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Basics Of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures And Techniques
... We then performed a thematic analysis on our detailed notes [50,142]. While open coding [142], two of the authors independently read through the transcripts carefully and allowed codes to develop. ...
... We then performed a thematic analysis on our detailed notes [50,142]. While open coding [142], two of the authors independently read through the transcripts carefully and allowed codes to develop. Later they shared their codes with each other. ...
... We first transcribed the Farsi audio recordings to Farsi texts and then translated the texts to English. We then performed thematic analysis on the transcriptions and the detailed notes [50,142]. While open coding [142], two of the authors independently read through the transcripts carefully and allowed codes to develop. ...
Financial technology (FinTech) platforms often exclude certain countries from their services due to global political conflicts. As a result, immigrants from these neglected countries struggle with transferring money to and from their homeland through formal mechanisms. Instead, they get involved in informal transnational transactions that, while flexible, are often risky and full of hassles. We looked into this issue through an online survey (n=127) and engaged with multiple stakeholders (n=16), including the Iranian immigrant community in Canada, to co-design an application called ?Kabootar' that matches senders and receivers of money across borders. In this application, a sender-receiver pair is matched with a pertinent pair sending money in the opposite direction. By facilitating two intra-national transactions in local currencies instead of two relatively complicated inter-national transactions, the need for money to cross borders is eliminated while staying within the boundaries of the law. Our user study (n=13) revealed several tensions in users trusting such informal transnational transactions. This work contributes to CSCW, HCI, and social computing's growing scholarship in personalized and collaborative computing technologies by advocating for a novel design approach based on collaboration and informality and extends their scope to the domain of FinTech for politically marginalized communities.
... Data gathered through a cross-sectional qualitative study in Mumbai, India, in 2018 was used for this analysis. The study used the grounded theory approach (Long et al., 2006) to address the objectives.The grounded theory approach with the potential to offer insights into how things happen is suitable in situations where little is known about a particular topic or phenomenon or where a new approach is needed in a familiar setting (Dahlgren, Emmelin, & Winkvist, 2007;Daymon & Holloway, 2010). Theoretical sampling (Glaser, & Strauss, 1967) procedures were followed to identify the respondents (i.e., parents) for the interview. ...
... Ten in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with parents with ASD children, and the decisions to stop at 10 IDIs were influenced primarily by information saturation. Saturation signifies that a researcher can be reasonably ensured that further data collection would yield similar results (Long et al., 2006;Van Rijnsoever, 2017). Saturation is again described as the point in data collection and analysis when new incoming data produces little or no new information to address the research question (Guest et al., 2006). ...
In India, empirical evidence on awareness, challenges, and coping strategies adopted by the parents of children with ASD are inadequate. This study aims to understand the awareness, challenges and, coping strategies of parents with ASD in Mumbai, India. Data gathered through a qualitative study using the grounded theory approach was used for this analysis. Theoretical sampling procedures were followed to carry out the in-depth interview of parents (N=10). Informed consent procedures
were followed, and only those who voluntarily consented to the interview were interviewed. The data was analyzed through NVivo 10. The relationship among emerging themes, categories and codes was studied through an iterative process using memos, graphic representation, and a mind map. Results showed inadequate awareness among parents, who face numerous challenges, both due to the inherent
hurdles of having a child with ASD and the impact of a largely indifferent society that often hinders the integration and acceptance of such children. Parents attempt diverse coping strategies, primarily support-seeking strategies, to address the challenges they face with their children with Adhere is a need for awareness generation on ASD, which will help early diagnosis and appropriate management
by parents. Parents are also required to be counseled and trained for the most appropriate form of parenting style, which subsequently will ensure better care of the children with ASD.
... Although the researcher can choose between several available analytical techniques, the procedure of making comparisons, asking questions, and sampling based on evolving theoretical concepts are important features of the methodology. (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). In collecting data, the first thing to do is to select students based on the categories given by the researcher, then give a questionnaire. ...
Purpose – This study aims to determine the relationship between religious attitudes and learning perseverance of students of SMP 1 Bengkulu City and SMP 1 Jambi City on the subject of Islamic Religious Education. Design/methods/approach – The research design is an associative quantitative research method with a correlational research design. The number of samples of junior high school students studied amounted to 140. Findings – It was found that the results of the T-test and the correlation test showed a significant comparison and there was a relationship between Attitude and Perseverance in Student Learning of SMP 1 Bengkulu City and SMP 1 Jambi City on Islamic Religious Education Subjects. Research implications/limitations – The implication of this research is that it can be used as a reference in taking follow-up actions in solving problems regarding the religious character of students and students' perseverance in learning. The author realizes that this study still has shortcomings, such as the sample used is only 2 schools and 2 different cities. The variables studied in this study were only variables of Religious Attitude and Student Learning Diligence in Islamic Religious Education subjects. In addition, there are many other indicators that have not been used. Originality/value – This research is expected to be used by educators as a reference regarding the relationship between religious attitudes and students' persistence in learning, especially in the subject of Islamic Religious Education.
... The Grounded Theory (GT) approach (Strauss and Corbin 1990) was selected as an appropriate method to analyse the newspaper articles as this flexible yet systematic approach is frequently used in exploratory research. Its inductive techniques allow researchers to develop concepts of previously unexplored areas of research, and this in turn enables the production of a theoretical model that is strongly grounded in the data. ...
Introduction: Webcamming as a digital practice has increased in popularity over the last decade. With the outbreak COVID-19 and lockdowns across the globe, cam sites experienced an upsurge in both performers and viewers, and the main platform OnlyFans, increased its market share and saturation. The objective of this study was to explore the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and subsequent economic hardship, on indirect and digitally mediated sex work. In doing so, it also explored the mediatisation of the creators of erotic content and their marketing on OnlyFans. Method: Data was collected from news media outlets on the effects of the outbreak of the virus on the online sex industry. Mainstream media news articles (N = 40) were drawn from 19 different sources that discussed changes occurring in the digitally mediated sex market during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was drawn from across the political spectrum and type of media source to include broadsheet, tabloid, and regional news as well as broadcast media. The dataset was divided into two and independently analysed by two different researchers analysing 20 sources each. Analysis was conducted using Grounded Theory, an inductive approach frequently used due to aid concept development, as the aim was to develop theory on the mediatisation of the experiences and process of virtual sex work without drawing on sex workers’ own resources at a time crucial to their income. Results: The findings revealed reportage of increased engagement in digital sex work in three areas: expansion of the sites involved in provision of online sex services; new digital sex workers joining the industry; and those who were involved in the provision of online sex services prior to the pandemic. A continuum of experiences emerged from the data ranging from those whose financial circumstances led them to doing such work to those who reported finding the work empowering. It also included established performers who were reported to have increased workload but decreased money and who pivoted their businesses to adapt, as well as newcomers who were reported to be seeking an income and lifestyle change. Digital sex workers experienced requests from clients that went beyond, or did not involve, sexual services. These ranged from silent companionship to conversation and fetishes such as illness and Covid fetishes. The results show how online sex workers were reportedly able to monetise the loneliness of clients and how new fetishes emerged in the extraordinary situation. Given the remarkable success of adult websites amid the pandemic, this research provides new evidence on the reportage on the use of cam sites, and OnlyFans in particular. Conclusions: The findings provides new data on how digital sex workers’ experiences were represented during the pandemic and reveal a nuanced picture behind the upsurge in online work to show how rewards and risks vary for those involved in it. News media outlets are crucial in the social construction of online sex work and have the power to affect peoples’ perception of this work. Additionally, press articles can provide a space where sex workers’ voices can be heard. It is therefore a key area to examine in relation to the public opinion of sex work, which in turn affects public policy, and its decriminalisation and eventual destigmatisation. These findings add to our understanding of erotic services and contribute to the growing literature on the mediatization of sex work. The study contributes new knowledge to the topic although further investigation is needed to achieve potential mainstreaming and destigmatisation for digital sex workers.
... This study adopted the qualitative approach. Qualitative research is best utilized when there is limited information and exploration to decipher participants' experiences in a phenomenon (Long et al., 1993;Creswell, 2013). Qualitative research is "interpretive research," emphasizing human experiences, expressions, and values (Stake, 2010). ...
The covid-19 crisis prompted a significant shift in teaching and learning approaches in continuing education in the Philippines. This study aimed to examine teachers' experiences with flexible learning in higher education institutions in Northern Mindanao, Philippines, both public and private. Three dimensions of the teaching experience are considered contexts for their sharing: a) the teacher's primary function of course delivery to students; b) the teacher's role as the frontline of academic administration and intermediary for online education delivery; and c) the teacher's attainment of personal goals. This study employed a transcendental phenomenology approach. Focus group and in-depth interviews were employed to gather data from participants who were classified into four categories: a) those with less than one year of experience; b) those with one year to less than five years of experience; c) those with six years but less than ten years of experience; and d) those with ten years or more of experience. Interviews were transcribed and loaded into KoBoToolbox as data. The data were examined using a modified van Kaam technique. The findings indicated that covid-19 compelled all teachers, regardless of tenure, to modify and adapt to the flexible learning modality as implemented by the institution relative to their academic responsibilities, administrative duties and responsibilities, and attainments towards their personal goals. It implies that educational institutions must be prepared beyond the crisis by strategizing measures and learning much from the experiences of teachers and students to deliver quality education amidst the volatile, uncertain, ambiguous, and shifting scenarios.
... The inductive approach requires "subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns" (Hsieh andShannon 2005:1278). The inductive approach allowed the classification of 102 initial codes into 13 axial codes, and axial codes into three theoretically distinct selective codes (Strauss and Corbin 1990). The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, then analyzed in NVIVO 12.0 software. ...
Using an integrated qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews with 32 second-generation Turkish parents in Germany, this study examines the parental concerns formed by assessing the value of children, which, in turn, influence return migration intentions. This study proposes that parents develop three main con- cerns in an attempt to maximize the value of their children: (1) socioeconomic, (2) assimilation, and (3) marriage concerns. Return migration intention itself turns into a parental investment by designating the home country as the final destination where these concerns can be resolved, and thus their children may reach their full potential for themselves and their families. This study suggests that in the context of migrant families, the value of children can be a potential predictor of return migration since it is subject to changes during the life course in response to the cultural, social, and economic contexts of the host and home countries.
... We started this study with 'explorer's eyes' without being driven by a prior hypothesis 10 . Inductive content analysis techniques were used to analyze the interviews to identify themes both within and across groups 7 . ...
Introduction
Tobacco vendor training is recognized as an essential element to reduce
youth access to tobacco. The TRAC training program was developed utilizing bestpractices
in tobacco retailer training, adult instruction, and e-learning. The objective
of this mixed-methods study is to evaluate the acceptability, usability and knowledge
impact of an online tobacco retailer program.
Methods
An interview guide and evaluation questionnaire were used to collect data
on usability and acceptability. To test learner knowledge, each module included a
final set of 15 questions randomly chosen and posed to participants before and after
the training. Content analysis, chi-squared tests, Student’s t-tests, and paired tests
were utilized for data analysis. The evaluation was conducted in Alberta, Canada
in 2020.
Results
A total of 128 participants enrolled in the study. The main themes revealed
in the qualitative aspect of the evaluation were: the training was easy to navigate,
engaging, informative, and beneficial to the staff’s daily work. Compared with the
pre-training test, a significantly higher post-training test score, mean and (SD), was
recorded for clerks who completed the clerk training module [59.1 (12.8) vs 75.5
(11.1), t=8.6378, p
... Theoretical saturation refers to testing a certain category with new data until there are no new codes and categories. It is the standard for grounded theory stopping sampling [48]. Using the remaining 30% of typical accident cases to recode, none of the new categories obtained could affect the main categories and core categories that had been generated. ...
Background: To effectively avoid accidents caused by practitioners’ unsafe state in the process of coal mine production processes, it is necessary to clarify the factors influencing the practitioners’ unsafe state, and take corresponding control measures accordingly. Methods: With the help of literature research and on-site interviews, grounded theory was used to construct the influencing factor index system of the coal mine practitioners’ unsafe state. The index system primary includes indices of four core categories, physiology, psychology, organization, and technology, and secondary indices of fourteen main categories. An AHP-DEMATEL model was constructed to calculate the comprehensive degree of influence of each influencing factor and rank it. Results: The results show that the main factors affecting the coal mine practitioners’ unsafe state are physical quality, degree of fatigue, safety attitude, safety awareness, safety culture, and vigilance. Physical quality and degree of fatigue are the key factors that affect the coal mine practitioners’ unsafe state, which is more consistent with the actual situation of coal mine practitioners. With the findings of this study, coal mine managers can take relevant countermeasures to intervene in coal mine practitioners’ unsafe state and reduce the occurrence of accidents.
... The analysis of materials is achieved by categorizing them in a hierarchical coding system. According to the degree of abstraction, the coding can be divided into three different levels: primary coding is open coding, which requires the researcher to objectively code all materials in their original state; secondary coding is axial coding, which is used to establish the relationship between concepts and explore the internal connection of each part of the material; tertiary coding is selective coding, which establishes the core category and concentrates related concepts in the core category (55,56). ...
Background:
COVID-19 epidemic has lasted for nearly 3 years, and revolutionized social life. In the study, in-depth interviews were conducted with Chinese undergraduate students to explore their understanding and experience of meaning in life. Meaning of life is interpreted from four aspects: life goals, life value, life enthusiasm, and life freedom. These four aspects are independent yet interrelated. Based on the free grasp of life, individuals explore and pursue the true meaning of life goals, acquire life value in evaluating the completion of life goals, and subsequently experience enthusiasm for life. Life enthusiasm and the perception of life value can help individuals to further understand and possess their meaning of life.
Materials and methods:
The present study adopts the qualitative method to understand the experience of meaning in life among Chinese undergraduate students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and six people participated the study. The Grounded Theory was adopted to analyze the qualitative data.
Results:
(1) Chinese undergraduates had clear life goals and obtained a certain sense of achievement and satisfaction when striving for these goals. (2) The life value of Chinese undergraduates was mainly to their families, but there was also a willingness to make due contributions to the country and society. (3) Chinese undergraduates' feelings about life were polarized, but they all expressed the view of "living in the moment and cherishing the present." (4) Chinese undergraduate students see life freedom as freedom of choice and generally believed that COVID-19 did not restrict their lives very much. (5) Chinese undergraduate students gained a deeper understanding of meaning in life after this major public health emergency.
... The grounded method was proposed by Glazer and Strauss in the 1960s and has been widely used in qualitative research in recent years. Its main purpose is to build a theory on the basis of empirical data [21]. This is a method of building theoretical models from the bottom up, that is, finding core categories reflecting the essence of phenomena on the basis of systematically collecting empirical data and then establishing connections between these categories and constructing relevant theories. ...
In the context of the rapid development of surfing tourism in China, the behavior explanation of surfing tourists has not attracted attention from the academic circle. Based on the theory of embodiment, this study takes surfing tourism in Hainan Province as the first case to explain the process and results of body experience in surfing tourism behavior. Based on the grounded theory analysis of the collected online travel notes and on-site interview text materials related to tourism experience, 21 categories and 6 main categories were extracted, and the story line of the surfing tourism experience was constructed based on embodied experience. The results show that the embodied phenomena and processes of the surfing tourism experience affect the quality of tourists’ experience. Surfing tourists experience four typical processes, namely embodied perception, embodied awakening, embodied emotion and embodied extension, and represent the body’s meaning, self-identity and social value through surfing behavior. The research theoretically proposes the embodied experience model and a new category of surfing tourism and provides a reference value for the practice of the surfing tourism industry.
For secondary mathematics teachers, it is important that their mathematical coursework helps deepen their understanding of the school mathematics they will teach. That is, making connections between advanced and secondary mathematics is vital for practicing and prospective teachers (PPTs). However, forming these connections poses significant mathematical hurdles. In this chapter, I explore the mathematical challenges that arise when PPTs are asked to make connections by recognizing ideas in advanced mathematics as being an instance of an idea studied in secondary mathematics. In particular, I look at the mathematical challenges faced by two PPTs as they tried to reconcile the definition of a binary operation in abstract algebra (i.e., ∗ : A × A → A) in terms of it being a function – something studied in secondary school. In this example, mathematical challenge is evident through the conceptual stages and shifts these two PPTs went through as they came to understand a binary operation as a function itself. I use this example to ground the discussion of mathematical challenges faced, more broadly, as PPTs develop connections from their advanced mathematical coursework. I also elaborate on the purposes such connections might serve, and why, for PPTs, these connections merit the mathematical challenges encountered to develop them.KeywordsMathematical challengeConnectionsSecondary teacher educationFunctionsBinary operationsAdvanced mathematics
This article discusses the difficulties of people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their assigned gender and who are recipients of welfare services, particularly of the Public Assistance (PA) system, in Japan. Semi-structured interview data from 3 cases and data of 36 visitors to an NGO in Tokyo supporting impoverished people were analyzed. We argue that the underlying cause for the difficulties experienced by transgender/gender-nonconforming people using the PA system is the cisgenderism built into the welfare system. Reviewing the recent developments in the PA system of Tokyo, focusing particularly on temporary accommodations, we reveal how cisgenderism works in the everyday operations of the welfare system. Analyzing the cases, we realized that the welfare office assigns the gender identity to PA applicants, which does not always correspond to their self-identity, based on which welfare services, including home-visit nursing and temporary accommodations, are provided. We also argue that temporary accommodations provided through PA are usually based on the binary conception of gender and gender segregation, and thus, combined with misgendering, fail to safely accommodate gender-nonconforming people who are homeless. In conclusion, we claim that within the recent developments in the PA system, transgender and gender-nonconforming people have been systematically excluded. We also propose that, to reduce the difficulties of gender-nonconforming people, merely enhancing welfare officers' knowledge and understanding of sexual minorities is not enough; there is a greater need for the deconstruction of cisgenderism rooted in welfare systems.
Rising numbers of anthropology majors are entering sectors in industry, in which qualitative data analysis skills and theoretical thinking are essential. Yet, a disciplinary divide between theoretical and applied approaches in anthropology and a market for commodified method skills often present challenges to teaching theory in the applied anthropology classroom. Our study is based upon the successful implementation of a three‐phase qualitative data analysis model—Reduce, Visualize, Draw Conclusions, and Verify—developed by Miles and Huberman and Ladner, in a series of anthropology graduate practicum courses at Wayne State University (2017–21), in which students worked with corporate clients from Chevrolet, Nissan, and D‐Ford. Our findings highlight the integral role of theory to the academic and practicing research process and provide a template for other practicum‐based classes to teach analysis.
PurposeOver the past decade, successive outbreaks and epidemics of infectious diseases have challenged the emergency preparedness and response systems of global public health institutions, a context in which vaccines have become the centerpiece to strengthening global health security. Nevertheless, vaccine research and development (R&D) is a complex, lengthy, risky, uncertain, and expensive process. Alongside strict, time-consuming regulatory compliance, it takes multiple candidates and many years to register a new vaccine. This is certainly not welcome in a global health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to understand the R&D paradigm shift in pandemic contexts and its impacts on the value chain of vaccine innovation.Methods
To that end, this paper carried out a systematic literature review and meta-synthesis of 27 articles and reports (2011–2021) that addressed vaccine R&D in contexts of global health threats, disease outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics.ResultsThe research findings are synthesized in a meta-model, which describes a fast-track R&D for pandemic contexts, its driving forces, innovations, mechanisms, and impacts in the value chain of vaccine innovation.Conclusions
The study demonstrates that, in pandemic contexts, a fast-track R&D process based on close collaboration among regulators, industry, and academia and leveraging enabling technologies can drastically reduce the time required to bring safe, stable, and effective vaccines to market by an average of 11 years compared to the traditional R&D process. Furthermore, pharmacovigilance and rigorous monitoring of real-world evidence became critical to ensuring that quality and safe products were authorized for use during a pandemic.
Kampung Aur settlement is one of the slums of 18 villages determined based on Medan Mayor Decree No. 640/039.K / I/2015, with a very poor slum level, 3.49 Ha slum area and 307 households. Location Slums are scattered in various areas in Medan City, including along the river banks, along railroads, port areas, industrial areas, trade areas, and border areas of Medan City. The focus of the study was the slums of Kampung Aur, Medan Maimun District and the reluctance of residents to be relocated. The research objectives are; to find out the factors that cause the reluctance of relocation of residents of slums in Kampung Aur, Medan Maimun District, Medan City. The research method used a qualitative descriptive. The results of research on the reluctance of residents due to relocation of several factors, among others; 1) Settlement that has been passed down from parents has finally become the basis for residents to claim their legal presence in agararia, 2) the location of Kampung Aur which is near and downtown such as offices, restaurants and others that are very supportive for the economic activities of citizens, 3) the high family ties between residents supported by the same ethnic / ethnic origin, and a sense of shared destiny, 4) basic housing services that are deemed sufficiently adequate such as access to and out of villages, roads that connect between RTs, available clean water facilities, and electricity servis, 5) there are facilities and infrastructure that can meet the needs of citizens to socialize with each other and strengthen family relationships.Keywords: Slums; Settlement; Phenomenon.
One of the steps taken by the first democratically elected South African government in 1994 was to formulate a new education policy that placed great emphasis on equity, inclusivity, and social justice for all. In pursuance of this goal, a new curriculum was implemented that urged teachers to make science more relevant to students’ life worlds specifically by integrating it with their indigenous knowledge (IK) using innovative instructional strategies. This chapter narrates the experience gained from the Science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems Project (SIKSP) using a dialogical argumentation instructional model (DAIM) in preparing teachers to implement a science-indigenous curriculum in their multicultural classrooms.
This study examines the applied strategies of para teacher in developing the English language phonemic awareness of a first grader in the context of modular distance learning delivery modality. To develop such awareness, students should be able to master the tasks such as (1) phoneme isolation, (2) phoneme identity (3) phoneme deletion, (4) phoneme segmentation, (5) phoneme categorization, and (6) phoneme blending. This study concentrates on how the para teacher addresses all the six components of phonemic awareness and explores whether there are any additional elements that should be considered with English learners’ phonemic awareness development. In this case study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes from modular instruction observation, and phonemic awareness assessment results. The results from this case study imply that systematic teaching strategies are essential to consider with English learners’ phonemic awareness development. The findings of this study also disclosed that both para teacher and learner’s motivation is an essential component in teaching and learning phonemic awareness.
Previous research concerning religiosity and consumer behaviors highlights that consumers are possibly affected by religion in areas such as life satisfaction, faith, ethics, and materialism. Analysis, however, has yet to develop a systematic framework that examines the effects of particular religious commitments on consumer behaviors, such as life satisfaction, ethical decisions, and intentions of loyalty, which is the main incentive for us to conduct this research. This study which takes into account Catholic affiliation in the Vietnamese context intends to develop the literature on the relationship between religiosity and consumer behaviors. Specifically, aiming to explore potential mediators in the interrelationship between religious commitments and customer loyalty intentions at convenience stores, the research incorporates ethical judgements and life satisfaction. The Structural Equation Modeling method is utilized to analyze the surveyed data from 388 Catholics for hypothesis testing. According to the tested results, satisfaction with life plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between religious commitments and customer loyalty. On the other hand, ethical judgements serve as an important mediator that considerably enhances the impact of intrinsic religiosity on consumer loyalty. The findings also provide an insightful view of the sociology of religion regarding business enterprises.
Background
Environmental exposures during pregnancy and early childhood can have acute and chronic adverse health impacts. As minoritized populations are more likely to reside in areas with greater pollution, it is important to understand their views and lived experiences to inform action. The purpose of this community-driven qualitative research study was to understand how urban Latina mothers in Los Angeles County, California perceived environmental health and risks.
Methods
We conducted semi-structured individual interviews with Latina pregnant women and mothers of young children, recruited through existing collaborations with community organizations. Interviews conducted in either English or Spanish and were coded inductively according to a modified grounded theory approach.
Results
Thirty-six Latina mothers completed interviews between August–October 2016. Participants lived primarily in low-income communities of South-Central Los Angeles and East Los Angeles. We identified three major themes based on the participants’ responses during interviews: Defining the Environment , Environment & Health Risks , and Social & Political Responsibility . Women defined their environment in terms of both “nature” and “hazards.” They consistently identified foul odors, dirtiness, noise, trash, bugs, smoke, and other visible blights as indicators of household and neighborhood environmental hazards. They expressed fear and uncertainty about how their environment could affect their health and that of their children, as well as specific concerns about respiratory health, asthma, allergies, cancer, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mothers often changed individual behaviors around diet and cleaning during pregnancy but were frustrated by power imbalances that left them unable to change their home or neighborhood environments, despite their desire to do so.
Discussion
Our study is among the first to describe how urban Latina mothers perceive and experience environmental health risks during pregnancy and early childhood. Our research suggests additional attention is needed by public health professionals and researchers to address the environmental health risks that matter most to urban Latina mothers. They also highlight the tension that many urban Latina mothers feel between wanting to protect their families’ health and well-being and feeling powerless to change their environment. Broad policy changes, rather than additional individual recommendations, are needed to address the concerns of this vulnerable population.
Background
Evidence suggests that Aboriginal babies in Western Australia are not receiving adequate primary health care in their first 3 months of life, leading to questions about enablers and constraints to delivering such care. This paper presents findings from a qualitative research project investigating health providers’ perceptions and experiences of best and current practice in discharge planning, postnatal care and health education for Aboriginal mothers and their newborn babies.
Methods
Constructivist grounded theory guided this research involving 58 semi-structured interviews conducted with health providers who deliver care to Aboriginal mothers and infants. Participants were recruited from hospital-based and primary health sites in metropolitan Perth, and regional and remote locations in Western Australia.
Results
Structural factors enabling best practice in discharge planning, postnatal care, and health education for mothers included health providers following best practice guidelines and adequate staffing levels. Organisational enablers included continuity of care throughout pregnancy, birth and postnatally. In particular, good communication between services around discharge planning, birth notifications, and training in culturally respectful care. Structural and organisational constraints to delivering best practice and compromising continuity of care were identified as beyond individual control. These included poor communication between different health and social services, insufficient hospital staffing levels leading to early discharge, inadequate cultural training, delayed receipt of birth notifications and discharge summaries received by Aboriginal primary health services.
Conclusion
Findings highlight the importance of examining current policies and practices to promote best practice in postnatal care to improve health outcomes for mothers and their Aboriginal babies.
In this contribution, I present an inquiry that was prompted by an empirical observation that emerged in interviews with student-teachers: Speaking about their beliefs about mathematics and its teaching and learning was disrupted by expressions of unease about popular myths related to their future profession and the current status of the relation between mathematics and society. Based on a theoretical position of the subject-scientific approach, that also vague feelings – such as unease – entail the potential to gain further insights into the object at stake, I analysed its potential for learning. Since the unease is related to beliefs, I take a closer look at, and formulate a critique of, current trends in belief research and their practical implications. Instead of repeatedly designing more teaching interventions for students to align with certain beliefs along the way, I propose to understand the unease as a starting point for an intentional and collaborative learning process of mathematics education scholars and students.KeywordsMathematics teacher educationSubject-scientific approachCritique of belief-researchReciprocal learningShared struggleMathematics-society relation
One type of teacher collaboration termed co-teaching has been gaining popularity in many Asian educational contexts such as Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The benefits and problems of the co-teaching between a native-English-speaking teacher (NEST) and non-native-English-speaking teacher (NNEST) have been extensively documented in research (e.g., Carless & Walker, 2006; Copland, Davis, Garton, and Mann, 2016). Still, this current study identified research gaps. First, the actual effectiveness of co-teaching as measured by student achievement seemed rare. Second, a quantitative analysis of how two important factors, co-teaching style and co-planning time, actually influenced student achievement during co-teaching was scarce. Third, a detailed qualitative classroom description of how the teachers specifically utilized their strengths in co-teaching practices had not been documented. This study recruited 27 teachers (NESTs and NNESTs) and 270 5th graders in Taiwan. It was found that students’ listening improved after being co-taught for 1 year. In addition, the co-teaching style and the co-planning time influenced students’ listening proficiency differently. Lastly, both qualitative and quantitative results showed that the joint-led teaching style with teachers who co-planned between 2–4 h provided the best results in students’ listening proficiency.
In K-12 education, Computational Thinking (CT) has been a trendy issue in mathematics education, but the approach and results of CT + Math are not yet clear enough. This paper systematically reviewed 22 SSCI journal papers from three perspectives: the current status, outcomes, and implications of mathematics and CT integration. Results indicate that: (1) The empirical studies were more inclined to be carried out in primary school; (2) The sample size inversely proportional to the duration, the same as the duration and the learning phase; (3) the integration of mathematics and CT were gradually emerging in kindergartens, while the empirical studies in junior and senior high schools still needs to be improved; (4) The experimental type prioritizes case studies and lacks mixed research; (5) Most research designs employ a variety of measuring instruments but limited in multimodal data; (6) Through the teaching model of plug-in programming, the integration of mathematics and CT was centred on the field of geometry and number operations; and (7) The CT skills involved are mainly Problem decomposition, Pattern recognition, Abstraction, Algorithm design and Debugging. The limitations and future directions are also discussed in this paper.
Designing the construction contracts efficiently and effectively is vital for project success since contracts can not only motivate and regulate behaviours in projects, but also plays a crucial part in managing interfirm relationship. In practice, however, transaction partners in construction industry sometimes avoid formulating all the agreements into contract documents, which is contradictory to common logic. The aim of this research is to prove the existence of such phenomenon and to investigate the reasons for why it happens. Both questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were conducted in construction industry in China for data collection since China provides fertile context to explore the research questions. The questionnaire was used to prove the existence of such phenomenon and the interviews were used to explore the logic behind. The results show that in nearly 50% of the construction projects in China, the phenomenon of the transaction partners deliberately avoid formulating some agreements into contract documents exist. Given explanations as for why this happens include: 1) showing trust towards the other partner, 2) reducing risks in transaction, 3) increasing the possibility of further collaboration in the future, 4) bypassing the contract check in their own legal departments, and 5) preventing other competitor companies in the market from stealing technology through the contract documents. A comprehensive understanding for designing contract documents is generated in this research, which will not only help project managers for project success but also provides insights into drafting contract terms.
Open innovation (OI) in e-government is evolving as an important research agenda, which takes advantage of new collaborations and emerging technologies in provision of public services. The objectives of the article are (1) to examine the understanding of OI in e-government in Tanzania and the practices adopted in selected public institutions, (2) to identify the challenges of OI in e-government and (3) to identify strategies for addressing the OI challenges. The article adopts a qualitative research method to investigate OI in e-government in Tanzanian context. The article concludes that 1) OI in e-government is still a new but significant research and practical agenda, 2) for Tanzania, OI is expected to accelerate innovation and to strengthen an OI ecosystem, 3) success of OI in e-government depends on how the government creates an enabling environment. This article makes theoretical and practical contributions in exploring OI practices in the Tanzanian public sector. Theoretical framework of OI in e-government is still emerging; thus, this article is timely. The practical recommendations of adoption of OI in e-government for the Tanzanian government add to the key contributions of this article.
While gender equality has long been debated in tourism research, the disability element is rarely discussed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the intersectionality of gender and disability in the hospitality sector in Zimbabwe. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected employees from accommodation establishments in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings of this study showed that women employees with disabilities face numerous challenges emanating from the intersection of their gender and disability status. Some of the challenges they face include discrimination, sexual harassment, jobs not structured for people with disabilities (PWDs) and structural designs in the workplace not suitable for PWDs. The results of this study also show that the COVID-19 pandemic further worsened the challenges faced by women with disability. Recommendations on how organisations can effectively contribute to SDG 5 are discussed in this chapter.KeywordsGender inequalityDisabilityHospitality sectorSustainable development goal 5
To advance the academic debates and respond to the recent “calls from practice” (see Chap. 2), in this section I develop a theoretical framework that provides a systematic perspective on the causal pillars that are constitutive for the Need Knowledge-Driven Organization, that is, an organization that leverages knowledge about stakeholder needs in order to yield responsible behavior and sustainable outcomes. To provide a profound understanding of its defining pillars, the framework is informed by both theoretical insights from reviews of the relevant bodies of literature and empirical findings from an interview study with top-level and senior managers in Central Europe.
Grounded theory (GT) is a method for developing substantive theory grounded in data that are systematically collected and analyzed (Strauss & Corbin, 1998a, 1998b). Although theory construction is highly valued in family science (LaRossa, 2005), this edition of the Sourcebook is the first to feature a chapter focused solely on GT methods. As one of the most widely used (Belgrave & Seide, 2019) and often misunderstood qualitative methods, this chapter offers an opportunity to evaluate and enhance its use in family science research. We focus on GT as a family of methods (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007) with a long and rich history, persistent debates and challenges, diverse approaches, and immense potential to contribute to our understanding of families. In this chapter, we discuss the origins, assumptions, and core procedures and concepts of GT methods generally and then demonstrate and evaluate their use in family science. We close with recommendations related to the future of GT methods in family science. Theory is highly valued in family science, and GT methods offer family scholars rigorous and diverse procedures for theorizing family processes in the context of our rapidly changing world.
In response to the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, various developers turned to smartphone-based contact tracing to address the challenges of manual tracing. Due to the presence of network effects, i.e., the effectiveness of contact tracing applications increases with the number of users, information technology standards were critical to the technology’s success. The standardization efforts in Europe led to a variety of trade-offs concerning the choice of an appropriate technological architecture due to the contradictory tensions resulting from the dualism between the need for contact tracing data to contain the pandemic and the need for data minimization to preserve user privacy. Drawing predominantly on the software platform and standards literature, we conduct an interpretive case study to examine the emergence and consequences of this multi-layered decision situation. Our findings reveal how Google and Apple were able to limit the individual leeway of external developers, thereby effectively resolving the European standards war. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the various short-term and long-term trade-offs associated with the standardization of contact tracing applications and translate our findings into recommendations for policy makers with respect to future crisis situations. Specifically, we propose a strategy grounded in our data that enables responsible actors to make goal-oriented and rapid decisions under time constraints.
People aged 55–65 are going through a special period in their life. Many of them don’t feel old or identify themselves as older adults in terms of their appearance and daily behavior, but they still face conditions of early physical aging and are a relatively underserved population in the digital age. In this paper, we studied 15 late middle-aged people to understand their behaviors when facing frustrations during online shopping. Their verbal response and physical activity behavior were encoded based on grounded theory. The results show that, when shopping online, late middle-aged users frequently encounter frustrations that affect their emotional state, and they usually lack immediate and convenient help. Finally, four design strategies were suggested in this paper to help reduce the number of frustrations and improve the recovery from the frustration of the late middle-aged users. Furthermore, in the study of adaptive aging, behavior coding can provide useful insights to help designers understand the characteristics of users.KeywordsLate middle-aged peopleUser frustrationOnline shoppingUser experience
In the past 10 years a small number of articles have examined the personal and organizational costs associated with euthanasia-related strain among employees in animal shelters. However, there is very little research focusing on a wider range of potentialstressors especially without a pre-existing assumption that euthanasia is the most stressful part of the job. A few studies have identified other sources of stress among shelter workers. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the range of factors that may contribute to occupational stress in shelter workers. This study utilized a semi-structured interview. The participants were 22 shelter employees from seven shelters in Ontario, Canada and the northeastern United States. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Three categories of stressors were identified: a) those that are unique or largely unique to the shelter setting; b) those that can be found in a wide variety of occupations; and c) those that can be found in a wide variety of occupations, but are played out in unique ways in shelters. The stressors in the first category are reported here. Although euthanasia was a significant factor for 21 participants, five other major sources of stress were identified. Twenty-one participants cited the public’s perceptions of animal shelters and 18 cited rude and abusive human clients. Twelve cited relationships with the animals including attachment issues. Eight identified responsibility for life as a stressor. Eleven identified witnessing animal suffering.
This chapter explores the traces that we voluntarily leave behind on social media platforms, dictated by the selection of what we want to show and what we want to hide and how this affects the perception of ourselves.
Nowadays, digital platforms have a huge impact on our lives, in re-shaping both our habits and our personal attitudes. Particularly on social media, both tangible and intangible aspects of our lives can be datafied , which in turn affect and shape our feelings and experiences.
In order to explore this dynamic, I interviewed a selected target group of young media professionals who are used to promoting themselves and their work on social media, through the so-called practice of self-branding .
From the qualitative analysis of 20 in-depth interviews, this chapter investigates traces derived from implicit self-branding practices , which can take the form of controlling what is not to be shared, measuring the online reactions, and hiding relevant information. All these non-activities are also strategic in building and managing the users’ online branded personas.
Thus, through the management of the visible and invisible traces on social media profiles, users convey a branded and polished version of themselves.
The work of teaching includes many in-the-moment decisions for teachers to make. In this study, we focused on the decisions prospective teachers made within the elementary context specific to shared teaching practice in mathematics and science instruction – elicit and use evidence of student thinking. Within a qualitative multisite case study, we analyzed data for how PTs took up student thinking within instructional decisions, and the nature of responsive moves enacted within an animated context once student thinking had been elicited. Findings reveal PTs were responsive to elicited student thinking. Most commonly, PTs’ instructional decisions involved asking additional questions or inviting students to test their ideas. However, PTs’ pedagogical moves varied across mathematics and science disciplines. Our findings guide teacher educators to focus on what moves best support PTs’ development to use evidence of student thinking across disciplines in the elementary classroom. The consistency of asking questions within mathematics and science begins to inform the quest for shared core practices. Results highlight the benefit of using technology (i.e. animations) as a tool to support PTs’ learning of instructional decisions and pedagogical moves to uncover the nuances of the teaching practice elicit and use evidence of student thinking.
The study examines how young Palestinian women in Israel, who decide to settle in the “liberal” “world city” of Tel Aviv-Jaffa upon college graduation, cope with the anticipated response of their family and community of origin. Applying a qualitative methodology, we interviewed 12 such women, supplemented by analysis of two TV series about young, single, educated Israeli-Palestinians living away from home. Thematic analysis of the data sheds light on how these women negotiate their move to Tel Aviv-Jaffa to study and their decision to stay there after graduation, focusing on the threat posed by Tel Aviv, as well as the benefits and challenges of life there. This study offers innovative insights: how young women from an excluded minority group are able to pave their way to liberty using urban space; and how the women use the tools of patriarchal society to conduct sophisticated negotiations with it.
This paper carried out a systematic literature review and meta-synthesis of 72 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters
(1998–2021) that addressed front-end issues in product family design. As a result, 72 methods were identifed using 120
techniques to solve 25 design problems. Converted into sub-functions, the design problems gave rise to a functional model
and structured classes of design problems that describe the joint behavior of the methods analyzed. From these elements,
it was found how the lack of a systemic view of design might lead to sub-optimal solutions, mainly when moderated by
specifc design criteria. Concerning its contributions, this work ofers a holistic view of design, which is not perceived from
an independent evaluation of the articles and book chapters. Besides organizing existing knowledge on the front-end product family design, this holistic view contributes to the difusion of design knowledge to industrial practices, by allowing
practitioners’ access to a multitude of methods and techniques from a single source. Finally, by considering other design
approaches than just modular, connecting two independent design strategies, as well as identifying fve sub-functions and 51
techniques not yet reported, this work complements the foregoing research on the integrative connection among the product
family design methods.
Background: The advanced access model was developed 20 years ago and has been implemented in several countries. We aimed to revise and operationalize the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model based on its contemporary practice by profes- sionals in primary health care.
Methods: This multimethod sequential study was informed by a literature review and an expert panel of provincial and local decision- makers, primary health care clinic members (family physicians, nurses and administrative staff), patients and researchers from the province of Quebec. Throughout the consultation process, participants were asked to develop a common vision of the pillars and subpillars that make up the advanced access model and to react to suggested definitions or content.
Results: The revised advanced access model is defined by 5 pillars, of which 2 were updated from the original model (“Appointment system” and “Interprofessional practice”), 1 was merged with a revised pillar (“Develop contingency plans” with “Planning of needs and supply”) and 1 underwent major transformations (“Backlog reduction” to “Continuous adjustment”). A new pillar concerning com- munication emerged from the consultation process. Subsequent steps for operationalizing definitions of subpillars confirmed the nature of the revised advanced access pillars and stabilized their content.
Interpretation: The overall consultation process resulted in a revised contemporary advanced access model, with strong consensus among participating experts. The revised model will be used to develop a reflective tool for primary health care professionals to evaluate their advanced access practice.
Collaborative governance ebbs and flows. Partnerships become dormant or extinct, only to resurface with new members, and names, forms, or boundaries. This paper uses a systematic qualitative analysis of data from 4 watershed governance efforts in the United States––Delaware Inland Bays, Narragansett Bay, Tampa Bay, and Tillamook Bay. The study’s objective is to develop theory grounded in these data by examining the developmental trajectories associated with collaborative partnerships. The paper begins by summarizing a four-stage life-cycle model. Each stage identifies a cluster of developmental challenges related to sustaining the health and useful life of a collaborative partnership. The paper identifies 31 partnerships across the four watersheds that were self- or externally-initiated. They experienced many different developmental trajectories. Some remained relatively healthy for a considerable period while others declined quite rapidly. Some partnerships had reorientations involving minor and rapid changes to the partnership structure. Some involved recreations with more profound shifts in core values and purposes. Some partnerships lasted for a considerable period while others ended when their work was done. Healthy partnerships also ended prematurely while unhealthy partnerships endured for a considerable period after their useful life ended. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for theory and practice.
In this introductory chapter, we provide an overview of a 2-year research project in Ontario, Canada, with 60 teachers in 20 schools. We share a brief history of the maker movement and discuss how the intersection of constructionism and critical making informed the design, development and operation of makerspaces that took various forms in the different schools. We provide a description of the research design used in the study and give a brief overview of the study findings, which are then discussed in more detail in subsequent chapters.
Although studies of social networks in family businesses have proliferated into a sizable literature, the research remains fragmented into disparate strands that lack theoretical coherence. By applying an inductive coding process to 69 articles published in 29 high-impact journals from 1988 to 2020, this review summarizes, synthesizes, and highlights the contributions of social network studies to family business research. Drawing on these results, the review specifically identifies prevailing themes in the literature and outlines a platform for future research. Furthermore, this paper discusses the most important theoretical mechanisms underpinning the connection between heterogeneous family and non-family network ties and family firm outcomes. Overall, it is observed that network structure, social capital, and family firm-specific network content act as key mechanisms linking family firm networks to performance outcomes.
Fokus penelitian ini adalah pengembangan model pembelajaran (pendekatan, metode dan teknik) belajar mengajar baca, tulis, dan hitung (matematika) terpadu di kelas 1, kelas 2 dan kelas 3 SD. Teori yang dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori yang berkaian dengan pembelajaran dan pengembangan model. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode pengembangan model. Data penelitian bersumber dari pembelajaran di SD dan sumber data bersumber dari guru dan siswa kelas 1 sampai kelas 3 di 2 SD di Jawa Barat, 2 SD di Nusa Tenggara Barat, 2 SD di Jawa Timur, 2 SD di Sumatera Barat, dan 2 SD di DKI Jakarta. Alat pengumpul data adalah kuesioner dan teknik pengumpulan datamenggunakan: (a) eksplorasi, ( b) penyebaran dan pengisian kuesioner, (c) wawancara, (d) observasi, dan (e) kajian dokumen kurikulum, buku teks, buku penunjang, dan dokumen-dokumen lain yang berkaitan dengan baca, tulis, hitung (matematika). Analisis data menggunakan teknik presentase dan kualitatif. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh guru sebagai pedoman dalam mengembangkan materi ajar, metode dan teknik pembengajaran, serta evaluasi belajar baca, tulis, hitung siswa kelas 1, kelas 2, dan kelas 3 SD.
We investigated perceptions of identity in Alzheimer’s disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. We asked family members of people with dementia to describe them before and after onset of the disease, comparing across type (Alzheimer’s disease versus behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia) and time period. Family members’ perceptions of people with dementia changed over time. Compared with Alzheimer’s disease, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia was perceived to cause greater disruption to identity and more often associated with negative moral traits. We found a relationship between assessments of moral character and perceived self-continuity. Our data revealed different ways family members navigate stability and change in the identity of their loved ones with dementia.
Objectives
Burnout is increasingly a concerning problem in US Healthcare systems. Although the causes of burnout are not predominantly due to individual factors, mindfulness instruction is an evidence-based approach to counteracting burnout. Our health system initiated a multi-pronged approach to mindfulness instruction for our employees and community. We aimed to assess the impact of these varied programs.
Methods
Several mindfulness courses of different lengths were employed. Validated survey instruments were administered to participants before and after the courses to assess stress, mindfulness and burnout. Pre-course and post-course results were compared for each intervention. Free-text responses were also captured and analyzed in a qualitative fashion.
Results
Participants in MBIs demonstrated statistically significant improvement in burnout and perceived stress on post-course survey results. Several mindfulness domains also showed statistically significant improvement (awareness, non-react and observe). There was no difference in the observed results between the mindfulness interventions. Qualitative analysis yielded three themes: seeking help, symptoms, and changes in mindfulness practice.
Conclusions
MBIs designed for employees of an academic medical center were associated with positive quantitative and qualitative results. All MBI participants achieved improvement in perceived stress and mindfulness as well as reduction in burnout, regardless of course length.
The objective of this article is to create an understanding of how the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) can be used to steer stakeholder engagement for transformative change, meeting global challenges, and navigate a new business-societal practice driven by a values-based business model. The article is a conceptual study with case studies of the role that the SDGs play in multi-stakeholder dialog via the kind of sustainable business-societal practice that takes corporate social responsibility (CSR) to the next level, where it is embedded in a values-based business model, creating a new meaning to effect real business-societal transformation. Multi-stakeholder dialog implies interactive and communicative engagement with the full range of stakeholders in order to create value for all, employing a societal perspective and using the value network as a basis for effective decision-making. We explain our methodological approach by presenting multi-stakeholder dialog in practice, in the form of multiple case studies. These empirical settings consisted of two values-driven privately owned companies with a strong reporting mechanism and a clear transformation agenda based on the SDG challenges: IKEA and Löfbergs. The empirical study provides the basis for our proposed model. This article makes an original contribution to the study of the use of SDGs in management and service research. It investigates steering and navigating processes in specific contexts in order to determine what should be subject to legal enforcement and what comprises moral and/or ethical value, particularly at the societal level.
Grounded theory methodology (GTM) is an extensive research methodology that is immensely active in numerous social science research fields. It is by far one of the most popular techniques applied in qualitative research. The challenge in using such methods might appear in their complexity. Several steps of coding and analysis in GTM can be fuzzy and multifaceted for novice researchers specialised in Information Systems (IS) fields, knowledge management, and broad applications of IS. The current study suggests a design framework for novices in qualitative research that presents GTM as a set of techniques characterised graphically, allowing the extraction of grounded results and a set of pragmatic analysed data classifications rather than only concentrating on implementing a grounded “theory”. Hence, the research stresses using the term “grounded techniques”, permitting the creation of grounded categories to strengthen qualitative research results' rigour. The proposed framework meticulously exemplifies how an organised set of phases in a research design can enlighten the novice researcher while conducting a study in knowledge absorptive capacity using a comprehensive GTM process to enforce the understanding of GTM techniques.
Inspired by social interactionism (Weber 1921; Mead 1934) and the structuration theory (Giddens 1984), an emergent theory addresses social actions and discourses in terms of transactional horizons (Stoecklin 2021a, 2021b). New understandings of agency derived from an analytical framework called the “actor’s system” (Stoecklin 2013), stemming from long-term research with children in street situations (Lucchini and Stoecklin 2020). This framework was then applied in small-scale studies in Switzerland (Stoecklin et al. 2017; Stoecklin 2021b) and in a review of Greta Thunberg’s speeches (Stoecklin 2021a). The comparisons show that children’s participation, well-being, and attitudes towards sustainable development share a common feature that is the need for individual flourishing. This commonality in children’s experiences is grasped here with the notion “expansion of the self”. This provides a new understanding of the replicated claims for participation, well-being and sustainability: the need to flourish is bound to the most common system, namely the perceptual system. The five senses (touch, smell, hearing, sight, taste) are the human common basis for discursive collocations. An interdisciplinary dialogue is needed to understand actions as forms of being and connectors between perceptual and reflective consciousness.KeywordsParticipationWell-beingSustainable developmentAgencyStructureTransactional horizonsExpansion of the selfPerceptual consciousnessReflective consciousness
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