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Class Inequality & Political Order
... These are only analytically distinct areas of study, and are both often included or at least implied in the research literature. It does suggest, though, two dominant lines of analysis: 1. the structure of decisions within the media institutions; 2. the culture of media institutions and media personnel, and how they relate to what Parkin (1972) has usefully described as socially available 'meaning systems'. ...
... The question that is always posed when people talk about the effects of mass media is, in one version or another, 'what is the relationship between media output and social consciousness?' One or two writers, have been enticed by the possibility of reversing the statement and of posing the question: 'what is the relationship between social consciousness and media output? 1 -that is, to what extent is the intellectual/cognitive domain of the mass communicators' world inhabited by particular 'meaning systems' (Parkin, 1972) or what Stuart Hall has provocatively called the 'mode of reality of the state 1 (Hall, 1972). ...
... Since then, studies have discussed strong influences of parents' socioeconomic status rather than educational experiences emphasized by those status acquisition models (Goldthorpe, 2000;Jencks et al., 1979;Parkin, 1971). The privileged status class tends to try to ensure that their children's generation can acquire similar hierarchical status, and these parental efforts result in a hereditary of social status. ...
... Blau and Duncan (1967) reported that inequality in economic status is at the root of the job structure. An individual's performance in the labor market can be the total of previous experiences and resources (Becker, 2009;Parkin, 1971). Furthermore, the above mentioned studies agree that the process of personal performance and social status acquisition linked to the "family-school-labor market" is inevitable. ...
This study explored the mechanism of labor market performance by confirming the role of secondary vocational education for young Korean employees of high school graduates. To this end, we focused on the Meister High School (MHS) policy for fostering the lead in secondary vocational education in Korea. In comparative perspective, data from 2,344 Korean employees who graduated from MHS or Specialized Vocational High School (SVHS) were analyzed. Firstly, it was found that MHS graduates obtained better objective performance conditions even if the crucial reginal and parental effects are controlled. Next, MHS graduates maintained higher job satisfaction focusing on their horizontal mismatch level. Moreover, MHS graduates with higher achievement in vocational courses were satisfied with their school life. Our findings found the significant roles of the Korean secondary vocational education policy by applying assumptions of the status acquisition model.
... Hall (2001) is careful to note that the people involved in the production of the message will use different techniques to attempt to secure a preferred or dominant reading of the text Morley, 1992) by constraining how the text can be read, so that the reading favors the preferred or dominant reading. Drawing on Parkin's (1971) work on the influence of class on meaning-systems, Hall's original formulation of the encoding/decoding model held that there were three categories of reading of a message. First, there is the dominant reading of the message, which is consistent with the reading intended by the message producers. ...
... Clearly, understanding factors that influence how a message is read by an audience is central to understanding how people comprehend and interpret media stories. Within Hall's original encoding/decoding model , how a message is read is closely tied to issues of class, drawing upon Parkin's (1971) writings. However, it is important to note that Hall did not intend to argue that class deterministically shapes how a message will be read (Morley, 1992). ...
... Con questa espressione, in realtà, si fa riferimento alla progressiva espansione delle professioni tecniche e intellettuali grazie allo sviluppo dell'istruzione superiore. Questo processo è stato segnato dalle dinamiche di chiusura sociale (Parkin, 1971) delle classi medio-alte, che hanno monopolizzato il mercato delle credenziali educative, al fine di garantire tutti quei vantaggi sociali che vengono riconosciuti alle professioni liberali. ...
Il volume indaga la diseguale relazione con la scuola da parte degli studenti di differente origine sociale. Lo studio è incentrato sul caso italiano e si concentra sulla compresenza nella scuola delle dinamiche di riproduzione e innovazione socioculturale.
... It is a struggle constituted within the complex arenas professional actors inhabit, where different traditions, epistemologies and values compete for formal recognition and dominance. Not only is this struggle evident in the jurisdictional disputes between rival professions (Abbott 1988;Pavalko 1988), and in accounts of professional elitism (Witz 1992;Parkin 1972), it also manifests in political discourse such as Hill & Barber's (2014) use of the term 'semiprofession' to denote occupational failure. ...
Professionalism is an important issue for policymakers in post-16 education because of its established links to competence, morale and staff continuity. Arguably, it is the pursuit of professionalism that ensures high quality teaching and learning, satisfied students and stakeholders, and the ongoing esteem of the general public. However, despite its alleged importance, professionalism has been largely missing as a topic from policy narratives. This lacuna may be linked to common perceptions that professionalism is complex, opaque and difficult to operationalise. Redressing this issue, this article examines what professionalism means to practitioners who work in the English Further Education (FE) sector. 461 practitioners working in teaching, management and curriculum settings completed an online survey, responding to the question: ‘What does being professional mean to you in the context of your working role and duties’? Perceptions of professionalism were content analysed and reported thematically. Using two-way correspondence analysis, the results were theorised as a tripartite model comprising three intersecting professionalism schemas: expertise, service and compliance. This model provides the basis for understanding and exploring the contested properties of professionalism expressed across the FE literature. Uniquely, the model emphasises the role that recognition plays in respondents’ constructions. The article concludes by suggesting a number of ways professionalism in FE might be supported.
... According to this body of work, the process of social descent results in a "damaging confrontation between self and social reality" (Parkin 1971), a distancing from potential symbolic and attitudinal ties normative of one's lower status destination, and a rejection of downward movement and lower status as somehow reflective of one's permanent fate (Newman 1999;Hope 2000;Nieuwbeerta et al. 2000). Class skidding, in other words, "leaves scars in the form of unfulfilled expectations and lurking fears" (Newman 1999: 85). ...
Classic theory has long been interested in mobility, but with limited attention to the implications of intergenerational movement for inequality-specific beliefs. In this article, we introduce a dynamic conception and modeling of the impact of intergenerational occupational mobility on inequality orientations generally and distributive and redistributive beliefs in particular. The diagonal models we employ using 2008–2010 General Social Survey samples—modeling that considers intergenerational occupational origin and destination, and that is replicated on a larger sample across three waves of the GSS—reveal strong conservatizing effects of mobility overall. Those who occupationally fall relative to their parents, although somewhat more progressive by virtue of the downward mobility experience, tend to cling more so to the conservative beliefs characteristic of their higher status origins. Those experiencing mobility gains, in contrast, usually adopt the more conservative orientations of those who they are now surrounded by and in ways that legitimize individual efforts. These patterns are notably pronounced compared to other aspects of one’s job, political affiliation, and status-related attributes; are somewhat stronger among men than women; and differ significantly for Blacks. We elaborate and conclude by highlighting the need for a mobility-centered corrective to sociological understandings of inequality beliefs and how workplace-related experiences in particular shape ideological leanings.
... Само ако пречките и бариерите, свързани с принадлежността към категорията на жените, се възприемат като напълно непреодолими, те биха натежли над различията с класова природа. Единствено в този случай според Паркин би било реалистично полът да се разглежда като важно измерение на стратификацията (Parkin 1978). ...
This book is focused on an area where stratification and feminist research meet, at the levels of culture and structure. Gender is viewed as an individual characteristic contributing to the positioning of women in the social stratification, and at the same time as socially constructed. The analysis of gender stratification in Bulgaria is done on three levels: gender images in mass media commercials; a quantitative analysis of public opinion regarding the suitability of women for occupations involving power and regarding gender sensitive arraignments in the family and society; and status-attainment models predicting occupational achievements. The analytical model includes also elements of the welfare culture, represented by people’s expectations from the state in a comparative perspective. The gap between expectations and satisfaction with what the state offers working parents is important as it affects the chances of women to achieve satisfactory employment and work career. The results show the multiple effects of gender in Bulgaria both at the cultural and structural level of society.
... They are experientially related and so there is a multiplicity of meaning-systems in any one society. But, in any unequal society, some tend to be more significant than others, and Parkin (1971), for example, has pointed to the importance of the dominant meaning-system, a moral framework which endorses society as it is, including existing inequality. In housing advertisements, for subordinate groups such a meaning-system leads to their possessing deferential or aspirational views that make them pursue it through emulation. ...
... Besides, social stratification cannot easily be recognized from individuals' attributes but households' attributes. (Filandri & Olagnero, 2014;Parkin, 1971;Wakita et al., 2000). A more specific approach to measure financial strength is through net wealth that is obtained from total wealth deducted by debts (Fitzsimmons & Leach, 1994). ...
Households should small and but financially strong, especially to deal with a crisis where most families face a reduction in income but relatively constant expenditure. To maintain the standard of living, they need a buffer, measured from net wealth, i.e. total value of assets deducted by debts. There is no justification for how small the family size should be. For most households, higher net wealth is achieved when they have smaller household size, while only the poorest and richest households can get benefits from additional household members. However, we should also aware of the pseudo-increase of net wealth, i.e. households obtain an increasing net wealth because of additional household members but unable to push them to higher decile.
... Even though self-actualization is innate, the life experiences and learning processes from the childhood and his level of emotional intelligence has the power to manipulate individual's self-actualization level (Gopinath, 2020 b). Researches witness that that people having low financial background and who has considerably less income, have the attitude of accepting what they have and they may not have the thirst of achieving more (Mann, 1970(Mann, , 1973Parkin, 1971;Turner, 1964;Keller & Zavalloni, 1964;Simmons & Rosenberg, 1971;Kerckhoff, 1972;Scanzoni, 1967). ...
Self-actualization is realizing your inherent potential, in recent days the importance of this concept is gaining attention among the researchers. Self-actualization has its own impact on the organizational behavior of employees and the behavior of self-actualized is proven better than those who are not self-actualized. Already several researches have done to find the prominence of self-actualization on employee satisfaction and performance, but the research is limited in the area of academicians. This paper is attempted to find the demographic priorities of academicians of Tamil Nadu universities on self-actualization. Descriptive research design was followed in this study. To support the objective the researcher collected 178 samples by using Purposive Stratified Random Sampling technique. With the help of ANNOVA, and Independent sample t test were used to find the results. The researcher found the demographic factors has significant and positive influence in determining the self-actualization level of academic leaders of Tamil Nadu universities.
... This is also the case for the risk of excessive isomorphism in faculty hiring and promotion, which could reduce the richness and variety of research submitted to scholarly journals (Dey, Milem, and Berger 1997). This in turn could favor "social closure" by journal editors and referees reinforcing the same standards of quality, value, and worth (Parkin 1979;Subramaniam, Perrucci, and Whitlock 2014). ...
This article examines publication patterns over the last seventy years from the American Sociological Review and American Journal of Sociology, the two most prominent journals in sociology. We reconstructed the gender of all published authors and each author’s academic pedigree. Results would suggest that these journals published disproportionally more articles by male authors and their coauthors. These gender inequalities persisted even when considering citations and after controlling for the influence of academic affiliation. It would seem that the potentially positive advantage of working in a prestigious, elite sociology department, in terms of better learning environment and reputational signal, for higher publication opportunities only significantly benefits male authors. While our findings do not mean that these journals have biased internal policies or implicit practices, this publication pattern needs to be considered especially regarding the possibility of their “social closure” and isomorphism.
... Even though self-actualization is innate, the life experiences and learning processes from the childhood and his level of emotional intelligence has the power to manipulate individual's self-actualization level (Gopinath, 2020 b). Researches witness that that people having low financial background and who has considerably less income, have the attitude of accepting what they have and they may not have the thirst of achieving more (Mann, 1970(Mann, , 1973Parkin, 1971;Turner, 1964;Keller & Zavalloni, 1964;Simmons & Rosenberg, 1971;Kerckhoff, 1972;Scanzoni, 1967). ...
Being self-actualization is considered as essential for realizing the individual's potential and for the self-up gradation, and its being important for academicians, the researcher attempted to study, whether the self-actualization of academicians vary according to the demographic variations. Acceptance, authenticity, purpose, efficient perception of reality, humanitarianism, good moral intuition, creative spirit, peak experiences, equanimity and continued freshness of appreciation are the factors considered for determining the self-actualization. For this purpose the researcher collect data from 137 academic leadersand each self-actualization factors were compared with demographic variables. From the research analysis the researcher find significant differences between most of the demographic variables and self-actualization of the academic leaders of Tamil Nadu Universities.
... 20 The 'closure' thesis states that the higher reaches of the occupational hierarchy will be virtually inaccessible to the 'socially mobile', while the closely-related 'buffer zone' thesis states that large-scale social mobility will be restricted to the interface between 'higher manual' and 'lower non-manual' categories of employees. Arguments to this effect may be found in Bottomore (1965), Miliband (1969, Giddens (1973), Parkin (1972) and Westergaard and Resler (1975). Using a schema of occupational classes roughly similar to those of Townsend and Butler and Stokes, Goldthorpe found that in 1972, about quarter of the (male) members of his 'highest' class were sons of fathers from the same class, while over a quarter were sons of manual wage-workers. ...
... (Marx, 1890, par. I) In reality, no socialist country achieved full development to communism as defined by Marx and Engels (1848) and the egalitarian philosophy remained a myth (Parkin, 1981). Socialist economies were command economies, where all production means were publicly owned and all activity was controlled and steered by governmental commands and regulations instead of market mechanisms (Ericson, 2006). ...
Soaring rent levels in major cities have triggered protests in Germany. In Berlin, where the average rent level has doubled to €10/m² during the past decade, thousands of people rallied against a sell-off of real estate to investors who are speculating on further increasing rents, and called for a government intervention. This ‘Berlin housing problem’ provides a great illustration of a major problem of capitalistic societies, the conflict between profit maximization and societal well-being. The paper uses this problem as an example to illustrate a deontological approach to ethical decision-making in politics based on social contract theory. To solve the problem, it advocates a strong government intervention within the boundaries of the social market economy. As the desire for profit maximization is unsaturable, it needs to be regulated so that wealth inequality gaps remain at an acceptable level. This is best achieved in a social market economy, which balances capitalism and a welfare state to ensure societal wealth and social peace.
In this chapter, we discuss two important conceptual issues regarding assortative mating, one about why marriages tend to be homogamous and the other about why patterns of assortative mating may change.
Históricamente, el corporativismo es esencialmente un fenómeno europeo, cuyas manifestaciones contemporáneas se remontan a los régimenes autoritarios fascistas anteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En la postguerra, el corporativismo se ha restringido a la integración de los sindicatos en las estructuras políticas de los países capitalistas avanzados, y también en la de otros países de economías planificadas. Los estudiosos tratan el corporativismo de diferentes maneras : como un sistema económico, al igual que tratan el feudalismo o el capitalismo; como una forma política, al igual que el fascismo o la democracia ; o como un sistema que incluye toda una serie de intereses como el pluralismo o el movimiento obrero
An approach to social stratification that draws on the work of Max Weber is outlined. This distinguishes between economically grounded class and the communal or influentially grounded status. It is argued that these jointly enter into the formation of social strata and underpin the distribution of political power.
This chapter elaborates on the idea of social status as a system of ranking in terms of social honour. Drawing on more recent work by a variety of theorists, including Bourdieu and Baudrillard, the distinctiveness of social status as a component in social inequalities and social divisions is set out. Social honour is seen as a factor that may mask and legitimate divisions of economic class.
The chapter provides an overview of the classical debates on community question. It discusses various approaches to community, comprehended as a neighbourhood, a network or a sense of belonging. In the introduction to the chapter, an overview of the concept of community as opposed to city is presented and the nature of the community question is explained. The introduction is followed by the presentation of the concepts supporting the “community saved” hypothesis and provides the details on the classical approach to the urban community as a neighbourhood as well as discusses contemporary approaches to community comprehended as a place-based social ties. Next, the chapter provides details on the “community liberated” hypothesis and discusses a variety of concepts of community comprehended as a network and a sense of belonging. The chapter concludes with the statement that there is a conceptual gap in the community studies that reflects the “agency vs structure” division. It presents some attempts to overcome them, paying particular attention to Talia Blokland’s concept of community as urban practice, and points to the need for the development of a new approach that would overcome the shortcomings of the current approaches to community and would allow for exploration of the phenomena that have remained so far out of view of community studies.
Bis in die 1980er Jahre lag der Schwerpunkt der Ungleichheitsforschung auf der Er-werbsarbeit. In der Folge rückten zunehmend Ungleichheiten in den Fokus, die weit über den Bereich der Erwerbsarbeit hinausgehen. Diese werden als neue soziale Un-gleichheiten bezeichnet. Der Artikel beantwortet die Frage danach, warum die Aufmerksamkeit für die neuen sozialen Ungleichheiten gewachsen ist und wie sich diese empirisch erforschen lassen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Ansätze zur Erfor-schung alter und neuer Ungleichheiten sich nicht widersprechen, sondern sich ge-genseitig ergänzen.
This article details the way in which a group of Dutch researchers studies social inequality and class structures. The way of proceeding is inspired by the principles of Popper's philosophy of Science. Substantive questions are deemed more important than issues of operationalization, new substantive questions take the answers to earlier substantive questions as their starting point, and when answering substantive questions new derivations from existing theories, such as Lenski's technological-ideological evolutionism and Bourdieu's theory of compensatory strategies, are tested. The data which are collected do not pertain to separate individuals at one point in time, but are multi-moment multi-actor data. Files are not analyzed as self-contained, but as additions to continuing series. Techniques of analysis fit substantive research questions, such as loglinear models for ascertaining relative mobility and diagonal reference models for studying acculturation upon social mobility and within mixed marriages.
Deze bijdrage handelt over de vraag in hoeverre de economische eenwording van een aantal hedendaagse Europese landen ertoe leidt dat de verschillen in Cultuurdeelname tussen de ander- en bovenlagen van elk van deze landen toe dan wel afnemen en de Culturen van hun bovenlagen meer of juist minder op elkaar gaan lijken dan nu het geval is. Aan de hand van een aantal onderzoeksbevindingen en algemene theoretische noties worden vier hypothesen beredeneerd. Volgens de eerste versterkt de EG de vorming van een laag boven de bestaande bovenlagen en van een laag onder de bestaande onderlagen. Volgens de tweede leidt dit tot grotere Culturele verschillen binnen elk van de EG landen. De derde hypothese luidt dat deze verschillen tevens groter worden door de als gevolg van de vorming van de EG toenemende sociale stijging. De vierde hypothese houdt in dat de Cultuur van de bovenlagen van de EG-landen cosmopolitischer wordt.
Dieses Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Debatten und Ergebnisse der Forschung über die britische Gesellschaft in der Zeit der Expansion von 1945 bis 1979 und fasst sie zusammen. Die Forschungsaktivitäten werden den verschiedenen Instituten zugeordnet, an denen sie durchgeführt wurden. Zu den behandelten Themen gehören theoretische Debatten über Struktur, Funktion, Konflikt und Handeln sowie empirische Forschungen zu Klasse und Gesellschaftsschichten, Gemeinschaft und Verwandtschaft, „Rasse“ und ethnischer Zugehörigkeit, Verbrechen und Abweichung, Arbeit, Industrie und Organisation sowie Religion.
This article focuses on the realization of official government regulations of egalitarianism policy in secondary technical schools, especially on the informal practice that was “quietly” tolerated by the communist regime. The research is based on the historiographical approach of the history of everyday life. The primary research method is the oral history method based on interviews with witnesses—teachers who worked at secondary technical schools in the period under review. Research using the oral history method is further supplemented by the study of period legislation, periodicals, and the study of archival materials obtained in the National Archives in Prague and the Brno City Archives. The study provides a unique illustration of the application of the policy of egalitarianism in the everyday life of secondary technical schools in the normalization period in Czechoslovakia. In particular, the witnesses’ recollections reveal a practice toward some students that went beyond government regulations and influenced their studies in various ways, including admission procedures, dealing with disciplinary offenses, graduation, and obtaining a school-leaving certificate.
In this chapter, I discuss whether the mechanism generating social stratification changes when we consider the aging population as well as the change in the household structure. Three main topics are examined: (1) economic inequality in terms of income and savings, (2) the relationship between intergenerational occupational mobility and wealth inheritance, and (3) determinants of the economic well-being of the elderly, represented by the total value of household income and real savings. We found out that in the late-life stage, the demographic aspects such as marital status and sibling order, and relationships with other family members become important in determining economic well-being.
The articles in this volume highlight resurgence of interest in the topic of legal socialization. Legal and moral socialization was central to the writing of classic social theorists around the beginning of the 20th century, and was an important research topic in the 1970s. It has been less widely studied in recent decades. Renewed attention to legal socialization today is a result of both developments in psychology and of emerging societal issues. In particular, a renewed societal focus on how to create a viable and sustainable social order has again drawn attention to legal socialization. In response, as this volume illustrates, psychologists have increased and broadened their efforts to understand legal socialization. They have addressed the issue using new theoretical models, have considered a broader set of sources of socialization, and have paid heightened attention to the experience of traditionally marginalized members of society.
Individualization theorists claim that the socio-cultural changes of late modernity have dissolved class division and awareness. In contrast, this review of class research on Icelandic society since the dawn of modernization shows that class relations continue to structure inequality and that neoliberal globalization has increased class awareness. This is shown in relation to class structure, class politics, class inequality, class awareness and class culture. Moreover, it is argued that the strength and trajectory of class awareness in late modernity vary by welfare regime and that theorists overgeneralize declining class awareness based on highly differentiated, liberal welfare states. Heightened class awareness in Iceland is explained by the polarizing effects of neoliberal globalization, which represents a more significant shift for social democratic welfare states, where low inequality, comprehensive social citizenship and cultural homogeneity have long curbed perceptions of class division.
Social reproduction theory claims that the social structure of inequality is the product of unequal distribution of resources. This inequality perpetuates across generations due to the strategies that agents use to maintain and enhance their relative positions in the social space of positions. This study built the triptych model of reproduction of social class to evaluate the social reproduction theory of Bourdieu. The model is consisted of three stages. The first stage explored that the cultural and economic capital are inversely related in the social structure of South Punjab. The second stage analyzed the reproduction of social class. The data supported the intergeneration perpetuation of the dominant class in south Punjab. The study excluded the third stage of mediation models. The study concluded that the structure of unequal distribution of resources perpetuated from one generation to the next. The study suggested that the triptych model of reproduction of social class may be used in the future studies to assess the social reproduction theory of Bourdieu.
Developments in technology have facilitated the emergence of new crowd counting organisations. Some of the organisations have established platforms to disseminate their data, making it available to researchers for the first time. These databases promise to increase the quality and quantity of research in various fields. In the late 2010s, specialist crowd counting organisations emerged with the sole purpose of counting crowds at protests and disseminating the results, sometimes in a purely partisan manner. Because of the contemporary relevance of protest behaviour, we frame our discussion within this context. For social scientists considering the utilisation of these new databases, it is essential that crowd numbers be linked to underlying human behaviour in a way that promises a chain of connections to investigate and explore. We use behavioural economics to show why relative crowd size may be important for human decision-makers. And we show how the significance of relative crowd size relates to other aspects of the human decision-making process, including risk preferences and probability assessments. Far from being a theory of protest behaviour, we present a behavioural economics-based primer for empirical researchers and social scientists engaging with newly available crowd counting data. The conclusions may apply in other contexts and might be extended to encompass specific types of behaviour, including aggression and violence. Indeed, the conclusions may guide the analysis of the emergence of the crowd counting organisations themselves.
This chapter reviews and summarises the principal debates and findings of research on British society carried out in the period of expansion from 1945 to 1979. Research activity is mapped onto the various departments in which it was carried out. Topics covered include theoretical debates on structure, function, conflict, and action, and empirical research on class and stratification, community and kinship, race and ethnicity, crime and deviance, work, industry, and organisation, and religion.
At the bottom of the sea, freedivers find that the world bestows humans with the magic of bodily and mental freedom, binding them in small communities of play, affect and respect for nature. On land, rational human interests dissolve this magic into prescriptive formulas of belonging to a profession, a nation and an acceptable modernity. The magical exploration is morphed by such multiple interventions successively from a pilgrimage, to a cinematic and digital articulation of an anarchic project, to an exercise in national citizenship and finally, a projection of post-imperial cosmopolitan belonging. At the bottom of the sea, freedivers find that the world bestows humans with the magic of bodily and mental freedom, binding them in small communities of play, affect and respect for nature. On land, rational human interests dissolve this magic into prescriptive formulas of belonging to a profession, a nation and an acceptable modernity. The magical exploration is morphed by such multiple interventions successively from a pilgrimage, to a cinematic and digital articulation of an anarchic project, to an exercise in national citizenship and finally, a projection of post-imperial cosmopolitan belonging. This is the story of an embodied, relational and affective journey: the making of the explorer of worlds. At its heart stands a clash between individual and collective desires to belong, aspirations to create and the pragmatics of becoming recognised by others. The primary empirical context in which this is played is the contemporary margins of European modernity: the post-troika Greece. With the project of a freediving artist, who stages an Underwater Gallery outside the iconic island of Amorgos, as a sociological spyglass, it examines the networks of mobility that both individuals and nations have to enter to achieve international recognition, often at the expense of personal freedom and alternative pathways to modernity. Inspired by fusions of cultural pragmatics, phenomenology, phanerology, the morphogenetic approach, feminist posthumanism and especially postcolonial theories of magical realism, this study examines interconnected variations of identity and subjectivity in contexts of contemporary mobility (digital and embodied travel/tourism). As a study of cultural emergism, the book will be of interest to students and scholars in critical theory, cultural, postcolonial and decolonial studies, and tourism/pilgrimage theory.Inspired by fusions of cultural pragmatics, phenomenology, phanerology, the morphogenetic approach, feminist posthumanism and especially postcolonial theories of magical realism, this study examines interconnected variations of identity and subjectivity in contexts of contemporary mobility (digital and embodied travel/tourism). As a study of cultural emergism, the book will be of interest to students and scholars in critical theory, cultural, postcolonial and decolonial studies, and tourism/pilgrimage theory.
This paper problematises the concept of social mobility through an exploration of it in relation to Higher Education policy in England. Based upon a content analysis of a number of key policy documents from distinct eras, it identifies definitions and understandings of social mobility within them, exploring how such references have changed over time, and critiquing the differences between the imagined ideals of what policy rhetoric seeks to do and the reality of policy implementation. In particular, it considers the characterisation of social mobility as an individualised concern; it positions aspirations of improving social mobility within the market of Higher Education; and it ultimately asks whether Higher Education can solve the government's social mobility problem. Este trabalho problematiza o conceito de mobilidade social através de uma exploração do mesmo em relação à política de ensino superior na Inglaterra. Com base em uma análise de conteúdo de vários documentos‐chave de políticas de diferentes épocas, identifica definições e entendimentos de mobilidade social dentro deles; explorar como essas referências mudaram ao longo do tempo; e criticar as diferenças entre os ‘ideais’ imaginados do que a retórica política procura fazer e a realidade da implementação de políticas. Em particular, considera a caracterização da mobilidade social como uma preocupação individualizada; posiciona as aspirações de melhorar a mobilidade social no mercado de ensino superior; e, finalmente, pergunta se o ensino superior pode resolver o ‘problema de mobilidade social’ do governo.
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