) giving children and adolescents the ability to act differently depending on the situations independent of the emotion they are feeling. ...
Empathy and emotion regulation are potential individual factors and attachment is a potential contextual factor influencing bullying perpetration. The joint consideration of these factors in an integrative model has so far been absent from current research. The aim of the current study is to contribute to this research gap. Specifically, we examined the direct and indirect effects of attachment, empathy/perspective taking, functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation on bullying perpetration. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study with N = 201 students (55.7% female) between 10 and 15 years (M = 12.86; SD = 1.29). In the structural equation model significant direct effects from attachment on bullying perpetration, empathy/perspective taking and on functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation were found. Additionally, direct effects from dysfunctional emotion regulation on bullying perpetration were identified. Dysfunctional emotion regulation mediates the effect from attachment on bullying perpetration. Gender and age were controlled. The results highlight the need to promote empathy/perspective taking and reduce the use of dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies. Possible implications for the school are discussed.
... Although investigations into cultural universals have been routinely performed in anthropology and some areas of psychology (e.g., see Berlin & Kay, 1969;Ekman, 1992;Power & Dalgleish, 1997) This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. In contrast, the minimum components of quality of life assessed by the WHOQOL-100 appear to exist in the subjective perception of the respondents, independent of their situations. ...
The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL-100) was developed simultaneously across 15 international field centers and includes 24 facets relating to quality of life, which are grouped into 4 larger domains: physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment. It also includes 1 facet examining overall quality of life and general health perceptions. This article examines the extent to which the WHOQOL-100 assesses quality of life perceptions in different cultures and whether it is structurally comparable in these cultures. Regression analysis showed all 4 domains to be important in assessing quality of life in each of the 15 centers. Structural equation modeling suggested further support for the proposal that there are universal facets and domains that are cross-culturally important in determining quality of life and suggested that the ordering of facets within domains is comparable across cultures.
... Beyond trait aspects, the anxiety-performance link seems to be also driven by state anxiety-temporary anxiety related to a specific situation [43]. In particular, the relationship between MA and arithmetic performance seems to be more situational [44]. ...
Mathematics anxiety (MA), general and test anxieties affect mathematics performance. However, little is known about how different anxiety profiles (i.e. individual configurations of anxiety forms) influence the relationship between MA and mathematics performance in university students. To the best of our knowledge, studies that have categorized participants based on their anxiety profiles and investigated how such groups differ in mathematics performance and other individual characteristics have all been conducted only with children and adolescents. Using latent profile analysis, we identified five different anxiety profiles in UK university students (N = 328) based on their MA, test anxiety (TA) and trait general anxiety levels (GA). Beyond extreme profiles (high or low levels in all forms of anxiety), we found groups characterized by more specific anxiety forms (MA profile, TA profile and high anxiety with low MA learning profile). These profiles were differentially related to arithmetic performance (but not the performance in a non-mathematics task), and individual factors (e.g. self-concept and self-efficacy). Results can inform the design of interventions tailored to individuals' unique anxiety profiles and highlight the necessity to further study the underpinning mechanisms that drive the MA developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood.
... It would be especially valuable to examine the brain correlates of self-related disgust and the regulation of selfconscious emotions in BPD in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, considering that shame may be involved in the development of self-disgust [81], selfdirected disgust may serve as a mechanism through which shame is linked to psychopathological symptoms in other disorders [82], and both of these self-conscious emotions are associated with symptoms that might be present in the course of BPD (e.g., self-harm or identity disturbance) [68,83,84], it is worth investigating the role of both of these emotions simultaneously in relation to BPD. ...
Background:
Self-disgust is a negative self-conscious emotion, which has been linked with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it has not yet been investigated in relation to both emotion dysregulation and alexithymia, which are recognized as crucial to BPD. Therefore, the aim of our study was to measure these variables and examine the possible mediational role of emotional alterations and comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms in shaping self-disgust in patients with BPD and healthy controls (HCs).
Methods:
In total, the study included 100 inpatients with BPD and 104 HCs. Participants completed: the Self-Disgust Scale (SDS), Disgust Scale - Revised (DS-R), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Emotion Dysregulation Scale short version (EDS-short), Borderline Personality Disorder Checklist (BPD Checklist), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R).
Results:
Inpatients with BPD showed higher self-disgust, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, core and comorbid symptoms levels, and lower disgust sensitivity. Alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, and trait anxiety partially mediated between BPD diagnosis and self-disgust. The relationship between the severity of BPD symptoms and self-disgust was fully mediated by alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and trait anxiety.
Conclusions:
The results of our study may imply the contribution of emotion dysregulation, alexithymia, and comorbid psychopathology to self-referenced disgust in BPD.
... This is consistent with previous findings that self-disgust is a potential antecedent variable of depressive symptoms (Overton et al., 2008;Simpson et al., 2010). Feelings of disgust can produce negative self-directed emotions, such as shame, low self-worth, and low self-esteem, which are common features of depressive symptoms (Power & Dalgleish, 2008). If a person does not experience self-disgust, then the odds of depressive symptoms may be relatively low (Simpson et al., 2010). ...
Previous studies have shown that negative automatic thoughts are important predictors of suicidal ideation. However, few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms of the association. The current study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between negative automatic thoughts and suicidal ideation by a longitudinal serial mediation model. A total of 1133 Chinese adolescents (51.2% males, Mage = 14.76 years, SD = 0.65) completed self-report questionnaires regarding negative automatic thoughts, self-disgust, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. The assessment was conducted in three waves, 6 months apart. Descriptive statistical analysis showed that the 6-month prevalence of suicidal ideation was 33.4% for Wave 1, 32.5% for Wave 2, and 27.2% for Wave 3. Pearson correlation analysis showed that negative automatic thoughts, self-disgust, and depressive symptoms were all positively related to suicidal ideation. Regression-based mediation modeling showed that self-disgust and depressive symptoms were serial mediators of the relationship between negative automatic thoughts and suicidal ideation, with negative automatic thoughts influencing suicide ideation through three mediation pathways. The current findings suggest that self-disgust and depressive symptoms are potential mediating mechanisms that explain the link between negative automatic thoughts and suicidal ideation. Interventions that target negative automatic thoughts may be an effective way to reduce the risk of suicidal ideation. In addition, the important role of self-disgust in the development of depressive symptoms as well as suicidal ideation needs to be taken into account in therapeutic practice.
... Additionally, the intensity of emotions and the emotional expression can be modified using regulatory strategies [35]. Although different approaches to operationalize emotion regulation [36] exist, this study follows the definition of Phillips and Power [37] and Power and Dalgleish [38]. They operationalize functional and dysfunctional emotion regulation. ...
Bullying is a major social problem that is receiving increased attention in society and research. The overarching goal of the current study was to identify risk and protective factors of bullying examining direct effects between peer relationship, emotion regulation, and bullying involvement. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with N = 201 students (55.7% female) between the ages of 10 and 15 (M = 12:86; SD = 1:29). Path model analysis revealed that trust had a negative effect on victimization, dysfunctional emotion regulation had a positive effect on perpetration and victimization, alienation had a positive effect on dysfunctional emotion regulation, and victimization and communication had a positive effect on functional emotion regulation. Additionally, dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies mediate the path from alienation to bullying and to victimization. Study results underline the importance of considering the bullying dynamic from a combined perspective of intra-and interindividual factors. The results partially confirmed the hypotheses and contribute to our knowledge about individual and contextual correlates of bullying in adolescents. The present findings suggest that group facilitation with the entire class in team building could be a useful intervention to strengthen peer relationships as well as the relationships between classmates and teachers and students.
... En este sentido, podemos hablar de la importancia de la emoción a la hora de evaluar acciones, comportamientos, objetos o personas de nuestro alrededor. Benítez-Castro e Hidalgo-Tenorio (2019) dividen las emociones en tres grandes categorías que parten de la premisa de que la mente humana es un ente funcional, orientado principalmente a la consecución de objetivos (Power y Dalgleish, 2008 ...
La emoción constituye un componente esencial de lo que entendemos por discurso político. Tomando como punto de partida la teoría de la valoración descrita por Martin y White (2005) que reformulan parcialmente Benítez-Castro e Hidalgo-Tenorio (2019), este trabajo tiene como objetivo general analizar y comparar el papel de la emoción como estrategia retórica utilizada en la construcción del discurso político en inglés y español en contextos de crisis. En concreto, se centra en analizar y comparar el componente afectivo de discursos políticos que tuvieron lugar como respuesta a la crisis social surgida por la pandemia de la COVID-19 en tres países distintos: Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y España. Para ello, se examinará un corpus de discursos políticos pertenecientes al género de las conferencias de prensa.
... This might suggest that math stimuli, despite the very fast presentation and the irrelevance, were able to trigger an anxiety response, as Pizzie and Kraemer (2017) found with a longer presentation time. However, other factors, such as the fact that the task goal was threatened to a greater extent in the HMA group because of their impaired attentional control, might have contributed to maintaining a higher level of state anxiety in HMA participants while they performed the ARDPEI task (Power & Dalgleish, 1997) and to perceiving this task as a source of anxiety. ...
Previous research about the existence of an attentional bias for math in highly math-anxious (HMA) individuals shows inconsistent results, and methodologies used so far cannot distinguish the various components of attentional bias. Here we adapted Grafton and MacLeod (2014)’s methodology to assess biases linked to math anxiety in engagement and disengagement when task-irrelevant math and neutral symbols are briefly presented. Twenty-one HMA and 21 low math-anxious individuals were asked to perform the attentional task just after solving an arithmetic task expected to generate group differences in state anxiety. Considering attentional control theory, state anxiety will likely increase allocation of attention to task-irrelevant stimuli. Therefore, individual differences in efficiency responding to this task, which despite being simple and non-mathematical is interrupted by task-irrelevant stimuli, were also analyzed to study whether HMA individuals show reduced attentional control. Our results provide evidence against the presence of an attentional bias towards/against mathematical symbols in visuospatial orienting of the HMA population, neither in the form of an engagement bias nor as a disengagement bias. Rather, HMA individuals were slower and could not take advantage of a longer interval to overcome distraction, which suggest less efficient attentional control, at least when they experience higher state anxiety. Therefore, it is unlikely that an attentional bias for math may originate or aggravate math anxiety. However, reduced attentional control may underlie the less efficient processing on math tasks usually shown by HMA individuals, so research on attention in math anxiety should keep focusing on HMA’s difficulties in executive control.
... The incremental validity of the MSDS-A was tested through linear regression and self-disgust showed to be a significative predictor of depression and anxiety symptoms, when controlling the effect of gender. This is congruent with previous studies (Overton et al. 2008;Power & Dalgleish, 2008;Powell, Simpson, and Overton 2013) that showed that self-disgust is a stable predictor of depression. Moreover, it might explain the association between dysfunctional patterns of thinking, the negative evaluation of the self and the world, and depressive mood. ...
Self-disgust is a complex emotion related to feeling aversion or revulsion about internal and personal physical attributes, personality, functioning and behaviours. The aim of the present study was to adapt, validate and examine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Self-Disgust Scale, in a sample of Portuguese adolescents (MSDS-A). Participants were 540 adolescents (n = 308 females, 57%), with ages between 13 and 18 years. Data were analysed through SPSS and MPLUS was used to perform a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Self-report questionnaires were used to assess several indicators of psychopathology and self-compassion. Results from the CFA showed that a 4-factor model with a second order factor presented good fit indices. The full scale and its factors showed good internal consistency, adequate temporal stability, and good convergent, divergent and incremental validity. The MSDS-A seems a valid measure to assess self-disgust in adolescents, with important implications to clinical context and research.
... The relevance of the paper is determined by the anthropocentric direction of the study of adjectival emotive units and the general orientation of modern linguistic studies to study of the content aspect of a language and the necessity of intra-linguistic analysis of this vocabulary. The anthropocentric nature of the modern linguistic paradigm determines a significant scientific interest in a problem of representation of emotions in a language and speech which is investigated in psycholinguistic (Lewis, 2012), (Prykhodko, 2001), cognitive (Kosmeda, 2000), (Power, 2008) and linguocultural (Boiko, 2005), (Pavlenko, 2006), (Weigand, 2006) directions. A contrastive study of emotional adjectives in the English lingual worldview contributes to the identification of such properties of lexical semantics that reflect the specificity of the worldview of this linguistic society. ...
The article is devoted to the study of the functioning of the English adjectival emotive units denoting positive semantics as direct linguistic means of representing human emotional states that combine semantic and pragmatic components of meaning. The aim of this paper is to determine the semantic features of the adjectival emotive units with positive meaning in modern English. The defined approach to the aim of this investigation led to the use of those research methods that correspond best to its goals: in particular, definitional, componential, quantitative analyses, thanks to which the main characteristics of the English adjectival units denoting positive semantics were clarified and the emotive component in the structure of their meaning was revealed. The basis for the analysis of the emotive adjectives with positive semantics in the English lingual worldview is the principle of sustainability which brings to the fore the link of the language with reality, its correlation with extra-linguistic actuality.
... Breaking or disrupting such dysfunctional emotional patterns is a core focus within the clinic (Greenberg & Watson, 2006;Power, 2010) and so further understanding the nature of these patterns and how they relate to mood disorders is an important research challenge. The present study, therefore, enlisted repeated intensive data collection within everyday life using ambulatory assessment to elucidate person-by-person the dynamic temporal patterns within a core matrix of positive and negative emotions over a twoweek period in a sample of patients with and without a history of mood disorders to allow evaluation of changing emotion networks over time. ...
Individuals differ markedly in how they experience the ebb and flow of emotions. In this study, we used daily experience sampling to examine whether these differences reflect the nature and presence of mood disorders or whether they can better be characterized as distinct dynamic emotion profiles that cut-across diagnostic boundaries. We followed 105 individuals in 2019–2020 with diagnoses of major depression, remitted major depression, bipolar disorder, or no history of disorder, over 14 days (n = 6,543 experience-sampling assessments). We applied group iterative multiple model estimation, using both diagnosis-based and data-driven methods to investigate similarities in unfolding within-person emotion-network time-courses. Results did not support diagnosis-based subgroupings but rather revealed two significant data-driven subgroups based on dynamic emotion patterns. These data-driven subgroups did not significantly differ in terms of clinical features or demographics, but did differ on key emotion metrics—instability, granularity, and inertia. These data-driven subgroupings, agnostic to diagnostic status, provide insights into the nature of idiographic emotion-network dynamics that cut-across clinical diagnostic divisions.
... Due to the strong interconnection between stress and emotions (Lazarus, 2006;Pekrun, 2006) and the well-described effects of emotions on cognition and learning (Dolan, 2002;Pessoa, 2008;Power and Dalgleish, 2015), academic emotions have been of substantial interest within the field of educational psychology (Pekrun et al., 2002a;Ruthig et al., 2008;Pekrun and Stephens, 2011). On account of the multifaceted characteristics of academic emotions and their ability to influence learning processes in various ways, the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) was established as an integrated instrument to assess the emotions participants perceived during their learning experience (Pekrun et al., 2002b). ...
The pure transfer of face-to-face teaching to a digital learning environment can be accompanied by a significant reduction in the physiological arousal of students, which in turn can be associated with passivity during the learning process, often linked to insufficient levels of concentration and engagement in the course work.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether students' psychobiological stress responses can be enhanced in the context of anatomical online learning and how increased physiological parameters correlate with characteristics of learning experiences in a digital learning environment.
Healthy first-year medical students (n = 104) experienced a regular practical course in Microscopic Anatomy either in face-to-face learning, in passive online learning or in an interaction-enhanced version of online learning.
Compared to passive online learning, students engaged in the interaction-enhanced version of online learning displayed a significantly reduced Heart Rate Variability (P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.381) along with a strong increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.179) and salivary alpha-amylase activity (P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.195).
These results demonstrated that the physiological arousal of students engaged in online learning can be enhanced via interactive teaching methods and pointed towards clear correlations between higher physiological responses and elementary criteria of learning experience such as engagement and attention.
... Como señalan algunos autores (Erdelyi, 1990;Melchert, 1996;Power y Dalgleish, 1997), la supresión voluntaria de información emocional como primer paso para la consecución de la inhibición automática es un argumento que procede del Psicoanálisis. En efecto, desde la corriente cognitivista en Psicología se han reformulado las ideas clásicas psicodinámicas del Psicoanálisis, en las que se propone que la represión primaria, que se refiere a la inhibición inconsciente de las memorias distresantes, es el resultado de un periodo de supresión caracterizado por los esfuerzos deliberados para olvidar una información. ...
A la hora de establecer relaciones entre Motivación y Emoción múltiples son las opciones que se nos presenta en la literatura especializada, entre ellas la inclusión de otros procesos, como por ejemplo la Cognición. Así, en ocasiones se ha sugerido que una puede ser precursora de la otra, e igualmente encontramos teorías más actuales que las consideran inseparables para poder entender la conducta de los organismos superiores, y que dependiendo de la situación situarían a una como precursora de la otra. Con el presente artículo pretendemos realizar una revisión teórica respecto a la interrelación que existe entre estos tres procesos.
ABSTRACT
When establishing relationships between Motivation and Emotion, multiple options that we are presented in the specialized literature, among them the inclusion of other processes, for example the Cogntive process. This way, in occasions it has been suggested that one can be precursor of the other one, and equally we find more current theories that consider them inseparable to be able to understand the behavior of the superior organisms, and that depending on the situation would locate one as precursor of the other one. With the present article we seek to carry out a theoretical review regarding the interrelationship that exists among these three processes.
... In regards to cognitive appraisals, it is the clients' evaluations that impact the reaction in such a way that "consequences are likely to be negative" (Dobson, 2012, p. 24). Power and Dalgleish (2008) developed a model that considers the role of both emotion and cognition. As indicated by these authors, when presented with a situation, different levels of processing occurs. ...
This article will present an integrated approach for treating emotional distress. The authors review the purposes of emotions and explore how they operate in individuals’ lives based on learned responses and inaccurate perceptions. Distinct categories of emotions are identified, including both maladaptive and adaptive forms. Basic ideologies and negative evaluations will also be reviewed to illustrate how these patterns develop and maintain disturbing conditions. The authors will examine the complimentary association between affective and cognitive material and how treating both in therapy can be beneficial. Emotion and cognitive-based interventions will be presented through the use of a case study.
... Yakni, positif negatif dan netral. Jika Analisis sentimen berbasis emosi pengambilan informasi pada review didasarkan pada emosi dasar manusia [3]. ...
Penampilan menarik merupakan hal yang diinginkan oleh sebagian perempuan, terutama perawatan kulit. Saat ini tingkat kepedulian merawat kulit sudah tinggi pada perempuan. Sebelum melaksanakan perawatan kulit hal yang utama yaitu mengetahui jenis kulit, untuk membantu perempuan agar lebih mudah mengetahui jenis produk skincare yang cocok pada kulit sehingga penelitian ini membahas mengenai analisis sentimen review skincare pada website kecantikan female daily. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Support Vector Machine (SVM). SVM merupakan machine learning yang sudah banyak digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dan memberikan hasil yang maksimal. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil akurasi sebanyak 87% dengan recall sebesar 90%, precision sebesar 84,90%, dan f1 score sebesar 87,37%.
... For example, specific negative emotions such as sadness can reactively prompt different emotions such as disgust or anger such that those emotions can be thought of as 'coupled' (Power & Dalgleish, 2015), and breaking dysfunctional affective cycles is a core focus within the clinic (Greenberg & Watson, 2006;Power, 2010). ...
Affective experiences colour much of human experience, shaping how we feel about, respond to, and regulate daily life. While emotion and mood are distinct though related affective phenomena, many studies use these terms interchangeably and draw conclusions on the latter based on findings that may be more pertinent to the former. Key theoretical differences delineate emotion versus mood, with importance placed in maladaptive experiences of long-term mood rather than short-term emotion in mood disorders such as depression. Unpacking differences in these affective dynamics is vital to approaching improvements in mental health and well-being. In addition, much of waking life is spent mentally wandering, and furthering our understanding of mentation and mind wandering in mental health is of importance in conjunction with affect. Where the mind may go to at rest free from distraction may possess important insights into the nature of the mental landscape and mental well-being. This thesis investigates differential aspects of emotion, mood, and mind wandering in diverse clinical populations with the goal of elucidating these experiences in relation to mental health. This includes investigations through a series of studies on: (i) the underlying structure of emotion and mood representations in adolescents, (ii) intraday emotions dynamics using clinical diagnostic and data-driven assessment of person-specific models of temporal emotion, (iii) interrelationships of emotion and mood over time and summary metrics of group-level complexity for both affect types, (iv) naturalistic mood regulation strategy use and outcomes, (v) a theoretical framework for comprehensive mind wandering study, and finally, (vi) naturalistic mind wandering, related affect, and a sensory deprived assessment of mind dimensions using novel methodologies. Altogether these findings provide evidence for the significance in studying emotion, mood, and mind wandering with the aim of providing a foundation for clarifying affective experience and multidimensional aspects of thought content in mental health.
... Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) proposes that the discrepancy between an individual's `ideal' and `actual' self will be associated with their level of depression. Power & Dalgleish (1998) define fear (associated with anxiety) as `physical or social threat to self or valued role or goal' and sadness (associated with depression) as `loss or failure of valued role or goal'. The crucial distinction appears to be between loss and threat. ...
p>The study aimed to investigate whether self-illness enmeshment is unique to chronic pain using explicit measures of self and whether the implicit sense of self is less positive for those who experience chronic conditions than for healthy controls. Three groups of participants; a group with chronic pain ( n = 15), a group with type 2 diabetes ( n = 15) and a healthy control group ( n = 15) completed standardized self-report measures of affect and quality of life, then generated characteristics describing their current actual self, hoped-for-self and feared-for self, and made judgments about the degree to which their future possible selves (hoped-for and feared-for) were dependent on a change in their current health status and had a less positive implicit sense of self than participants with no chronic health problems. Participants with diabetes did not significantly differ from the other two groups on these measures with the exception of higher levels of illness-enmeshment with a feared-for self. This result is discussed in relation to self-discrepancy and self-regulatory theories and other research on illness-enmeshment and implicit self-esteem biases in clinical populations.</p
... Indeed, in the course of our everyday lives we frequently run through a whole gauntlet of emotions. Theories of emotion are often tied in with theories of mind (Power & Dalgleish, 1997) often problematic and difficult to put into a scientific framework. However, as this chapter has and will continue to argue, emotion can be studied empirically and cognitive psychology offers the best tool with which to dissect its intricacies. ...
p>The experiments presented here were designed to address experimental problems due to uncontrolled low level features by using highly controlled schematic stimuli. The emotional valance of these stimuli was changed by a conditioning procedure in which they became associated with either neutral or negative pictures. In order to test the effectiveness of this conditioning, subjects undertook a behavioural task (Implicit Association Test; IAT), which measured implicit valence to exclude the possibility of a null result simply reflecting ineffective conditioning.
In Experiment 1, 32 participants searched for either threat-associated or neutral targets. There was not advantage for the threat-paired relative to the neutral-paired targets, although a non-significant result in the IAT meant that findings were inconclusive. To increase the effectiveness of the conditioning, Experiment 2 used a within-subjects design. 46 students searched for both treat-associated and neutral conditioned targets. Again, there were no differences in search for the neutral and threat-paired targets. Furthermore, search was unaffected by anxiety level. However, conditioning was significant as evidenced by a main effect of response congruity (subjects were faster to associate the negatively paired target with bad words than good words). As phylogenetic based theories of fear conditioning purport that snakes and spiders are particularly potent sources of threat, in Experiment 3, 63 undergraduates screened for high and low snake and spider fear searched for snake or spider and neutral-associated targets. Again, there were no differences in search efficiency across target type and fear level, although importantly, once more there was a significantly effect of conditioning.
As studies 1-3 showed no evidence of preattentive biases towards threat-associated stimuli, Experiment 4 used a cueing paradigm to investigate whether biases in attention reflect difficulty in disengaging attention from threatening stimuli once identified.</p
In the dissertation, the author investigates modern learning modes in continuing education among public administration servants and healthcare workers (pharmacists). The choice to explore innovative continuing education methods among professionals from such diverse backgrounds makes the research findings more universal and applicable not only to public servants and pharmacists but also to other professions where continuing education is necessary. Moreover, public servants and pharmacists must keep their professional knowledge up-to-date to perform their tasks. It creates the need for continuing professional development.
The conveyance of knowledge and skills are essential goals of the educational process. Besides, the design of educational materials and user acceptance are significant factors in increasing educational efficiency. In this research, the e-learning courses were prepared for public administration servants and pharmacists as part of their continuing education process. The author has designed and carried out several observational and experimental studies in Hungary and Poland since 2008.
The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of anger regulation on emotion regulation strategies applied through writing tasks. In this respect, a scenario that would trigger the anger was created. Levels of anger regulation were then evaluated by examining the effects of expression, problem-solving, and distraction strategies applied through writing tasks. The change in anger regulation was evaluated in terms of positive affect, negative affect, valence, and arousal values of emotion. In addition, the levels of effectiveness of these emotion regulation strategies were compared with each other. The sample of the study consisted of 152 female university students (for age; M =19.71, SD = 1.38). The Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Emotion and Arousal Assessment, and Emotional Valence Assessment Form were used as data collection tools. It was found that all three emotion regulation strategies had significant effects on negative affect and arousal. The most effective strategy for negative affect was distraction (M =14.44, SD = 4.83), while the least effective was expression (M =27.38, SD = 8.01). Finally, the most effective strategies for arousal were distraction and expression with problem-solving, and there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two strategies (M =3.40, SD = 0.80; M =3.54, SD = 1.09, respectively), while the least effective strategy was expression (M =4.11, SD = 1.07).
O propósito deste estudo foi identificar, a partir do referencial teórico-metodológico das representações sociais, percepções e modos de expressão da relação “exercício físico e saúde”, tendo por base de estudo 11 alunos participantes do Projeto Exercício Físico e Promoção da Saúde para Servidores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Procuramos relacionar tais percepções, representações e modos de expressão com as dimensões do conceito de saúde. Com opção metodológica qualitativa, a coleta dos dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada e através de desenhos. Os dados foram agrupados em unidades temáticas (dimensões do conceito de saúde). Concluímos que a totalidade dos entrevistados percebe a relação exercício físico e saúde de forma positiva, destacando-se a melhora da resistência física traduzida por melhor desempenho de suas atividades diárias. Além disso, outras dimensões dessa relação também foram percebidas na fala dos sujeitos deste estudo, tais como as dimensões social, emocional, profissional e intelectual.
Hüzün, dert, keder ve gamı ifade etmek üzere kullanılan üzüntü, ruhsal bir acı olarak tarif edilmektedir. Üzüntü, ruh sağlığını konu edinen İslam ahlak felsefesi içerisinde ele alınmıştır. İslam ahlak filozofları üzüntüyü, ruhsal bir hastalık ve insanın mutluğunu engelleyici bir hal olarak görmüşlerdir. Gayesi insanı mutluluğa ulaştırmak olan İslam ahlak felsefesi, insanı mutsuz eden ve ruh sağlığını bozan sorunlara çare bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla ruh sağlığını korumak için üzüntüden kurtulmak gerekmektedir. Tıbbu’r-ruhânî geleneği kapsamında üzüntüden kurtulma çareleri aranmıştır. Bu çalışmada İslam ahlak felsefesinde üzüntünün sebepleri ve üzüntüden kurtuluş çareleri incelenmiştir. Üzüntüye eserlerinde doğrudan yer veren İslam ahlak filozof ve düşünürlerin görüşleri dikkat alınmış ve ortaya koydukları çözümler değerlendirilmiştir. İlk olarak sebeplerin tespitinin doğru çözümün bulunması açısından önemine binaen üzüntünün sebepleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonrasında ise Kindî ve Râzî’nin üzüntüyle mücadelede belirledikleri iki yol dikkate alınmıştır. Bunlar, üzüntü başa gelmeden alınacak tedbirler ve geldikten sonra baş etme yöntemleri şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Genel olarak ortaya konulan çözümlerde bilişsel yolla bir mücadele ön görülmüştür. İnsanda farkındalık oluşturmak, aklını kullanmasını sağlamak ile sahip olmaktan çok olmaya odaklanmakla, sabır ve metanetle üzüntüyle baş edilebileceği vurgulanmıştır. İslam ahlak filozoflarının üzüntüyle baş etmeye yönelik önerilerinin yansımalarını yas, acı ve depresyona yönelik uygulanan bilişsel terapi, grupla terapi, kabul ve kararlılık terapilerinde görmek mümkündür.
This paper first considers the theory of mind in therapy, linking this with recent developments within Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, and other therapeutic modalities current within the NHS as barriers between modalities break down. The themes of different levels or modes of processing, and the centrality of relationship, are picked, up. The cognitive science based model, Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) (Teasdale & Barnard, 1993) is introduced winch incorporates these themes into a ‘balancing act’ theory of mind. This has been echoed in other contemporary approaches, leading to the wide adoption of mindfulness in cognitive therapies, which is introduced next along with its implications for recognition of spirituality within mental health. The spiritual dimension is then considered in the light of what the ICS model suggests about the human mind. This argument leads to a fundamental theory of spirituality based on the idea of a division within human experiencing. The explanatory power of this theory, for therapy, and for a broader understanding of theory of mind and the limits of science is then considered.
The human organs of perception are constantly bombarded with chemicals from the environment. Our bodies have in turn developed complex processing systems, which manifest themselves in our emotions, memory, and language. Yet the available data on the high order cognitive implications of taste and smell are scattered among journals in many fields, with no single source synthesizing the large body of knowledge, much of which has appeared in the last decade. This book presents the first multidisciplinary synthesis of the literature in olfactory and gustatory cognition. Leading experts have written chapters on many facets of taste and smell, including odor memory, cortical representations, psychophysics and functional imaging studies, genetic variation in taste, and the hedonistic dimensions of odors. The approach is integrative, combining perspectives from neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and linguistics, and is appropriate for students and researchers in all of these areas who seek an authoritative reference on olfaction, taste, and cognition.
Der dritte und letzte Band der dreibändigen 'Einführung in die Emotionspsychologie' befasst sich mit den kognitiven Aspekten der Emotionen. Wie in den Bänden I und II wird die systematische mit einer historischen Perspektive vebunden. Im ersten Kapitel wird deshalb die kognitive Emotionstheorie von Meinong dargestellt; die folgenden Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit ausgewählten neueren kognitiven Theorien (Weiner, Lazarus, Ortony, Clore & Collins). In jedem Kapitel werden Bezüge zur neuesten Forschung hergestellt und ausgewählte Aspekte der jeweiligen Theorie diskutiert.
--- Note: This is a copy of the preprint document of the published book (2003, which is now now out of print, although used copies can still be found for sale on ebay).
Demystifying Emotions provides a comprehensive typology of emotion theories in psychology (evolutionary, network, appraisal, goal-directed, psychological constructionist, and social) and philosophy (feeling, judgmental, quasi-judgmental, perceptual, embodied, and motivational) in a systematic manner with the help of tools from philosophy of science, allowing scholars in both fields to understand the commonalities and differences between these theories. Agnes Moors also proposes her own novel, skeptical theory of emotions, called the goal-directed theory, based on the central idea that all kinds of behaviors and feelings are grounded in goal-striving. Whereas most scholars of emotion do not call the notion of emotion itself into question, this review engages in a critical examination of its scientific legitimacy. This book will appeal to readers in psychology, philosophy, and related disciplines who want to gain a deeper understanding of the controversies at play in the emotion domain.
This article aims to establish a relationship between depression and the neurocognitive changes associated with it, such as attention deficit, impaired executive functions, memory recovery, the importance of autonoetic consciousness and even commitment in decision-making. It is analyzed in detail how each of the impaired cognitive domains is evaluated and how they affect the person, depending on the degree of intensity of the depressive disorder and the underlying pathophysiological correlate. In conclusion, the article argues that depression is accompanied by cognitive deficits that alter attentional processes, executive functions and memory and make the need for antidepressant treatments a priority, favouring the recovery of said cognitive functions.
Background: Cognition and reason have received substantial and inordinate attention relative to emotion and intuition in understanding and intervening to promote vocational behaviour and career development.
Objectives: Towards redressing this situation, the present study examined positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) as proxies for emotion with regard to their relationship with three career decision-making (CDM) variables.
Method: A total of 250 university students (183 women, 65 men; mean age = 23 years; 88% Caucasian) responded to measures of affect, occupational engagement, career adaptability and career decidedness.
Results: The study results supported hypothesised positive interrelationships amongst the three CDM variables. As hypothesised, regression analysis indicated that PA positively predicted the three CDM variables. Contrary to expectations, NA also positively predicted occupational engagement and career decidedness, albeit to a lesser degree.
Conclusion: The present results indicate that emotions, both positive and negative, seem to be linked to important vocational processes and should be considered in career theory and intervention.
Fundamental to the concept of repression is the proposition that repression serves to keep painful, unpleasant experiences out of consciousness or awareness. If this is indeed true, then individuals who characteristically use repression as a defensive strategy should have less access to emotional memories, especially those of negative, unpleasant events. The three studies presented here address this proposition. Repressors, operationally defined by a pattern of low anxiety and high defensiveness, displayed a limited accessibility to personal, real-life affective memories that was particularly pronounced for fear and self-consciousness experiences. Furthermore, recall of emotional experiences of self versus other revealed that the effects of repression were specific to emotional experiences of the self. The overall pattern of findings suggests that repression may be motivated, in particular, by affective experiences that focus attention on the self in a threatening or evaluative way. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Editor's invitation to contribute to this volume appeared to license telling more than I know. Accordingly this essay will move quickly from an all too brief survey of what I know to raise some of the increasingly speculative questions that currently preoccupy me.
The majority of studies in health psychology use self-report measures. However, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that this methodology may be problematic for a significant minority of the population: individuals who possess a repressive coping style (repressors). Repressors, who fail to report negative affect, answer many self-report measures in a positive fashion. Research has identified an association between repressors, who are identified by low trait anxiety scores and high defensiveness scores, and adverse health outcomes. Therefore, repressors are an important group for health psychologists to investigate. Health psychology research should use more than one method of data collection in an attempt to unravel this difficult methodological problem.
This paper discusses how emotional experience is interpreted, understood, and represented. Changes in the status of valued goals, and whether or not these goals can be attained or maintained are key conditions in determining the occurrence of an emotional experience. In addition, assessing the certainty with which goals can be maintained is critical as to which emotion is experienced. This small set of dimensions can be used to identify, and differentiate emotions that are considered to be basic. Basic emotion categories share features, and their elicitation is contingent on a number of components coming into conjunction with one another simultaneously. Thus, for any one basic emotion to be elicited, at least three converging components need to be activated. This view of the conditions for emotion is discussed with reference to componential theories of emotion, and to its developmental and cross-cultural implications.
Discusses a study by J. D. Laird (see record
1985-11387-001) that contrasted 16 successful demonstrations of the facial feedback hypothesis with R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's (see record
1981-00499-001) failure to demonstrate any effects of facial expressions on mood. It is argued that Laird's conclusion that facial feedback effects have been demonstrated consistently and that the null results of the Tourangeau-Ellsworth study are atypical is more strongly worded than current evidence warrants. It is shown that most of the 16 successful studies are relevant only to the weak (dimensional) version of the hypothesis and not to the strong (categorical) version that Tourangeau and Ellsworth sought to test. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
24 depressed and 24 nondepressed undergraduates (Beck Depression Inventory) placed bets on a dice game. The throwing of the dice was either under player-control or croupier-control conditions. As predicted, depressed Ss were more confident of success in the croupier-control condition, and nondepressed Ss were more confident of success in the player-control condition. Results support the view that depressed Ss are characterized by a sense of personal incompetence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examines theories that assume that semantic networks account for the mental representation of meaning. Similarities and divergencies between the theories are assessed, and it is argued that as a class, these theories remain too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence. The theories are also confronted by a number of problematical semantic phenomena that arise because networks deal with the connections between concepts rather than with their connections to the world. Although semantic network theories specify a form for the mental representation of meaning and also account for intensional properties and relations, they are not designed to specify the extensions of words or expressions, and their accounts of inference are inadequate. The solution to these problems could be embodied in a new network system, but such a system would differ in both structure and function from current network theories. (83 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated the effects of induced elation and depression on lexical decision times for positive, negative, and neutral words, using 20 female undergraduates. Contrary to prediction, decision times for mood-congruent words were not faster than decision times for mood-incongruent words. Following the lexical decision task and while still in an induced elated or depressed mood, Ss were given a surprise recall test for the words presented during the lexical decision task. Mood-incongruent words tended to be recalled better than mood-congruent words. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Traditional models of the relationship between cognition and emotion have typically presented the relationship between cognition and emotion as a single level of sequential processes. However, a number of more recent models have argued to the contrary that the relationship is complex and has to be modelled by multi-level processing systems. One such model, the SPAARS approach (Power & Dalgleish, 1997), is summarized, in particular, in relation to clinical theory and practice in the cognitive behaviour therapies. For example, the proposal in SPAARS that there are two parallel routes to the production of emotion has a number of interesting clinical consequences. Highlights are presented of what some of these consequences might be, and a number of recommendations are made for clinical practice.
With the abolition of the term “neurosis” and the consequent reclassification of anxiety states, the recurrent crises of acute anxiety (panic attacks), whether associated with agoraphobia or not, have acquired a new nosological autonomy. In the past two decades, the recognition of the wide prevalence of panic disorder (PD), its consequences, the discovery that panic may be induced by chemical cues, its association with cardiovascular problems, possible neuroanatomical locations and distinctive physiological concomitants have stimulated intense interest. Panic disorder has therefore received wide attention and its features have been adequately described. Panic disorder is presently seen as the most typical, and probably the core of anxiety disorders.
The significant role of emotions in evolution and adaptation suggests that there must be more than 1 mechanism for generating them. Nevertheless, much of current emotion theory focuses on cognitive processes (appraisal, attribution, and construal) as the sole, or primary, means of eliciting emotions. As an alternative to this position, the present model describes 4 types of emotion-activating systems, 3 of which involve noncognitive information processing. From an evolutionary-developmental perspective, the systems may be viewed as a loosely organized hierarchical arrangement, with neural systems, the simplest and most rapid, at the base and cognitive systems, the most complex and versatile, at the top. The emotion-activating systems operate under a number of constraints, including genetically influenced individual differences. The hierarchical organization of the systems for generating emotions provides an adaptive advantage.
The childhood antecedents of psychiatric disorder in adult life are reviewed with regard to four groups of conditions that show sharply contrasting patterns of linkage between childhood and adult life. For emotional disorders the links are weak and the mechanisms largely unknown. About half of schizophrenic psychoses are preceded by non-psychotic abnormalities of behaviour in childhood; the processes involved are probably largely constitutional. Affective disorders only infrequently begin in childhood and the behavioural percursors of adult depression do not constitute a clearly recognisable pattern. However, adverse experiences in childhood may create a vulnerability to later depression. The child-adult linkages are strongest with conduct disturbance in childhood and adult personality disorder, the mechanisms in this continuity are probably both constitutional and environmental.
The present research was designed to investigate the proposition that repressors, operationally defined by the conjunction of low anxiety and high defensiveness, are particularly adept at avoiding the processing of information when motivated to do so. Four groups of participants (nondefensive-low anxious, high anxious, repressors, and defensive-high anxious) were administered a dichotic listening task involving neutral or negative affective words presented in the unattended ear. Participants shadowed the material presented to the attended ear and simultaneously responded to a probe task presented on a video monitor. Results revealed that repressors made significantly fewer shadowing errors than high anxious and defensive-high anxious participants and marginally significantly fewer shadowing errors than low anxious participants for both neutral and negative words. High anxious participants, however, were later able to recognize the negative words that had been presented to the unattended ear at well above chance levels, whereas the recognition memory of repressors for such negative unattended words was at chance levels. In addition, repressors' responses to a postexperiment questionnaire indicated a significantly greater number of distracting thoughts during the experiment relative to other participants. Repressors, it seems, are indeed skillful at avoidant information processing and this capacity may well be related to the emotional memory deficits they have displayed in previous research.
An attempt was made to replicate the Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) study with a Swedish population, and to extend it. A pilot study was conducted to find out what other possible stimuli carry aggressive connotations and what stimuli might have aggression-inhibiting qualities. One hundred male high school students were either angered or not angered by an accomplice of the experimenter and then given an opportunity to counter-aggress. For one group of subjects there were weapons near the shock key and half of these subjects were told to handle them. For another group there were aggression-inhibiting stimuli present, e.g., a baby bottle. In other conditions there were no stimuli present. Parts of the TAT were administered to shed some light on the catharsis phenomenon. Subjects exposed to weapons gave the largest number of shocks to their partners, whereas the control group and the group exposed to aggression-inhibiting stimuli did not differ. The “weapons effect” was obtained with a Swedish population.
Mental distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed simultaneously among 173 parents bereaved by the accident, suicide, or homicide death of an adolescent or young adult child. Official death records were used to identify potential participants. Study data were collected prospectively 4, 12, 24, and 60 months post-death. T tests compared study parents and normative samples on mental distress and PTSD, whereas repeated measures analysis of variance compared mothers and fathers on the same two outcomes over time. The results showed that 5 years after the deaths, 61% of the study mothers and 62% of the fathers met diagnostic criteria for mental distress, and 27.7% of the mothers and 12.5% of the fathers met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The hypothesized interactions between gender and trends over time were partially supported, and the hypothesized main effects for both time and gender were supported. Finally, parents' self-reports were that 3 to 4 years were required to reach loss accommodation. Parents' long-term health and well-being and their bereavement service needs are discussed in light of the findings.
Oatley and Johnson-Laird (1987) have proposed a cognitive theory of emotion. According to this theory, there are five basic emotions. A major prediction of the theory is that it should permit satisfactory definitions for all the emotion words in a language, and this was essayed for the English language by Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1989). The theory proposes that only one emotional state can be operative at a time, and therefore words referring to mixed emotions were defined by Johnson-Laird and Oatley as disjunctions of basic emotions. Two experiments are reported which com pared these disjunctive definitions with conjunctive definitions (i.e. definitions inconsistent with the theory). For a number of words, conjunctive definitions tended to be preferred. This tendency was increased when the disjunctions and conjunctions were made more explicit. This finding sug gests that Oatley and Johnson-Laird's theory should be modified so as to embrace the conjunction of emotion. That is, it should allow that two or more emotions can be exnerienced in parallel.
Discrepancies between physiological activity, behavioural anxiety, and self-reported anxiety were examined when focus of attention was manipulated in a public speech task for four groups of individuals: repressors, low-anxious, high-anxious, and the defensive high-anxious. They were exposed to self-focus (when their behaviour was socially evaluated) and other-focus (when their behaviour was not socially evaluated) conditions. Repressors had consistently the lowest level of self-reported anxiety, but had consistently greater physiological activity in all conditions and greater behavioural anxiety in the self-focus condition. The high-anxious showed the opposite pattern, i.e. their self-reported anxiety was greater than their physiological and behavioural anxiety, and this finding was significant in the self-focus condition. No significant pattern of discrepancy was found for the low-anxious or defensive high-anxious groups. The findings are discussed and interpreted within the framework of recent cognitive models of anxiety.
It is suggested that worry has not been given serious academic attention due to problems of definition, and a prevailing belief that it is an unnecessary addition to the theorists vocabulary given the term “anxiety”. However, an increasing awareness of the importance of cognitive factors in emotional disorders makes the study of worry a necessary endeavour. Furthermore, inclusion of worry in DSM III-R as the principle diagnostic index of Generalised Anxiety Disorder has given the term clinical credibility. Three theoretical approaches to the subject of worry are considered: the test anxiety literature, which has focused on the effects of worry on performance, and two largely clinical accounts, a tripartite theory of worry and anxiety proposed by Borkovec, Metzger, and Pruzinsky (1986), and the model of anxious apprehension proposed by Barlow (1988). All approaches are critically evaluated, and suggestions made for future formulations.
Two experiments were carried out to investigate a possible mood-congruent memory bias in explicit memory (free-recall test) and implicit memory (word-stem completion task) for positive and negative words in depressed and non depressed college students. A comparison of implicit and explicit mood-congruent memory bias should help to reveal cognitive processes involved in this effect. The results of both studies indicated that depressed subjects showed a memory bias not only on the traditional explicit memory task, but on the implicit memory task as well. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
This chapter focuses on a comprehensive theory of emotion. The concept of emotion has played an extraordinarily varied role in behavioral theories. In psychology, emotions account for the drive and reinforcement mechanisms involved in learning and explain defense processes, addictions, and attachments. Ethology has used emotion to account for aspects of natural selection, while in anthropological, social and clinical study, emotion has been a focus for research on expressive behavior and interpersonal communication. Finally, physiological investigators interested in emotion concentrate on studies of autonomic and central nervous functions. The abundance of all research perspectives may well be the source of the one thing upon which various emotion theorists agree: The concept of emotion is defined poorly and research is fragmented and unintegrated. The chapter provides a provisional model of emotion that is both comprehensive and unified. The chapter discusses the key questions raised by past theories and research to which the new conceptualization is addressed. A limited elaboration of the model, drawing upon empirical findings where available and raising questions for future study is presented. In the absence of an integrated database, the model obviously is general and suggestive rather than specific and quantitative. It hopes that this shortcoming does not minimize its integrative and heuristic value.
This study explores the associations between shame, depression and social anxiety from the perspective of social rank theory (Price and Sloman, 1987; Gilbert, 1989, 1992). Social rank theory argues that emotions and moods are significantly influenced by the perceptions of one's social status/rank; that is the degree to which one feels inferior to others and looked down on. A common outcome of such perceptions is submissive behavior. It is suggested that shame, social anxiety and depression are all related to defensive submissive strategies when individuals find themselves placed in unwanted low status/rank positions. In this study 109 students and 50 depressed patients filled in a battery of self-report questionnaires designed to measure varied aspects of shame, guilt, pride, social anxiety, depression, and social rank (inferiority self-perceptions and submissive behaviour). Results confirm that shame, social anxiety and depression (but not guilt) are highly related to feeling inferior and to submissive behaviour. It is suggested therefore that an understanding of the defensive behaviours of animals and humans who are located in unwanted subordinate positions may throw light on the underlying psychobiological mechanisms of these varied pathologies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reported study investigated transference across a range of cognitive-behavioural and psychoanalytic therapies. A conceptual analysis of transference definitions identified eight key components which were then utilized to construct an instrument for coding patient and therapist statements. The instrument coded verbatim transcriptions of 40 therapy sessions drawn equally from each of two cognitive-behavioural and two psychoanalytic therapies. The results showed transference references in both cognitive-behavioural and psychoanalytic therapies; but these references were significantly lower in cognitive-behavioural therapies, and psychoanalytic therapies were considered the context par excellence of transference. Therapists in psychoanalytic therapies made a higher number of transference statements and responded more fully to patient references to the therapist. It is suggested that transference does not lessen in cognitive-behavioural therapies if it is not acknowledged or recognized. There was an increase in explicit transference references in late over early sessions of all therapies. The implications of the study's findings are discussed with respect to the resolution of transference, and to patient noncompliance in cognitive-behavioural therapies.
Child loss has been described as the most devastating of bereavements. To explore this multidimensional phenomena, thirteen Israeli parents bereaved of young children were compared with forty-two parents who had lost sons to war. Although all parents demonstrated pronounced mourning, those bereaved of adult sons were particularly affected by the loss. This was true for the initial year as well as the current status of the bereavement response, an average of ten years post loss. These findings are discussed and implications for the family are considered.
The purpose of this study was to examine the feedback effects of three modalities of emotional expression on emotional experience. Facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness were manipulated under disguised conditions in a sample of 52 undergraduate students. After each manipulation, participants rated their feelings of anger, sadness, fear, happiness, disgust, and surprise on 11-point scales. Results indicated that: (1) facial expressions and bodily postures tended to produce specific, categorical effects on emotional feelings (the effects of vocal expressions were inconsistent); (2) the magnitudes of effects produced by facial expressions tended to be stronger than those of bodily postures, which tended to exceed those of vocal expressions; and (3) responsiveness to self-produced cues of emotion was consistent across the three modalities of expression.
It is often assumed that emotional stimuli receive high priority for processing, and that the distinction between positive and negative valence is fundamental. However, studies of attention to symbolic stimuli, such as words of different valence, have proved inconclusive. In four experiments, control over the emotional attributes of previously neutral line sketches was achieved by associating them with valenced captions. When these newly valenced sketches were paired with neutral stimuli in an attentional search task, they elicited equivalent attentional avoidance. In contrast, in a final experiment, strongly valenced colour pictures captured attention. We suggest that a mechanism acting to limit unnecessary interruptions of ongoing behaviour can inhibit processing of relatively mild emotional stimuli.
Three experiments used the “colour perception” task described by Gotlib, McLachlan, and Katz (1988) to examine attentional biases in anxiety and depression. Contrary to expectation, Experiment 1 suggested that neither state nor trait anxiety was associated with an attentional bias favouring threat stimuli. Experiment 2 also failed to show a bias towards threat in clinically anxious individuals compared with normal controls. In an attempt to explain these null findings, Experiment 3 sought to replicate Gotlib et al. original evidence of a positive bias in nondepressed individuals. The results indicated that this pattern of bias was more closely associated with state anxiety, than with depression. The discrepant findings are discussed in relation to methodological factors that may reveal the presence or absence of attentional biases, and some suggestions are made for future research.
Memory bias for negative versus positive adjectives was investigated in 11 recovered primary unipolar depressives, 12 non-psychiatric controls and 9 current depressives. Adjectives were presented in an intentional memory task, in either a self- or unfamiliar other person-referent condition, where a yes/no judgement was made of whether each word described the respective person. Depressives showed a negative self-referent bias in recall while the recovered group and the controls recalled more positive than negative self-referent material. However, in the other person-referent condition, the recovered depressives recalled fewer positive than negative adjectives, a pattern not shown by the other groups, suggesting that retrieval operations in recovery are not completely normal. It is suggested that the negative self-referent recall bias is a function of both mood and more enduring cognitive structures. Implication of these results for vulnerability are discussed.
Subjects were asked to rate their fear of four categories of animals both before and after viewing one of three brief video films. Subjects watched either (a) a video depicting extreme violence, (b) a video depicting revulsive scenes from a hospital operation, or (c) a video showing neutral landscape scenes. The results suggested that exposure to violent material produced an increase in fear ratings for animals in the Hi Fear/Hi Predatory category (e.g., lion, tiger, shark) which was significantly different from a decrease in fear ratings recorded for all other categories of animals. However, exposure to revulsive material produced an increase in fear ratings to animals in both the Hi Fear/Lo Predatory category (e.g., rat, spider, snake) and the Hi Revulsion category (e.g., slug, maggot, snail) which was significantly different to the decrease in fear ratings recorded for animals in the remaining categories. The neutral landscape scenes produced a decrease in mean fear ratings for all categories of animals. These results are considered further support for a disease-avoidance model of common animal fears, and suggest a causal link between disgust sensitivity and fear of certain fear-relevant animals.
The discordance between an electrodermal and a subjective measure of disturbance was studied in 36 males. Electrodermal responses to emotionally loaded questions were recorded and subjects were requested to rate on visual analogue scales how disturbing they found the questions. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their ‘accuracy’ of self-perception and it was hypothesised that those who reported low subjective disturbance but reacted relatively strongly electrodermally (‘repressors’), would have a high defensiveness score but low trait anxiety. Conversely, subjects who amplify their disturbance (‘sensitisers’) were expected to have a low defensiveness score and high trait anxiety. The hypotheses were confirmed suggesting that both under and over reporting of subjective disturbance are related to defensiveness and trait anxiety. Another finding was that ‘sensitisers’ were significantly younger than ‘repressors’.
We respond to four criticisms by Ortony and Clore (1989) of our semantic analysis of English emotion terms (Johnson-Laird & Oatley, 1989). We clarify how our theory enables people to speak of certain emotions that they experience without knowing their cause. We explain why emotions are best regarded as mental states with distinctive phenomenal tones—not “just” feelings, and how emotion terms can relate to terms denoting moods. Finally, we discuss an issue that distinguishes our theory from other contemporary cognitive theories: We claim that there is a small number of discriminably different basic emotions, and that the semantics of English emotion terms is comprehensible if these basic states are taken as unanalysable primitives.
There are a number of conflicting approaches to the problem of the relationship between different emotions. One category of models focuses on the valence of emotional experience and typically reports evidence for dimensional approaches to emotion. A second category of models argues for the possibility of discrete basic emotions, but typically focuses on evidence from emotion systems other than conscious experience. In the present study, a list of emotion terms was drawn up that were derived conceptually from a set of basic emotions. A group of participants filled out a questionnaire that asked how much in general they experienced each of the emotions. A structural equation modelling approach was then used with the resultant dataset, an approach that permitted the comparison of six different models that ranged from the positive-negative affect models to models of discrete basic emotions. The analyses gave support for a set of five basic emotions but only when these were allowed to correlate with each other. Implications for theories of emotion are considered.
Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.
Résumé Cet article rapporte les résultats d'un essai fait dans le but de comprendre la nature des réponses de colère des étudiants dans leur relation aux adaptations de personnalité en employant une méthode qui fournit des renseignements à un niveau psycho-social de description. Le sexe, l'organisation de la vie familiale et le milieu géographique ont été les facteurs étudiés. On a obtenu les faits de la colère en employant un journal contrôlé pendant une semaine. Les sujets ont été 58 femmes et 35 hommes, dont environ la moitié ont demeuré dans des clubs universitaires (“sororité” ou “fraternité”). Les résultats indiquent que les stimuli de la colère varient entre un désir contrariant de ne rien faire à un désir contrarié de tout faire. Le nombre moyen des expériences de colère pendant huit jours rapportées par les hommes a été de 5,90; par les femmes, de 4,73. La durée moyenne en a été de quinze minutes. La source a été la contrariété de la agressivité personnelle dans 86,32% des cas. Pour les réponses des femmes, 64% ont été des réactions aux personnes, 26% celles aux choses, et 10% organiques ou de milieu. Une perte d'équilibre avant l'expérience de la colère a été rapportée par 47% des groupes des clubs et par 31% des autres sujets. Les impulsions éprouvées ont varié entre le désir de tuer l'offenseur et de se blesser sérieusement. Les réponses ont varié entre une réponse aimable et la violence de l'offenseur et ont été non adaptées dans presque 50% des cas. Les effets suivant la colère ont varié entre une confiance diminuée en soi et une exagération de l'importance de soi—une tendance de dissociation dans 63% des cas et une tendance intégrante dans 15,24%. L'organisation familiale et le milieu social ont influé d'une manière signifiante sur les variations de la colère par heure et par jour. Referat Der Verfasser bietet uns in diesem Artikel die Befunde aus einer Untersuchung an, die unternommen wurde, um die Art der Zornreaktionen von Studenten, in ihrer Beziehung zu Anpassungen der Persönlichkeit, mit einer Methode zu erforschen, welche Daten zur Beschreibung dieser Reaktionen vom psychologisch-sozialen Standpunkt liefern würde. Als Einwirkungen untersuchte man Geschlecht, Einrichtung des Hauslebens, und geographische Inszenierung [geographical setting]. Die Tatsachen über den Zorn wurden ermittelt durch die Verwendung eines, eine Woche lang gehaltenes, kontrolliertes Tagebuch. Als Versuchspersonen dienten 58 Frauen und 35 Männer, von denen die Hälfte in organisierten Heimen (Brüderschaften oder Schwesterschaften) wohnten. Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass die zornerzeugenden Reize sich von einem hemmenden Verlangen, gar Nichts zu tun, bis zu einer Störung des Verlangens, Alles zu tun, erstrecken. Die Durchschnittszahl der im Laufe einer Woche erlebten und notierten Zornerfahrungen war bei Männern 5.90 und bei Frauen 4.73. Die mittlere Dauer des Zornes war 15 Minuten. Der Ursprung des Zornes war in 86.32% der Fälle eine Verhinderung der Selbstbehauptung. Unter den Reaktionen der Frauen waren 64% Reaktionen auf Menschen, 26% Reaktionen auf Dinge, und 10% organisch oder durch äussere Umstände bedingt [situational]. Von den Reaktionen der Männer waren 36% Reaktionen auf Menschen, 26% Reaktionen auf Dinge, und 18% organisch oder durch äussere Umstände bedingt. Ein schon vor dem Zornerlebnis bestehender Mangel des Gleichgewichts [disequilibrium] wurde von 47% der in organisierten Heimen und von 31% der selbstständig Wohnenden notiert. Die empfunden Antriebe erstreckten sich von dem Verlangen, den Verletzer [offender] zu töten, bis zur ernstlichen Selbstverletzung. Die Reaktionen rangierten von einer höflichen Antwort bis zur Gewalttätigkeit dem Verletzer gegenüber und waren in fast 50% der Fälle nicht zur Anpassung geeignet [non-adaptive]. Die Nachwirkungen erstreckten sich von vermindertem Selbstgefühl bis zur exaltierten Selbstwichtigkeit. Die Richtung der Nachwirkungen war in 63% der Fälle eine zersetzende [dissociative] und in 15.24% eine integrierende. Die stündliche und tägliche Varierungen des Zorns wurden durch die Einrichtung des Hauslebens und die Inszenierung der Gemeinde bedeutend beeinflusst.
The states of mind model is an integrative model of positive and negative cognition that draws on cognitive-behavioralism, personal construct theory, information processing, and cybernetics. The model proposes that (a) functional individuals maintain a cognitive set point that balances positive and negative cognitions according to the golden section proportion (.618) and (b) sustained deviations from this balance indicate psychopathology. Expanding on golden section findings, the model and supporting cognitive-behavioral studies demonstrate that anxious and depressed persons balance their cognitions according to specific set points that are significantly below .618. This article explores implications of the model for reinterpreting results from personal construct studies and addresses problems for future integrative research.
Huntington's disease can particularly affect people's recognition of disgust
from facial expressions1,
2, and functional neuroimaging research
has demonstrated that facial expressions of disgust consistently engage different
brain areas (insula and putamen) than other facial expressions3,
4,
5.
However, it is not known whether these particular brain areas process only
facial signals of disgust or disgust signals from multiple modalities. Here
we describe evidence, from a patient with insula and putamen damage, for a
neural system for recognizing social signals of disgust from multiple modalities.
For several years, we have been investigating the question of how psychological variables in stress situations affect physiological responses. This is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 as the influence of (A) on (B). It is of particular relevance for mental/behavioral disorders if such investigations can be carried a step further, which is to determine whether the differential physiological changes (B) that arise because of psychological variables in stress situations (A) can in turn mediate subsequent behavioral changes (C). In this event, we shall be able to observe how significant psychological factors lead to behavioral change via physiological mediation that is known to us.
Compared 6 common measures of repression: the Byrne Repression-Sensitization scale, the Repressive Coping Scale, the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI), the Miller Monitoring and Blunting Scale (MBS), the Self-Deception Questionnaire, and the Balanced Inventory of Desired Responding—Self Deception Subscale. Each of the measures was administered to 135 psychology students. The measures were highly intercorrelated. A maximum likelihood factor analysis revealed that all but the MBS loaded on a single factor. Moreover, most of the measures correlated significantly with anxiety and social desirability. The instruments were then compared to assess their relative practical utility. The WAI appeared to be the most psychometrically sound measure of dispositional repression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)