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Basics Of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures And Techniques
... After the three involved authors execute the merging process, we have discussion rounds between two authors for conveying to an initial set of codes that represent the information extracted in the previous labeling process . Once the initial codes are established, we execute consecutive rounds of axial coding [29,89] in order to have categories that group the initial codes with similar or related meanings. This coding process enable a subsequent analysis of the variables of interest. ...
... Then, for the remaining answers, in a first approximation of identifying individual practices, we split the responses by line breaks (i.e., enter, \n), 11 taking into account of not removing context from each practice. Next, for each line of the valid responses, two authors execute an open coding [29,89] and axial coding [29,89] procedure (Fig. 1, step ), allowing the identification of codes and categories for the Practice sub-variables. In the case that the practices are not divided by line breaks, this separation is also done by the coders. ...
... Then, for the remaining answers, in a first approximation of identifying individual practices, we split the responses by line breaks (i.e., enter, \n), 11 taking into account of not removing context from each practice. Next, for each line of the valid responses, two authors execute an open coding [29,89] and axial coding [29,89] procedure (Fig. 1, step ), allowing the identification of codes and categories for the Practice sub-variables. In the case that the practices are not divided by line breaks, this separation is also done by the coders. ...
Context: Machine Learning (ML) significantly impacts Software Engineering (SE), but studies mainly focus on practitioners, neglecting researchers. This overlooks practices and challenges in teaching, researching, or reviewing ML applications in SE. Objective: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge, about the synergy between ML and SE from the perspective of SE researchers, by providing insights into the practices followed when researching, teaching, and reviewing SE studies that apply ML. Method: We analyzed SE researchers familiar with ML or who authored SE articles using ML, along with the articles themselves. We examined practices, SE tasks addressed with ML, challenges faced, and reviewers' and educators' perspectives using grounded theory coding and qualitative analysis. Results: We found diverse practices focusing on data collection, model training, and evaluation. Some recommended practices (e.g., hyperparameter tuning) appeared in less than 20\% of literature. Common challenges involve data handling, model evaluation (incl. non-functional properties), and involving human expertise in evaluation. Hands-on activities are common in education, though traditional methods persist. Conclusion: Despite accepted practices in applying ML to SE, significant gaps remain. By enhancing guidelines, adopting diverse teaching methods, and emphasizing underrepresented practices, the SE community can bridge these gaps and advance the field.
... In the results section, respondents are quoted without identification but are given additional context-a region of reporting, niche, experience, medium-where it may help with interpretation, while not jeopardizing the anonymity of participants. The qualitative data was analyzed through a three-step inductive coding process (Strauss and Corbin 1990;Creswell 2007). Initially, team members individually performed open coding on the transcripts, focusing on the journalist's reflections on routines. ...
In the adaptation of innovations, journalists often reflect on areas of concern that can lead to subsequent selection, a strategic process of diminishing the practice of a routine. Through the lens of normalization process theory and structuration theory, this article explores how journalists reflexively monitor innovations. The article also elaborates on the ways journalists evaluate disruptive circumstances that can lead them to select routines for denormalization. Using 44 interviews with journalists from the United States, this study argues that reflexive monitoring occurs through collaborations with audiences: a key to helping re-center journalists on the viability of a routine with existing commitments.
... Data analysis followed a comprehensive open-coding assessment of the transcribed data along with theme development (Strauss and Corbin 1990). All verbal interactions were transcribed in Microsoft Word and sorted by interviewee name. ...
... I also examined interviews from fellow company members that helped illuminate aspects of the dramaturgical process that featured in Michael's characterization. I recoded transcripts and fieldnotes using three broad, thematic trends that had emerged from my constant comparative analysis of the entire data set (Strauss and Corbin 1990). These themes included 1) Arrested development; 2) Retreat into a private literacy world; and 3) Integration of mind-body-action through drama. ...
Drawing upon perspectives of New Literacy Studies, characterization and gender performativity, this interpretive case study used Multimodal Inter(Action) Analysis and ethnographic methods to examine how a queer youth, Michael, embodied the fop character type as he acted in a youth theatre troupe. The study examines Michael's embodiment of the fop as a composition process in drama that evoked discourses of queer masculinity and the performativity of selves becoming. Embodied composing of characterizations in the troupe, and specifically the fop, were multimodal designs that intertwined with Michael's self-cultivation and self-efficacy as a queer youth.
... We use the constant comparison method [72,73] where essential concepts from interview data are coded and compared over successive interviews to identify recurrent themes across the data. Sample size for qualitative studies is often determined by informational redundancy [74] and theoretical saturation [75,76]. Theoretical saturation refers to the point in data analysis when no additional information, insights, or themes emerge from the data, and all relevant conceptual categories have been identified and explored [77]. ...
Among persons with HIV (PWH), unhealthy alcohol use and polypharmacy contribute to bothersome symptoms (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, memory loss). However, effective risk communication targeting these associations is challenging. The HIV and Alcohol Research center focused on Polypharmacy (HARP) is conducting a pilot study that will generate feasibility and acceptability data on a clinical pharmacist-delivered counseling intervention targeting the modification of unhealthy alcohol use and polypharmacy in PWH. Counseling is guided by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills-Motivational Interviewing (IMB-MI) model. Herein, we describe the study protocol. This pilot uses a one-group pre-test/post-test design. We will recruit 50 participants from those who participated in the consented cohort of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Participants must be prescribed ≥ 5 long-term medications, have a self-reported Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score > 0, and be living with HIV. We will exclude those with moderate-severe alcohol use disorder as identified by an Alcohol Symptom Checklist score ≥ 4. Data are collected using three self-administered surveys (baseline, immediately after booster intervention, and 30-days post-intervention), two PEth blood tests (baseline, 30 days post-intervention), and medication data from the electronic health record (baseline). The intervention includes a 60-minute IMB-MI-based counseling session followed by a booster session 2 weeks later. Some participants will also be asked to participate in a qualitative interview to provide feedback on the intervention. The pilot investigates the impact of an intervention on alcohol consumption and the use of multiple medications among PWH, exploring how best to reduce bothersome symptoms, communicate risk, and support behavior change in this population.
Research and contributions focused on social enterprises (SEs) are restricted mainly to highly industrialized economies. In the global south, particularly in Africa, empirical research linked to social entrepreneurship is still in its infancy. This study addresses and links social entrepreneurship to building community resilience. This is done through qualitative inquiry with 16 community-based SEs to investigate how and to what extent SEs contribute to community resilience in the townships of Johannesburg, South Africa. The study found that SEs contributed to community resilience by filling product and service gaps, fostering innovation, building community identity, increasing resources through job creation and improving awareness of community risks. Empirical evidence demonstrates the importance of local solutions to local societal problems. This study contributes to resilience and philanthropy research by conceptualizing the contributions of community-based social entrepreneurs to community resilience in an under-researched context—South Africa’s townships.
This study investigated the science competencies that scientists and students perceived as important and their science-related experiences and analyzed them comprehensively using activity system framework in order to explore which competencies need to be emphasized more and what experiences and environments should be provided in school science education. To accomplish this, we collected data from scientists and students from a variety of backgrounds through a descriptive questionnaire and used it in our analysis. We found significant insights arising from differences in the purposes and contexts in which they do science, although we also found similarities in the competencies that scientists and students perceived as important and the experiences that influenced their perceptions of science. These findings offer implications for the need to increase the frequency of science-related activities and to enhance the quality of inquiry based learning. Specifically, it is necessary to include the communication and collaboration skills that scientists value, and to incorporate the trial-and-error processes they experiences. In addition, it is also essential to develop valid assessment tools for evaluating students’ inquiry skills.
This study explores employment anxiety (EA) among Chinese foreign language majors using Cross and Hong's ecological framework. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from an online survey of 441 students with qualitative data from interviews with 26 participants. The survey, analyzed with SPSS 26.0, found that social demand caused the most anxiety, followed by concerns about employment expectations, skill levels, and job support. The interviews, analyzed using MAXQDA 2022, revealed factors contributing to EA at different levels: peer pressure, family dynamics, and mentorship (microsystem); mismatched career resources (mesosystem); job scarcity and high demands (exosystem); and societal values and the post-pandemic job market (macrosystem). This study offers both theoretical insights and practical recommendations. It suggests that universities should align curricula with labor market needs, foster peer support, and involve families in easing students’ anxiety. Policymakers should create initiatives to improve the connection between education and employment, helping students reduce anxiety and better prepare for their careers.
In this study, we aimed to understand the formation of cultural assets within diasporic families through participation in ethnic sport. Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth framework guided the study. An interpretive qualitative approach was employed to examine Korean diasporic families in the United States whose children are involved in Taekwondo, a Korean ethnic sport. Data were collected through interviews and observations. Our analysis revealed the development of four forms of Community Cultural Wealth: linguistic, familial, navigational, and resistant capitals, along with the newly identified transnational capital. These forms were developed and nurtured through learning ethnic language, cultural practices and heritages, bonding with families, building cultural ownership, and developing self-confidence and self-protection skills. We propose advancing the use of the Community Cultural Wealth framework in sport management and offer implications for optimizing the use of ethnic sport to create more inclusive and diverse spaces for diasporic communities’ sport participation.
This paper seeks to analyze the reason why North Korea expresses regret over the
landmine blasts incident that wounded 2 (two) South Korean troops in the
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in August 2015. The purpose of this research is to
describe the dynamics of Korean conflict prior to the incident and to predict North
Korea’s motives in expressing regret over the incident. The research is conducted
through literature study and interactive interview. It is revealed that the motive
behind North Korea’s expression of regret is to ensure its survivability. North’s
intention to ensure its survivability is rooted from the fact that North Korea is
feeling threatened by Seoul’s propaganda, which was blared over its loudspeakers
along the inter-Korean border as a response to the landmine blasts. As an effort to
plea for the deactivation of the loudspeakers, North Korea expressed its regret. In
turn, South Korea was committed to stop its loudspeakers activity. The expression
of regret is contained in the Inter-Korean Agreement signed between the two
Koreas. There are 2 (two) theories used as the analysis tools in this paper, they are
Structural Realism theory and International Agreement theory
Interactive 3D testimonies are supposed to facilitate interactions “with” survivors of the Holocaust, even when they are physically absent. In mediating the witnesses’ presence, they aim at enabling encounters, which feel immediate to users, thus simulating “eyewitness talks.” Based on a new-materialist approach, this study explores the organization of affective flows within the assemblages which produce the digital witness. Drawing on empirical data from interviews with users and experts, as well as from observations of user interactions, this chapter looks at digital testimonies as reversible figures, in which either the witness or the mediating apparatus can take forefront. As digital witnesses oscillate between their immediate and “hypermediate” manifestations, they engender an ambiguous subject/object status. This contribution argues that we should take seriously the contradictions and ambiguities within the digital witness figure. It questions the replicative ideal of digital testimonies and advocates for a use that does not smooth their contradictions away, but recognizes the potential for irritation in a critical reflection on remembrance culture.
Introduction
There are a variety of experiences that LGBTQ + people encounter during their coming out process. However, little is known about the impact of coming out on offending and desistance trajectories. To better understand this, the current study explores the coming out process of formerly incarcerated LGBTQ + people.
Methods
This study qualitatively explores the life-course development of formerly incarcerated LGBTQ + people using data from life history interviews with 25 LGBTQ + people who have been incarcerated in a jail or prison for at least a month. These qualitative interviews were conducted from July to December of 2022. This article considers (1) the recognition and understanding of LGBTQ + identity, (2) the factors that shape coming out, (3) the links between coming out, offending, and desistance, and (4) coming out experiences within criminal legal contexts.
Results
Findings demonstrate diverse experiences with coming out across the life-course, which were often shaped by generational and religious forces. Findings showed that coming out functioned as a developmental turning point in three main ways, including increases and decreases in offending. Furthermore, coming out within criminal legal contexts was met with discrimination.
Conclusion
This study shows that queer turning points have an impact on the offending and desistance trajectories of LGBTQ + people. It also presents opportunities for future research to obtain a deeper understanding of the experiences of LGBTQ + people in the criminal legal system.
Policy Implications
This article further illuminates the need for better policies, especially in carceral environments, that protect and create space for LGBTQ + people to develop and thrive in their identities. Within carceral settings, I recommend LGBTQ + cultural competency training for carceral administration and staff and the creation of LGBTQ + social support groups as a first step to improving the lives of LGBTQ + people who have contact with the criminal legal system.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of social media, the emergence of Influencer-led Education as a novel learning model presents a paradigm shift in the mobile learning era. To illuminate the underpinnings of learners' inclination to embrace this model, this study adopts an integrated methodological framework, encompassing grounded theory and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Based on 17 in-depth interviews, an Action-Decision Framework of new model is established. Subsequently, a examination of 150 questionnaires through fsQCA uncovers diverse configurations of learners' adoption intention of Influencer-led Education. The outcomes of the fsQCA disclose five configurations associated with high adoption intention and two configurations leading to low intention, highlighting heterogeneous representations among distinct learner cohorts within the decision framework. This research contributes to the expansion and deepening of theories pertaining to learners' engagement with Influencer-led Education, while providing insights into the intricate mechanisms driving learning behaviors in the realm of novel learning scenarios.
This research builds from existing scholarship to highlight the important role social complexity plays on managing and mitigating wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface. Researchers employed in-depth interviews to uncover similarities and differences in land and wildfire management preferences among what would appear to many to be a relatively homogenous population in a valley on the outskirts of Salt Lake City, Utah. In spite of demographic similarities, researchers found meaningful and complex differences with regard to the local social context of subpopulations within the drainage. Those differences revolved around subpopulations’ perceptions of factors that intensified wildfire risk as well as preferred strategies to reduce wildfire risk. We link these differences to divergent next steps for catalyzing collective action surrounding wildfire risk in different emergent “communities,” including addressing evacuation concerns or instituting fuels reduction activities. Additionally, our research indicates that some at-risk communities may be totally averse to commonly advocated fuel reduction strategies surrounding homes (i.e., defensible space). We link our findings to existing understandings about community and collective action for wildfire, including ties to existing theoretical approaches for understanding social diversity as it relates to wildfire.
Nature-based solutions (NbS) have recently gained significant attention in coastal research. NbS are generally defined as actions aimed at safeguarding, sustainably managing, and restoring natural or altered ecosystems to address societal challenges while simultaneously promoting human well-being and biodiversity benefits. In this paper, I introduced a novel concept of NbS, where environmental education (EE) serves as a solution for both “education” and the “environment.” I designed an outdoor EE curriculum focused on land crab conservation to enable students to make practical contributions to current issues, based on scientific research within a traditional fishery community. Additionally, I developed a conceptual framework, the PPEF framework (Preparation, Practice, Evaluation, and Future), which explores how EE can function as an NbS for both education and the environment. I also used students’ self-reports to assess their learning outcomes, exploring changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions toward coastal conservation. I believe that the new concept and framework can make valuable contributions to society by benefiting students, local residents, and the environment, thereby enhancing both people and nature.
In retrospect, we perceive ethnographic fieldwork as a life experience and ethnography as a performative and reflexive process. We focus on participant observation attempting to develop it as a behavioural practice and a potential psychotherapeutic act. The concept and function of “role” through an array of epistemological, interpretive, ethical, and applied parameters is fundamental in this methodological approach, where “selfhood” provides grounds for theoretical reflection. We present a methodological protocol for teaching and conducting ethnographic fieldwork by combining psychotechnical performance and cognitive outcomes. This is well beyond ethnography per se.
Time attitude refers to an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and evaluations regarding the past, present, and future; time attitude influences interpretations, goal-setting, choices and actions in both academic and social contexts. Given the impact of culture on the formation of time attitudes, it is crucial to explore how these components manifest in the specific cultural and social conditions of Iran. To this end, a qualitative methodology including interviews with focus group and grounded theory was used to investigate how youth conceptualize time and their attitudes toward it. The study included 44 participants (23 male and 21 female) in the third to sixth semester in the Tehran University. Six focus groups were formed, three for each gender, to discuss perceptions of time. Their responses regarding their perception of time were categorized in five categories including o’clock, passing, limitation, valuableness and feeling of fear. The results of open and axial coding for past, present and future revealed that Iranian youth perceive time in seven distinct categories: positive future, ambiguous future, hedonistic present, negative present, positive past, negative past and past acceptance. In conclusion, time attitude depends on culture and cultural-social conditions influence time attitude of youth.
In higher vocational education, innovations are shifting from teacher-oriented to student-oriented education and hybrid learning environments. Designing these innovative environments is complex. This study aimed to gain insight into art and design teachers’ rules of thumb when designing instruction in studios. The rules of thumb from experienced designers of design education provide insight into the practical knowledge essential for creating effective studio learning environments. These rules of thumb, derived from teachers' practical knowledge, outline teachers’ ideas about characteristics design education should have to achieve specific student learning outcomes. Six teachers participated in this case study, to investigate this phenomenon in a real-world context. During interviews, they designed a studio for their teaching practice while thinking aloud, expressing their thoughts, actions, and reasoning. These teachers had at least four years of experience in designing art and design studios and were still active in their roles. Within and cross-case analysis revealed that learning theories are recognizable in teachers’ rules of thumb when designing studio instruction. Teachers and their rules of thumb span a spectrum from cognitivism to social constructivism, with most teachers oriented towards social constructivism. This aligns with strategic design considerations at studios, which are also based on social constructivism. Typical social-constructivist rules of thumb focus on student ownership of their learning process and fostering collaboration between various actors in an authentic context. The rules of thumb from experienced designers are incorporated into the training of current and future studio designers and may inspire those who create similar innovative learning environments.
The rapid development of technology in the digital era is one of the challenges in developing children's character today. Technology has had an impact in terms of the decline in children's character values. Therefore, Hindu religious education is very important in this situation to help students understand and overcome the moral dilemmas that occur in the digital world. This research aims to determine the efforts that need to be made to strengthen student character in the digital era. This research uses a qualitative type of research using a descriptive analysis approach. The results of this research indicate that cyber technology can be used to create learning strategies that encourage students to learn independently, and the character of education must be consistently included in all Hindu religious learning activities. Apart from school teachers, parents also play an important role in directing children to use technology wisely. The character values that can be instilled in Hindu religious teachings are as follows, religious values, tolerance, discipline, independence, curiosity, friendship/communicativeness, caring for the environment and responsibility.
Purpose
This study aims to uncover the mechanisms behind the marginalization of county-level public libraries.
Design/methodology/approach
The research surveyed 25 counties in central China, including Hubei, Chongqing, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with library directors and deputy directors, focusing on main and branch library construction, cultural inclusivity, library assessment, and digital services.
Findings
Contributing factors to library marginalization were identified as economic pressure, institutional domain, longstanding issues, organizational entity, and societal misconceptions. Building on this, the study introduces the HBAC model to explain county-level public library marginalization. Considering the actual social context of these libraries, the article proposes a “3 + 1” approach to mitigate their marginalization.
Originality/value
The research methodology, analysis process, theoretical model, and recommendations provided could shed light on academic research and practical exploration in the field of public libraries globally.
The global banking industry is undergoing fundamental changes throughout its history; therefore, banks around the world have to react to these developments. Meanwhile, start-up financial technology companies called Fintech are looking to respond to emerging customer needs and even create new customer needs. According to available statistics, a large number of Fintech businesses have failed for various reasons, such as not having a clear framework for their business development, which has led to a waste of time and a lot of costs. In order to prevent wastage of resources, this study has provided a suitable model for development Fintech businesses In financial and banking fields. The method used in this research is Grounded Theory, which is based on more than a thousand minutes of semi-structured interviews with experts in the Fintech industry. The result of 686 components was the extraction of 112 specific components for the businesses development on Fintech, which finally led to the final research model and theory by doing open, axial and selective coding. In the end, the components of "recognition and creation of value and its accurate measurement" were identified as the central category.
In this chapter, the spotlight falls on carrying out research into street gangs, specifically focusing on Hesketh’s (2018) study of Merseyside entitled “A critical exploration of why some individuals with similar backgrounds do or do not become involved in deviant street groups and the potential implications for their future life choices”.
This qualitative study investigated lower-secondary school teachers’ (n = 19), principals’ (n = 7), and university-based teacher-educators’ (n = 7) experiences in university-school collaboration for teachers’ professional development (PD). The PD was based on a decentralized policy. Findings from the constant comparative analyses indicated that teachers, principals, and university-based teacher-educators have both shared and diverse conceptions of collaboration, and they experienced similar challenges in university-school collaboration. The study showed that schools’ participation in the selection of PD themes and closer relationships between universities and schools are conducive to enhancing the quality of university-school collaboration for teachers’ PD. Nevertheless, the study also indicated a lack of ownership and participation in decision-making and loyalty-dominated participation in collaboration. The lack of communication and interaction between universities and schools was also a prominent challenge. The findings have implications for the revision of forthcoming decentralized strategies for teachers’ PD and further research on school-owners’ roles and decision-making in decentralized policy implementation.
The article deals with the processes of debordering and rebordering on the Polish-German border, focusing on how the so-called everyday experts from the region interpreted these changes in 2018. The research was conducted in the cities of Słubice and Gubin and the adjacent rural areas, using individual structured in-depth interviews. The data analysis was inspired by grounded theory. According to the interviewees, cultural, legal, and economic differences significantly influenced the experiences and interactions at the border despite the blurring of physical borders. The analysis of the way of interpreting the debordering and rebordering also allows us to understand the characteristics of the narratives shaping the thinking about the transformations of the region at that time and their significance for integration processes and the creation of interstices. In the discussion, I argue for reorienting contemporary studies on the Polish-German border toward rebordering as well as for a more careful analysis of the accompanying narratives, emphasizing how these interpretations can condition the course of future events, such as what happened with the closing of borders in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Background
To build research capacity for early-career faculty conducting HIV/STI research with minoritized communities and to enhance diversity in the scientific workforce, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Center for AIDS Prevention (CAPS) conducts a training program for visiting professors (VPs), begun in 1996. VPs are in residence at CAPS for three summers, complete a pilot research project, and prepare National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant proposals. Best practices and key elements for successfully training scholars of color, and others who work with minoritized communities, are identified.
Methods
This paper draws on qualitative interviews with 31 VPs and 10 program mentors (VPMs) who participated in the program between 1996 and 2016. All VPs were also invited to participate in an anonymous survey to assess potential differences between study participants and non-participants. Interviews took place between September 2017 and March 2018 and were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded.
Results
VPs and VPMs described key elements relevant to both human and social capital that contributed to Program success. Paramount among these were the importance of establishing trusting mentorship relationships; sustained collegial engagement over time; and fostering a training environment based on multidisciplinarity, skills-building, scholarly networking, and peer reviews.
Conclusions
Participant voices from this objectively successful training program provide directions for future initiatives to support scholars of color and those working with minoritized groups. An indispensable value of such programs is to intentionally foster trusted scholarly communities to counterbalance systemic inequities in the academy.
Zusammenfassung
Das ethnographische Forschungsprojekt widmet sich dem polizeilichen Umgang mit psychisch belasteten Personen, der im Schweizer Kontext bisher kaum untersucht wurde. Die empirischen Befunde der vorliegenden internationalen Studien vermitteln ein unklares und ambivalentes Bild. Insbesondere wissen wir immer noch wenig darüber, wie solche Begegnungen vor Ort ablaufen und wie Polizist*innen Personen mit psychischen Belastungen in ihrer täglichen Arbeit wahrnehmen und bewerten. Die Rekonstruktion von Praktiken und Prozessen der Kategorisierung psychischer Belastungen in ihrem organisationalen Kontext ermöglicht neue Einblicke in diesen sensiblen und anspruchsvollen Aspekt moderner Polizeiarbeit.
The technological revolution has driven food retail towards self-service technologies (SSTs). The supermarket concept thrived due to consumer convenience and direct food access. This qualitative study explored the modernization of food retail through new technologies, focusing on Canadian stakeholders' perceptions. Using a grounded theory approach, it aimed to create a sustainable digital food system model addressing social and moral food access aspects. Findings revealed that digitalization in food retail is driven by economic motives and stakeholders' desire for collaboration and partnership to support food access.
Working from home (WFH) has accelerated in occurrence following social distancing measures directed at stemming the spread of Covid-19 globally. Using a sample of 41 in-depth qualitative interviews and measurement of the personality scores of the 41 interviewees, who are UK academics, using the IPIP test questionnaire, we explored how mandatory WFH impacts the boundary management of different academics based on their personality and the role of personality in their boundary-management approach to enhance WLB during Covid-19. Our results suggest that mandatory WFH impacts academics differently depending on their personality, with academics high in conscientiousness and introversion (compared to their neurotic and extroverted colleagues) more suited to managing work and life domains to maintain a work–life balance while working from home. Building on boundary theory, we uncovered that while conscientious and introverted academics preferred and used integration as their boundary-management style, extroverted academics preferred segmentation in favor of family, but used volleying as a boundary-management style. Neurotic academics leaned toward our newly uncovered boundary-management style – quitter. Our findings suggest that the family circumstances of academics play an important role in their boundary-management styles. Overall, our study suggests relationships between personality and boundary-management styles and characteristics.
How different public agencies and their digital artifacts work together (often labeled as interoperability) is considered to be an important area for a successful evolution of e-government. Key knowledge in this area is the structuring into four different layers of interoperability: legal, organizational, semantic, and technical interoperability. This paper challenges this received view of digital interoperation. It does so through an in-depth qualitative case study on the management of digital medical certificates and an inductive and abductive data analysis. Twelve aspects of digital interoperation have emerged through this study. The aspects have been divided into two categories: intrinsic (aspects that directly relate to the digital transfer of information) and extrinsic (aspects that shape different parts of digital interoperation from the outside). Six intrinsic aspects have been identified (relational, performative, semantic, informational, architectural, and technical). These intrinsic categories also have roles as extrinsic. Besides these, there are six more extrinsic aspects (normative, regulative, economic, cognitive, interactive, and temporal). Based on empirical insights and theorizing, the paper argues for a broadening of interoperability as not only the capability to interoperate. A broader notion comprises a mix of organizational, human, and digital pre-conditions for interoperation.
While recognizing the essentiality of public policy in the context of emerging challenges, the chapter underscores the significance of the ‘process’ of policymaking. The process should encourage new ideas and stimulate informed discussion and decision-making. It stresses the policy design approach for dealing with large, critical, and complex problems. A good policy system should be attentive to micro-level insights, analysis-driven processes, systemic understanding, design focus, evidence-based approach, proper decision criteria, adaptive policies, and capacity building for policy management. It requires a shift from intuitive decision-making and a top-down approach. It recommends systems thinking, design thinking, complexity thinking, and innovative approaches to deal with complex problems. It suggests a robust policy design framework and science of policymaking. Emphasizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, it stresses analyses of institutional issues, behavioral factors, complexity dimension, and implementation mechanism, to gain insights into the problems and system. It presents a case study through the comprehensive application of the system approach, specifically interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and system dynamics (SD) for policy design.
Promoting the green transformation of consumption (GTC) from the multiple areas and phases of consumption has become a focus issue for governments and enterprises. However, few studies have used social media data to study the influencing factors and mechanisms of GTC systematically. This paper combines the perspectives of five consumption areas (food, housing, transportation, products, and tourism) and three consumption phases (purchase, use, and disposal) by collecting 2,506 blog posts on the Sina Microblog involving GTC in China and applies grounded theory for qualitative analysis. Results show that (i) external drivers (policy incentives, marketing incentives, and social nudges), internal drivers (egoistic motivations and altruistic motivations), external impediments (product factor barriers and cultural factor constraints), and internal impediments (mental awareness barriers, individual capacity dilemmas and perceived risk constraints) were the four key factors influencing GTC. (ii) The dimensions of the driving factors are independent of each other, affecting GTC individually and interacting in the process of co-driving. (iii) There is a recursive logic of internal hindering factors, and external hindering factors play a moderating role in the hindering path. This paper proposes the influencing factor model of GTC to explain the driving factors and hindering factors and provides essential reference value and practical inspiration for enterprises and governments to promote GTC.
Although cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer, research describing the patient experience is limited. This study sought to create a conceptual model of non-metastatic disease, to assess patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments commonly used in CSCC against this model, and to develop a patient-relevant measurement strategy for evaluating the benefit of new therapies.
Researchers conducted a literature review, a review of patient blogs, and interviews with dermatologists to draft the conceptual model. A total of 22 patients with CSCC participated in 60-min phone interviews, which were subsequently transcribed, coded, and analyzed; the conceptual model was then updated. PRO instruments used in CSCC were assessed for content validity on the basis of this.
The CSCC patient experience includes physical symptoms, psychological impacts, and behavior changes. Existing PRO instruments were assessed against the conceptual model using targeted subdomains considered to be relevant for assessing clinical benefit. Four modules of the FACE-Q® Skin Cancer instrument, plus de novo items developed for concepts not assessed by the FACE-Q® [lesion symptoms, negative treatment effects (including symptomatic), and experience of care], provide the best coverage for the concepts of interest hypothesized to show the benefit of novel treatments.
This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the experience of patients with non-metastatic CSCC, and the effects of its treatment. It also identifies unmet needs in a subgroup of patients reporting negative treatment experiences. Further cognitive debriefing and psychometric analysis of de novo items are warranted for applications in clinical research.
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