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In Biostatistical Analysis
... In this scenario, i.e., when showing an aggregated pattern, that would be evoked by the presence of interspecific competition. Such a competition between species probably would induce the existence of species associations, which can be determined using contingency tables (Gotelli & Ellison, 2014;Zar, 2014). ...
... Data analysis.-From the data obtained on each of the two species, in first instance we calculated a variance mean ratio, in order to determine if the species shows a random distribution (if the value is 1), a uniform distribution (if the value is <1), or an aggregated distribution (if the value is >1) (Elliot, 1975;Fernandes et al., 2003;Zar, 2014). Once the spatial pattern was determined, it was determined if the species showed either a Poisson distribution, or a (positive) binomial, or a negative binomial distribution. ...
... To that purpose, the most robust model chosen, and that analysis was done manually using Excel software and literature descriptions (Fernandes et al., 2003;De los Ríos-Escalante et al., 2022). Finally, to determine if both species are associated, a 2 × 2 contingency table was applied (Gotelli & Ellison, 2014;Zar, 2014). ...
The northern Chilean coast is characterized by its high productivity and diversity due to the presence of the cold, nutrient-rich water of the Humboldt Current. In this scenario, the rocky shore provides many microhabitats for invertebrates such as crustaceans. The aim of the present study was to analyse potential species interactions using probabilistic models and contingency tables. In this particular case we analysed the potential interactions between two sympatric intertidal decapods, Cyclograpsus cinereus and Petrolisthes granulosus, on the rocky shores of Cifuncho Bay, an isolated bay in the north of Chile. The results revealed that both species had a uniform pattern, that was adjusted to a binomial distribution for C. cinereus, and a Poisson distribution for P. granulosus. These results are probably due to territorial behaviour, and this was corroborated by the results of the contingency table, which denoted the independence of both species. These results would not coincide with classical observations of intertidal decapods on rocky shores of continental Chile, as those denoted a gregarious pattern. However, on the other hand, the present results do not explain any details about potential interactions between the two species here analysed. RESUMEN La costa norte de Chile se caracteriza por su alta productividad y diversidad debido a la presencia de las aguas frías y ricas en nutrientes de la Corriente de Humboldt. En este escenario, la costa rocosa proporciona muchos microhábitats para invertebrados como los crustáceos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las posibles interacciones entre especies utilizando modelos probabilísticos y tablas de contingencia. En este caso particular analizamos las interacciones potenciales entre dos decápodos intermareales simpátricos, Cyclograpsus cinereus y Petrolisthes granulosus, en las costas rocosas de la Bahía de Cifuncho, una bahía aislada en el norte de Chile. Los resultados revelaron que ambas especies tenían un patrón uniforme, que se ajustó a una distribución binomial para C. cinereus y una distribución de Poisson para P. granulosus. Estos resultados probablemente se deban al comportamiento territorial, y esto fue corroborado por los resultados de la tabla de contingencia, que denotaba la independencia de ambas especies. Estos resultados no coincidirían con las observaciones clásicas de decápodos intermareales en costas rocosas de Chile continental, ya que denotan un patrón gregario. Sin embargo, por otro lado, los presentes resultados no explican ningún detalle sobre las posibles interacciones entre las dos especies aquí analizadas.
... Mean captures of H. halys (combined adults and nymphs) per trap per site per week was calculated. The mean response data were transformed to achieve a normal distribution using the Box-Cox transformation (Osborne 2010) and homogeneity of variance was assessed using Bartlett and Levene tests (Zar 2010). Site type, sampling week, and site type × sampling week interaction were the fixed effects, site was a random effect, and sampling week number and site were the repeated measures parameter and subject, respectively. ...
... Site type, sampling week, and site type × sampling week interaction were the fixed effects, site was a random effect, and sampling week number and site were the repeated measures parameter and subject, respectively. Tukey's HSD was used for post hoc multiple comparison tests of the mean responses (Zar 2010). We then subdivided the season into 3 periods for additional analyses following the approach used in other H. halys monitoring studies so as to have comparable data (e.g., Leskey et al. 2015, Acebes-Doria et al. 2020. ...
... In 2019, early season was from 26 April to 14 June, mid-season was from 15 June to 16 August, and late season was from 17 August to 18 September. The relationship between the mean number of injured apples per tree per orchard site at harvest and mean weekly captures of nymphs and adults per site during the late season (mid-August to mid-October) was examined using simple linear regression (Zar 2010) for data generated in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Late-season captures, which are typically the highest in the season (Acebes-Doria et al. 2020), were used for these analyses because previous studies have shown that very few H. halys are captured in the early and mid-season , Acebes-Doria et al. 2018, 2020) and that late-season feeding, particularly from adults, was linked to highest injury at harvest (Leskey et al. 2012b, Acebes-Doria et al. 2016a. ...
The invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has threatened Mid-Atlantic tree fruit since 2010. To identify factors underlying observed differences in H. halys pest pressure among individual orchards within a geographically proximate area, a 3-yr study was conducted across 10 apple orchard and 8 nonorchard sites bordered by unmanaged woodlots. At each site, 3 pheromone traps were monitored weekly for H. halys captures from late April to mid-October. Apple injury was assessed at harvest at orchard sites annually, and a survey of woody plants found in woodlots adjacent to all sites was conducted. There were no significant differences in captures between orchard and nonorchard site types, but captures were significantly different among individual orchard sites and among individual nonorchard sites. A significant positive relationship between the amount of stink bug injury on apple at harvest and late season captures was detected at orchard sites in 2018 and 2019. Among woodlots adjacent to all sites, a significant positive relationship between the proportion of Lonicera spp. and mid- and late-season nymphal captures was identified. Season-long nymphal captures were positively related to the proportion of Lonicera and Elaeagnus and negatively with Sassafras. For adults, captures were negatively related to the proportion of Ailanthus and positively related to the proportion of Fraxinus in the early and mid-season, respectively. Our results indicate that orchard presence was not driving the relative abundance of localized H. halys populations and that differences in relative densities among sites point to other factors, such as abundance of specific uncultivated woody hosts in unmanaged areas.
... Em seguida, de acordo com a característica do substrato ocupado, as espécies foram classificadas em terrestres, epífitas ou facultativas. Testamos as possíveis diferenças de ocupação pelas espécies entre estas categorias por meio do teste de X 2 (Zar, 1999), identificando o hábito de vida preferencial de cada espécie. Calculamos a porcentagem de ocupação de árvores e de arbustos pela guilda de bromélias epífitas, em relação a todas as árvores amostradas na RBEPS, testando possíveis diferenças entre o número de forófitos ocupados e não ocupados pelas bromélias por meio do teste de X 2 (Zar, 1999). ...
... Testamos as possíveis diferenças de ocupação pelas espécies entre estas categorias por meio do teste de X 2 (Zar, 1999), identificando o hábito de vida preferencial de cada espécie. Calculamos a porcentagem de ocupação de árvores e de arbustos pela guilda de bromélias epífitas, em relação a todas as árvores amostradas na RBEPS, testando possíveis diferenças entre o número de forófitos ocupados e não ocupados pelas bromélias por meio do teste de X 2 (Zar, 1999). Testamos as diferenças na ocupação das espécies de bromélias epífitas entre as classes de DAP e de altura através de ANOVA e do teste post-hoc de Tukey (Zar, 1999). ...
... Calculamos a porcentagem de ocupação de árvores e de arbustos pela guilda de bromélias epífitas, em relação a todas as árvores amostradas na RBEPS, testando possíveis diferenças entre o número de forófitos ocupados e não ocupados pelas bromélias por meio do teste de X 2 (Zar, 1999). Testamos as diferenças na ocupação das espécies de bromélias epífitas entre as classes de DAP e de altura através de ANOVA e do teste post-hoc de Tukey (Zar, 1999). Também testamos possíveis diferenças na altura de fixação entre espécies de bromélias através de ANOVA e Tukey e, em seguida, transformarmos os dados para o logaritmo (abundância + 1) (Zar, 1999). ...
In restingas, plants tend to present an aggregate spatial distribution pattern as a response to the patchy distribution of substrates and favorable microclimatic
conditions. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution of Bromeliaceae from the restinga of the Biological Reserve of Praia do Sul (RBEPS), identifying the substrates used, depending on the anchorage of the roots, and whether there is a pattern of use of these substrates among the different vegetation zones. We also analyzed the vertical distribution of epiphytic species and occupation of phorophyte height and DBH classes. In four vegetation zones of the RBEPS, we established 150 plots of 100 m2, in which we counted the abundance of each species by substratum classes and by height classes on the phorophytes, and we measured their height and DBH. Of the 16 species sampled, 50% were epiphytes and none showed a homogeneous pattern of substrate occupation in the four vegetation zones. Most species did not differ in occupation of DBH classes (N = 7 spp.) and phorophyte height (N = 8 spp.), as well as in vertical distribution (N = 8 spp.). In RBEPS, the pattern of spatial organization between zones occurs in response to the high local heterogeneity and the lack of preference in the occupation of phorophytes, due to
the low densities of large trees.
... 2F-ANOVA, also referred to as two-way ANOVA, is a well-established and rather robust statistical technique and the subject of a wide range of textbooks (e.g. [14,15]), web-sites or tutorial videos. For this reason, only a basic outline is given, as relevant for the current context. ...
... The total sum Total Sum of Squares (SST) for the data of a chosen parameter is given by [14]: ...
... ̿ is the mean for all data (n) across all cells. SST is directly related [14] to the variance, the standard deviation and thus the 95% confidence limits for each parameter (see Supplement). ...
Objectives
Through the cooperation with an industrial partner, we gained a set of data for the tensile properties (wet) of human hair. The hair samples originated from a cross‐over study with two groups of individuals, using for a topical application sequentially two products (A and B). Each phase of the study lasted six months. The phases of the study were by chance covering first largely the winter and then the summer period. Initially, tensile variables were chosen, which not only reflect the mechanical properties of hair (modulus, break strain, break stress) but which are also considered to have a good connection to practice‐relevant hair properties. The initial analysis of the data showed that changes were observed for the variables due to the treatment phases. However, these were either small or difficult to interpret.
Methods
Against this background and using Two‐Factor Analysis of Variance, we investigated the hypothesis that the tensile properties of hair (wet) may show significant seasonal changes. For this we chose those two independent variables, which reflect the properties of the intermediate filaments (modulus) and the matrix (break strain) in the composite structure of the hair cortex.
Results
The results support the ‘seasonal’ hypothesis and clearly show that the variables show significant changes from Winter to Summer ( modulus : 10% increase, break strain : 3% decrease). The seasonal effect was thus a major reason, why the first stage of the analysis of the data was inconclusive.
Conclusions
The tensile properties of the main morphological components of the cortex show distinct seasonal changes. Towards the summer the hair becomes stiffer and more brittle. Furthermore, the results suggest that seasonal effects may need to be taken into account when conducting studies on lengths of hair grown during different seasons.
... The individual mean vectors were used to compute the second-order mean vector for each experimental group both for the training and test sessions for both Experiment 1 and 2. For each group, the One Sample Moore test (Zar 1984) was used to assess whether the individual mean vector distributions of each group were different from random. The paired Moore test (Zar 1984) was used to compare the individual mean vector distributions between training and test. ...
... The individual mean vectors were used to compute the second-order mean vector for each experimental group both for the training and test sessions for both Experiment 1 and 2. For each group, the One Sample Moore test (Zar 1984) was used to assess whether the individual mean vector distributions of each group were different from random. The paired Moore test (Zar 1984) was used to compare the individual mean vector distributions between training and test. ...
... For the test session, Mardia's two Sample test (Zar 1984) has been applied to individual mean vector distributions to make pairwise comparisons between the groups, with Bonferroni correction applied to the p values. ...
Functional asymmetries of the avian visual system can be studied in monocularly occluded birds, as their hemispheres are largely independent. Right and left monocularly occluded homing pigeons and control birds under binocular view have been trained in a food localisation task in an octagonal outdoor arena provided with one coloured beacon on each wall. The three groups were tested after the removal of the visual beacons, so to assess their sun compass learning abilities. Pigeons using the left eye/right hemisphere system exhibited slower learning compared to the other monocular group. During the test in the arena void of visual beacons, the three groups of birds, regardless of their visual condition, were generally able to identify the training sector by exclusively relying on sun compass information. However, the directional choices of the pigeons with the left eye/right hemisphere in use were significantly affected by the removal of the beacons, while both control pigeons and birds with the right eye/left hemisphere in use displayed unaltered performances during the test. A subsample of pigeons of each group were re-trained in the octagonal arena with visual beacons present and tested after the removal of visual beacons after a 6 h fast clock-shift treatment. All birds displayed the expected deflection consistent to the sun compass use. While birds using either the left or the right visual systems were equally able to learn a sun compass-mediated spatial task, the left eye/right hemisphere visual system displayed an advantage in relying on visual beacons.
... Con el fin de evaluar la relación entre la abundancia y los meses, se utilizó un análisis de varianza de bloques (Zar 2010), en el que el año de muestreo fue utilizado como el bloque, para así disminuir la variación debida al error, de tal forma que la abundancia mensual promedio fue la variable sobre la que se infirió. ...
... Se llevaron a cabo dos regresiones lineales simples (Zar 2010 Adicionalmente, se realizó una prueba similar (independencia X 2 ) para comparar la eficiencia porcentual predicha mediante el método propuesto y la obtenida al aplicarlo al sexado de las aves medidas en este estudio (Zar 2010). ...
... Se llevaron a cabo dos regresiones lineales simples (Zar 2010 Adicionalmente, se realizó una prueba similar (independencia X 2 ) para comparar la eficiencia porcentual predicha mediante el método propuesto y la obtenida al aplicarlo al sexado de las aves medidas en este estudio (Zar 2010). ...
Los playeros son un grupo de aves que mayoritariamente se reproducen en el subártico y migran hacia sus áreas de invernación en zonas templadas. Una de estas especies es el Costurero Pico Corto (Limnodromus griseus), que cuenta con tres subespecies, de las cuales L. g. caurinus es la única que se reproduce migra e inverna en las costas del Pacífico. Para el Atlántico se ha documentado la disminución del tamaño poblacional de las otras dos subespecies, sin embargo, en el Pacífico no se conocen sus tendencias poblacionales. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la distribución y abundancia temporales de L. g. caurinus en el complejo lagunar Guerrero Negro, su principal sitio de invernación. Se realizaron censos mensuales en el complejo lagunar desde julio de 2006 hasta junio de 2017. Se capturaron aves desde octubre de 2006 hasta junio de 2009 y se midió el culmen y peso de cada individuo. Se obtuvo un método de sexado a partir de datos bibliográficos, que fue corroborado con medidas de aves de museo y aplicado a las aves capturadas. En diciembre de 2006 se alcanzó el máximo numérico, con cerca de 52,000 individuos, lo que representa el 69% del total de la subespecie. La tendencia de la abundancia media invernal presentó relaciones inversas y significativas con el tiempo y con la temperatura superficial del mar. Dos hipótesis no excluyentes pueden explicar estas tendencias: 1) al incrementarse las temperaturas de los sitios de invernada, las aves pasan el invierno en otros lugares; y 2) el incremento en la temperatura a nivel global ha ocasionado la disminución del éxito reproductivo y en el tamaño poblacional de la subespecie. De las aves sexadas el 59.8% fueron machos. Las hembras predominaron en octubre, mayo y junio. El mayor peso de las aves fue encontrado en otoño y primavera, relacionado con las migraciones respectivas. Todo lo anterior confirma que Guerrero Negro es un sitio importante para la migración de las hembras de L. g. caurinus y para la invernación de los machos, lo que ubica al humedal como un sitio prioritario para complementar sus ciclos anuales y, por lo tanto, para su conservación.
... The seasonalities of the phenological data of flowering and fruiting were analyzed based on circular statistics, in which the months of the year were converted into 30° angle intervals (Morellato et al., 2010). For each phenophase, we calculated: (i) the mean angle, which represents the mean date of the phenological activity considered; (ii) the length of the r vector, which reflects the aggregation of the dates (event synchrony), and the seasonality of the species studied (r values > 0.5 indicating aggregation/ seasonality of the phenological event); and performed (iii) the Rayleigh test (z) to determine if the dates demonstrated uniform distributions throughout the year (Zar, 2010). The null hypothesis (H 0 ) would indicate that the angles (dates) were uniformly distributed throughout the year, i.e., there was no seasonality. ...
... (R Core Team, 2020). The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank classification tests were used to assess interannual reproductive variations of phenological events, and whether they were repeated in subsequent years (Morellato et al., 2010;Zar, 2010), using the R software, version 4.0.2. (R Core Team, 2020). ...
We evaluated the phenology and reproductive phenological diversity of three sympatric species of Miconia in a gallery forest in the Chapada Diamantina mountains, Bahia, Brazil. The reproductive phenophases (bud, flower, immature fruit, and mature fruit) of M. alborufescens (N=38), M. holosericea (N=46), and M. prasina (N=44) were evaluated monthly, between June/2008 and June/2015. The Fournier index was used to assess the intensities of the reproductive phenophases; synchrony and seasonality were analyzed using circular statistics and the Rayleigh (Z) test. The Frideman and Wilcoxon tests were used to verify interannual variations in phenological patterns. Reproductive phenological diversity was measured by calculating the Shannon-Wiener index; ANOVA tested possible differences in the means of diversity among the different years. The reproductive phenophases of the studied Miconia species occurred sequentially (M. alborufescens, then M. holoserica, followed by M. prasina), in the transition between the dry and rainy seasons, with little overlap between them. In general, the species showed seasonal and synchronic phenological patterns, with some variations that coincided with El Niño and/or La Niña events, e.g., demonstrating changes in the periodicity, synchrony, and intensity of their phenophases. The intensity of fruiting, for example, showed increases during La Niña years. Reproductive phenological diversity appears to respond to climate changes resulting from El Niño events and periods of prolonged drought, with high Shannon-Wiener index values. The results also suggest that the effects of global climatic phenomena (El Niño and La Niña) that alter regional climatic seasonality can also cause variations in the reproductive phenological rhythms of the Miconia species studied.
... Data were separated into H. fossamanchini, H. kochi and juvenile abundances; the normal distribution and variance homogeneity of the available data were verified as a prerequisite condition for applying parametric tests; nevertheless, both conditions were absent and nonparametric tests were applied (Zar, 1999). First the abundances of H. fossamanchini, H. kochi and juveniles within the two studied sites were compared using a Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric test, whereas a second analysis was to compare the three different groups (H. ...
... A variance/mean ratio was applied to the quantitative dwith the aim of determining whether the spatial distribution is random (if the variance/mean ratio value is equal to 1), uniform (if the variance/mean ratio value is lower than 1), or aggregated (if the variance/mean ratio is higher than 1) (Elliot, 1977;Zar, 1999;Fernandes et al., 2003;De los Ríos-Escalante, 2017;De los Ríos-Escalante & Mansilla, 2017). Once the spatial pattern was obtained, if the spatial distribution is random it probably would follow a Poisson distribution model, or if the spatial distribution is uniform it would have a positive binomial distribution model, and if the spatial distribution is aggregated, it would have a negative binomial distribution model (Fernandes et al., 2003;Gotelli & Ellison, 2013; De los Ríos-Escalante, 2017; De los Ríos-Escalante & Mansilla, 2017). ...
The Andes mountains in northern Chile have numerous small permanent and intermittent streams that are poorly studied; among the most reported species are amphipods of the genus Hyalella, specifically H. fossamanchini and H. kochi. The aim of the present study was to do a first characterization of populations of both amphipod species in a small stream (Caspana, 23°S; 3200 m a.s.l.), that was visited in September 2022. The first results using a Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric test revealed that the abundances of both species and unidentified juveniles were not significantly different in a comparison of two sites, whereas a Mann-Wittney nonparametric U test gave similar results when each species and juveniles were compared between sites. The results of variance/mean ratio revealed the existence of an aggregated pattern, and a negative binomial distribution for all samples. The occurrence of an aggregated pattern and the consequent negative binomial distribution is a very frequent pattern for inland water invertebrates in Chilean rivers.
... Critical values for various sample sizes, n, and levels of significance are provided in published tables. The most comprehensive r s tables are those of [7,8]. ...
... Published tables offer critical values for various sample sizes, n, and levels of significance, α. The most extensive of such tables for r s are those of [8] and, with slight improvements, of [7]. ...
... If not, we used equivalent non-parametric tests. The assumptions of homoscedasticity (Levene's test) and normality (Shapiro-Wilk's test) were evaluated as a preliminary step (Zar, 2010). The Mann-Whitney (non-parametric) test was used to compare the effects of tidal range on GSI and ESI for each species. ...
... The Mann-Whitney (non-parametric) test was used to compare the effects of tidal range on GSI and ESI for each species. The level of significance was set at 5% for two-sided P-values (Zar, 2010). Statistical tests were conducted using Statistica software (version 7.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). ...
Individuals within a population may reproduce synchronously. This phenomenon can occur in response to endogenous and/or exogenous stimuli and to different selective pressures. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is reproductive synchrony with the tidal cycle in populations of two species of sym-biotic estuarine shrimps (Alpheus estuariensis and Salmoneus carvachoi). We calculated the Embryonic Stage Index (ESI) and the Gonadal Stage Index (GSI) to investigate evidence of reproductive synchrony with the tidal lunar cycle. We also performed a correspondence analysis to assess the correlation between the lunar phase and both the ESI and GSI in each species. Moreover, we conducted a cross-correlation analysis using a time series of tidal range vs. GSI (lagged variable) and tidal range vs. ESI (lagged variable). The results suggest that larval release in A. estuariensis occurs during the spring tides of the rainy season, and that mating takes place independently of the tidal cycle. On the other hand, tidal variations influenced both the timing of larval release and mating in S. carvachoi. In both populations, embryo development accompanies gonadal development, resulting in successive spawning. We suggest that osmotic stress is the selective pressure that affects the larval release behavior of A. estuariensis. In contrast, both predation and osmotic stress may act synergistically on S. carvachoi. Finally, we conclude that although both populations occupy the same habitat and are exposed to the same environmental influences, they exhibit distinct reproductive patterns.
... It was therefore necessary to calculate standard scores in order to stabilize the variance of these binomial data. It is known that percentages form a nonnormal distribution (Zar, 1984); if the square root of each percentage in a binomial distribution is transformed to its arcsine, then the resultant data has an underlying distribution that is nearly normal. For percentages of 0-100, the transformed values range between 0 and 90 degrees. ...
... Arcsine-transformed standard scores may be calculated with a transformation first suggested by Freeman and Tukey (1950) and modified by Zar (1984) %' = (arcsin ,]x+ n + 1 + arcsin -Jx + 1 •=-n + 1), (2) where x is the number of left-sided photographs and n is the total number of photographs per person. If standardized percentages (0%-100%) are required, then transformed values may be transformed back as ...
Women (Homo sapiens) tend to cradle infants on the left side of the body. We report the results of a survey of family photograph albums. We found that left-side cradling frequencies (LCFs) are higher in women than in men and that there are strong significant correlations between the LCFs of mothers and daughters, sisters, and maternal grandmothers and granddaughters. There may be a genetic influence on lateral cradling tendencies; women's left-side cradling preferences were found to be repeated with subsequent children. Heritability of women's LCF has an upper limit of 0.82, and the regression of daughters'mean LCF on mothers' LCF gives a heritability of 0.93 ± 0.29. The data may be interpreted in two ways: There may be sex-limited genes (i.e., genes that express themselves only in women) for lateral cradling preferences, or women may learn cradling preferences from their mothers and other female relatives.
... We investigated sexual dimorphism in relation to crab size using the Mann-Whitney test, utilizing CW and PL measurements for males and females. The presence of heterochely was also tested using the Wilcoxon test, comparing PH and PL data between the right and left propodus (Zar 2010;Frigotto et al. 2013). ...
... After identifying the juveniles and adults, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, α = 0.05) was used to test the slopes and intercepts of regression between these groups. This test determines whether the data are better described by one or more linear equations (Zar 2010). ...
Mithraculus forceps is a common species on islands in Brazil, and investigations of their sexual and population structures provide insights into their life cycle. Our aim was to analyze relative growth, estimate morphological sexual maturity, and investigate sexual dimorphism in a population inhabiting the Alcatrazes Archipelago. Sampling was conducted using artificial refuge and active capture methods. Five body structures were analyzed for relative growth and morphological sexual maturity estimation: carapace and abdomen width, propodus length and height, and gonopod length in males. Sexual dimorphism was observed in carapace and propodus shape. Morphological sexual maturity was estimated at 10.12 mm carapace width for males and 10.66 mm carapace width for females. Some variations in morphometric aspects were observed in the analyzed population when compared to other populations of M. forceps inhabiting unprotected areas. Crabs from Alcatrazes may reach larger sizes due to their protected habitat. This underscores the crucial role of a marine conservation unit in preserving significant ecological processes and highlights the importance of management plans for other locations and environments facing anthropogenic pressures.
... Given the pattern of common ancestry and the differential variances in the populations, the design used is One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with selection regime as fixed factor and blocks representing ancestry as a random factor, crossed with selection regime (Zar, 1999). Mean values of biological samples were calculated for each of the blocks and used as units of analysis. ...
... Thus the probability of incorrectly rejecting at least one of the H 0 's is 1-0.95 3 = 0.14, and not 0.05 (Zar, 1999), while ANOVA restricts the probability of making one or more false discoveries (i.e., type I errors) to <0.05. ...
... The sex ratio of T. trachurus was determined for the entire time series (2012-2020), per year and GSA. Additionally, a Chisquared test ( ) was used to evaluate if there were signi cant differences in the sex ratio (Zar 1996), based on Fisher's hypothesis, which states that there is one female for every male in a population (1F:1M). ...
Horse mackerel is a semi-pelagic fish widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, where it represents a species of interest for
fisheries and is subject to intense exploitation, leading to its global classification as a vulnerable species by IUCN. In the
Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, the knowledge of their distribution, abundance and main biological parameters is
fundamental to achieve their sustainable exploitation and contribute to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
The time series (2009–2020) data set analyzed in this study came from two geographical subareas (GSAs) defined by the
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), Northern Spain (GSA06) and Northern Alboran Sea (GSA01)
sampled in July during the MEDiterranean International Acoustic Survey (MEDIAS). Our results suggest that in summer, a
higher concentration and aggregation of fish exists in GSA01, with a density ten times greater than in GSA06. Possible life
history changes can be inferred through the analysis of the biological parameters of Trachurus trachurus in the NW
Mediterranean Sea. In both GSAs, the annual decline of the size at first maturity (L50) and condition factor (Kn) was
prominent. Moreover, the population structure lacked adult modes that could guarantee a successful recuperation of future
stocks. Nonetheless, fish inhabiting GSA01 seem to have a better adaptive response to the events responsible for these
alterations. In comparison, GSA01 is under less fishing pressure and the upwelling occurring in this area contributes to a
higher availability of food, in addition to reducing the increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change during
the study period.
... One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate how protein levels affected the results. Then, Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was applied with a 5% threshold of significance (Zar, 2001). ...
... The survival percentage for each stage in all the test feeds was observed daily and the standard error in the replicated trials was calculated. Further, the data were subjected to ANOV A to test the statistical significance (Zar, 1974). ...
Complete development with 92% survival was observed when the larvae were fed with the mixed diet (DE) of Coscinodiscus sp. and Artemia nauplii in 23.18 days, which was followed by Artemia nauplii (E) alone (89.6%) in 24,95 days, Coscinodiscus sp. (D) alone (2.1%) in 29.11 days, the mixture (ABCDE) of Thalassiothrix longissima, Nitzschia sp., Skeletonema sp. Coscinodiscus sp., and Artemia nauplii (90%) in 25.22 days and the mixture (CD) of Skeletonema sp. and Coscinodiscus sp. (25.6%) in 29.66 days. Incomplete development was observed i.e. upto third zoeal stage, when larvae fed with Thalassiothrix longissima (A) and Nitzschia sp. (B) (12% and 18%) in 12.6 and 14.05 days, respectively. It was followed by Skeletonema sp. (C) and mixture of Thalassiothrix longissima and Nitzschin sp. (AB), Skeletonema sp. and mixture of Thalassiothrix longissima, Nitzschia sp. and Coscinodiscus sp. (ABCD) (16.6%, 13.3% and 18%) in 16.09, 18.77 and 13.64 days, respectively, in which the development is only upto fourth zoeal stage.
... Data on total monthly precipitation, average monthly temperatures, average monthly relative air humidity, average monthly solar radiation, and average monthly photoperiod were acquired from the meteorological station in Lençóis -BA, located 1.8 km from the study site. The seasonality of the phenological fruiting data was evaluated using circular statistics , considering the following parameters: the average angle, the length of the r vector (with high values of r > 0.5 indicating seasonality); the Rayleigh test (z) (Zar, 2010). The circular analysis and the Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test were performed using R software, with the addition of the "circular" package version 4.0.3 ...
... The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cochran test, respectively (Zar 1996). Growth rates, in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence, thallus length, number of branches, and pigment concentrations (PE, PC, APC, CLO-a and CAR) were analysed by two-way factorial ANOVA (categorical predictors are fixed factors, such as reproductive mode: unfertilized and cystocarpic female gametophytes, fertile male gametophytes and fertile tetrasporophytes; and temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C). ...
Sea surface temperature is increasing, and we still do not have a good understanding of the effects of these temperature rises on haploid-diploid phases of many isomorphic red algae. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological performance of unfertilized and cystocarpic female gametophytes, fertile male gametophytes, and fertile tetrasporophytes of Gracilariopsis tenuifrons at different temperatures (20°C, 25°C and 30°C). We evaluated growth rates, maximum quantum yield by in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment content (phycoerythrin, PE; phycocyanin, PC; allophycocyanin, APC; chlorophyll a; and carotenoids), thallus length, and number of branches. At 30°C, tetrasporophytes showed greater growth, PE and number of branches, when compared to the others. However, intermediate temperature (25°C) resulted in higher growth, thallus length, PC and APC in unfertilized female gametophytes when compared to tetrasporophytes, and both phases showed better physiological performance than cysto-carpic female gametophytes and male gametophytes. The latter two showed reduced physiological performance possibly owing to their sensitivity to temperature plus the imposition of fertility when compared to the unfertilized female gametophytes and fertile tetrasporophytes. In general, regardless of temperature, the presence of cystocarps negatively affected the physiological performance of female gametophytes. The occurrence of a complex life cycle, in which there is alternation of independent generations with distinct physiological responses, even if isomorphic as in G. tenuifrons, can bring advantages to the species in occupying thermally variable environments, enabling the increase and survival of one or another phase throughout the year.
... Varyans analizinden önce çimlenme yüzdesi değerlerine ArcSin transformasyonu uygulanmıştır (Zar, 1996). Elde edilen veriler, tesadüf parsellerinde bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre varyans analizine tabi tutulmuş ve ortalamalar arasındaki farklılıklar TUKEY çoklu karşılaştırma testi ile kontrol edilmiştir (Açıkgöz ve Açıkgöz, 2001). ...
Fabaceae familyasına ait tek yıllık bir yem bitkisi olan yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.), en çok yetiştirilen baklagil yem bitkilerinden biridir. Kuraklık stresi, bitki büyümesini ve üretkenliğini sınırlayan, bitkilerde çeşitli fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal tepkilere neden olan ciddi bir olumsuz faktördür. Bitkilerin büyümesini ve gelişmesini olumsuz yönde gelişmesine bağlı olarak verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) çeşitlerine farklı seviyelerde kuraklık stresine maruz bırakılıp, çimlenme ve fide gelişimleri incelenecektir. Çalışma; Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Laboratuvarında 2023 yılında bitki büyütme kabininde yürütülecektir. Çalışmanın bitkisel materyali yaygın fiğin (Cumhuriyet, Soner, Görkem, Kralkızı, Özveren, Dicle, Alper, Doruk, Kubilay-82 ve Alınoğlu) çeşitleri oluşturacaktırBu çeşitlere ait tohumlar farklı kuraklık stresi (% 0, % 5, % 10, % 15 ve % 20) altında çimlendirilecektir. Bu anlamda 10 çeşit üzerine 5 farklı kuraklık stresi uygulanacak ve 4 tekerrürlü olarak tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre planlanacaktır. . Araştırmada; çimlenme yüzdesi (ÇY), ortalama çimlenme süresi (OÇS), çimlenme indeksi (ÇI), çimlenme üniformitesi (ÇU), çimlenme enerjisi (ÇE) ve fide gücü indeksi (FGI), kökçük ve sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük ve sapçık yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları, lateral kök sayısı ve uzunluğu parametreleri incelenecektir. Gözlemler her gün aynı saatte yapılacak, radikula uzunluğu 2 mm’yi geçen tohumlar çimlenmiş olarak kabul edilecektir. Tohumlar 25 ℃’ye ayarlı iklimlendirme dolabında on gün süreyle takip edilecektir. Araştırmada, çeşitlerin ve farklı kuraklık seviyelerine ait ortalamaların arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiki olarak analiz edilerek ve elde edilen verilerin tartışılması yapılacaktır.
... Comparisons of the estimated diversity indices between day and night were made by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) after checking for homogeneity of variance (Zar 1984). The diversity indices were estimated using the PRIMER-5 software (Clarke & Warwick 1994). ...
HARMONISATION OF THE ACOUSTIC DATA IN THE MEDITERRANEAN 2002-2006
... The elements were processed using ICPMSDataCal software ). The differences in the ratio of elements to Ca in different years and ontogenetic stages of O. bartramii and D. gigas were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Zar 2019). Prior to the parametric analysis, we tested the data for normality and homoscedasticity using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Bartlett's test, respectively. ...
Ommastrephid squids are migratory and economically important species in the Pacific Ocean. Pelagic squids have a short lifespan and are highly affected by climate change. Understanding the ontogenetic dispersal of squids under environmental fluctuations can ensure proper and scientific management of these species. Samples of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) and jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) were collected in the Northwest Pacific and Southeast Atlantic (offshore waters of Peru) oceans, respectively, in different years. Then, five trace elements of the grounded statoliths were measured and quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry (LA-ICP‒MS) to determine their ontogenetic and inter-annual variations. Furthermore, the ontogenetic dispersals of the two squid species in different years were reconstructed. The results showed that for O. bartramii, the inter-annual differences in the Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios were significant (P < 0.05). However, no significant inter-annual difference was observed in the Mg/Ca ratio (P > 0.05). For D. gigas, the inter-annual differences in the Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios were significant (P < 0.05). However, no significant inter-annual difference was observed in the Ba/Ca ratio (P > 0.05). Sea surface temperature (SST) indicators were selected, including the Mg/Ca ratio for O. bartramii and Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios for D. gigas, and regression models were estimated. Based on a Bayesian model, the high probability of occurrence of these indicators in a particular area represented the possible optimal location of squids, and the potential ontogenetic dispersals of the two squid species in different years were reconstructed. We found that the ontogenetic dispersals of the squids differed in different years. However, they migrated in the same direction. Nevertheless, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events affected the habitat position of squids and the size of their habitat area at each stage.
... The percentage values of larval attachment in response to experimental treatments were arcsine-transformed. To improve the arcsinetransformation, replicates with no attachment were given the value of (4 × n) -1 (n = number of larvae in a single replicate) (Zar 1996). The homogeneity and normality of data sets was analyzed with Levene's and Shapiro-Wilk's W-test, respectively, at a confidence level of 95%. ...
Repetitive field observations in Hong Kong waters revealed that the green macroalga
Ulva reticulata was conspicuously free of epibiotic macroorganisms. This phenomenon was indicative of some sort of natural antifouling control in a macroalga that has been typified as undefended
thus far. In previous studies, we identified the alga itself and a thallus-associated epibiotic Vibrio sp.
as sources of waterborne, macromolecular substances with an inhibitory effect on the larval attachment of the polychaete Hydroides elegans. Employing a less artifactual water collection technique
under field conditions in this study, we demonstrated that naturally obtained algal exudates evoked
a similar inhibitory effect as those obtained artificially under laboratory conditions. In order to interpret the chemical defense system of U. reticulata with respect to the production and nature of bioactive metabolites, the allelopathic activity of secondary metabolites obtained from Vibrio sp. and the
macroalga was bioassayed and biochemically analyzed in parallel. In addition to H. elegans, bioassays were performed with larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Different enzyme probes
revealed chemical and structural features of the factor inhibitory to larval attachment in both samples, and pointed to large polysaccharide units and sulfate esters as structural parts of the bioactive
moiety. Specific susceptibilities of the algal and bacterial samples to proteolytic enzymes indicated
that (a) different macromolecular constituents were causative of the inhibitory effect, and (b) that the
bioactive moiety in the alga-derived sample comprised a structural connection between carbohydrate(s) and proteinaceous molecular domains. The results indicated an antifouling concept in U.
reticulata that was presumably driven by at least 2 different waterborne macromolecules, and
revealed that highly water soluble macromolecules may play an essential chemical ecological role in
a marine system. This exemplifies a distinct concept in comparison to other prominent examples of
algal antifoulants, which exclusively comprise comparatively small and non-polar algal metabolites.
... Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare travel rates between the treatment and control groups from tagging to the Ellensburg telemetry site, and two-sample t-tests were used to compare water temperature and river discharge between years for pooling purposes. The z-test for proportions was used to compare survival proportions between hook locations (Zar 1988). All tests were considered significant at the α = 0.05 level. ...
Objective
Fishery managers often implement mark‐selective fishing regulations that provide harvest opportunity on abundant hatchery salmon populations while requiring release of at‐risk natural‐origin populations. However, implementing these decisions requires fisheries managers to account for postrelease mortality of any natural‐origin fish caught and released by anglers, which can be variable and is unknown for spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha recreational fisheries in eastern Washington. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate and examine the factors affecting, the postrelease mortality of spring Chinook Salmon caught and released from an inland recreational mark–selective fishery in the Yakima River, Washington.
Methods
We conducted a 2‐year paired control and treatment radio‐telemetry study using 171 treatment fish caught and released during a recreational fishery and 194 control fish captured in a nearby fishway. Subjects were subsequently tracked throughout the summer, and postrelease mortality was estimated on September 1. Stepwise logistic regression was used to analyze potential explanatory variables recorded at the time of capture.
Result
The estimated postrelease mortality of these fish was 12% (95% CI = 2–23%) just prior to the onset of spawning. We also inferred using logistic regression that anatomical hook location explained most of the variation in mortality rates of angled fish.
Conclusion
Our estimate of postrelease mortality is similar to estimates derived in other studies for recreational freshwater Chinook Salmon fisheries as well as the current 10% rate used to manage Columbia River spring Chinook Salmon recreational fisheries.
... Assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were checked, and the data were transformed when necessary. 36 ...
Most organisms possess the capacity to metabolize arsenic (As) accumulating compounds to less toxic forms, thus minimizing the adverse effect induced by this metalloid. However, other contaminants may to interfere with As metabolism, contributing to the accumulation of more toxic compounds. Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent in aquatic environment and may induce toxicological effects (alone or in combination with other contaminants) on living organisms. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the exposure of the freshwater clam Limnoperna fortunei to a combination of MP (4 and 40 μg/L of polystyrene microbeads, 1.05 μm) and As (50 μg/L) for 48 h, evaluating the accumulation and metabolization of As and oxidative stress parameters, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase activities, total antioxidant competence, reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid damage in the gills and digestive glands. Results revealed that low MP concentration disrupts the redox state of the digestive gland by a decrease in the antioxidant activity (CAT and total antioxidant capacity). GSH levels in the gills of animals exposed to MP (4 μg/L) alone and the combination of MP + As increased, concomitant with an increase in the percentage of toxic compounds, indicating the effect of MP on As metabolism. Although, few studies evaluated the effect of coexposure to MP + As by considering metabolization of metalloid in freshwater bivalve, our results revealed that exposure to MP reduced the metabolization capacity of As, favoring the accumulation of more toxic compounds besides the MP alone, which showed a pro-oxidant effect in L. fortunei.
... The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics for windows version 28 (IBM Corp., 2021). A Shapiro-Wilk test (Zar, 1999) was used to determine whether the data followed a normal distribution. All data were not normally distributed. ...
Mistletoes can have detrimental effects on host trees. Mistletoe-infected trees may suffer from reduced growth and loss of vigor thereby contributing to low productivity of host trees. However, hosts may tolerate low levels of infection. This study aimed to determine the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and transpiration rate of a mistletoe-host pair (Viscum rotundifolium-Boscia albitrunca) and the water potential of two mistletoe host pairs (V. rotundifolium-B. albitrunca and Tapinanthus oleifolius-Senegalia mellifera) in a semi-arid savanna at Windhoek, Namibia. Photosynthetic rates were measured using a LI-6400XT photosynthesis system , while photosynthetic pigments were extracted in acetone and quantified spectrophotometrically. Plant water potential was measured using a Scholander pressure chamber. Results revealed greater photosynthetic rates and amounts of photosynthetic pigments in B. albitrunca than in V. rotundifolium while transpiration rates showed opposite trends to photosynthetic rates. Non-host B. albitrunca trees recorded significantly higher photosynthetic rates than the hosts, which suggests a parasite-induced reduction of photosynthetic rate in host plants. Water potential was greater in host trees than in mistletoes. These findings show negative effects of mistletoes on host trees, which may ultimately affect their reproduction and survival. Further research may be required to determine effects of parasite density on host trees.
... In line with the precautionary approach, correlations were only possible for COD (for influent data) since the missing value of November was completed with the maximum value determined during the year, as well as for Pb and Ni (for both influent and effluent data sets) as gaps (when values were below MQL) were completed with a value immediately below of MQLs: 0.24 μg L −1 for Pb and 2.4 μg L −1 for Ni. Since both influent and effluent H9c2(2-1) EC 50,24h data sets do not follow Gaussian distribution, the Spearman nonparametric correlation was selected to evaluate possible monotonic statistical relationships between cell-based data and the selected physicochemical variables (STATISTICA 7 software), and the Bonferroni correction was applied to deal with multiple testing by adjusting the significance level (Zar, 2010). Thus, a P-value of 0.0046 was used as the cut-off for significance. ...
The present study validates the potential of the in vitro H9c2(2-1) cell-based sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay to evaluate the temporal variability of wastewater quality. The impact of effluent disposal on water quality and the efficiency of the wastewater treatment process were also assessed. To correlate standard analytical method results with in vitro results, a total of 16 physicochemical parameters, such as nutrients, pH, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and metals, were determined in both raw and treated wastewater samples. Results revealed that the H9c2(2-1) cell-based SRB assay has an enormous potential to evaluate municipal wastewater quality over time and to discriminate influent and effluent toxic characteristics, as well as for water quality monitoring and surveillance of the efficacy of treatment processes. Finally, the gathered results alerted to the impact of phosphates in a biological system, leading us to recommend the selection of this parameter as a potential environmental health indicator.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-023-12017-8.
... pess.). Inicialmente pretendia-se estudar a área circundante num raio de 50m, correspondente à área mínima defendida por cada par reprodutor (Cramp & Simmons, 1980), no entanto, por limitações de tempo optou-se por estudar uma área menor (Poirazidis et al., 2004 (Zar, 1996;Statsoft, 1996). ...
The cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus, although having a nearly threatened status worldwide, is critically endangered in Portugal, where it is extinct as a regular breeder. Preserving and improving potential nesting habitat for this species are
crucial for its recovery in this country. In this study the main purpose was to evaluate nest-site selection in Tejo Internacional s border colony, essentially using univariate analysis. Although this issue has been studied, the great influence of local conditions justifies the current study, especially due to the distinctive feature of this colony being situated in a valley, whereas most other colonies are located in mountainous areas.
The great majority of nests in the colony were built in holm oak tree Quercus rotundifolia (n=45), but also in stone pine Pinus pinea (n=6), maritime pine Pinus pinaster (n=2) and olive tree Olea europaea (n=1). Nesting in olive tree was not mentioned in any literature. The cinereous vulture revealed a tendency to nest in the middle of north-facing steep sloped hills. Areas with a great cover of high shrubs in the centre of bushy areas were positively selected. A tendency to maximize the distance to anthropogenic disturbance factors, such as roads and houses, was registered, with nests located in restricted human interference areas. Results show that preserving cinereous vulture nesting-sites might help preserving other biodiversity components.
Over the last years the studied colony has suffered a great expansion, thus increasing the chances of this species to return to Portugal as a regular breeder in a nearby future, as it has happened recently with the Spanish imperial eagle, also in the Tejo Internacional area. In this way applying conservation measures that take into account the results obtained in this study might be crucial.
... The numbers of aphids settled on the control and treated discs were compared using a paired t-test with the data from each Petri dish as the independent experimental unit. To examine variability among the Pittosporum trials, the counts of aphids on control and treated discs in each of the eight trials were assessed with a chi-square test of heterogeneity (Zar 1984). Additionally, for the Pittosporum trials, the proportion of aphids settled on the treated discs was calculated along with a 95% confidence interval, and tested for a significant deviation from the null proportion of 0.5. ...
... Statistical analysis of the experimental data was accomplished by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean difference between the experimental groups was tested for significance (P< 0.05) and compared by Tukey's test after Zar (2010). The statistical analyses were done using SPSS ver.19 software (Kinnear and Gray, 2009). ...
Introduction
Linseed or flaxseed ( Linum usitassimum L.) contains a prospective source of protein and energy to be utilized in animal feed. This study aimed at re-cycling and value-addition of Linseed Oil Cake (LOC) for formulation of non-conventional carp diets.
Methods
The LOC was bio-processed through solid state fermentation (SSF) with a fish gut bacterium, Bacillus pumilus (KF640221). Nine experimental sets of diets were formulated using raw (R1-R4) and SSF-processed (F1-F4) LOC at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels substituting fishmeal as well as other ingredients in a reference diet, and rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (2.08±0.03 g) were fed for 70 days feeding trial. Growth, carcass composition, activities of digestive enzymes, digestibility and haemato-biochemical parameters were studied following standard methodologies.
Results
SSF significantly ( P < 0.05) improved crude protein along with amino acids, whereas crude fibre and antinutritional factors were reduced considerably. Experimental diets were isocaloric (4.8 kcal) and isonitrogenous (36%). Diets with bio-processed LOC had significantly better performance than the raw LOC. Fish fed diet F3 with 30% fermented LOC resulted in the highest weight gain (6.25 ± 0.09 g), specific growth rate (% day ⁻¹ ) and carcass protein deposition (16.77±0.34%). Activities of the digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) were also significantly ( P <0.05) higher in fish receiving diets containing fermented LOC. Analyses of blood parameters revealed that haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma lipid, total plasma protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased, while plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased in fish fed bio-processed LOC supplemented diets.
Conclusion
The present study might propose substitution of fish meal along with other conventional ingredients by incorporation of 30% SSF-processed LOC in the diets of rohu with no negative effect to the growth performance, carcass composition and feed utilization.
... They were also used for comparisons between the 2 groups. The test values were calculated according to the following formula [27]: ...
Last mile logistics accounts for a small part of deliveries geographically, but generates disproportionately high costs, energy consumption, and pollutant emissions. Parcel lockers are a solution with great potential to make deliveries more sustainable. In order to use this potential, the network should be designed in such a way that users are willing to collect parcels on foot or by bicycle and to use a given number of parcel lockers to cover as much area as possible. This area is still unexplored. The purpose of this article is to present a geometric method for designing a network of parcel lockers taking into account user preferences. Authors have used methods such as literature studies, survey, and statistical analysis. The analysis conducted showed that using a triangular network allows for greater coverage than a square one with the same number of parcel lockers. The median declared distance to allow regular parcel collection by walking or cycling was 500 m. Characteristics such as gender, age, education, and type of residence did not affect this parameter. Implementing data on customer preferences into the design of a parcel locker network and using a triangular network of parcel lockers allows for deliveries to be more sustainable.
... The compound concentrations were tested for a normal distribution using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Five compounds met normality assumptions (CPY, HHCB, AHTN, Ant, and Pyr); the other concentrations were ln(x + 1) transformed (Zar 1984). Following transformation, all variables were tested for significant differences among species and sites using t tests independent of groups and one-way ANOVA using Statistica (version 12.0 computer package StatSoft®). ...
Pesticides, synthetic fragrances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated two glacier-fed streams (Amola, Mandrone) and one spring (Grostè) in the Italian Alps. Ten compounds (chlorpyrifos (CPY), chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPY-m), galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fl), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA)) accumulated in aquatic larvae of chironomids (Diamesa steinboecki, D. latitarsis, D. bertrami, D. tonsa, D. zernyi, Pseudokiefferiella parva, Orthocladiinae) and tipulids. Their tissue concentrations (detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) ranged from 1.1 ± 0.1 ng/g d.w. (= dry weight) (CPY-m in D. tonsa from Amola) to 68.0 ± 9.1 ng/g d.w. (Pyr in D. steinboecki from Mandrone). HHCB, AHTN, and CPY, with one exception, were accumulated by all aquatic insects. Six compounds (CPY, CPY-m, HHCB, AHTN, Fl, Pyr) also contaminated carabids (Nebria germarii, N. castanea, N. jockischii) predating adults of merolimnic insects. Their tissue concentrations ranged from 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (CPY-m in N. germarii from Mandrone) to 84.6 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (HHCB in N. castanea from Grostè). HHCB and AHTN were accumulated by all Nebria species. Intersite and interspecies differences were observed, which might be attributed to different environmental contamination levels. There was a stronger similarity between species from the same site than among the same species from different sites, suggesting that uptake is not species specific. At all sites, the concentration of xenobiotics was higher in larvae than in water and comparable or higher in carabids than in larvae from the same site, suggesting trophic transfer by emerging aquatic insects to their riparian predators.
... ANOVA analysis of variance between experimental data was performed to detect F and P values. The ANOVA test was used to test the differences between dependent and independent groups, (Zar, 1984). Comparison between the actual variation of the experimental data averages and standard deviation is expressed in terms of F ratio. ...
In this study, biogenic-palladium nanoparticles (bio-Pd NPs) with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalyts was examined during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removal of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Doxycycline (DOX) micropollutants from pharmaceutical industry wastewater plant, İzmir, Turkey. Different pH values (3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0), increasing micropollutants (OFX and DOX) concentrations (5 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 45 mg/l), increasing Bio-Pd NPs concentrations (5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 20 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 40 mg/l and 60 mg/l), different Bio-Pd NPs/cell dry weight (CDW) mass ratios (5/5, 6/4, 7/3, 8/2, 9/1, 1/9, 2/8, 3/7 and 4/6), increasing recycle times (1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. and 7.) was operated during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removals of OFX and DOX micropollutants in pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The characteristics of the synthesized NPs were assessed using Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra (DRS), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, respectively. The catalytic activity was first assessed by the degradation of methyl orange. The Bio-NPs showing the highest catalytic activity were selected for the removal of micropollutants (OFX and DOX) from secondary treated municipal wastewater. The catalytic degradation mechanisms of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalysts and the reaction kinetics of OFX and DOX micropollutants were evaluated in pharmaceutical industry wastewater during catalytic degradation process. ANOVA statistical analysis was used for all experimental samples. The maximum 99% OFX removal efficiency was obtained catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l OFX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=6.0, at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99% DOX removal efficiency was observed catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l DOX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=9.0, at 25oC, respectively. Finally, the combination of a simple, easy operation preparation process, excellent performance and cost effective, makes this Bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts a promising option during catalytic degradation process in pharmaceutical industry wastewater treatment.
... Accordingly, a t-test (H 0 , b = 1 or 3; H A , b ≠ 1 or 3) was performed to confirm the isometric (b = 1 or 3) or allometric (negative allometry, b < 1 or 3; positive allometry, b > 1 or 3) relative growth between variables. All statistical analyses were performed following Sokal and Rohlf (1987) and Zar (1996), with statistical significance level set for P < 0.05. ...
This study reports the spatial and depth distributions, occurrence and prevalence, infestation rate and intensity of the pea crab Pinnotheres pisum colonising five commercial bivalve species (Chamelea gallina, Donax semistriatus, Donax trunculus, Donax vittatus, and Spisula solida) along the south and southwest coasts of Portugal. In addition, the study also analysed the col-onisation pattern, morphometric measurements and relative growth of P. pisum inhabiting those bivalve species. Overall, 33,370 bivalves were analysed, collected in 371 sampling stations at depths ranging from 3 to 25 m. A total of 102 bivalves hosted 106 P. pisum, corresponding to an infestation rate of 0.31%. Besides 13 juveniles, were recorded 60 males and 33 females of P. pisum, corresponding to a male-biased sex ratio (1M: 0.6F). Pea crabs carapace width ranged from 1.3 to 13.5 mm and males were smaller than females (hard females were also smaller than ovigerous soft females). In general, larger and heavier bivalves hosted larger and heavier P. pisum. Pea crabs morphometric relationships presented negative allometries, reflecting slower growth rates in carapace length and total weight compared to carapace width throughout the species ontogeny. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into diverse descriptors of bivalves' colonisation by P. pisum, comparing the main results and trends with analogous information available throughout the species distributional range. Although the current fairly low infestation by P. pisum does not constitute a health concern for these bivalve species, its evolution under a climate change scenario should be periodically monitored in the mid-and long-term.
... Before analysis, we tested data for normality and homoscedasticity. The cumulative number of emerged seedlings was log (n + 1) transformed to meet ANOVA assumptions (Zar 1996). The seasonal dynamics of seedling emergence and mortality were analyzed through two-way repeated measures ANOVA, with shrub and grazers as fixed effects, season as the repeated measure and plot as a random effect. ...
Biotic interactions are key processes that strongly affect the performance of seedlings in plant communities. In this work, we evaluated the effect of grazing and shrubs on the emergence and establishment of seedlings with different life-forms (dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous) in a sub-humid grassland community. We delimited five areas of 25 m2 in which we established four permanent plots of 1.0 m2. Two plots were centered at shrubs (beneath the canopy) and two in open spaces (without shrubs). Half of the shrubs and open plots were fenced to avoid grazing. During two consecutive years we marked all emerged seedlings and followed their fate. Grazing promoted dicotyledonous seedling emergence but reduced establishment. On the contrary, shrubs reduced dicotyledonous emergence but enhanced establishment. We did not detect any effect of shrubs or grazing on the emergence of monocotyledonous seedlings. Most seedlings emerged during fall and winter and died during spring and summer. Recruitment from seeds in this grassland is rare and complex, involving biotic and abiotic factors, with different responses to grazing and shrubs depending on seedling life-form and ontogeny.
... The means and the standard error of means (SEM; n = 6) of the homoscedastic data of GM concentration, feeding intensity, GaSI, GSI of fish, various histological parameters, and vital digestive enzymes in the gut during different growth stages (FL to AD) were calculated and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The means were compared by a post-hoc Duncan's multiple range test considering p < 0.05 as a threshold of significance (Zar 2014). One correlation was sought among GM, GaSI, feeding intensity, and GSI, and another correlation was also sought between GM and gut histological parameters, following a simple correlation coefficient test during the growth stages of carp from FL to AD. ...
The present study aims to understand the feeding-related age-bound changes in gut histoarchitecture and its response to gut melatonin (GM) titer regulating major digestive enzymes in carp, Catla catla. Therefore, gut samples were collected from different growth stages of carp, viz. (i) fingerling (FL), body weight (BW) ≥ 3 g to ≤ 20 g; (ii) advanced fingerling (AFL), BW > 20 g to ≤ 40 g; (iii) early juvenile (EJv), BW > 40 g to ≤ 70 g; (iv) juvenile (Jv), BW > 70 g to ≤ 200 g; (v) late juvenile (LJv), BW > 200 g to ≤ 300 g; (vi) preadult (PA), BW > 300 g to ≤ 500 g; (vii) subadult (SA), BW > 500 g to ≤ 1.00 kg; and (viii) adult (AD), BW > 1 kg to ≤ 2.5 kg. Data analysis revealed that the highest titer of GM was noted in FL, moderate in AFL, Jv, and PA, lower in EJv, SA, and AD, and lowest in LJv. Results depicted a negative correlation between the development of the gut and its melatonin content. Moreover, GM was positively associated with feeding intensity and gastro-somatic index (GaSI) and negatively related to ovarian onset and development. Following correlation and principal component analysis, several pieces of evidence were recorded on the role of gut melatonin in regulating digestive physiology. Finally, it indicates that gut melatonin has a progressively influential role in improving digestion, particularly protein and microbial digestion, with the development of an adult gut from the fingerling stage.
... nonparametric SNK-type post hoc test: p < .05 (Zar, 1984). Between 0500 and 1100, progressively more females showed mean LRs of 0; by 1100, 100% of P-P and 80% of NP-P but only 50% of NP-NP females ceased to exhibit any lordotic response to palpation. ...
The effects of differential mating stimulation on sexual behavior and estrus length were examined in cycling rats that could or could not self-regulate, or pace, the timing of sexual contact. Female rats (Rattus norvegicus) received 30 paced, 30 nonpaced, or 15 nonpaced followed by 15 paced intromissions during mating tests. Decreases in sexual responsiveness were seen during the second half of testing; pacing was associated with greater inter–intromission intervals, decreased proceptivity, and increased rejection behavior at this time. Female rats pacing during the second test half behaved similarly, regardless of prior treatment, showing that the number rather than the timing of prior intromissions affected subsequent behavior. However, estrus length was decreased by prior paced mating. These data suggest that changes in sexual responsivity occur throughout estrus and that the nature of these changes is differentially dependent on the type of mating stimulation received.
... Arabic numerals refer to brain area; roman numerals indicate layer. and correct rejections) were transformed with the formula for angular transformation [X' = 2 arcsin fi] as described by Zar (1974). Main analyses included repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) on the effects of lesion, signal length (if applicable), and block on measures of performance. ...
Rats were trained in a previously validated behavioral vigilance task that required them to detect visual signals of variable length and to discriminate signal from nonsignal events. Baseline performance was characterized by a signal length-dependent ability to score hits, a decline in hits over time, and a correct rejection rate of approximately 70%. After the rats reached criterion performance in this task, the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin or its vehicle was infused into the area of the nucleus basalis/substantia innominata of the basal forebrain. Postoperative performance in lesioned rats was characterized by a decrease in their ability to detect signals while their ability to correctly reject nonsignals remained unaffected. The effect of the lesion did not recover in the course of over 180 sessions of postlesion testing. The overall performance of the rats correlated with acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fiber density in all cortical areas measured except the cingulate and pyriform cortex. These findings help to elucidate the nature of the attentional impairments resulting from the loss of cortical cholinergic inputs.
... The final number of dams per group was lower than we had originally planned (chronic cocaine, [n = 7; n = 6 on aggression test]; acute cocaine, [n = 5]; saline control, [n = 5]) as a result of numerous factors (missed pregnancies, cannibalism, etc.) necessitating the use of nonparametric statistical procedures. The Fisher's exact probability test (Zar, 1984) was used to evaluate the number of subjects per group that met previously specified criteria on the measures (frequency, duration, or latency) of behaviors displayed during maternal behavior and aggression testing. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess differences between groups on dam gestational measures such as weight gain and food consumption. ...
Pregnant rats were treated either throughout gestation (GD 1–20) with 30 mg/kg per day (chronic cocaine) or with one 15-mg/kg dose immediately following parturition (acute cocaine). Chronic and acute cocaine treatment delayed or diminished the postpartum onset of some components of maternal behavior, and chronically treated dams were significantly more aggressive toward a male intruder than acute cocaine-treated or saline-treated dams. Cocaine increased the latency to crouch over pups and decreased crouch duration during a 30-min observation period that immediately followed parturition. Latencies to nest build were also longer in more chronic cocaine-treated dams than in saline controls. On Day 6 postpartum, 83% of chronic cocaine-treated dams pinned and attacked an intruder male 8 or more times during a 10-min observation period, whereas only 4% of acute cocaine-treated and none of the saline-treated dams exhibited this much aggression.
... All basic measures were subjected to logarithmic transformation to produce distributions suitable for parametric statistical analysis. The SR scores were subjected for similar purposes to an arcsine square-root (angular) transformation (Zar, 1974). Statistical treatment of transformed data consisted of analyses of variance and covariance with the use of the Genstat program (Rothamsted Experimental Station), which permitted estimation of orthogonal components. ...
In two experiments, a treatment phase of septal stimulation preceded the acquisition of free operant lever pressing on a random-interval 64-s reinforcement schedule. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, chronically implanted with a bilateral septal stimulating electrode and a unilateral bipolar hippocampal recording electrode, received (a) low-frequency (7.7-Hz) stimulation, which drove the hippocampal theta rhythm, or (b) random-pulse stimulation (average frequency = 7.7 Hz), which produced only nonregular waveforms in the hippocampus. Control animals were implanted but not stimulated. After 12 days of lever-press acquisition, animals were presented while lever pressing with an auditory signal associated with a particular schedule of shock delivery: In Experiment 1, shocks occurred despite the subject’s response strategy; in Experiment 2, shocks were deliverd only if the rat pressed the lever. In both experiments, lever pressing was suppressed by the auditory stimulus. Theta-driving but not random-pulse septal stimulation proactively increased behavioral tolerance to the effects of electric shock. These results reinforce the idea that proactive behavioral effects of septal stimulation are a consequence of the production of the hippocampal theta rhythm.
... We evaluated pairwise comparisons among groups using a Bonferroni-adjusted alpha value (0.05/3 = 0.02). We also computed parametric Cohen's d or non-parametric zscores to quantify the effect sizes between pairwise comparisons (Zar 1999). ...
The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) was a U.S. government-sponsored program initiated in the 1930s to evaluate mortgage lending risk. The program resulted in hand-drawn "security risk" maps intended to grade sections of cities where investment should be focused (greenlined areas) or limited (redlined zones). The security maps have since been widely criticized as being inherently racist and have been associated with high levels of segregation and lower levels of green amenities in cities across the country. Our goal was to explore the potential legacy effects of the HOLC grading practice on birds, their habitat, and the people who may experience them throughout a metropolis where the security risk maps were widely applied, Greater Los Angeles, California (L.A.). We used ground-collected, remotely sensed, and census data and descriptive and predictive modeling approaches to address our goal. Patterns of bird habitat and avian communities strongly aligned with the luxury-effect phenomenon, where green amenities were more robust, and bird communities were more diverse and abundant in the wealthiest parts of L.A. Our analysis also revealed potential legacy effects from the HOLC grading practice. Associations between bird habitat features and avian communities in redlined and greenlined zones were generally stronger than in areas of L.A. that did not experience the HOLC grading, in part because redlined zones, which included some of the poorest locations of L.A., had the highest levels of dense urban conditions (e.g., impervious surface cover), whereas greenlined zones, which included some of the wealthiest areas of the city, had the highest levels of green amenities (e.g., tree canopy cover). The White population of L.A., which constitutes the highest percentage of a racial or ethnic group in greenlined areas, was aligned with a considerably greater abundance of birds affiliated with natural habitat features (e.g., trees and shrubs). Conversely, the Hispanic or Latino population, which is dominant in redlined zones, was positively related to a significantly greater abundance of synanthropic birds, which are species associated with dense urban conditions. Our results suggest that historical redlining and contemporary patterns of income inequality are associated with distinct avifaunal communities and their habitat, which potentially influence the human experience of these components of biodiversity throughout L.A. Redlined zones and low-income residential areas that were not graded by the HOLC can particularly benefit from deliberate urban greening and habitat enhancement projects, which would likely carry over to benefit birds and humans.
... The daily food consumption data, sizes, and survival rates were subjected to tests of normality and homogeneity of variance. To determine if there were differences between the means of ingested microalgae, growth, and larval survival, a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was conducted with a significance level of α = 0.05 (Zar 1974). Posthoc Holm-Sidak tests were conducted in cases where significant differences were observed. ...
The sea cucumber Holothuria inornata is a species whose populations are at risk. This study aims to investigate its reproduction, embryonic and larval development, and the settlement of H. inornata under an algae-based diet. Twenty breeders were utilized, which underwent a 1.5-hour desiccation followed by a thermal shock (27 to 32 °C). Embryonic development was recorded, and from the auricularia larval stage, three treatments were evaluated: A; Chaetoceros muelleri and Isochrysis galbana (1:1 ratio), B; C. muelleri, I. galbana, Tetraselmis suecica, and Pavlova lutheri (1:1:1:1 ratio), and C; Chaetoceros muelleri, I. galbana, T. suecica, P. lutheri, Navicula sp. (LPU-6) (1:1:1:1:1 ratio), with a larval density of 100 larvae L-1 in triplicate.
The embryonic development in H. inornata lasts for 3 days, five larval stages were recorded: 1; Auricularia (days 3-8, 300 to 520 µm), 2; late auricularia (days 8-11, 520 to 670 µm), 3; doliolaria (days 11-13, 460 to 550 µm), 4; late doliolaria (days 13-16, 400 to 440 µm), and 5; pentacula (days 15-19, 650 to 900 µm). The post-settlement survival rate was 0% under treatment A, 2.38 ± 0.16% under treatment B, and 3.79 ± 0.41% under treatment C. Based on these findings, we concluded that H. inornata specie spawn through a combined desiccation-thermal shock process with a larval period of up to 19 days, and subsequently produce juvenile individuals in captivity with a varied microalgae diet.
... Se analizó la normalidad de los datos con las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (corrección Lilliefors) y Shapiro-Wilk (Zar, 2014). Para evaluar las diferencias entre riqueza, abundancia y diversidad, así como las variables de vegetación entre ambientes, se aplicó un Anova de una vía y pruebas post-hoc de Tukey, así como la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis y post-hoc de Mann-Whitnney, cuando no se pudo probar la normalidad. ...
El sureste de México ha sufrido una gran transformación del paisaje, en parte por la presencia de sistemas de aprovechamiento forestal. Describimos comunidades de avifauna en monocultivos de eucalipto y hule en Huimanguillo, Tabasco, y evaluamos la influencia estructural de estos monocultivos en las aves. Se establecieron 118 puntos de conteo de aves (6 réplicas) y parcelas para evaluar la vegetación. En los 708 puntos se observaron 4,699 individuos de 148 especies de aves; la mayor riqueza y abundancia se presentó en eucalipto. El Anosim mostró diferencias significativas entre hule y eucalipto. El Simper indicó que Psilorhinus morio y Eupsittula nana aportaron mayores porcentajes de disimilitud. La estructura de vegetación difirió estadísticamente entre sitios, particularmente las variables arbóreas en plantaciones con respecto a sus matrices circundantes. Los modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) indicaron que la estructura de sotobosque y el tipo de plantación influyen sobre la diversidad de aves. Los monocultivos de eucalipto en Huimanguillo sustentan una comunidad de aves más rica que la del hule. El eucalipto parece formar parte fundamental del hábitat invernal para aves migratorias en esta región. El sotobosque en sistemas agroforestales es un elemento esencial para las aves en paisajes dominados por actividades antrópicas.
... A coleta de dados foi realizada na Unidade de Vigilância em Saúde (VISA) do HMCP, a partir das 97 F.N. de hanseníase do SINAN, relativos ao período de 2007 a 2013. Informatização e armazenamento dos registros foram feitos pelo programa Microsoft Office Excel, versão 2010; o processamento pelo Software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciencies) e a análise pelas provas de Tukey e Kruskal-Wallis, complementada pelo teste de Dunn 10 . Os resultados descritivos, relativos às medidas de posição e variabilidade, são apresentados sob forma tabular [11][12] . ...
Introdução: A documentação de casos novos de hanseníase em Fichas de Notificação é estratégia para auxiliar no controle da enfermidade, visto que delas são extraídas informações clínicas e laboratoriais de seus portadores. Objetivo: Explorar o conteúdo informacional das Fichas de Notificação de Casos Novos de hanseníase do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação atendidos no Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro em Campinas-SP, em período definido de estudo, com o escopo de traçar perfil epidemiológico local. Metodologia: Estudo observacional descritivo transversal em que a coleta de dados totalizou 97 Fichas de Notificação de Hanseníase, referentes aos anos de 2007 a 2013. Codificação mediante planilha padronizada, seguida de arquivamento na forma de banco de dados e análise estatística pelo Software SPSS e testes de Tukey e Kruskal-Wallis, complementada pelo teste de Dunn. Todas as inferências estatísticas foram realizadas ao nível 5% de significância. Resultados: A maioria dos casos revelou-se do sexo masculino, faixa etária de 15 a 44 anos, com lesões cutâneas em número superior a 5, multibacilar, virchowiana, com grau 0 de incapacidade física, baciloscopia negativa e esquema terapêutico inicial de 12 doses. Constatou-se baixa detecção em menores de 15 anos, embora elevado número de doentes com grau II de incapacidade física, acima do valor definido pelo Ministério da Saúde como um dos critérios para diagnóstico precoce. Conclusões: O exposto sugere necessidade de notificaçãoepidemiológica presente e constante, com registros de dados contínuos, além de padronização no ato de transcrição das informações nas Fichas de Notificação.
... Monitoring for abscission, consisted of a daily search for fallen flowers at the base of the plant, distinguishing them by their color tag and noting the date of pollination and the date of collection. The data obtained on the longevity of the unpollinated and self-pollinated pistil do not follow normal distribution pattern, so they were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test (Zar 1996). 112 Page 4 of 12 ...
Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), is a commercially important bast fibre crop that possesses late-acting self-incompatibility. Crops with hermaphrodite flowers expressing late-acting self-incompatibility like sunnhemp often encounter sexual interference. The impact of sexual interference on reproductive output in sunnhemp can be studied by understanding its reproductive mechanism and pollinator behaviour. Here, we reported the consequence of different possible types of pollination in sunnhemp under natural conditions and the role of pollinator behaviour in sexual interference. Controlled hand-pollination experiments and seed set analysis were done to understand the influence of sexual interference on seed setting. Self-pollination and pistil longevity studies were undertaken to determine the effect of self-pollination on pistil abscission. Through field observations pollinator identity and how they interact with flowers were determined. Pollination studies highlight the importance of pollen quality over quantity in determining the reproductive success of sunnhemp. The differential pistil longevity between unpollinated and self-pollinated flowers reassured the presence of late-acting self-incompatible in sunnhemp. Xylocopa auripennis, Xylocopa fenestrate and Xylocopa ruficornis were the most effective pollinators. We conclude that under natural conditions there was sexual interference through self-pollination and geitonogamy, which often causes pollen limitation and ovule discounting in sunnhemp.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the ameliorative potential of the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria (IT) in aging-induced inflammation and its associated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Young (3-month-old) and aged (24–26-month-old) male Wistar albino rats were grouped into young control, aged control, aged + IT, and young + IT. The animals in the supplementary groups received 200 mg/kg BWT of aqueous extract of IT orally once a day for 21 days. Aged animals showed prolonged QT interval and increased weight and volume of the heart with a thickening ventricular wall. Infiltration of leukocytes and increased cardiomyocyte diameter and decreased numerical density along with cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased collagen accumulation were also seen in aged myocardium when compared to the young. The expression profile of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and iNOS was increased with a concomitant reduction in IL-10 expression in the aged compared to the young. In addition, a marked increase in ROS generation, TGF-β, and α-SMA levels is evident in the aged myocardium. These pathological changes were greatly reversed in aged animals supplemented with IT. Furthermore, the aged + IT group showed repression of pro-inflammatory markers with a subsequent increase in IL-10 expression. Contrarily, no marked changes were observed between young and young + IT groups. Taken together, it is concluded that the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria suppresses cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy by repressing the inflammation and its associated activation of TGFβ and myofibroblast conversion.
Age, growth, sex, and condition of the Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus were studied in the Southeastern Coast of Black Sea from October 2018 to September 2019. Overall female:male sex ratio was 1:1.23, statistically different from unity. Total lengths ranged between 9.1-21.5 cm. Age determination based on otolith readings showed that the population comprised 0-7 age-groups. It was also found that length-weight relationship of all individuals W=0.0057*L 3.1269 . The results obtained showed that the growth pattern of the fishes was positive allometric. Growth parameters of the population were L ∞ =25.02 cm, K=0.1332 year ⁻¹ , t 0 =-3.6341 years and W∞=134 g. Growth index Φ’ was 1.92 of all individuals studied. The length growth rate was rapidly during the early years of their lives. The instantaneous rates of total (Z), survival rate (S), annual (A), natural (M) and fishing mortalities (F) and exploitation rate (E) were 1.02 year ⁻¹ , 0.36 year ⁻¹ , 0.64 year ⁻¹ , 0,31 year ⁻¹ , 0.71 year ⁻¹ and 0.69 year ⁻¹ . Trachurus mediterraneus was affected by fishing during the study period, according to the estimated E values.
Changes in land use are considered the main factor in the degradation of ecosystems, especially in continental aquatic environments. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity potential of the environmental matrix using tadpoles from three anuran species as a model, to test whether more genetic damage and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers occur in ponds on farms than in native grasslands. Tadpoles were sampled from ponds in the subtropical highland grassland region of southern Brazil. We quantified DNA damage in tadpoles of Scinax squalirostris, Ololygon aromothyella and Odontophrynus asper using the comet assay and oxidative stress changes using glutathione as a biomarker. Our results demonstrated that the tadpoles of the three anuran species collected in agricultural ponds accumulated greater DNA damage and alterations in biomarkers of oxi-dative stress when compared with those collected in ponds in the native grassland, corroborating our initial hypothesis. The DNA damage detected in tadpoles from farm ponds suggests that these populations are suffering impacts from environmental contamination, mainly from heavy metals and fertilizers, as indicated by our complementary data. Our results highlight the importance of grassland remnants for the conservation of amphibians in the subtropical region, which are under severe threat due to the replacement of natural areas by agriculture. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of monitoring and quantifying agrochemicals in habitats and organisms to ensure the viability of populations and support adequate management and conservation strategies for the species of pond-breeding anurans in the region of subtropical grasslands in southern Brazil.
Annona coriacea Mart. is a Brazilian native species whose phytotoxicity was described, although there is no data about the compounds responsible for it. The aim of this study was bioprospecting A. coriacea in relation to phytotoxicity on the elongation of wheat elongation coleoptiles and on germination and initial growth of standard target species (lettuce and tomato) and a weed ( Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster). Thus, the leaf ethanolic extract was subjected to chromatographic separation furnishing the isolation of 11 flavonols: 1 - Quercetin-3- O -gentiobioside, 2 - Quercetin-3- O -robinobioside, 3 - Rutin, 4 - Hyperin, 5 - Isoquercitrin, 6 - Biorobin, 7 - Nicotiflorin, 8 -Keioside, 9 - Narcissin, 10 - Cacticin and 11 - Isorhamnetin-3- O -glucoside. This is the first report of wheat coleoptile bioassay to all these compounds and it is also the first phytotoxicity results for 1 , 2 , 6 , 8 and 10 . Compounds 5 , 7 and 11 showed elevated phytotoxicity in wheat coleoptiles bioassay (IC50 0.22 mM, r ² 0.97; IC50 0.48 mM, r ² 0.93; IC50 0.28 mM, r ² 0.92, respectively). No correlation was found between the structure of the compounds and their activity. Compounds 5 and 11 were also tested on diaspores. Compound 11 significantly reduced the germination of U. decumbens in almost all concentrations, with values between 50% and 65%. The broad distinction concerning the complexity of the biological systems was suggested as an explanation for the distinct effects observed for coleoptile and germination and initial growth assays.
Anisakidae is a nematode family known as a danger for human health causing different stomach diseases (anisakidosis) and allergic reactions by the ingestion of L3 larvae stage individuals present in untreated raw (non-frozen) or undercooked marine fish, e.g.: anchovies marinated in vinegar, sushi. Anisakids presents a wide distribution and involves marine mammals as final hosts, zooplankton, fish and cephalopods as intermediate hosts, and humans act as accidental hosts. We investigated the prevalence of aquatic nematodes in the abdominal cavity and viscera of small pelagic fishes (SPF) caught by the artisanal purse-seine fleet of the Canary Islands. A total of 980 individuals were analysed between December, 2021 and March, 2022, during the routinely samplings performed in the EU Data Collection Framework including: Round Sardinella (Sardinella aurita, n = 201), Atlantic Chub Mackerel (Scomber colias, n = 478) and Chub Mackerel (Trachurus picturatus, n = 301). Helminths parasites were detected by the naked eye after biological sampling, extracted from the abdominal cavity and viscera, and stored in labelled vials in ethanol 70%. By morphological taxa they were distinguished between Acanthocephala and anisakids, and the latter ones were identified to the lowest taxonomical level as possible. A total of 77 anisakids were found in the samples. Based on these observations, S. colias presented the highest prevalence of these parasites, with the 12.1% of individuals parasitized by one or more individuals of anisakids, T. picturatus with the 5.3% vs. S. aurita which presented the lowest prevalence (0.5%), with only one parasitized individual. A positive correlation was observed between length parameter and parasitization by anisakids. Similar results were obtained in other researches from Canary Islands. The presence of this nematode should be a case of studies (ecological, spatial) for decreasing the risk of anisakiasis.
A study on Barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmerman, 1780) was carried out in captivity at Zoological Garden, Alipore, Kolkata from July to December, 2022 to evaluate their diurnal activity patterns. Focal animal sampling method was used to determine the different activity times of 19 individuals of Barking deer after observing them. Behavioural patterns of 37 different types have been recorded under 13 major heads, of which highest frequency (33.25 %) was recorded for foraging and the lowest (1.28 %) was sexual behaviour. Males showed more sexual behaviour and less submission behaviour towards females. The nursing behaviour was observed among females with 2 young ones. Although the value of the standard error of mean is inversely proportional to the population size, it is higher due to the decrease in the sample of time spent by females in the 3 behavioural categories viz., agonistic interaction, Sexual behaviours and Scent marking and deposition. Comparing the mean value of the two sets of data using unequal variance t-Test, it is found that time spent in different behavioural patterns by male is lesser.
Noradrenaline and adrenaline reduce the output of acetylcholine by the guinea‐pig ileum longitudinal strip by up to 80%, both in resting conditions and after stimulation. The effect is graded with dose, and is detectable with noradrenaline 2 × 10 ⁻⁷ g/ml. Adrenaline is approximately 4 times as active as noradrenaline, and its action after being washed out is more persistent.
If resting output is high, both amines have a proportionately greater effect and their action, as dosage is increased, is to reduce resting output to a basal level, relatively constant from strip to strip, of about 10 ng/g/min.
With stimulation, the effect of the amine is greater at low frequencies, when the output per volley is high, than at high frequencies. The effect is reduced by increasing the number of shocks delivered. There thus appears to be a basal output per volley, of the order of 1–2 ng/g/volley, which can be reached either by relatively rapid stimulation, by prolonged stimulation, or by treatment with these amines.
If noradrenaline is applied during continued stimulation at 40/min, the depression of acetylcholine output during its presence is followed by an augmented output when the drug is withdrawn. The magnitude of this “overshoot” increases with the duration of noradrenaline exposure.
Phenylephrine 4 μg/ml. and amphetamine 20 μg/ml. reduced the acetylcholine output, but isoprenaline 1 μg/ml., dopamine 1 μg/ml. and methoxamine 10 μg/ml. were ineffective.
Phenoxybenzamine reduced the resting output and increased the stimulation output. Of the two other blocking agents examined, phentolamine had no effect on either resting or stimulation output and ergotamine transiently reduced stimulation output. The effect of phenoxybenzamine was not due to a reaction with either adrenoceptive or muscarinic receptors.
Phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and ergotamine abolished the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on both resting output and on output in response to stimulation.
In strips obtained from animals treated with reserpine and guanethidine, a rise in resting acetylcholine output and in stimulation output at low frequencies was found. In these conditions, noradrenaline was still effective.
Reducing the hydroxytryptamine content of the strips by treatment with p ‐chloro‐(±)‐phenylalanine did not significantly affect acetylcholine output.
It is concluded that acetylcholine output by the nervous networks of the longitudinal strip is under the normal control of the sympathetic by a species of presynaptic inhibition mediated by α receptors. This implies that for a tissue under dual autonomic control, withdrawal of sympathetic control will lead to a parasympathetic response which is not only unopposed but also itself enhanced.
Manometric analyses of the hydrolysis of various choline esters and the effects upon it of selective anticholinesterases showed that in blood-free homogenates of plexus-containing longitudinal muscle sheets detached from guinea-pig small intestines two enzymes were present, a typical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a typical butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Homogenization did not release into solution all the AChE or BuChE, as demonstrated by the finding that after centrifugation activity was present not only in the supernatant fractions but also in the sediments. The mechanical removal of Auerbach's plexus led to a 76·3 ± 3·3 per cent decrease in AChE content but reduced the BuChE content only by 10·6 ± 9·3 per cent, as assessed by the hydrolysis of dl-acetyl -β-methylcholine and n-butyrylcholine, respectively. Since dl-acetyl-β-methylcholine is also hydrolysed slowly by BuChE the decrease in AChE content could be even greater, by another 10 per cent. In the ascending and transverse colon the contents of AChE and BuChE in the plexus-containing longitudinal muscle were lower than those found in the small intestine. The loss of Auerbach's plexus reduced the AChE content by 57·4 ± 3·0 per cent, without change in BuChE content. Small regional differences in the content of AChE but not of BuChE were detected in the longitudinal muscle of the small intestine.