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Australian Acacia: taxonomy and phytogeography

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... Two of the species described by Linnaeus were Mimosa scorpioides and Mimosa nilotica; these taxa were subsequently transferred to Acacia and are now considered conspecific with A. scorpioides generally regarded as the type of the genus (see Orchard & Maslin 2003). Miller later adopted Linnaeus' broad concept of Mimosa and the name Acacia fell into disuse (Pedley 1987). Lamarck (1783) followed Linnaeus by including Acacia within Mimosa. ...
... Guinet 1969), seed and seedling ontogeny (Vassal 1972), free amino acids in seeds (Evans et al. 1977) and flavonoids of bark and wood (Tindale & Roux 1969). According to Pedley (1987) he had by about 1972 become convinced that subgenus Acacia (= Series Gummiferae) warranted recognition as a distinct genus. Although this change was not made in his 1978 classification he did informally advocate, in 1981, that Acacia be divided into two genera, namely, Acacia and genus "Z". ...
... However, the genus was subsequently overlooked or ignored for almost 100 years, until it was resurrected by Britton and Rose (1928), alongside the newlysegregated genus Acaciella Britton & Rose, in their treatment of Acacia for the Flora of North America. However, despite this recognition by Britton and Rose (1928), Senegalia was subsequently ignored (Pedley 1987) and Bentham's (1875) delimitation of Acacia sensu lato (s.l.) as a broadly circumscribed pantropical genus persisted until the reclassification of Acacia by Pedley (1986). Pedley (1986) divided Acacia into three genera: Acacia sensu stricto (s.s.), Senegalia and Racosperma Mart. ...
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Senegalia comprises 219 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Two sections are currently recognised within Senegalia and these are most readily distinguished by the differences in disposition of their cauline prickles, i.e. sect. Senegalia with prickles at or near leaf nodes and sect. Monacanthea with mostly internodal prickles. Previous phylogenetic studies, based primarily on small numbers of plastid DNA loci, found Senegalia to be monophyletic with two large subclades corresponding to the sections. Here, we present new phylogenomic evidence from 997 single-copy nuclear gene sequences for a small, but representative set of species. These new analyses show that Senegalia is non-monophyletic, but instead, forms a grade that is paraphyletic with respect to the remainder of the ingoid clade (i.e. Ingeae + Acacia s.s. + Acaciella ), comprising two well-supported subclades most likely representing the same clades as found in previous phylogenetic studies of the genus and, interspersed between these, a third, moderately supported clade, comprising the genera Mariosousa , Pseudosenegalia and Parasenegalia . In marked contrast to the nuclear phylogeny, the two Senegalia clades are sister groups in the plastid phylogeny, based on analyses of 72 chloroplast genes, rendering the genus monophyletic, based on plastid data alone. We discuss this new evidence that Senegalia is non-monophyletic in relation to the marked cytonuclear discordance, high gene tree conflict and lack of resolution across this senegalioid grade and review the consistency of the key morphological characters distinguishing the two sections of Senegalia . We conclude that it is likely that Senegalia will need to be split into two (or possibly more) genera: a re-circumscribed Senegalia s.s. that corresponds to the existing Senegalia sect. Senegalia plus the S. ataxacantha group (Senegalia sect. Monacanthea s.s.; future studies may show that this group warrants generic status) and a new genus corresponding to the remainder of sect. Monacanthea (here designated as Senegalia sect. Monacanthea p.p.). However, re-delimiting Senegalia now would be premature given that the key morphological characters are not fully congruent with the two sections and pending denser phylogenetic sampling of taxa. A judiciously selected list of critical taxa is presented to facilitate future phylogenomic studies. Finally, we discuss the identity of Albizia leonardii , which is also placed in this senegalioid grade in these new phylogenomic analyses and place it in synonymy with Parasenegalia vogeliana .
... A. pachyceras O. Schwartz, synonym A. gerrardii Benth., subsequently referred to as A. gerrardii, commonly known as "Lonely Tree (LT)." A. gerrardii is considered the only native tree species existing in the Kuwait desert ecosystem (Boulos and Al-Dosari, 1994) and is only available in Sabah Al-Ahmad Natural Reserve (a 320 km 2 protected area formerly acclaimed as Kuwait's first National Park) where it is as key-stone species (Boulos and Al-Dosari, 1994;Kaitharan, 2013). It belongs to the Acacia genus, one of the largest genera of leguminous tree and shrubs that has a wide distribution throughout the world (Pedley, 1986;Sene and Sylla, 2014). Recently this iconic tree is genetically identified as V. pachyceras based on multi-locus plastid gene sequences (Suleiman et al., 2018). ...
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This research examined the general soil fungi and AM fungal communities associated with a Lonely Tree species (Vachellia pachyceras) existing in the Sabah Al-Ahmad Natural Reserve located at the Kuwait desert. The goals of the study were to describe the general fungal and AM fungal communities present in the rhizospheric, non-rhizospheric soils and roots of V. pachyceras, respectively, as well as local and non-local V. pachyceras seedlings when grown under standard nursery growing environments. Soil and root samples were analyzed for an array of characteristics including soil physicochemical composition, and culture-independent method termed PCR-cloning, intermediate variable region of rDNA, the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence identifications. The results reveal that the fungal phylotypes were classified in four major fungal phyla namely Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota. The largest assemblage of fungal analyses showed communities dominated by members of the phylum Ascomycota. The assays also revealed a wealth of incertae sedis fungi, mostly affiliated to uncultured fungi from diverse environmental conditions. Striking difference between rhizosphere and bulk soils communities, with more fungal diversities and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) richness associated with both the field and nursery rhizosphere soils. In contrast, a less diverse fungal community was found in the bulk soil samples. The characterization of AM fungi from the root system demonstrated that the most abundant and diversified group belongs to the family Glomeraceae, with the common genus Rhizophagus (5 phylotypes) and another unclassified taxonomic group (5 phylotypes). Despite the harsh climate that prevails in the Kuwait desert, studied roots displayed the existence of considerable number of AM fungal biota. The present work thus provides a baseline of the fungal and mycorrhizal community associated with rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and roots of only surviving V. pachyceras tree from the Kuwaiti desert and seedlings under nursery growing environments.
... In a large genus of 800-900 species [31], classification and nomenclature can be complex, particularly as there have been a number of revisions and attempts to subdivide the genus. Pedley [32] advocated that it be divided into three separate genera, namely Acacia, with 200 species best represented in Africa and South America, Senegalia, with about 150 species with the same geographical distribution, and Racosperma, with about 850 species virtually confined to Australia. While the suggestion may have merit, it has not yet been generally accepted. ...
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Nutrition is one of the major constraints to cattle production in the tropics, particularly the lack of protein during the dry season. This review aimed to review the characteristics and nutritional value of some selected Acacia species for livestock production in dry land areas. Most browse species investigated showed relatively high fodder value due to high level of crude protein, metabolisable energy, Ca, Mg and K. Acacia, a genus of indigenous woody legumes occupy a dominant position in plant communities in semi-arid and arid areas of tropical and subtropical countries. Acacia has the ability to rapidly absorb nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and incorporate them into biomass after fire, enabling it to act as a pioneer species. Because of the ability of Acacia to fix nitrogen, its nutritive value might be expected to be higher than that of non-leguminous browse species. Although the nutrient contents indicate a high potential for using the foliage of some Acacia species as a feedstuff, other constituents also need to be considered. Most Acacias examined have adequate crude protein contents for animal production. Again, there is considerable variation between species. Mineral concentrations vary significantly between species, ranging from toxic to inadequate for livestock production. Most Acacias tested had adequate sodium levels, low level of potassium and sulphur, deficiencies in Phosphorus which is leading to an imbalance in the calcium to phosphorus ratio in foliage. Such differences may reflect differences in soil and growing conditions more than differences between species. In conclusion, Utilization of Acacia for livestock production could be good feed resource for livestock during feed gaps and drought season.
... The widely spread family in the Leguminoseae is the Mimosoideae. In this family, Acacia is the largest genus with 1200 species [30]. Among Acacia species, Australian Acacia which are fast growing trees are largely planted in arid and semi-arid countries (Table 1) to promote rehabilitation on degraded lands [11]. ...
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The reduction of vegetation cover has considerably increased. A lot of efforts are being undertaken to repair degraded lands. In African countries, exotic plants were established in this purpose to rehabilitate affected ecosystems. These exotic plantations play a key role in improving soils fertility partly because they are able to establish a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi which promote plant development and allow better resistance of plant to stresses. Some of these reforestation programs were not successful in certain zones but this situation is overcome when these exotic trees are transferred together with appropriated mycorrhizal fungi from their zone of origin. Nevertheless, furthers studies carried out with exotic trees also showed that inoculation with local or more specific mycorrhizal fungi strains can strongly stimulate plant development. Therefore, it is important to find mycorrhizal fungi strains that are more beneficial for the establishment of exotic trees in foreign areas. In this chapter, we will expose i) the major reforestation programs carried out in arid and semi-arid African zones with exotic trees, discuss ii) the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in their establishment and iii) in the mitigation of negative influence of these exotic trees in soil microbiota.
... Since there is increasing evidence that forest plantations can play a key role in ecosystem rehabilitation or restoration especially in arid and semi-arid environment, trials of many Australian Acacia species were conducted by a number of research organizations in the semi-arid Sahelian region of West Africa in order to assess their potential to ease fuelwood shortages and serve as effective windbreaks (Cossalter, 1986). Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus with 1200 species (Pedley, 1986) and they are frequently recorded in savannas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and the Americas. For instance, in the 400–700 mm rainfall zone, Acacia holosericea was found to be the best-adapted Australian species, showing excellent survival rate and rapid early growth (Harwood, 1994; Rinaudo et al., 1995). ...
Article
Many fast growing tree species have been introduced to promote biodiversity rehabilitation on degraded tropical lands. Although it has been shown that plant productivity and stability are dependent on the composition and functionalities of soil microbial communities, more particularly on the abundance and diversity of soil symbiotic micro-organisms (mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia), the impact of tree introduction on soil microbiota has been scarcely studied. This research has been carried in a field plantation of Acacia holosericea (Australian Acacia species) inoculated or not with an ectomycorrhizal fungus isolate, Pisolithus albus IR100. After 7 year's plantation, the diversity and the symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobia isolated from the plantation soil or from the surrounding area (Faidherbia albida (Del.) a. Chev. parkland) and able to nodulate F. albida, a native Sahelian Acacia species, have been studied. Results clearly showed that A. holosericea modified the structure of Bradyrhizobia populations and their effectiveness on F. albida growth. This negative effect was counterbalanced by the introduction of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, P. albus, on A. holosericea root systems.In conclusion, this study shows that exotic plant species can drastically affect genotypic and symbiotic effectiveness of native Bradyrhizobia populations that could limit the natural regeneration of endemic plant species such as F. albida. This effect could be counterbalanced by controlled ectomycorrhization with P. albus. These results have to be considered when exotic tree species are used in afforestation programs that target preservation of native plants and soil ecosystem rehabilitation.
... For instance, it is known that Acacia mangium establishes and grows well on Imperata grassland sites in the tropics (Parrotta et al. 1997). Belonging to the largest mimosoid genus with about 1,200 species (Pedley 1986), Acacia are frequently recorded in savannas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and the Americas. One of these multipurpose tree species, A. holosericea, is an Australian species that was found to be bestadapted to the environmental conditions encountered in areas with 400–700 mm rainfall in West Africa, showing excellent survival rates and rapid early growth on sandy soils (Harwood 1994; Rinaudo et al. 1995). ...
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Australian acacias like Acacia holosericea are excellent candidates for the revegetation of arid zones in Africa. Their high ability to develop multiple symbioses with soil microorganisms is crucial to their rapid development in adverse climatic and edaphic conditions. These symbioses include nitrogen fixation with rhizobia, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhization and ectomycorrhization. We set up an experiment to test the growth response of A.holosericea to ectomycorrhizal inoculation in 13 different soils from Senegal. After autoclaving the soil, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for fourweeks. Plants were inoculated with Pisolithus albus strain IR100. The following parameters were measured: plant biomass, N, P, K and Ca foliar composition, spontaneous nodulation rate, and ectomycorrhizal colonization. Data were analyzed in light of the physical, chemical and total microbial characteristics of the soil. The results demonstrated a global promoting effect of P.albus inoculation on plant (shoot and root) growth and on foliar P and K, together with a depressive effect on N, while Ca rates were barely affected. Interestingly, spontaneous nodulation with putative water- or airborne rhizobia was stimulated after P.albus inoculation. However, these nodules seemed poorly effective, as they failed to cause any change in plant growth or in foliar N composition within the nodulated and nonnodulated control plants. These results show that plant growth response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation is greatly dependent on soil characteristics, and that root ectomycorrhizal colonization is influenced by biotic factors such as soil microbiota. From a practical point of view, data from the present study demonstrate that it is possible to optimize the effect of fungi on plant growth by screening soils under nursery conditions.
... This mycorrhizal effect has been frequently observed in RP amended soils and it induced spectacular stimulations of the plant growth and P foliar contents (Guissou et al., 2001). Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus and includes nearly 1200 species (Pedley, 1986). They are abundant in savanas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and the Americas. ...
Article
Plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi utilize more soluble phosphorus from soil mineral phosphate than non-inoculated plants. However, there is no information on the response of soil microflora to mineral phosphate weathering by AM fungi and, in particular, on the catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities.The AM fungus, Glomus intraradices was examined for (i) its effect on the growth of Acacia holosericea, (ii) plant-available phosphate and (iii) soil microbial activity with and without added rock phosphate.After 4-months culture, AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the plant biomasses (by 1.78× and 2.23× for shoot and root biomasses, respectively), while mineral phosphate amendment had no effect in a sterilized soil. After 12-months culture, the biomasses of A. holosericea plants growing in a non-sterilized soil amended with mineral phosphate were significantly higher than those recorded in the control treatment (by 2.5× and 5× for shoot and root biomasses, respectively). The fungal inoculation also significantly stimulated plant growth, which was significantly higher than that measured in the mineral phosphate treatment. When G. intraradices and mineral phosphate were added together to the soil, shoot growth were significantly stimulated over the single treatments (inoculation or amendment) (1.45×). The P leaf mineral content was also higher in the G. intraradices+mineral phosphate treatment than in G. intraradices or rock phosphate amendment. Moreover, the number of fluorescent pseudomonads has been significantly increased when G. intraradices and/or mineral phosphate were added to the soil. By using a specific type of multivariate analysis (co-inertia analysis), it has been shown that plant growth was positively correlated to the metabolization of ketoglutaric acid, and negatively linked to the metabolisation of phenylalanine and other substrates, which shows that microbial activity is also affected.G. intraradices inoculation is highly beneficial to the growth of A. holosericea plants in controlled conditions. This AM symbiosis optimises the P solubilization from the mineral phosphate and affects microbial activity in the hyphosphere of A. holosericea plants.
... In order to rehabilitate these degraded areas, a lot of reforestation programs have been attempted to restore sustainable ecosystems [20]. Among the most useful plants in the Soudano Sahelian areas, Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus and includes nearly 1200 species [28]. Their positive impacts on the soil, erosion and local economies are well documented [7,19]. ...
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The present study was initiated to (i) determine the ability of an ectomycorrhizal and an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont to colonize three provenances of Acacia crassicarpa root systems, (ii) to examine plant growth response to the mycorrhizal inoculation and (iii) to measure their influence on the rhizobial symbiosis with a Bradyrhizobium isolate. This study has been performed with 2 fungal symbionts: Glomus intraradices, an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus, and an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius strain GEMAS. Two experiments have been performed during two different climatic periods, hot season (30°C day, 20°C night, June to October) for ectomycorrhizal inoculation and cold season (25°C day, 15°C night, November to March) for endomycorrhizal inoculation. Moreover, Bradyrhizobium sp. strain Aus 13C has been co-inoculated with each of these fungal symbionts. The results showed that ectomycorrhizal and AM fungal symbiosis clearly benefit to the growth of A. crassicarpa provenances and these fungal symbioses greatly improve the rhizobial nodulation process. However, some differences of growth were observed between the provenances tested and our results showed that both Papua New Guinea provenances produced more important total biomass than the provenance from Madagascar in both experiments However, no significant differences were observed in terms of nodulation and mycorrhization. Further research must be undertaken to identify the convenient ecological characteristics in which each kind of mycorrhizal symbiosis exerts the best effect on plant growth and nodulation formation and to identify in such environmental conditions the better rhizobial/mycorrhizal symbiosis combination.
... For instance, the growth of some Australian Acacia species (i.e. A. mangium, A. holosericea, A. auriculiformis ) was enhanced when they were inoculated with di¡erent strains of Pisolithus spp. or rhizobial isolates [1^5]. Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus and includes nearly 1200 species [6]. They are abundant in savanas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and the Americas. ...
Article
Abstract Acacia holosericea seedlings were planted in 1-l pots filled with a soil collected from an Australian Acacia plantation in Southern Senegal. After 6 months of culture, mycorrhizosphere soil, roots, galls induced by root-knot nematodes and Rhizobium nodules were sampled from each pot. The diversity of this bacterial group was characterized by siderotyping (pyoverdine IsoElectric Focusing (IEF) analysis) and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The effect of these isolates on the establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between an Australian Acacia (A. holosericea) and Pisolithus sp. strain IR100 was studied. In the mycorrhizosphere soil, the population of fluorescent pseudomonads was represented by strains of two different siderovars (groups of bacterial strains presenting an identical pyoverdine-IEF pattern): siderovar 1 (74%) and siderovar 2 (26%). The siderotyping of the isolates around galls of the root-knot nematodes revealed three siderovars (40% from siderovar 1, 40% from siderovar 2 and about 15% from siderovar 3). RFLP of 16S rDNA divided the isolates into four different groups with MspI, two with HhaI and two with HaeIII endonucleases. The establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with A. holosericea was promoted by 14 bacterial strains isolated from the mycorrhizosphere soil, three isolates from the roots and four from the galls. Shoot biomass of A. holosericea seedlings was stimulated by eight bacterial isolates from soil, six isolates from galls and seven from roots. These mycorrhiza helper bacteria could have a great ecological importance in tropical areas through the reforestation programs.
... Among different tree species tested in reforestation programs, Acacia species have been used successfully on degraded lands (Galiana et al. 1990(Galiana et al. , 1994(Galiana et al. , 1996. Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus and includes nearly 1,200 species (Pedley 1986). Acacia species are abundant in savanas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and the Americas. ...
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The aims of this study were to test the effects of a mycorrhiza helper bacterium (MHB), Pseudomonas monteilii strain HR13 on the mycorrhization of (1) an Australian Acacia, A. holosericea, by several ectomycorrhizal fungi or one endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, and (2) several Australian Acacia species by Pisolithus alba strain IR100 under glasshouse conditions. Bacterial inoculant HR13 significantly promoted ectomycorrhizal colonization for all the Acacia species, from 45.8% ( A. mangium) to 70.3% ( A. auriculiformis). A stimulating effect of HR13 on the ectomycorrhizal establishment was recorded with all the fungal isolates (strains of Pisolithus and Scleroderma). The same effect of bacteria on the frequency of endomycorrhizal colonization of A. holosericea seedlings by G. intraradices with vesicles and hyphae frequencies was recorded. The stimulation of saprophytic fungal growth by MHB is usually the main mechanism that could explain this bacterial effect on mycorrhizal establishment. MHB could stimulate the production of phenolic compounds such as hypaphorine and increase the aggressiveness of the fungal symbiont. However, no significant effect of MHB on fungal growth was recorded with Scleroderma isolates under axenic conditions but positive bacterial effects were observed with Pisolithus strains. From a practical viewpoint, it appears that MHB could stimulate the mycorrhizal colonization of Australian Acacia species with ectomycorrhizal or endomycorrhizal fungi, and could also facilitate controlled mycorrhization in nursery practices where Acacia species are grown for forestation purposes.
... Acacia are abundant in savannas and arid regions of Australia, Africa, India and Americas. Acacia is the largest mimosoid genus including nearly 1,200 species (Pedley 1986). They can be used to prevent wind and rain erosion, to control sand dunes or as a source of wood and fodder for browsing livestock. ...
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Two strains of Bradyrhizobium sp., Aust 13C and Aust 11C, were dually or singly inoculated with an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus albus to assess the interactions between ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and the nodulation process in glasshouse conditions. Sequencing of strains Aust 13C and Aust 11C confirmed their previous placement in the genus Bradyrhizobium. After 4 months' culture, the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis promoted plant growth and the nodulation process of both Bradyrhizobium strains, singly or dually inoculated. PCR/RFLP analysis of the nodules randomly collected in each treatment with Aust 13C and/or Aust 11C: (1) showed that all the nodules exhibited the same patterns as those of the Bradyrhizobium strains, and (2) did not detect contaminant rhizobia. When both Bradyrhizobium isolates were inoculated together, but without P. albus IR100, Aust 11C was recorded in 13% of the treated nodules compared to 87% for Aust 13C, whereas Aust 11C and Aust 13C were represented in 20 and 80% of the treated nodules, respectively, in the ectomycorrhizal treatment. Therefore Aust 13C had a high competitive ability and a great persistence in soil. The presence of the fungus did not significantly influence the frequencies of each Bradyrhizobium sp. root nodules. Although the mechanisms remain unknown, these results showed that the ectomycorrhizal and biological nitrogen-fixing symbioses were very dependent on each other. From a practical point of view, the role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is of great importance to N2 fixation and, consequently, these kinds of symbiosis must be associated in any controlled inoculation.
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The present work represents the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Acacia sens. lat. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in China, focusing on the indigenous species. Critical reassessments of specimens and re-definition of previously recorded species have resulted in recognising 21 indigenous species under Senegalia, a segregate of the former Acacia sens. lat. Detailed botanical profiles are provided for these species, together with a diagnostic line drawing and distribution map; photographs of living plants are provided for more than half the species. Terser treatments are also provided for the 15 species from four genera that are regarded as major introductions of Acacia sens. lat. to the country: Acacia Mill. (12 spp.), Acaciella Britton & Rose (1 sp.), Senegalia Raf. (1 sp.) and Vachellia Wight & Arn. (1 sp.). An identification key to all Acacia sens. lat. species in China is provided.The indigenous species of Senegalia in China belong to sect. Monacanthea (Vassal) Maslin, comb. nov., and the introduced ones to sect. Senegalia.As a consequence of this study, the number of Senegalia species now recognised for China has almost doubled. Six new species are described: Senegalia clandestina Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia guangdongensis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia obliqua Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia orientalis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia prominens Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia stipitata Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov. Four new combinations are established: Senegalia garrettii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat. nov.; Senegalia kerrii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat. nov.; Senegalia kunmingensis (C.Chen & H.Sun) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat. nov.; Senegalia macrocephala (Lace) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. nov. Senegalia andamanica (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger and S. macrocephala are new records for China.A lectotype is designated for Acacia teniana Harms and 2nd step lectotypifications effected for Acacia delavayi Franch., Acacia insuavis Lace, Acacia pruinescens Kurz and Acacia yunnanensis Franch. Former holotype citations are corrected to lectotype for Acacia hainanensis Hayata, Acacia macrocephala Lace, Acacia oxyphylla Graham ex Benth. and Acacia philippinarum Benth. A neotype is designated for Acacia arrophula D.Don.China is a principal area of species-richness for Senegalia in Asia. Senegalia displays a high degree of endemism within China and almost half the species are endemic or near-endemic, with Yunnan the most species-rich and species-diverse Province. Abstract: 本研究首次对中国广义相思属 (Acacia sens. lat.) 进行了详细的分类修订, 主要聚焦中国原产物种。通过标本检视和对原记载的物种的进一步探究,本研究确认中国原产21个金合欢属 (Senegalia Raf.) 物种, 该属是广义相思属下分出来的一个属。本文提供了每个原产物种的详细介绍, 以及展现每个物种分类学特征的墨线图以及物种的 分布图,并提供了超过一半的物种的彩色活植物图版。对于中国主要引种栽培的15个广义相思属物种 (其中相思属Acacia Mill. 12种,美洲相思属Acaciella Britton & Rose1种, 金合欢属1种, 鸭皂树属Vachellia Wight 1种) , 本文也作了简要介绍。本文为中国有分布的所有广义相思属的物种提供了一个检索表本研究结果表明中国产金合欢属均属于Monacanthea (Vassal) Maslin组,而外来种属于Senegalia组本研究将中国金合欢属的物种数目几乎翻了一番。发现6个新物种:玉溪金合欢 (Senegalia clandestina Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) 、广东金合欢 (S. guangdongensis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) 、独眼龙 (S. obliqua Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) 、东方金合欢 (S. orientalis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) 、老虎刺金合欢 (S. prominens Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) 、柄腺金合欢 (S. stipitata Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, sp. nov.) ;成立了4个新组合:盘腺金合欢 (S. garrettii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat. nov.) 、柯氏金合欢 (S. kerrii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat. nov.) 、昆明金合欢 (S. kunmingensis (C.Chen & H.Sun) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. & stat nov.) ,以及大头金合欢 (S. macrocephala (Lace) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun & L.Bai, comb. nov.) ;发现2个新记录种:安达曼金合欢 (Senegalia andamanica (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger) 和大头金合欢。本文为Acacia teniana Harms指定了后选模式,为A. delavayi Franch., A. insuavis Lace, A. pruinescens Kurz和A. yunnanensis Franch.指定了二次后选模式。前人在A. hainanensis Hayata, A. macrocephala Lace, A. oxyphylla Graham ex Benth. 和A. philippinarum Benth.这4个名称下引用的主模式,被作为错误修正为后选模式,另外,为Acacia arrophula D.Don指定了新模式。本研究表明中国是亚洲金合欢属一个重要的多样性区域,中国该属特有种比例很高,几乎一半的物种为特有 (6种) 或近特有 (4种) ,其中云南省是该属物种最为丰富和多样的省区 Keywords: Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia, Vachellia, Taxonomy, China
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In biology, taxonomy is defined as the science of delimiting organisms, naming them and determining their relationships. It is the foundation upon which all biological sciences rely. Acacia is the largest genus of flowering plants in Australia (comprising almost 1 000 species) and is an important component of many ecosystems, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. The species exhibit considerable morphological, ecological and biological variation and as such offer considerable scope for economic, social and commercial utilisation. In order to undertake effective conservation, utilisation and management of this enormous resource it is essential to have meaningfully defined, and named, biological entities (e.g. species and infraspecific taxa). The provision of names through taxonomic research is fundamentally important because names are the 'hooks' by which information about taxa is stored, retrieved and exchanged. Taxonomic keys are the tools that enable us to identify specimens. In a large genus like Acacia, electronic multi-access keys have advantages over conventional paper-based keys. Voucher specimens, which enable names to be verified, provide an important mechanism for protecting the value of information assembled for taxa. The implications for Australia of the proposal to divide Acacia into five genera are discussed briefly.
Article
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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the mycorrhizal inoculation on the early development of Australian acacias in a dry tropical environment. Field experiments were carried out with an Australian Acacia species (Acacia holosericea) and four fungal strains were tested: an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) and three ectomycorrhizal isolates belonging to the Pisolithus and Scleroderma genera. Mycorrhizal inoculation has significantly enhanced the growth of A. holosericea seedlings after 4 months of culturing in the greenhouse conditions in a disinfected soil. Mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized (control) plants were then transferred into the field. One of the experiments (Experiment EC5) was used to determine allometric relations based on stem diameter by destructive sampling. Two forms of biomass equations were generated and compared: (i) form 1 equation incorporated only stem diameter as the independent variable and form 2 equation incorporated stem diameter and height (product of square of stem diameter and height, D2H) as the independent variables. As no distinctive advantage of one form over the other was recorded, simplest equation (Eq. (1)) was used for above-ground biomass calculations. Mycorrhizal inoculations with one Pisolithus isolate (P. albus IR100) or G. intraradices have significantly improved the growth of A. holosericea after 18 months as well as after 30 months of plantation. These results show that mycorrhizal inoculation could be of great relevance to improvement of the reafforestation process of degraded soils with leguminous fast growing trees, more particularly in Sahelian ecozones.
Article
A research study has been performed in a natural soil of Senegal to follow the development of four provenances of Acacia mangium inoculated with an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp. (strain COI024) and/or a Bradyrhizobium sp. isolate (Aus 13c), to evaluate the impact of these symbioses on the microbial biomass and on the indigenous rhizobial and fungal symbiotic microflora and to determine the impact of these controlled inoculations on the structure of nematode communities.The results showed that the dual inoculation significantly improved plant growth for all provenances. When the plants were transferred into 20 l pots filled with a non-sterilized soil, the positive effect on the plant growth of the dual inoculation disappeared and no significant difference was recorded between the plants inoculated with the fungus alone and those inoculated with both Bradyrhizobium and the ectomycorrhizal fungus. However, the microbial biomass, the nitrogen contents, the number of nodules per plant and the structure of the nematode communities were significantly influenced by the A. mangium provenances and the microbial treatments. The impact of controlled mycorrhization of different A. mangium provenances on soil biofunctioning is discussed in terms of plant growth, microbial and nematode biodiversity.
Article
The main objectives of this study were to determine the influence of several strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Acacia holosericea in a dry tropical environment and their short-term effect on indicators of ecosystem soil conditions such as biological soil properties (microbial biomass, mycorrhizal soil infectivity). Three fungal strains have been tested: Pisolithus albus IR100, P. albus COI024 and Scleroderma dictyosporum IR109. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly enhanced the growth (shoot and root biomass) of A. holosericea seedlings after 4 months culture in glasshouse conditions in a disinfected soil. In field conditions, the transplanting shock was less important for the ectomycorrhized trees. After 2 years, the inoculated trees had a better growth than that recorded in the control treatment. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly stimulated height, leave and wood biomass, root biomass of A. holosericea trees. Moreover, this fungal inoculation has significantly modified the leaf nutrient contents for P, N and phenols. Microbial biomass and mycorrhizal soil infectivity were also larger in the inoculated plots.Ectomycorrhizal inoculation could be of great relevance to improve the reafforestation process of degraded areas with legumes fast growing trees. This biological practice could also ameliorate soil characteristics such as microbial biomass or mycorrhizal soil infectivity.
Article
Cinq espèces d'#Acacia africains et sept espèces australiennes ont été testées quant à leur sensibilité et leur résistance vis à vis du nématode #Meloidogyne javanica. Toutes ces espèces se sont révélées hôtes de #M. javanica car présentant les galles caractéristiques de l'infestation par ce parasite. Mais le nombre de galle (indice de galles) et la croissance des plants varient en fonction de l'espèce d'#Acacia, ce qui révèle une certaine différence de comportement vis à vis du nématode. #A. hilliana, #A. holosericea, #A. mangium, #A. nilotica, #A. schlerosperma et #A. seyal sont les plus sensibles et les moins résistants alors que #A. lysiphollia, #A. raddiana, #A. senegal, #A. trachycarpa sont les plus résistants. #A. albida et #A. tumida constituent deux cas particuliers ; ce sont deux espèces résistantes et leur croissance est en plus stimulée en présence du nématode. Etant donné que les acacias sont des espèces entrant en symbiose avec des bactéries fixatrices d'azote, la croissance de ces arbres en présence du nématode a été étudiée en tenant compte de cette symbiose fixatrice d'azote qui, dans le cas présent, a été réalisée avec des bactéries indigènes. L'impact de #M. javanica sur les acacias est la résultante de deux effets antagonistes : l'effet dépressif dû à la destruction mécanique des racines par le nématode et l'effet stimulant résultant de la symbiose rhizobienne avec les bactéries indigènes. La présence du nématode peut stimuler la symbiose fixatrice d'azote (#A. albida, #A. senegal, #A. trachycarpa et éventuellement #A. lysiphollia ou l'induire #A. tumida et #A. hilliana), mais peut également inhiber cette symbiose comme c'est le cas chez #A. holosericea, #A. seyal, #A. mangium et #A. nilotica. Cependant, chez #A. schlerosperma et #A. raddiana$, la présence du nématode n'a aucun effet sur la symbiose fixatrice d'azote... (D'après résumé d'auteur)
Article
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The response of microbial functional diversity as well as its resistance to stress or disturbances caused by the introduction of an exotic tree species, Acacia holosericea, ectomycorrhized or not with Pisolithus albus, was examined. The results show that this ectomycorrhizal fungus promotes drastically the growth of this fast-growing tree species in field conditions after 7 years of plantation. Compared to the crop soil surrounding the A. holosericea plantation, this exotic tree species, associated or not with the ectomycorrhizal symbiont, induced strong modifications in soil microbial functionalities (assessed by measuring the patterns of in situ catabolic potential of microbial communities) and reduced soil resistance in response to increasing stress or disturbance (salinity, temperature, and freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles). In addition, A. holosericea strongly modified the structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities. These results show clearly that exotic plants may be responsible for important changes in soil microbiota affecting the structure and functions of microbial communities.
Article
Tannin-formaldehyde resins have been developed as fortifiers for starch adhesives used in the production of weather-resistant corrugated containers. Condensed flavonoid tannins, extracted from the bark of the black wattle tree, have replaced expensive petroleum-derived components in fortified starch formulations. Glue-mix variables have been optimized by means of factorial experiments and statistical treatment of results from tests of adhesion between plies of corrugated board.
Article
The condensed flavonoid tannins from the bark extract of black wattle were used to prepare thermosetting adhesive resins for use in a variety of wood products. A variety of formulations were used, including some fortified with phenol- or resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, and test data are presented, together with comparisons with the requirements of a number of standards.
Article
By the end of 1975, analytical and structural studies of the gum exudates from 47 different Acacia species had been completed; the names of the species involved, and those of the 42 species at present under investigation, are listed according to Bentham's divisions of the genus. The amount of data available is now becoming useful taxonomically, and some interesting features that have become apparent are discussed.
Article
Between 1960 and 1971 studies were made of samples of individually marked shrubs of twenty-four species in an arid area in Western Australia, Mileura Station c. 800 km northeast of Perth. These studies provided information about the flowering and fruiting seasons of the shrubs, and measured their production of seeds as a crop for emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae. The flowering and fruiting of all the shrubs, with one possible exception, was seasonal. Such regular timing of reproduction suggested seasonal regularity in the environmental variables controlling it. The production of fruits, or in two cases flowers, of the shrubs could be correlated with the amount of precipitation at particular times of year. Thus some fruited well when rain fell in the hot weather, some when it fell in the cold and some when rain fell as temperatures declined in autumn. Two species fruited best in years that had cold winters. In two other species, there was evidence that cold inhibited the maturation of fruit in low-lying areas. Only in two species did fruiting correlate non-specifically with the total annual rainfall. Animal predation, as well as the incidence of cold winters, was seen to modify the fruit production of some species. As a crop for emus the shrubs of the area provided a reliable resource each spring and summer, although it was composed of different species year by year. The pods and seeds of some acacias were retained on the tree for long periods after maturation; they were thus protected from ground-living animals such as termites and the fact that they were released slowly during the summer made the crop available over a longer period than would have been the case.
Article
The morphology of seedlings, leaves, flowers and inflorescences, anatomy of the pod, the occurrence of extra-floral nectaries, free amino acids of the seeds, flavonoid compounds in heartwoods, cyanogenic compounds and porate, colporate and extraporate pollen, and susceptibility to rusts, all indicate that three genera, Acacia Miller, Senegalia Raf. and Racosperma Martius, should be recognized. These correspond to currently accepted subgenera of Acacia. The size of these more narrowly circumscribed genera is in keeping with the size of genera of other tribes of low diversity in Leguminosae. Acacia and Senegalia arose independently from the Ingeae, with Racosperma being derived from Senegalia. Section Filicinae is more advanced than section Senegalia of Senegalia, and sections Racosperma and Pukhella, both with at least some species with bipinnate foliage, are the most advanced of Racosperma, while the other sections Pleurinervia and Lycopodiifolia have only phyllodinous species. Long-range dispersal of Racosperma from the Australian region has occurred, but the broad pattern of distribution is interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. Racosperma was present in Australia in the late Cretaceous but did not become widespread until the general drying of the continent in the Miocene. The flora of SW Australia has been isolated from the rest of the continent by climatic barriers since the late Tertiary and has a high proportion of endemic species. Barriers to plant migration in the east have operated only intermittently and there is no area comparable in endemism to the southwest.
Article
The Australian phytogeographic region is defined as including the Australian mainland and Tasmania. This region may be subdivided into the Tropical Zone in the north and east, the Temperate Zone in the south and east, and the Eremaean Zone in the arid centre. Delineation of these zones is closely linked with present day climates but their floristic constituents also reflect selection resulting from past climatic and geographic conditions. The following areas are of special phytogeographic interest: South-West Province of Western Australia, Tasmania, Sorth-East Queensland, and the MacPherson–Macleay Overlap where the Tropical and Temperate Zones coincide. Three interzone areas have been defined where special circumstances prevent the drawing of zonal boundaries. In Parts A and B floristic analyses covering the distribution of Australian phanerogamic genera are provided for the Australian Region and for the special areas listed above. The analyses deal with family representation, endemism, and the estimated number of species present. The flora of the South-West Province reveals the highest proportion of endemism though there is a close relationship with the flora of the eastern part of the Temperate Zone. The existing west-east affinities and discontinuities are discussed in relation to climatic changes. The Province is not regarded as the "cradle" of the autochthonous elements of the Australian flora though it is apparently an asylum for many relict forms. Affinities with the flora of South Africa are not higher than those for other areas of the Australian Region. the Temperate Zone. The existing west-east affinities and discontinuities are discussed in relation to climatic changes. The Province is not regarded as the "cradle" of the autochthonous elements of the Australian flora though it is apparently an asylum for many relict forms. Affinities with the flora of South Africa are not higher than those for other areas of the Australian Region. The flora of Tasmania is not highly endemic at the generic level but it is of special interest because of certain affinities with the flora of Malaysia and with genera otherwise found along the Malaysia–New Zealand arc or genera also in South America. In some cases the genera are unknown on the mainland, in others they are known from Australian Tertiary deposits. The Tasmanian flora is considered to include (1) relicts from early Tertiary floras, (2) survivors from the cold climate regimes of the Pleistocene, and (3) Australian elements which have mingled with the flora during periods of land continuity. The North-East Queensland area is defined as including the high rainfall habitats of the eastern parts of Cape York Peninsula. An outstanding number of families, genera, and species are restricted to this area so far as the Australian Region is concerned. Many genera are limited to a single representative which may also occur in Malaysia. It is suggested that a proportion of these may be recent arrivals while others, known as fossils from southern deposits, have a more restricted distribution than in the past. The close affinity with the flora of New Guinea is obvious but there are certain affinities with the floras of New Caledonia and New Zealand which may be independent of those of other parts of the Australian Region. Consideration is given to the problems of migration of temperate elements between the northern and southern hemispheres and the passage of such elements through the tropical belt. The MacPherson–Macleay Overlap is defined as that area of eastern Australia where the Tropical and Temperate Zones overlap. It includes part of south-east Queensland and part of north-east New South Wales. Within this area tropical elements predominate in the wetter habitats of the eastern slopes of the ranges and temperate elements in the drier or cooler and more open sites. Many of the tropical elements are to be found in discontinuous areas to the south of the Overlap but there is no similar pattern of temperate communities to the north. The Overlap is of special interest in the discussion of discontinuous distributions in eastern Australia and the significance of these. The development of the Australian flora is discussed in Part C. Its present composition is regarded as primarily due to climatic selection both within the region and from the biotypes available as a result of migration. Migration by communities rather than by chance dispersal of individuals is considered a prime factor. Though the data concerning Tertiary floras are not extensive certain significant facts emerge. First there is a stronger affinity with the flora of South America and this must be contrasted with the marked lack of data suggesting a similarly increased relationship with southern Africa. The relationship between fossil and modern representatives of such genera as Podocarpus, Dacrydium, and Nothofagus suggests that there has been a northward migration or a withdrawal to warmer latitudes since the Tertiary. All the main elements of the present day flora are represented In the Tertiary assemblages. If current views on the "Malaysian" or "tropical" nature of some affinities and the "Antarctic" nature of others be accepted then there is no indication that the major migration into the Australian Region came from one particular direction. Possible climatic regimes and changes are discussed. It is suggested that the occurrence of cold pluvial conditions in southern Australia implies a contraction of the arid centre rather than a northward shift of the dry tropical belt. Under such circumstances northern Australia could still have enjoyed a warm wet climate. This opinion is supported by certain distribution patterns and by the pedological data concerning laterite formation. Apart from the Australian, Malaysian, and Antarctic elements in the Australian flora there are also temperate elements with northern hemisphere affinities. Some of these are found in temperate communities in both hemispheres but others are endemic to and characteristic of the Eremaean Zone. The Eremaean flora may have originated from a coastal sand dune and littoral type. It is suggested that it developed from elements that migrated to the Australian Region as early as the Cretaceous when there may have been a coastal continuity with the Tethys Sea. It is further postulated that these plants remained in coastal habitats but moved inland, possibly along southern estuarine coasts, and became isolated under arid conditions during the Pleistocene or Recent Times. The evidence is that eastern Australia has been a very important migration route for a very long period, being linked with the northern hemisphere through Malaysia. Northward migration of Australian elements has apparently been less successful than southward migration of Malaysian elements. It is considered that the ecological barrier formed by dense tropical communities must have inhibited northward movement of the light-requiring Australian types. The significance of such a barrier would be dependent on the climatic conditions during periods of land continuity between Australia and Malaysia and between Australia and New Guinea. Relationships between the Australian Region and Kew Zealand are either linked with those between Australia and South America, i.e. related to some unknown southern route, or they concern genera with distribution patterns involving New Guinea or New Guinea and New Caledonia. The opinion that Australia and New Zealand belong together in a biogeographic region is unacceptable unless such a, region includes a portion of the island arc in the north-east. The long-standing floristic relationship between Australia and Malaysia, a relationship which from geological evidence apparently extends back as far as the Cretaceous at least, coupled with the affinities among both fossil and modern plants with the flora of South America but not with southern Africa, militates against unqualified acceptance of any of the hypotheses, such as that of continental drift, which have been proposed to explain biological affinities between the major land masses. Plant distribution patterns are facts which can be demonstrated and at this stage of our knowledge further critical analysis is more important than the correlation between available facts and proposed explanations.
Article
Distributions of the 373 described and c. 113 undescribed species of Acacia occurring in Western Australia were plotted on state maps divided into 1° latitude by 1.5° longitude grids. The number of species per grid was determined, and species richness was shown to be highest along the inland eastern margin of the South-West Botanical Province. Minor centres of richness were found associated with mountainous areas of the Pilbara Region, Desert Region and Northern Botanical Province. It is proposed that the centres of species richness have been foci of recent evolutionary divergence and also refugia favouring the persistence of some relict forms. It is suggested that recent speciation has been promoted by recurrent migration, extinction and isolation of populations as a result of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and their erosional consequences in climatically transitional areas. An analysis of the distribution of selected closely related species groups occurring in a range of habitats throughout Western Australia indicates that geographical isolation has played an important role in speciation in the genus.
Article
In a survey in which approximately 96% of the Australian species of Acacia were examined, 45 species were shown to be cyanogenic. Forty-three of the 45 cyanogenic species occurred in subgenus Phyllodineae and two in subgenus Acacia. Within subgenus Phyllodineae, 37 cyanogenic species occurred in section Juliflorae, five in section Botrycephalae, and one in section Pulchellae. Cyanogenesis was not observed in the four other sections of the subgenus. The cyanogenic glycosides in subgenus Phyllodineae are prunasin and/or sambunigrin, derived from phenylalanine. The two species in subgenus Acacia contain proacacipetalin, derived from leucine. These biochemical studies are discussed in the context of the existing taxonomy of the genus.
Article
Gum specimens from A. deanei subsp. paucijuga (two samples), A. irrorata subsp. irrorata, and A. dealbata subsp. subalpina have been analysed. There are minor differences between the two specimens from A. deanei subsp. paucijuga, but they, and the gum from A. irrorata subsp. irrorata, have analytical parameters that correspond well with those for species in the proposed Group A within the Botryocephalae. In contrast, the gum from A. dealbata subsp. subalpina conforms well with the analytical parameters established for A. dealbata gum, and the slight analytical differences lead to it being assigned with greater confidence to the proposed Group B. Now that the gum exudates from approximately 40% of the species within the Botryocephalae have been studied and shown to fall into two different types, it is hoped that the chemical data may be meaningful taxonomically.
Article
An analytical study has been made of gum specimens from Acacia deanei, A. filicifolia (three specimens), A. leucoclada, A. parramattensis (two specimens), A. parvipinnula, A. silvestris, A. terminalis, and A. trachyphloia, which are species belonging to Series II ({Botryocephalae}) in Bentham's classification of the genus. The three specimens from A. filicifolia are all closely similar, but the specimens from A. parramattensis differ appreciably in parameters other than their sugar ratios. Several of the analytical values reported increase considerably the range of values established so far for Acacia gum exudates. The Botryocephalae species give gum exudates of at least 2 chemically distinct types. Group A species (A. deanei, A. parramattensis, A. parvipinnula, and {A. trachyphloia}) have low galactose-arabinose ratios (<2:1) but have strongly negative rotations, high intrinsic viscosities and molecular weights, and relatively high nitrogen, methoxyl, uronic anhydride, and rhamnose contents. Group B species (A. filicifolia, A. leucoclada, and A. terminalis) have high galactose-arabinose ratios (>) but low negative or positive rotations, low intrinsic viscosities and molecular weights, and relatively low nitrogen, methoxyl, uronic anhydride, and rhamnose contents.
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