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James Blyth — Britain's First Modern Wind Power Pioneer
Abstract
The American, Charles Brush is often credited with being the first person to use a wind powered machine to generate electricity, which operated for the first time during the winter of 1887. However, earlier in July 1887, Professor James Blyth, a Scottish academic of Anderson's College, Glasgow (which later became Strathclyde University) was undertaking very similar experiments to Brush, which culminated in a UK patent in 1891. Likewise the Dane, Poul La Cour, is known to have constructed relatively advanced wind turbines throughout the 1890s, which were also used to generate electricity which was then used to produce hydrogen.
This paper investigates Professor Blyth's life, seeking to understand his motivation to generate electricity from the wind and his association with contemporaries, including Lord Kelvin. The paper argues that it was Blyth and not Brush, who was the first to produce wind-powered electricity.
... The invention of lead acid batteries by Camille Faure in 1881 provided a viable option for researchers to advance their studies for harnessing wind energy through turbines, since lead acid batteries were lighter and smaller. In the following years, prominent researchers such as Professor James Blyth, and Charles Brush successfully built some forms of horizontal axis turbines that were capable of charging up the accumulators available and illuminate a single mansion or real estate [18]. In the 1890s, a significant surge of wind turbine technology in Denmark resulted in a peak power capacity of 30 MW harnessed by more than 2500 windmills across the country [19,20]. ...
... The Darrieus wind turbine was the first among the vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) patented by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus, a French aeronautical engineer [22]. However, experiments on large wind machines started during the years of the Second World War with the introduction of a turbine that was capable of generating approximately 1.25 MW [18]. This build was concluded by an American engineer Palmer Cosslett Putnam along with the Morgan Smith Company (Ashaway, RI, USA) that manufactured hydroelectric turbines. ...
... Thus, the velocity is decreased by two-thirds and the initial stream velocity for maximum achievable C p . This has been validated experimentally in a wind tunnel and mathematically modeled in line with many other studies [18]. Therefore, the value of b = 1 3 can be used in Equation (13) to find the value of C p , which is expressed in Equation (15) [46]. ...
Currently, about 22% of global electricity is being supplemented by different renewable sources. Wind energy is one of the most abundant forms of renewable energy available in the atmospheric environment due to different air-currents spread over the troposphere and stratosphere. The demand of modern wind energy conversion system (WECS) has increased to achieve a suitable alternate renewable energy source. In this paper, after a brief introduction, the classification of WECS is reviewed with attractive illustrations. The various mechanical materials and electrical components of WECS are discussed. The flow of power in WECS and its control strategies are also been described. The wind energy conversion is carried out with a suitable controlling mechanism for power grid integration. A maximum power-point tracking controller is an effective controlling method to extract the maximum possible power from the turbines. The present trends in WECS and the scope for improvement and future prospects are discussed. The materials used for both the blade and generator have been found to be key elements of wind turbines. Recycling of the polymer matrix composite materials are found to be a great threat to wind power plants, as well as to their supply chain industries.
... In the wind turbine's development history, the first wind turbine applied to generate electric power was a VAWT dated back to 19th century [3]. The VAWT was intended to generate power for the lighting in a cottage as shown in Fig. 2. The VAWT experienced long-time development and there have been various designs. ...
... The first electric power wind turbine[3]. ...
... This nomenclature was only applied after the Scotsman James Blyth in 1887 built a device that extracted energy from the winds with the objective of generating electrical energy, storing it in accumulators and using it to light lamps (Sørensen, 2016). Figure 1-a presents the turbine proposed by Blyth with some improvements compared to the first, for example applying metallic materials in the structure and "blades" (Price, 2005). After the success, he installed a bigger and better version of his turbine on the Montrose Lunatic Asylum, shown in Fig. 1 -b (UoE, 2018). ...
... It is important to note that renewable energy is that generated from resources that are naturally replenished in a shorter period than the human life (Frewin, 2020). Examples (a) James Blyth's wind turbine (Price, 2005). of renewable energy sources include sunlight, wind, biomass and water currents (rivers, lakes and ocean) (Ng et al., 2013). ...
... The wind electricity production has more than 130 years of history. James Blyth (1839-1906) first began to use windmills to generate electricity in Scotland in 1887 ( Fig.7) (Price, 2005). Afterwards, Kurt Bilau and Betz invented a modern vertical-axis windmill design with aircraft airfoil in 1920 (Hau, 2016). ...
... The most advanced onshore WTs have already reached a total height of over 300 meters. (Price, 2005) ...
In this thesis, an interdisciplinary Landscape Visual Impact Evaluation (LVIE) model has been established in order to solve the conflicts between onshore wind energy development and landscape protection. It aims to recognize, analyze, and evaluate the visual impact of onshore wind farms upon landscapes and put forward effective mitigation measures in planning procedures. Based on literature research and expert interviews, wind farm planning regimes, legislation, policies, planning procedures,
and permission in Germany and China were compared with each other and evaluated concerning their respective advantages and disadvantages. Relevant theories of landscape evaluation have been researched and integrated into the LVIE model, including the landscape connotation, landscape aesthetics, visual perception, landscape functions, and existing evaluation methods. The evaluation principles, criteria, and quantitative indicators are appropriately organized in this model with a hierarchy structure. The potential factors that may influence the visual impact have been collected and categorized into three dimensions: landscape sensitivity, the visual impact of WTs, and viewer exposure. Detailed sub-indicators are also designed under these three topics for delicate evaluation. Required data are collected from official platforms and databases to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the evaluation process.
Friedrich-Wilhelm Raiffeisen Wind Farm in Germany and Zhongying Wind Farm in China have been studied and compared through the LVIE model. The case studies are applied in GIS with digital landscape models. The evaluation results can be quantitatively calculated and visualized to provide definite and clear guidelines for planners and other stakeholders in decision-making. The results in the LVIE model have been validated through questionnaires and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the Chinese case. The validation aims to verify whether the results of the LVIE model fit the real situations or not, and adjust the recommendations for planning implementation.
Recommendations concerning the planning procedures, mitigation, and compensation measures, are proposed based on the evaluation results of the LVIE model for the optimization of the planning procedures of onshore wind farms. The evaluation results on the three dimensions complement existing forms of information in a meaningful manner that can be provided for various planning departments, in particular, strengthen cooperation between them. The comprehensive result of visual impact reveals that flexible buffer distance dependent on the visual impact degree is more suitable than fixed buffer distance in compact land use areas. A communal fund is recommended to manage and operate the compensation payment that can optimize public participation and local support. Finally, the limitations of the LVIE model are discussed and suggestions for future research in this area are developed.
... In July 1887, the first electricity was produced practically in Scotland by Prof James Blyth from Anderson's College in Glasgow [18] and that producing electricity was used in cottages for lighting and that was the first house where wind turbines were applied [19]. Besides that, the power produced by the wind turbines also supplied emergency power to the locals in Lunatic Asylums. ...
... Information obtained from these systems forms a critical phase in designing and optimizing rotor control hardware e.g. yaw mechanism [Houtzager, 2011, [15][16][17][18]. Wind turbine extracts energy from a moving mass of air (wind) and converts its kinetic energy into mechanical energy from which the generator/alternator transforms it into the electrical energy we know. ...
There are generally two different types of wind
turbines. One type is built with the aim of generating electricity
from wind with high speeds. On the other hand, the other type
is built especially for areas with low wind speeds, such as
Bangladesh. Wind turbines consist of a set of blades attached
to a rotor hub, which together form the rotor; this rotor deflects
the airflow, which creates a force on the blades, which in turn
produces a torque on the shaft such and the rotor rotates around
a horizontal axis, which is mainly attached to a gearbox and
generator. These are inside the nacelle, which is located at the
top end of the tower, along with several other electrical parts.
The generator generates electricity. The wind industry can be
divided into two defined categories which are the onshore and
offshore wind energy.
... Functional traits can characterize plant responses and adaptations to environmental change, and they can also be directly involved in specific ecosystem processes, which can have an impact on ecosystem function and diversity [16][17][18]. Functional diversity within plant communities can be calculated and analyzed through an approach based on functional traits [19], emphasizing the variability in these traits across species [18,20]. This approach provides enhanced insights into the impacts of wind farms on the functional diversity and structural configuration of plant communities. ...
Climate warming has become a hot issue of common concern all over the world, and wind energy has become an important clean energy source. Wind farms, usually built in wild lands like grassland, may cause damage to the initial ecosystem and biodiversity. However, the impact of wind farms on the functional diversity of plant communities remains a subject with unclear outcomes. In this study, we chose 108 sample plots and identified 10 plant functional traits through a field vegetation survey. We used general linear regression analysis to assess how wind farm influenced vegetation community diversity, focusing on ten distinct plant functional traits. The study revealed that wind farm had significant impacts on grassland plant communities, diminishing diversity and functional traits, which leads to species composition convergence. Additionally, wind farm increased certain functional traits, like height and leaf area, while decreasing phosphorus content. Furthermore, the productivity of these plant communities was reduced by wind farm presence. This study highlights the negative consequences of wind farms in Inner Mongolia on plant diversity, aiming to offer scientific recommendations for the optimal arrangement of wind farms to safeguard biodiversity.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-025-02350-6.
... Virtual power plants (VPPs) built on distributed and renewable energy sources have a long history. From the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, the world's first wind turbine [61] and a large-scale solar generator [6] were built near Glasgow, UK, and Cairo, Egypt, respectively. ARCO Solar developed the first large-scale commercial photovoltaic power plant and came online in 1982 near Hesperia, California, with a capacity of 1MW [4]. ...
... This transfer to environment-friendly energies not only decreased carbon footprint but also reduced climatic change. Long ago, it was discovered that wind speed has the potential to be utilized for energy production, and the formation of the first-ever windmill was in the year 1887 [3]. Nowadays, it again captivates attention worldwide due to its numerous benefits. ...
The explosive progression in population causes a rapid reduction in the resource of fossil fuel which is the basic supplier of energy in industry and household. This scarcity of fossil fuel is the reason for the costly produced energy. However, pollution is also one of the severe issues occurring due to the burning of gases. Therefore, different researcher worldwide drew their attention to clean and environmentally –friendly energy resources. Wind energy is a renewable source of energy and it is accumulated from renewable resources. Wind speed is one of the most significant parameters used to study the wind energy of any region. This paper presents the fitting of the Artificial Neural Network for the assessment of wind speed in different wind stations in Pakistan. Five Neural Network models have been fitted to the 10-minute mean wind speed data from 2016 to 2018 of each of four distinct heights in 12 different stations in Pakistan. Conventionally used statistical measures are utilized to assess the best-fitted model. The simplest model shows the minimum values of MSE and R2 amongst all other models. The model of one hidden layer with five neurons is the best-fitted model in 12 different stations with four distinct heights in Pakistan. We will be extending this work by applying some other soft computing algorithms such as a random forest with different optimization techniques such as genetic algorithm and swarm optimization algorithms.
... These windmills were employed to charge batteries developed by Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure, enabling the lighting of a hut through wind-powered electricity. This milestone marked the first instance of a house being illuminated using wind energy (Price 2005). In this paper, the mechatronic energy-absorber comprises five main components. ...
The importance of diversified energy production lies in addressing the fuel shortage resulting from high prices, high temperatures, and environmental pollution associated with its production and consumption. Vibrational energy plays a crucial role in generating electrical power. This paper introduces a new concept based on utilizing the vibration forces of chimneys caused by wind and earthquakes. A mechatronic energy-absorbing system was designed, analyzed, and the output power was calculated using SolidWorks and Matlab programs. The design of the Regenerative Damping Chimney (RDC) primarily focuses on converting vibrations into rotational movement of the chimney, which is generated by wind forces. This is achieved by using a metal rope and pulleys to transmit motion to a set of gears. The opposite direction rotation is facilitated by bevel gears and clutches, and a planetary gearbox is employed to increase the rotation of the DC 24 V 400 W generator. The use of a high-watt generator aims to enhance energy production and the damping factor, ensuring the stability of the chimney during storms and vortex winds. The results show the efficiency of 35 % may reach 45 % watts under test to verify that the proposed system is effective and suitable for chimneys and renewable energy applications in factories and companies.
... The first electricity-generating wind turbine was built in 1887 by James Blith, a battery charging machine (Price 2005). Charles F. Bush created the first automated wind turbine a few months back. ...
Faults in wind turbine blades are considered a critical issue that can affect the safety and performance of wind turbines. The proposed research aimed to monitor wind turbine blades and identify fault conditions using a transfer learning approach. The study utilized one good and four faulty blade conditions: bend, hub-blade loose connection, erosion, and pitch angle twist. Vibration signals for each blade condition were collected and converted as radar plots that were fed and analyzed using pre-trained deep learning models including ResNet-50, AlexNet, VGG-16, and GoogleNet. Hyperparameters including opti-mizer, train-test split ratio, batch size, epochs, and learning rate were examined to determine the optimal configuration for each network. The study's core findings indicate that ResNet-50 outperformed all other models, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 99.00%. The other models achieved lower accuracy rates, with AlexNet achieving 96.70%, GoogleNet achieving 97.00%, and VGG-16 achieving 95.00%. These findings highlight the potential of using deep learning models for wind turbine monitoring and fault detection, which could significantly improve the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. ARTICLE HISTORY
... This nomenclature was only applied after the Scotsman James Blyth in 1887 built a device that extracted energy from the winds with the objective of generating electrical energy, storing it in accumulators, and using it to light lamps (Sørensen 2016). Blyth's wind turbine was improved with metallic materials in the structure and blades (Price 2005), whose better and bigger version was installed on the Montrose Lunatic Asylum (UoE 2018). ...
Stirred tanks agitated by impellers are used in a wide range of industries, e.g., chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and petroleum. The tank design, the impellers, and the number and type of baffles are often associated with their application. Thus, the experimental investigation of these parameters in the turbulent flow is crucial for the control and optimization of this equipment. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive and quantitative technique that allows determining the vector fields of the flow using tracers. The distribution obtained by this method can also assist in the validation of CFD simulations. The objective of this work is to estimate the energy dissipation rate (EDR) of a stirred tank from PIV 2C-2D measurements and its relation with the spatial resolution. The work was conducted in 0.38 m diameter tank () with a pitch blade turbine (PBT) impeller of diameter D () in water. The angle-resolved PIV enables a number of turbulent features to be identified. Hence, measurements were taken for three angles, 0°, 45°, and 75°. The EDR was estimated using four methodologies: by the assumption of local axisymmetry (AS), by direct estimation (DE), by modified direct estimation (MDE), and by large eddy simulation (LES). For the optimization and reduction of possible errors, different processing strategies were used to decrease the noise level of the PIV measurements. This study showed that values of EDR were found to vary by two orders of magnitude from near the impeller to the circulation region of the tank. Herein, the effect of measuring angle on EDR was analyzed and provided an insight into the anisotropy of the turbulence in the stirred tank. However, EDR estimation is exceptionally challenging due to the lack of knowledge to distinguish its accuracy and the influence of spatial resolution.KeywordsTurbulence flowEDRSpatial resolutionStirred tankImpellerPIV
... This nomenclature was only applied after the Scotsman James Blyth in 1887 built a device that extracted energy from the winds with the objective of generating electrical energy, storing it in accumulators, and using it to light lamps (Sørensen 2016). Blyth's wind turbine was improved with metallic materials in the structure and blades (Price 2005), whose better and bigger version was installed on the Montrose Lunatic Asylum (UoE 2018). ...
The slug flow is one of the most complex flow patterns due to the unstable behavior of phase distribution. This pattern occurs in a wide range of flow rates and therefore is observed in different industrial processes. The prediction and understanding of the hydrodynamic parameters of this flow regime have a significant engineering value. In this context, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been shown to be an efficient tool for the prediction of this type of flow. However, to ensure the accuracy of the numerical solution, adequate modeling of interfacial properties transfer is necessary. One of the most important interface transfer phenomena is momentum transfer between phases. Therefore, it is necessary to use a robust approach to model the gas–liquid interface region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding the damping of turbulent diffusion at the interface on flow modeling. For this, different cases of simulations were elaborated for a pipe with 2 m in length and 26 mm inner diameter. In all the cases, the multiphase approach used was the Volume of Fluid (VOF) with the Geo-Reconstruct scheme. The interface between the fluids was modeled with constant surface tension equal to 0.0728 N/m. The discontinuities present at the interface were treated in a “continuous surface stress” (CSS) manner. The turbulence was modeled using kω-SST with and without turbulence damping. The independence of the numerical solution in relation to the grid was evaluated by the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) method in which four levels of grid were used. Preliminary results showed that, in the cases with turbulence damping, a better representation of the flow pattern morphology was obtained. Regarding the quantitative parameters, the prominent frequency of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the pressure signal was under-predicted when the turbulence damping was not used. Keywords: Slug flow; Interfacial modeling; Turbulence damping
... In Denmark, there were 120 turbines that produced electricity from wind energy in 1918. The total power of these turbines between 20 and 35 kW was 3 MW and accounted for 3% of Denmark's electricity generation (Price 2005) (Warnes 2013). ...
... In the 1880s, the first land-based wind turbines for electricity production were built in Scotland and the United States of America [1,3]. Onshore wind energy development continued into and throughout the following century, with wind turbines eventually being connected to the electrical power grid [1]. ...
This paper contributes to emerging deep offshore wind literature by presenting the design for a novel free-floating offshore wind turbine for deep water use. The wind turbine uses one large underwater propeller to maintain its position and move as needed, while two small propellers turn the unit. This allows access to areas of high energy production potential in the open ocean out of reach to contemporary floating wind turbines, which are anchored to the seabed. An autonomous ocean-based wind farm concept is also presented. Together, the semi-autonomous wind turbines form a floating wind farm in the open ocean. A separate unit uses electricity from the wind turbines to produce climate-neutral fuels such as hydrogen (H 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) for transport and eventual use.
... Many WTGs are designed in variable pitch or variable speed mode to control loads. In 1887 during the winter season, Charles was the first person who produced electricity by using a wind-powered generator [64]. The chosen area must have significant wind energy potential throughout the year to exploit the hybrid WTG more effectively and economically. ...
Solar photovoltaic and wind power systems are very much dependent on climate variations. Wind and solar photovoltaic systems are unreliable without storage units like batteries and diesel generators as a backup. The addition of storage devices increases the reliability of the hybrid system consisting of solar photovoltaic and wind turbines. During cloudy and slow windy days, sufficient battery bank capacity is required to meet the load demand. This review paper gives new ways of hybrid energy generation. It discusses several optimization approaches and ideas for hybrid networks. Hybrid systems are gaining more popularity and fame in the current energy crisis scenario and environmental pollution. This research has provided a comprehensive assessment of existing optimization strategies, particularly those associated with the isolated microgrid in the literature. Artificial intelligence offers noteworthy optimization for microgrid operation without long-term weather data, as evidenced by the current optimization pattern for hybrid renewable sources.
... In late July of 1887, noted Scottish professor of engineering James Blyth began operating the world's first electricity generating wind turbine (Price, 2005). He built a conventional four-blade European windmill using cloth sails. ...
We review the development of wind turbines for generating electricity from the late 19th century to the present, summarizing some key characteristics. We trace the move from two to four blade wind turbines to the three blades common today. We establish that it was not the governmental-funded wind programs with its large-scale prototypes of the 1970–80s that developed into the commercial turbines of today. Instead it was the small-scale Danish wind turbines, developed for an agricultural market, that developed into the commercial turbines of today. And we show that much of what we know today about wind turbine design was known by the 1930s and certainly well known by the late 1950s. This work is divided into two parts: the first part takes up the development from the first electricity producing wind turbines through to the 1960s and a second part on development from the 1970s onward.
... For this reason, studies focusing on the historical development of technologies as well as studies with more narrow scopes, such as technical threads, the development in countries, or even specific programs or power plants, are all valuable. For the example of wind power, studies of the developments that led to the commercial three-bladed horizontal axis wind turbines that are used today can be found in [8][9][10][11]; studies of technical threads other than the three-blade HAWT can be found in [12][13][14]; and the developments of specific countries or regions can be found in [15][16][17] and for different programs or even turbines can be found in [18,19]. ...
Energy is essential to human survival, and with increasing concerns regarding the global warming caused by greenhouse emissions, the energy field has become a global focal point [...]
... windmill that could generate electricity in 1887 [33]. Multiple versions were created to generate more power. ...
With the increased need for alternative energy sources, wind energy has become a hotly debated topic. Improving the performance of a wind turbine has been a significant focus of study, with several new technologies and designs developed. The aerodynamic performance and structural integrity of a wind turbine are the major variables that demonstrate the turbine's utility. The performance metrics, such as the Power Coefficient and Tip Speed Ratio, indicate the amount of mechanical power that the turbine can create. These parameters are amenable to numerical, computational, and practical estimation. The study presents numerical approaches for estimating the aforementioned parameters, such as the Blade Element Momentum Theory, Actuator Disc Approach, and Single-stream Tube Theory. Similarly, the fundamentals of computational fluid mechanics (CFD) have been covered under computational techniques. The turbine's structural integrity can be investigated using Finite Element Structural Analysis or a Fluid Structural Interaction Study. Wind tunnel testing and other practical approaches have also been considered. Each approach produces different findings, and the accuracy of the numerical and computational methods may be evaluated by comparing their output to the experimental output.
... Windmills and windpumps have been in existence for more than two thousand years and have been used to convert wind energy into mechanical energy to drive various types of machinery on an industrialised scale. In terms of wind energy being converted to electrical energy, we can trace its origin back to 1887, when a Scottish Professor named James Blyth from Anderson's College, now the University of Strathclyde, used a rudimentary wind turbine to power the lighting in his home [642]. More recently, the global oil crisis in the 1970s had a large influence on the rapid development and utilisation of wind energy [797]. ...
... Windmills and windpumps have been in existence for more than two thousand years and have been used to convert wind energy into mechanical energy to drive various types of machinery on an industrialised scale. In terms of wind energy being converted to electrical energy, we can trace its origin back to 1887, when a Scottish Professor named James Blyth from Anderson's College, now the University of Strathclyde, used a rudimentary wind turbine to power the lighting in his home [642]. More recently, the global oil crisis in the 1970s had a large influence on the rapid development and utilisation of wind energy [797]. ...
... Windmills and windpumps have been in existence for more than two thousand years and have been used to convert wind energy into mechanical energy to drive various types of machinery on an industrialised scale. In terms of wind energy being converted to electrical energy, we can trace its origin back to 1887, when a Scottish Professor named James Blyth from Anderson's College, now the University of Strathclyde, used a rudimentary wind turbine to power the lighting in his home [642]. More recently, the global oil crisis in the 1970s had a large influence on the rapid development and utilisation of wind energy [797]. ...
... In recent years, the drone-based inspections of wind turbines for exterior and interior structures have gained considerable attention. Wind turbines are machines used since 1887 that convert wind power into electricity [70,71]. In the last few decades, the use of wind turbines has increased significantly. ...
Using aerial platforms for Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) of large and complex structures is a growing field of interest in various industries. Infrastructures such as: buildings, bridges, oil and gas, etc. refineries require regular and extensive inspections. The inspection reports are used to plan and perform required maintenance, ensuring their structural health and the safety of the workers. However, performing these inspections can be challenging due to the size of the facility, the lack of easy access, the health risks for the inspectors, or several other reasons, which has convinced companies to invest more in drones as an alternative solution to overcome these challenges. The autonomous nature of drones can assist companies in reducing inspection time and cost. Moreover, the employment of drones can lower the number of required personnel for inspection and can increase personnel safety. Finally, drones can provide a safe and reliable solution for inspecting hard-to-reach or hazardous areas. Despite the recent developments in drone-based NDI to reliably detect defects, several limitations and challenges still need to be addressed. In this paper, a brief review of the history of unmanned aerial vehicles, along with a comprehensive review of studies focused on UAV-based NDI of industrial and commercial facilities, are provided. Moreover, the benefits of using drones in inspections as an alternative to conventional methods are discussed, along with the challenges and open problems of employing drones in industrial inspections, are explored. Finally, some of our case studies conducted in different industrial fields in the field of Non-Destructive Inspection are presented.
... Denmark built the world's first wind turbine in 1891 (Price, 2005). The life cycle method was used to study the carbon footprint of a wind farm in Denmark in 2000 for the first time in the study by Schleisner (2000). ...
Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming, and active development of renewable energy has become popular in resource utilization. Wind power, as the second largest renewable energy source, plays an important role in the power industry, and clarifying the carbon footprint and carbon emission intensity of wind farms is the basis for their rational use. Although the study of the carbon footprint of wind farms has attracted considerable attention, the characteristics of the carbon footprint and carbon emission intensity of wind farms in grassland areas compared with other types of wind farms have not been determined to date. As an important part of the world’s largest Eurasian grassland, the installed capacity of wind farms in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia ranks first in China. In this study, the carbon footprint of the production, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal stages was evaluated by using the life cycle assessment method in a 49.5 MW wind farm in the Inner Mongolia grassland, and its carbon emission intensity was explored in depth. The results showed the following: (1) The carbon footprint of the wind farm in the grassland area was 18701.29 t, of which the construction stage accounted for the largest proportion at 56.74%, and the other stages, ranging from highest to lowest, were production, disposal, transportation, and operation stages, which were 28.18%, 12.08%, 2.76%, and 0.24%, respectively. (2) The carbon footprint of material recycling was 18726.53 t, and the reduced carbon emissions accounted for 50.03% of the total carbon emissions. (3) The carbon emission intensity of the wind farm was 6.57 g/kWh, which is approximately 148.45 times, 72.91 times, 127.85 times, and 3.50 times less than the carbon emission intensity of the four non-renewable energy sources of coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear power, respectively. (4) Wind power have lower carbon emission intensities than the four renewable energy sources of hydropower, biomass, and photovoltaics. This study highlights the very important role played by system boundaries when employing life cycles to evaluate carbon footprints. Compared with offshore wind farms and non-grassland wind farms, grassland wind farms have the lowest carbon emission intensity. The promotion of wind farms has excellent potential in grassland areas.
... Many other countries considered main source to irrigate their land from rivers. People began to use windmills to generate electricity from the time when Prof. James Blyth, in Scotland, first built a windmill to generate electricity in 1887 [10]. ...
The windmill is rotating machine act by energy
gained from wind; it uses that energy to spin a water pump or
braying cereals, or generate electricity. Historically, wind energy
been used at a different place in area, by applied windmill for
water pump since more than 80 years. It is might re-used again in
rural areas, particularly in pastures and forests. This, in turn
help on desertification resists, especially at rural areas,
furthermore development in desert tourism. The aim of this
study to highlight on windmills system were used in area for
water pumping in a certain period, subsequently neglected.
Statistics of wind speed data collected of four towns in Sahara,
over a period of six years from 1999 to 2004. The indications
appeared good wind energy speed is available in some places in
southern region of the country for windmills in a water pump
application. Also daily water flow predicted by known different
wind speed and different pump head. A good potential are
available to benefiting windmills in present time, might
contribute in development of the region.
... Thus, the optimum GO filler content for infusion purposes will be below the percolation threshold of that of the GO/epoxy system. 2 The content of this chapter is roughly equivalent to the content of the paper: ...
The increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) in weight critical structures have introduced new challenges associated with heat dissipation and electric current flow paths within the composite structure due to their anisotropic behaviour. The low transverse and in particular through-thickness electrical and thermal conductivities have been highlighted as the main parameters affecting the response of the laminates. Enhancing the properties in these directions is essential to enable the use of CFRP in aircraft, wind turbine blade and automotive applications and reduce the risk of damage. To establish a reference point, the anisotropic electrical and thermal behaviour of CFRP was experimentally quantified through self-developed measurement protocols. To enhance the electrical and thermal response of CFRP, commercially available graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes were dispersed into the epoxy matrix studied considering two different case studies. In both cases the filler was added to the epoxy matrix prior being vacuum infused into dry carbon fabric to form CFRP laminates. Initially, the characterization of CFRPs containing randomly oriented GO showed that the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction increased markedly, reaching values up to 0.18 S/cm, when 6.3 vol% of GO was added into the epoxy, showing a threefold increase compared to the neat CFRP. Similar improvement was also found in the thermal through-thickness conductivity for the same filler content, where the laminate exhibited identical values in both transverse and through-thickness directions. However, the properties transverse to the fibres were not greatly affected by the GO addition. To assess the effect of the GO on the mechanical properties, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were conducted that showed that the addition of the GO significantly enhanced the through thickness shear strength, especially at low filler contents. In the second case study, an optimization of the previously developed laminates was realised aiming to lower the required GO filler content. By utilising an external alternating current (AC) field, the orientation of GO flakes was altered to take advantage of the higher electrical and thermal conductivity along the graphene basal planes. To assess the efficiency of the alignment method a comparison between laminates containing randomly oriented GO and aligned GO modified CFRP (A-GO/CFRP) laminates was realised. Measurements of the electrical conductivity revealed markedly increased values for the A-GO/CFRP even with low filler contents, validating the efficacy of the alignment. Further morphological characterization by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of a chain-like conducting network interconnecting adjacent fibres. The thermal conductivity, albeit increased in A-GO/CFRP, only resulted in modest improvements. Mechanical tests of the ILSS showed that the A-GO/CFRP laminates exhibited significantly improved behaviour and retained higher ILSS values (than the randomly oriented GO CFRP laminates) even at high filler contents.
... A história da geração de energia eólica se inicia na Escócia em 1887 com a construção do primeiro aerogerador, capaz de abastecer um sistema de baterias para atendimento da iluminação de uma residência (Price, 2005). Os registros de sincronização à rede, entretanto, datam apenas de 1931, em Balaklava, na URSS, já com rotor de dimensão de 30 metros e potência de 100 kW (Hau, 2006). ...
Wind power only received occasional attention since the introduction of electricity until the 1970s, when a revived interest in alternative energy sources spurred the development thread that led to today’s wind turbines. Although attention and financial support at the time were directed toward government-funded MW-scale wind turbines, the small models developed in the late 1970s for the Danish market were ultimately the way forward. The wind industry has since matured, as evidenced by the lower specific power and higher capacity factors of recent turbine models and the similarity between their power curve shapes. Moreover, this study highlights two historical accomplishments by Europeans that are sometimes incorrectly credited to Americans: the first wind turbine to generate electricity was built in 1883 by Austrian Josef Friedländer and the Danish Agricco (1919) became the first public grid-connected wind turbine.
Non-renewable energies and renewable energies still remain to be imbalance up to today, with the over dependency on finite fossil fuels. The pros and cons of each energy technology have been discussed briefly, whereby among all those technologies, bioenergy shows great potential in the energy sector. To produce bioenergy, 2nd generation biofuels can be produced from waste materials of two main forms such as lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic origins, without competing with the food resources. To date, one of the most feasible thermochemical methods—pyrolysis can be set with fast heating rate and enhanced with microwave technology which is also known as fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis in order to produce high yield and high energy-dense biofuels with rapid processing. The fundamentals of pyrolysis and microwave technologies have been critically described along with their combination in operation setup for biofuel production. In this book chapter, various lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic wastes such as municipal wastes, agricultural wastes, plastics, and others have been reviewed as feedstock for fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Overall, this technology is viable however comes with the challenges in the scaling up stage and production issues. Nonetheless, with the current development, fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis can be a great form of waste-to-energy (WtE) or Energy from Waste (EfW) technology to be applied in the energy industry.
One of mankind’s greatest aspirations today is to obtain reliable and sustainable power. For years,
traditional non-renewable energy sources (coal, nuclear, etc.) have been used for power generation. But these
resources were being used all the time, so they were exhausted. This has led to increased interest in renewable
energy sources such as wind, solar and tidal power. The goal of this project was therefore to design and implement
a portable hybrid energy system that combines his two renewable sources of energy, wind and solar energy, to
produce electricity reliably and sustainably.
To achieve this, wind turbines are built to convert wind energy into electrical energy, and solar panels convert
solar energy into electrical energy. A hybrid charge controller was also included to “multiplex” the input from the
turbine and solar panel and provide sufficient output voltage for the 12V battery. The battery’s DC output was
also converted to usable AC form by the inverter. As a result, the system output can be used to power consumer
electronics. Keywords—Solar Window, Energy Source, Innovation
Recent advances in materials have allowed researchers to envision and develop materials, some of which are highly efficient. A transparent photovoltaic (PV) prototype reveals a potentially huge and untapped solar market energy: Building Integrated (BI) Photovoltaic Windows. From this perspective, we consider the
following cases. Launched his BIPV windows specifically designed for high-rise commercial buildings in the
United States. The research and development of solar power windows is based on the following hypotheses:The efficiency of converting sunlight into electrical energy (PCE) and the installed cost per unit area are the key figures. Benefits that may drive market acceptance. Here, we consider the landscape of the market and its attractiveness. Photovoltaic Windows by Identifying and Evaluating Customer Needs for CommercialSkyscrapers Build a window market.
Recent advances in materials have allowed researchers to envision and develop materials, some of
which are highly efficient. A transparent photovoltaic (PV) prototype reveals a potentially huge and untapped
solar market energy: Building Integrated (BI) Photovoltaic Windows. From this perspective, we consider the
following cases. Launched his BIPV windows specifically designed for high-rise commercial buildings in the
United States. The research and development of solar power windows is based on the following hypotheses:
The efficiency of converting sunlight into electrical energy (PCE) and the installed cost per unit area are the
key figures. Benefits that may drive market acceptance. Here, we consider the landscape of the market and
its attractiveness. Photovoltaic Windows by Identifying and Evaluating Customer Needs for Commercial
Skyscrapers Build a window market.
In our work, we have addressed a modern solution to a relatively old problem, which is the sizing of a hybrid water pumping system, where we have used photovoltaic energy and wind power as the source to power our pump Submersible. We started our work by determining the monthly water requirements based on geographic location information such as temperature and amount of precipitation, taking into account the condition of the soil and the area of the area to be irrigated. Then we calculated the daily water volume, and finally we finished this step by sizing the submersible pump and the inverter. To size the energy system, we used an approach based on a traditional analytical method that relies on the integration of two energies from the sun, solar energy and wind energy, depending on the seasonal variations for each. For this, we used a method based on the worst month. The results obtained allowed us to notice that this method exaggerates the expectations, which results in an excess of production in the event of days of abundance of resources, this is why we proposed a method of water surplus management to irrigate crops seasonally with the use of an accessible water reservoir of a reasonable size. Finally, we have reinforced our results with simulations in Homer software which offers us several possibilities of system compositions, the calculation results are based on the technical data of the components and the cost of the system over its life time.
In our work, we have addressed a modern solution to a relatively old problem, which is the sizing of a hybrid water pumping system, where we have used photovoltaic energy and wind power as the source to power our pump Submersible. We started our work by determining the monthly water requirements based on geographic location information such as temperature and amount of precipitation, taking into account the condition of the soil and the area of the area to be irrigated. Then we calculated the daily water volume, and finally we finished this step by sizing the submersible pump and the inverter. To size the energy system, we used an approach based on a traditional analytical method that relies on the integration of two energies from the sun, solar energy and wind energy, depending on the seasonal variations for each. For this, we used a method based on the worst month. The results obtained allowed us to notice that this method exaggerates the expectations, which results in an excess of production in the event of days of abundance of resources, this is why we proposed a method of water surplus management to irrigate crops seasonally with the use of an accessible water reservoir of a reasonable size. Finally, we have reinforced our results with simulations in Homer software which offers us several possibilities of system compositions, the calculation results are based on the technical data of the components and the cost of the system over its lifetime.
In this work, the simulation of an airfoil with NACA 63-618 cross section was performed to obtain the curves of the lift and drag coefficients as a function of the angle of attack. The interest in this profile is its application in operational current turbines, such as SeaGen, which can harness the kinetic energy of the currents of rivers and seas. A two-dimensional model was used to simulate the airfoil with a chord of 0.23 m. The Reynolds number was Re = 5.3 × 105 and the angle of attack varied between −5° < α < 15°. The values obtained were compared with experimental tests and other simulations. Several conventional RANS turbulence models have been applied, such as k-ε, optimized k-ε, SST and RSM, however none of them presented results that were in accordance with the literature. The Transition SST model showed better agreement with the experiments. It was demonstrated in the present study that the Transition SST model is fundamental in this specific case. This happens because there is a laminar-turbulent transition on the airfoil. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models accurately simulate provided appropriate numerical techniques are employed.KeywordsAirfoilNACA 63-618LiftDragTransition SST
The insertion of renewable sources to diversify the energy matrix is one of the alternatives for the energy transition. In this sense, Brazil is one of the largest producers of renewable energy in the world, mainly in wind generation. However, the impact of integrating intermittent sources into the system depends on their penetration level, causing problems in the electrical network. To evaluate this scenario, the present article aims to investigate the power quality problems generated by wind turbines in connection with the electrical system and how battery energy storage systems (BESS) solve or mitigate these disturbances in the network. Knowing the impacts of high generation power variability, the focus of the work is the application of power smoothing. However, results are presented for five applications (factor correction, voltage control, power factor smoothing, frequency control and time shift) that can be carried out at the studied wind farm. This article presents a real BESS, which has a capacity of 1 MW/1.29 MWh, connected in parallel to a group of wind turbines that provides a power of approximately 50.4 MW located in Brazil. In addition to presenting the system simulation in HOMER Pro software, this study validates the effectiveness of this BESS by presenting real operation data for each application.
To reduce costs, a low-cost thin-film solar cell technique known as the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)/Gratzel Cell emerged. DSSC is an easy to manufacture photovoltaic technique but lacks its stability and higher conversion efficiency factors. In this paper, to overcome these challenges and to keep the cost factor on trial, the photogalvanic cell was also studied using an H-shaped glass tube. Both DSSC and photogalvanic cells were studied using the dyes Erythrosin B, Tartrazine, and a mixture of Erythrosin B and Tartrazine. It was noticed that the solution of a “mixture of photosensitisers” gave the conversion efficiency(η) of solar light of 0.11% in DSSC with Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as solvent, whereas the same system gave the 0.6963% conversion efficiency(η) of solar light in a photogalvanic solar cell, which states that photogalvanic cells shows comparatively higher conversion efficiency than DSSC.
3.1 MODELLING OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER DYNAMICS Currently, several WECs exist with different absorption mechanisms and subsystems. Hence, a general formulation to describe the dynamics of all possible devices is a non- trivial task. This section provides practical, condensed information, and derivations for the dynamics of oscillating bodies, as this category comprises most WECs, and relevant literature is recommended for more technical information. The approaches described here can be extended to the analysis of other WECs systems and examples of these are given throughout the book.
3.2 PRINCIPLES AND BOUNDS OF WAVE POWER ABSORPTION Understanding the principles and limits in WEC power absorption is crucial for efficient PTO system design. To avoid losing generality, this section treats the PTO system (a complex and multi-functional sub-system of WEC as detailed in Section 3.3) as a generic feedback control system that generates a PTO control force modifying the power absorption performance of the WEC system.
3.3 CONTROL SYSTEM AND POWER TAKE-OFF DESIGN
The PTO system is the core of a WEC, and has multiple functions: 1) most obviously, it converts the mechanical power of the WEC mechanism into electricity; 2) it enhances the hydrodynamic efficiency of the WEC and thus maximises its power absorption in varying sea states; and 3) it ensures safe operation of the WEC in the harsh sea environment.
İklim kavramı ile canlı yaşamının sürdüğü dünyanın bir
bölgesindeki uzun süre boyunca gözlenen nem, rüzgâr, hava basıncı,
sıcaklık, yağış gibi meteoroloji alanına giren doğa olayları
kastedilmektedir. İklim kavramının temel özelliği bu doğa olaylarının
uzun süreler boyunca o bölgede gözlemlenmesi sonucu elde edilen
bilgiyi ifade etmesidir. Canlı yaşamının sürdüğü çevre, sürekli bir
değişim içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Yaşadığımız gezegen olan dünyada
neslinin tükendiğini öğrendiğimiz türlerin kalıntıları keşfedilmektedir.
Canlı türlerinin yok olması büyük ölçüde çevresel değişimlere bağlı
olarak türün çevreye ayak uyduramamasından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Nitekim dünya insan varlığından önce ortalama sıcaklık ve
karbondioksit düzeylerinin insan yaşamına izin vermeyecek şekilde
yüksek olduğu dönemler geçirmiştir. Bu dönem daha sonra yerini
buzul çağına bırakmış ve yaklaşık olarak 10-14 bin yıl önce şu anda
da içinde bulunduğumuz “Holosen” çağı başlamıştır.
21. yüzyıl iklim krizi açısından bir dönüm noktası. İnsan eylemlerinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan iklim değişikliği nedeniyle tüm canlı yaşamı yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya. Son 200 yıldır tabiri caizse bindiğimiz dalı kesiyoruz. Fakat canlı yaşamı için varoluş sorunsalı olan iklim değişikliğini önlemede hâlâ geç kalmış sayılmayız. İnsanların tam merkezinde bulunduğu iklim krizini doğru enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması ile sonlandırmak mümkün. İklim krizinin kaderini kullanılan enerji kaynaklarının türü belirleyebilir. Bu bilimsel eser iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede farklı enerji kaynaklarının rolünü ve iklim krizine karşı çözüm önerilerini okuyuculara sunmaktadır.
With the increasing population and standard of living, the energy demand is increasing. But the non-renewable resources are decreasing with the increasing demand for energy. So, we should focus on renewable energy resources. According to the report of REN21 in 2019, 73.8%of electricity is generated from non-renewable energy resources, and only 26.2%of electricity is generated from renewable energy resources where 15.8% is from Hydropower, 5.5% from Wind Power, 2.4% from solar PV (Photovoltaics), 2.2% from Bio-power and 0.4% from Geothermal, CSP and Ocean power. In this paper, we review the major renewable energy resources to determine effective and usable renewable resources. We especially focus on hydropower, wind power, and solar power, because those are the most used renewable resources at present. And finally, we develop a solar house system. To implement the solar house system, we used a solar array, a battery array, charge controller, inverter, and loads.
People need clean water for manufacturing, agricultural, industrial, domestic, and ecological sectors. The lack of access to clean water resources is becoming increasingly grievous. Water shortages may have important consequences in energy and climate policies. It is therefore important to understand the interrelationships between climate, resources, and water, both at macrolevel and at the local level. In addition, understanding the water consumption required for generating electricity by examining water-efficient technologies for power stations is immaterial. This chapter helps readers understand how solar energy can be used to treat water. A brief note on water resources, quality, and crisis is discussed. This chapter also provides an overview of various renewable energy sources and the importance of solar energy in water/wastewater treatment.
The wind is a key source of renewable energy. Extraction energy from wind depends on the performance parameters of the turbine blade. In this thesis, we have developed a computer program to compute different performance parameters of a model wind turbine using 7 different airfoils. The power coefficient of the blade varies significantly for the 7 airfoils. The lift and drag coefficient of the airfoils have an impact on the power coefficient. Using the power coefficient of the most efficient airfoil, we calculated the turbine power output for 5 different regions of Bangladesh. The power output in the regions is not good enough to generate electricity, but it can be used in water pumping.
The wind is moving atmospheric air that is clean, inexhaustible, ubiquitous, and free at the same time. It is generated due to three main reasons: the revolving Earth, irregular patterns of the Earth’s surface, and uneven heating from the sun in the atmosphere. The wind flow patterns are shaped through buildings, environmental factors, and Earth’s terrain. This wind can generate electricity if harvested by employing wind turbines. Windmills are used in various applications but those generating electricity are termed wind turbines. The kinetic energy of wind is converted to a usable form of energy through these turbines. This kinetic energy of wind causes the turbine blades to rotate. A shaft coupled with the electrical generator is attached to these blades. The generator then converts the mechanical power to electrical power.
In this book “Modeling and Designing of Wind Turbine Blade” for the location of Distt. Kangra is presented. The methodology used in this research includes the collection of meteorological data and investigation of parameters that effects the power output of the wind blade. At first the investigation of parameter and meteorological data is collected for the selected area, After the investigation of parameters, the airfoil section is done. In this research work certain airfoils have selected based on the literature review and investigate these airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. The characteristics of airfoil is examined on the basis of lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. based on the characteristics of the airfoil, the best airfoil is selected for the modeling and designing of wind blade in q blade software. For the modeling of blade at first blade is divided into different sections for the calculation purpose. At the end, simulation of wind blade is done and a graph of coefficient of power and tip to speed ratio is obtained. The performance of the blade at different Reynolds numbers is also checked by us in q blade software.
Sydney and ChecklandOlive. Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832-1914. (The New History of Scotland.) Baltimore, Md.: Edward Arnold. 1984. Pp. 218. $13.95 paper. - Volume 17 Issue 1 - Stewart J. Brown
Student recreates Scots energy pioneer's project 100 years on
- S Macnab
Electrical engineering, Longmans, Green and Company
- W Slingo
- A Brooker
Lengthening the day: A history of lighting technology
- B Bowers
The history of fluorescent lights
- M Bellis
The Highland clearances - its causes, effects and results
- R M Gunn
On the application of wind power to the production of electric currents
- J Blyth
On the application of wind power to the generation and storage of electricity
- J Blyth
Prof. James Blyth obituary notice
- J Colville