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A Phonological Investigation of Aphasic Speech

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... Dans le cas d'un déficit phonologique et/ou phonétique, et dans le contexte d'une apraxie de la parole, les paraphasies et les erreurs phonétiques les plus fréquemment observées à partir de données empiriques sont : l'omission (d'un membre consonantique, vocalique, ou bien la réduction d'une séquence consonantique, d'une syllabe), l'épenthèse (insertion) consonantique ou vocalique et la substitution (l'assimilation ou l'harmonie consonantique) (Blumstein, 1973(Blumstein, , 1978Den Ouden, 2011;Den Ouden et Bastiaanse, 2003;Nespoulous et Moreau, 1998;Prince, 2016). D'autres erreurs, plus rares, sont également répertoriées comme la métathèsequi correspond à une inversion de deux segmentsla reduplication d'un segment au sein de la chaîne, ou encore le déplacement d'un segment au sein d'une autre position de la chaîne (shifting). ...
... L'ensemble de ces études indique ainsi une interaction entre segments, syllabes et positions, mais pas seulement. D'autres auteurs rapportent que les locuteurs atteints d'une aphasie non-fluente avec un déficit antérieur ont tendance à réaliser des simplifications des structures linguistiques contrairement aux aphasies postérieures fluentes (Blumstein, 1973(Blumstein, , 1978Marczyck et Baqué, 2015). Dans ce dernier cas, les erreurs générées sont plus hétéroclites et ne résultent pas toujours en une simplification 8 de la structure linguistique. ...
... La métathèse est l'erreur la moins courante, représentant seulement 5,26 % de l'ensemble des erreurs réalisées. Ces résultats sont similaires à ceux des études présentées dans la section théorique pour le français, le néerlandais ou encore l'italien (Blumstein, 1973;Den Ouden, 2011;Moreau, 1993;Romani et al., 2017, inter alia). Dans le détail, si ces erreurs sont observées selon le contexte, il est à noter que ces dernières ne résultent pas du hasard. ...
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Résumé Cet article questionne la nature des troubles phonologiques à travers le prisme de la notion de complexité phonologique chez des locuteurs francophones atteints d’aphasie. Si de nombreux travaux ont été consacrés aux erreurs phonétiques portant sur la réalisation des phonèmes, plus rares sont les études qui prennent en compte la dimension phonologique, i.e. l’environnement contextuel. Toutefois certains auteurs montrent que la structure syllabique du mot, ou encore la position des segments au sein des syllabes influencent les réalisations des locuteurs atteints d’une aphasie (Wilshire & Nespoulous, 2003; Buchwald et Miozzo, 2012; Buchwald, 2017). Ces facteurs renvoient à la notion de complexité phonologique. Cette étude présente une analyse des erreurs phonologiques dans l’aphasie à partir d’un corpus de données empiriques récoltées auprès de huit locuteurs. Plusieurs facteurs de la complexité phonologique sont ici analysés afin de comprendre s’ils jouent un rôle dans la réalisation des erreurs. L’hypothèse est que la présence de séquences consonantiques, la position de ces séquences dans les items (initiale vs médiane), la nature de ces séquences (hétérosyllabique, tautosyllabique) ainsi que la longueur des items (bi vs trisyllabique) influencent la production des erreurs. À travers cette recherche, nous espérons accroître les connaissances sur la nature des déficits phonologiques.
... Studies focusing on phonemic and phonetic errors in aphasia have been widely conducted across languages, such as Blumstein (1973), Cera and Ortiz (2010), Ferreres (1990), Gandour (1998), Goldman et al., (2001), and Romani et al., (2002). However, an investigation of the sonority substitution errors in the Balinese speech output of Broca's aphasia has not been conducted yet. ...
... Amongst the phonological errors, it is known that the percentage of phoneme substitution made by patients with Broca's aphasia is the biggest category of errors and then omission. Blumstein (1973) found that 48.7 % phoneme substitution in Broca's aphasia and 35.2 % in Wernicke's aphasia. Ferreres (1990) showed that patients made 59% phoneme substitution errors. ...
... Insertion errors mostly take place in consonant clusters or they can set new consonant clusters. This condition supported previous studies (see Blumstein, 1973;Romani and Calabrese, 1998;Beland and Favreau (1991). Phoneme impairment usually triggers the insertion and is usually associated with feature groups on the sonority scale. ...
Article
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The objective of the study is to investigate the sound simplification of speech output in Broca's aphasics and describe the effect of the alteration within phonological features from the perspective of Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP). The speech output of two patients was exposed using phonological tasks and recorded with a Sonny voice recorder. The effect of features in substitution sonority was measured with the Wilcoxon's test and acoustic features were analyzed with Praat. The results of the study revealed that the consonant substitution and omission errors in Broca’s aphasia occur in the initial position due to the lesion in the anterior part of the left brain and that the less marked features that are statistically substituted by marked features are not significantly affected by marked features that are substituted by less marked features. The substitution was dominantly influenced by neighboring segments and the sonority violance occured againts the sonority scale
... In der Literatur werden in diesem Zusammenhang oft Patienten mit einer Wernicke-, Broca-oder Leitungsaphasie untersucht und beschrieben (vgl. Blumstein, 1973;Kohn, 1988: 93;Dittmann, 1991: 47;McNeil et al., 1997: 316), wobei Studien belegen, dass phonematische Paraphasien bei allen Aphasieformen auftreten können (Dittmann, 1991: 47;Kohn, 1993: 198). Dies deutet bereits auf das Problem der folgenden Abschnitte hin: Obwohl eine Vielzahl an Studien zu produktiven phonologischen Fehlern bei Aphasien vorliegt (vgl. ...
... Probanden mit einer aphasisch-phonologischen Störung produzieren vorwiegend PPs -das Leitsymptom der aphasisch-phonologischen Störung (vgl. Blumstein, 1973;Kohn, 1993: 197;Wilshire, 2002: 178;Hunger, 2008: 68;Cholewa & Corsten, 2010: 208 (Dittmann, 1991: 44). Die Probanden der Kontrollgruppe der vorliegenden Studie produzieren, wenn auch wenige, PEs. ...
... In der Studie von Blumstein (1973: 58) Elisionen treten häufiger in Konsonantenclustern als bei Einzelkonsonanten auf (Blumstein, 1973: 59 f.) -eine weitere Gemeinsamkeit mit der Sprechapraxie. ...
Thesis
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die zugrunde liegende Frage, ob die Sprechapraxie und die aphasisch-phonologische Störung anhand phonetischer Entstellungen und phonematischer Paraphasien bei Diphthongen und Monophthongen voneinander unterschieden werden können. Ergänzend werden messphonetische Daten wie Vokal- und Wortdauern, der erste und zweite Vokalformant und die Voice Onset Time bei stimmlosen Plosiven im Silbenanlaut vergleichend herangezogen. Dazu werden drei Gruppen à vier Probanden untersucht: Gruppe SAX (mit Sprechapraxie), Gruppe APH (mit aphasisch-phonologischer Störung) und Gruppe NOM (sprachgesunde Kontrollgruppe). Es wird ein Nachsprechtest von 104 deutschen, meist monomorphematischen, einsilbigen Nomina, 52 einfache (CVC) und 52 komplexe (CCVC und CVCC) Silben, durchgeführt. Jeder Vokal wird durch acht meist unterschiedliche Wörter überprüft. Die Reaktionen werden mit dem phonetischen Analyseprogramm „Praat“ (Version 5.2.22, Boersma & Weenink, 1992–2011) segmentiert sowie ohren- und messphonetisch analysiert. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt mit R (R Foundation) und R Studio (Version 0.98.1103, 2009–2014). Die Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise auf störungsspezifische Fehler bzw. Pathomechanismen der Sprechapraxie. Die Gruppe SAX produziert signifikant mehr phonetische Entstellungen bei Monophthongen und Diphthongen sowie signifikant längere Wortdauern als die Gruppe APH. In der Gruppe SAX sind einige Vokale nur teilweise entstellt, wie z. B. initial atypisch behauchte oder gerundete Vokale. Auch zeigen sich die Formantwerte in der Gruppe SAX variabler als in der Gruppe APH und der Gruppe NOM. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf ein angenommenes Timing-Defizit bei der Planung und Kontrolle sprechmotorischer Bewegungen der Sprechapraxie.
... Many cues have been studied, such as vowel formant dispersion, aspiration phenomena after/s/-deletion errors in words beginning by/s/, or duration and amplitude of frication noise during the production of/s/or/z/ (Buchwald & Miozzo, 2011;Den Ouden et al., 2016;Frisch & Wright, 2002;Kurowski & Blumstein, 2016). However, Voice Onset Time (VOT) is by far the acoustic cue that has been the most frequently studied in order to describe production deficits in language-impaired speakers (Auzou et al., 2000;Baker, Ryalls, Brice, & Whiteside, 2007;Ball, Code, Tree, Dawe, & Kay, 2004;Blumstein, 1973;Blumstein et al., 1980;Kent et al., 1999;Kurowski & Blumstein, 2016;Machuca & Marczyk, 2017;Nespoulous et al., 2013;Ryalls et al., 1995). VOT is the primary phonetic cue implementing the phonological distinction between voiced and voiceless stop consonants in a large variety of languages (Cho & Ladefoged, 1999;Serniclaes, 1987). ...
... Indeed, production of an appropriate VOT requires accurate control over the articulatory timing between two independent gestures: glottal vibration and supra-glottal closure. It is, therefore, well suited to the study of disorders of phonological encoding, phonetic planning and speech motor control in aphasic patients (Blumstein, 1973;Blumstein et al., 1980;Nespoulous et al., 2013). ...
... For voiced stops, typical VOT values fall in the "short lag" range (around 15 ms), whereas voiceless stops are characterized by longer positive VOT values ("long lag", around 70 ms) associated with the "aspiration" phase (Cho & Ladefoged, 1999). Studies on English patients suffering from Broca's aphasia and/ or apraxia of speech indicated that most of the patients' VOT values fell in-between the typical values observed in the language for voiced and voiceless stops, resulting in an overlap between voiced and voiceless categories for these patients (Auzou et al., 2000;Blumstein, 1973;Blumstein et al., 1980;Kent & Kim, 2003;Kurowski & Blumstein, 2016;Kurowski, Hazen, & Blumstein, 2003). In other languages such as Spanish, Catalan or French, the distinction between voiced and voiceless stop consonants relies on the other end of the VOT dimension. ...
Article
The aim of the present study is to contribute to the description of the speech production deficits in French-speaking aphasic patients, so as to shed light on their potential phonetic and/or phonological disorders. Acoustic studies of aphasics’ speech productions remain relatively infrequent, especially in French, and when entering into the specifics, often lead to inconsistent results. We conducted a multiple-case study on six aphasic patients, four with non-fluent aphasia and two with fluent aphasia. They were administered a variety of language and neuropsychological tasks, then they participated in a customized non-word repetition task. Acoustic analyses of their speech productions were performed, focussing on VOT as the main acoustic correlate of the voicing contrast for oral stops. Other atypicalities in their productions were also classified. Results showed variable and mainly “mixed” phonetic-phonological impairment profiles that differed from the traditional hypotheses made in the literature about the speech deficits to be expected as a function of type of aphasia. Our results support the use of acoustic analyses in order to complete language examination in aphasic patients but also suggest that the frontier between phonological and phonetic impairment is not clear-cut. These outcomes are better accounted for by theories and models postulating close relationships between the phonological and phonetic levels of processing.
... Furthermore, studies in the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (TCRS), such as Blumstein (1973), Nespoulous et al. (1987), Béland, Favreau (1991), Valdois (1987), Moreau (1993) and Béland, Paradis (1997), have shown that phonological disorders correspond to a surface manifestation of the application of repair strategies made by aphasics to solve a conflict between their own constraints 2 Jakobson (1968: 60-62). 3 Phonology demonstrates that sC clusters have a special status for many reasons _ sC behave different from complex onsets in terms of sonority for example, data in typology and acquisition show that sC behave inconsistently, sometimes as a heterosyllabic sequence and other times as a tautosyllabic sequence (Goad, 2011). ...
... In aphasia, Blumstein, Baker & Goodglass (1977) suggest that the nature of the syllabic structure can generate transformations. For example, Blumstein (1973) has shown that deletion concerns mostly liquids in a cluster. Valdois (1987), Nespoulous and Moreau (1997) have shown that in a cluster pattern such as /obstruent+liquid/ or /fricative+liquid/, C 2 is more deleted than C 1 (Fikkert, 1994;2000). ...
... Standard approaches to substitution in aphasia have relied on Interphonemic Distance (henceforth ID), which computes the number of feature changes. Blumstein (1973), Nespoulous et al. (1987) propose that most cases of substitutions show an ID of 1, i.e. most of the time, transformations imply only one feature value: place or manner of articulation (now PoAs and MoAs respectively). ID allows computing the degree of complexity of substitutions by comparing feature values of two matrices. ...
Article
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In this paper, we will suggest that the Jakobson postulate ([1941]1968) concerning the mirror-image between language acquisition and speech language impairment is still relevant. This study presents the results of an investigation into the acquisition of phonology of 20 French children and the speech pathology of 20 French aphasic speakers. On the basis of French data, our claim is that markedness, which played a central role in Jakobson’s work, is essential for the treatment of the production of children and aphasic speakers. We will show that similar strategies, such as deletions, epenthesis and substitutions are applied during acquisition but also during aphasia. These strategies correspond to the application of repair strategies made by aphasics and children to solve a conflict between their own constraints and the constraints applied in standard language.
... prozesamenduaren inguruko teoria gehienak [7,8] [19,20]. [17,27,29,30]. Esate batera, osagai fonologikoari dagokionez, afasikoen hutsetan islatzen da teoria fonologikoko tasun bereizgarriei dagokien markatutasuna [17,32] eta bokal eta kontsonanteen bereizketa [33]. ...
... [17,27,29,30]. Esate batera, osagai fonologikoari dagokionez, afasikoen hutsetan islatzen da teoria fonologikoko tasun bereizgarriei dagokien markatutasuna [17,32] eta bokal eta kontsonanteen bereizketa [33]. Beste hainbat kontzeptu gramatikaletarako ebidentzia ere eskaini dute afasikoen ezintasun eta disoziazioek, hala nola, izen eta aditz kategoria gramatikalen bereizketarakoa [30], inflexio eta eratorpen morfologiaren bereizketarakoa [34], egitura sintaktikoen hierarkia eta proposamenetarakoa [35], eratorpen sintaktikoko eragiketa jakinetarakoa [20] eta kate sintaktiko motetarakoa [36]. ...
Article
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Afasiaren azterketak hizkuntzaren antolaketarako ebidentzia enpirikoa eskaintzen du, horregatik da ekarpen garrantzitsua eredu neurolinguistiko eta psikolinguistikoak garatzeko. Lan honetan, afasiologiarako sarrera labur gisa, burmuineko lesioen ikerketak hizkuntzaren eta hizkuntza osagaien antolaketaz zer erakutsi duen berrikusten da. Horretarako, aurkezten dira, batetik, afasiologiaren historian hizkuntzaren irudikapenaren inguruan izandako ikuspegi nagusiak eta, bestetik, zer-nolako datuak eskaintzen dituen afasiak hizkuntz osagaien antolaketa funtzionalerako eta hizkuntzalaritza teoriarako.
... In aphasiology, and especially in the field of phonemic paraphasias, one of the main research goals over the past decades has been to establish a threefold correspondence between symptoms, underlying causes and aphasic syndromes (Blumstein, 1973;Blumstein, Cooper, Goodglass, Statlender & Gottlieb, 1980;Buchwald & Miozzo, 2012;Buchwald, Rapp & Stone, 2007;Buckingham, 1986;Buckingham & Christman, 2008;Canter, Trost & Burns, 1985;Lecours & Lhermitte, 1969;Nespoulous, Joanette, Ska, Caplan & Lecours, 1987;Nespoulous, Lecours & Joanette, 1983;Tesak & Code, 2008 among others). This objective was framed with ease within the modular framework of language encoding precisely because of the modularity assumption but also because of the apparent naturalness with which this framework accommodated the double dissociation procedure (but see Plaut, 1995;Shallice, 1988), thus allowing researchers to link selective impairments of a processing component with a particular clinical syndrome. ...
... The second conclusion is related to the existence of common effects, either promoting or constraining errors, which are independent of aphasic profiles. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis, embraced by connectionists, that errors are sensitive to some universal aspects of speech production (see the classical study by Blumstein, 1973). These commonalities play themselves out in the existence of preferential tendencies and variable effects in both aphasic groups and suggest that aphasic syndromes may be better described with the notion of 'spectrum of disorders' rather than clear-cut categories. ...
Article
This paper analyses the factors that predict substitution errors produced by four Broca’s and four conduction aphasic subjects, all native speakers of Spanish, in reading and repetition tasks. Errors were elicited using a list of words where type of consonant, lexical stress and phonetic context were controlled for and where variables related to frequency of occurrence (word and syllable) and phonological neighbourhood characteristics were assigned using available online corpora. 675 substitution errors were obtained and preferential tendencies to devoice, occlusivise or spirantise were identified. Logistic regression mixed-effect models were performed on these three types of substitution errors to identify the predictors depending on the aphasic profile. While our results lent support to the hypothesis of a concomitant phonetic deficit in fluent aphasia, contrary to the classical claim, it also revealed differential patterns in the phonic behaviour of patients regarding the access to mental syllabary or syllabic position effects. Our results are discussed in relation to the phonetic vs. phonological impairments dimension in aphasia and the seriality/ interactivity axis in speech architectures.
... In particular, the phoneme errors produced by both anterior and posterior aphasics have been viewed as including the addition, deletion, substitution, or incorrect sequencing of one or more phonemes within a word. Both patients with anterior lesions, clinically diagnosed as Broca's or non-fluent aphasics, and patients with posterior lesions, clinically diagnosed as Conduction and Wernicke's aphasics, show similar patterns: phoneme substitution errors are the most common error type; there are more consonant than vowel errors; and more single feature substitutions occur than multiple feature substitutions (Blumstein 1973;Burns & Canter 1977;Haley, Jacks, & Cunningham, 2013;Halpern, Keith & Darly, 1976;Lecours & Lhermitte, 1969). These phoneme errors in aphasic populations are subsumed under the category of phonemic or literal paraphasias. ...
... Nonetheless, it is worth noting that, even in the context of this dichotomy, anterior aphasics do make phonemic paraphasias, suggesting that they too display phonological selection and planning deficits (Blumstein, 1973;Haley et al., 2013), and posterior aphasics show phonetic changes in their speech output, suggesting that they have subtle articulatory implementation deficits (Baum et al., 1990). Taken together, these findings suggest that some phonemic paraphasias reflect phonetic (articulatory) rather than phonological (selection) impairments, consistent with the view that the processes involved in phonological selection/planning and articulatory implementation stages may not be as independent as suggested in the literature, but rather they are inextricably linked. ...
Article
Phonemic paraphasias are a common presenting symptom in aphasia and are thought to reflect a deficit in which selecting an incorrect phonemic segment results in the clear-cut substitution of one phonemic segment for another. The current study re-examines the basis of these paraphasias. Seven left hemisphere-damaged aphasics with a range of left hemisphere lesions and clinical diagnoses including Broca's, Conduction, and Wernicke's aphasia, were asked to produce syllable-initial voiced and voiceless fricative consonants, [z] and [s], in CV syllables followed by one of five vowels [i e a o u] in isolation and in a carrier phrase. Acoustic analyses were conducted focusing on two acoustic parameters signaling voicing in fricative consonants: duration and amplitude properties of the fricative noise. Results show that for all participants, regardless of clinical diagnosis or lesion site, phonemic paraphasias leave an acoustic trace of the original target in the error production. These findings challenge the view that phonemic paraphasias arise from a mis-selection of phonemic units followed by its correct implementation, as traditionally proposed. Rather, they appear to derive from a common mechanism with speech errors reflecting the co-activation of a target and competitor resulting in speech output that has some phonetic properties of both segments.
... As such, standard approaches to substitutions in aphasia have relied on Interphonemic Distance (ID, Blumstein 1973), which computes the number of feature changes. ID allows one to compute the degree of complexity of substitutions by comparing feature values inside two matrices. ...
... Dans la continuité des travaux de Blumstein [35,36], ou encore ceux de Baqué et al. 17 On parlera, en phonologie, selon la théorie adoptée, de la perte d'un trait distinctif ou encore de la perte d'un élément [42]. ...
... He argued that there are two fundamental dimensions along which aphasic speech can be classified: disorders of "similarity" (replacements or selection errors) and disorders of "contiguity," temporal ordering problems. His work had had little impact at the time but was later rediscovered and applied primarily to phonologic analysis of speech errors, for instance by Sheila Blumstein (e.g., Blumstein, 1973). ...
Chapter
This chapter gives a broad overview of the description and theorizing of a wide range of language disorders resulting from brain damage, commonly classified under the umbrella term "aphasia." It covers works written in Antiquity up to the 20th century. Moreover, it looks at disturbances in various language modalities such as speech, language comprehension, reading, writing, and sign language. In addition, also forms of the more recently discovered primary progressive aphasia are discussed. Finally, important developments in the history of assessment and rehabilitation of language disorders are described. To properly characterize disorders of language, these developments are discussed from the perspectives of neurology, psychology, and linguistics.
... The vulnerability of initial consonants was also seen in slips of the tongue in aphasic speech. For example, word-initial errors were more common than word final errors for speakers with Broca's or Conduction aphasia (Blumstein, 1973) and for a speaker with Wernicke's aphasia (Goldmann et al., 2001). ...
Article
Consonant production errors are common in dysarthric speech, but not all consonants are affected to the same extent. Currently, only limited knowledge exists regarding whether different positional allophones are affected to varying degrees in dysarthric speech. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consonants’ position-in-words on consonant production accuracy and their relevance to speech intelligibility. To this end, the percentage of correctly articulated consonants was analyzed with respect to position-in-words, manner of articulation, and speakers’ overall intelligibility in dysarthric speech secondary to cerebral palsy. Results revealed that consonants were generally more accurate in initial positions than other positions, and when they were singletons rather than clusters. However, fricatives, a category commonly noted for frequent misarticulations, exhibited no significant positional effects, indicating that fricatives were affected to a similar degree across all word positions. In addition, positional asymmetry manifested to a greater degree as intelligibility decreased. Finally, the strength of the relationship between consonant production accuracy and intelligibility varied depending on positions-in-words, with strong correlations in the medial and final cluster positions but no significant correlation for fricatives in the initial and final singleton positions. The correlation was markedly low for the initial consonants, possibly due to the resistance of initial consonants to production errors. The positional asymmetry found in this study necessitates more research on non-initial consonants and clusters for their potential in improving consonant production and speech intelligibility as a part of dysarthria management.
... The most common error type for those with aphasia is sound substitution. Analyses of sound substitutions in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia show both striking similarities and also differences (Lecours and Lhermitte, 1969;Blumstein, 1973;Haley et al., 2013). First, to the similarities. ...
... D'après nos données, les substitutions sont plus fréquentes que les autres types de transformations en attaque et ce indépendamment de la tâche chez tous nos locuteurs. Cela confirme les observations d'autres études dans lesquelles les substitutions semblent être les plus fréquentes dans les corpus de sujets aphasiques (Blumstein 1973 ;Caramazza et al. 1986 ...
... While qualitative assessment of the recordings suggests some level of phonetic distortion-articulatory errors-the most common type of error was the simplification of consonant clusters, an error type that is common in aphasia and speech apraxia (e.g. Blumstein, 1973;Galluzzi et al., 2015;Laganaro, 2012). We suggest that this reflects a disruption in phonological planning. ...
... There are three principles of direct rehabilitation; (i) natural therapy is the oldest approach that claims the dysfunction of the brain and the cause of aphasia can be restored so that it can function again; (ii) process approach therapy is conducted to modify the process that causes the aphasia, including the increasing auditory and visual perception, activating cortex function in reorganization, and reintegration of memory for language and the right hemisphere involvement; and (iii) communication approach therapy is conducted to develop patients' communication modality even though she or he is suffering from aphasia. Associated with natural therapy, Blumstein (1973), Novick et.al (2010), Sengkey & Pandeiroth. (2014) and Kemmerer (2014) report that the damage to the left perisylvian language structures typically results in one of the classic aphasia syndromes. ...
Article
The studies of phonological therapy for patients with both phonemic planning and articulatory implementation deficits report the related dichotomy of anterior and posterior syndrome with psycholinguistic model. However, there must be some investigation on segmental errors as input of rehabilitation within phonological framework. This study investigates whether the errors-based rehabilitation model can encourage two Balinese individuals with Broca's aphasia (KW and NS) to reduce the phonological errors. The results showed that KW and NS performed different segmental errors and types of the phonological process even though they suffered from identical non-fluent symptom. KW, in pre-intervention tended to present phonemes substitution, omission and insertion errors which mostly occurred in the initial position of words and he transposed the onset of the second syllable to the onset of the first syllable. Meanwhile, NS in some cases, tended to transpose the phonemes randomly, inserted other segments – especially [nasal] and [lateral] between two vowels (hiatuses) and altered the high complex segments with less complex ones. The phonological error-based rehabilitation was effective to reduce the errors and the phonetic relaxation helped them exhibit minor errors. This indicated that phonetic based training can stimulate the articulatory processing deficit as anterior syndrome.
... De nombreuses études ont montré des tendances préférentielles quant aux substitutions produites par les aphasiques [1], [2], [3], [4]. La transcription perceptive de ces études est discutée par des auteurs effectuant des analyses acoustiques [5], [6], [7], sur le voisement notamment, afin de déterminer l'altération phonétique ou phonologique du trouble. ...
... 2 La composante phonologique dans l'aphasie 2.1 L'aphasie : la nature des contraintes phonologiques Des études issues des données de l'aphasie portant sur différentes langues -parmi lesquelles l'anglais, le français, l'italien ou encore le néerlandais -permettent de souligner que l'omission (d'un membre consonantique ou bien la réduction d'une séquence consonantique) et la substitution (assimilation, harmonie consonantique) constituent les opérations les plus fréquentes dans l'aphasie lorsqu'il y a un déficit de nature phonologique (Blumstein, 1973(Blumstein, , 1978Béland, 1985 ;Valdois et Nespoulous, 1994 ;Nespoulous et al., 1987 ;Béland et Favreau, 1991 ;Den Ouden, 2002 ;Den Ouden et Bastiaanse, 2003, 2005Baqué et al., 2012 ;Prince, 2016). Blumstein (1973 : 136) souligne qu'elle observe dans ses données une régularité des processus dans l'aphasie où les mêmes phonèmes / syllabes peuvent être affectés dans certaines positions, indépendamment du type d'aphasie. ...
Conference Paper
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Cette étude présente une analyse linguistique des troubles phonético-phonologiques dans l'aphasie de Broca et de Wernicke. À partir de l'observation des productions de 13 locuteurs aphasiques francophones, lors de la réalisation de 40 items contenant des séquences consonantiques complexes (via une tâche de dénomination), nous revenons sur la question de l'origine des troubles à travers la dichotomie phonétique-phonologie et en offrons un approfondissement. Si la nature de l'aphasie engendre différents patterns d'erreurs, certains contextes phonologiques sont particulièrement affectés. Les paraphasies relevées chez ces locuteurs sont loin d'être aléatoires. Celles-ci se réduisent à cinq types : substitution, omission, épenthèse, métathèse et réduction. L'ensemble des résultats révèle une interaction entre segments, syllabes et position et questionne tant la phonologie que la neuropsycholinguistique. Pour comprendre la nature des transformations générées dans l'aphasie et montrer le lien entre troubles phonétiques et phonologiques, nous proposons une analyse des substitutions dans le cadre de la théorie des éléments. ABSTRACT Phonetic and phonological impairments in Aphasia This paper presents a linguistic analysis of the phonetical and phonological impairments in 13 French aphasic speakers suffering from Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. From a study based on the production of 40 items containing different consonantal sequences through a picture-naming task, we discuss the phonetic versus phonological's origin of the impairments in order to propose a new reflexion. The detected paraphasias applied during a phonological deficit are not random. They are reduced to five kinds: substitution, deletion, epenthesis, metathesis and total reduction. These results reveal an interaction between segments, syllables and position and open the questions for both formal phonology and neuropsycholinguistics. Certain syllabic positions and contexts are prone to particular types of paraphasias. In order to understand the nature of the transformations generated during an aphasia, and to demonstrate the relation between phonetical and phonological deficits, we offer an analysis of the consonantal substitutions in Element Theory framework. MOTS-CLÉS : Aphasies de Broca et Wernicke, phonologie, substitutions, théorie des éléments.
... 2 La composante phonologique dans l'aphasie 2.1 L'aphasie : la nature des contraintes phonologiques Des études issues des données de l'aphasie portant sur différentes langues -parmi lesquelles l'anglais, le français, l'italien ou encore le néerlandais -permettent de souligner que l'omission (d'un membre consonantique ou bien la réduction d'une séquence consonantique) et la substitution (assimilation, harmonie consonantique) constituent les opérations les plus fréquentes dans l'aphasie lorsqu'il y a un déficit de nature phonologique (Blumstein, 1973(Blumstein, , 1978Béland, 1985 ;Valdois et Nespoulous, 1994 ;Nespoulous et al., 1987 ;Béland et Favreau, 1991 ;Den Ouden, 2002 ;Den Ouden et Bastiaanse, 2003, 2005Baqué et al., 2012 ;Prince, 2016). Blumstein (1973 : 136) souligne qu'elle observe dans ses données une régularité des processus dans l'aphasie où les mêmes phonèmes / syllabes peuvent être affectés dans certaines positions, indépendamment du type d'aphasie. ...
Conference Paper
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Cette étude présente une analyse linguistique des troubles phonético-phonologiques dans l'aphasie de Broca et de Wernicke. À partir de l'observation des productions de 13 locuteurs aphasiques francophones, lors de la réalisation de 40 items contenant des séquences consonantiques complexes (via une tâche de dénomination), nous revenons sur la question de l'origine des troubles à travers la dichotomie phonétique-phonologie et en offrons un approfondissement. Si la nature de l'aphasie engendre différents patterns d'erreurs, certains contextes phonologiques sont particulièrement affectés. Les paraphasies relevées chez ces locuteurs sont loin d'être aléatoires. Celles-ci se réduisent à cinq types : substitution, omission, épenthèse, métathèse et réduction. L'ensemble des résultats révèle une interaction entre segments, syllabes et position et questionne tant la phonologie que la neuropsycholinguistique. Pour comprendre la nature des transformations générées dans l'aphasie et montrer le lien entre troubles phonétiques et phonologiques, nous proposons une analyse des substitutions dans le cadre de la théorie des éléments. ABSTRACT Phonetic and phonological impairments in Aphasia This paper presents a linguistic analysis of the phonetical and phonological impairments in 13 French aphasic speakers suffering from Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. From a study based on the production of 40 items containing different consonantal sequences through a picture-naming task, we discuss the phonetic versus phonological's origin of the impairments in order to propose a new reflexion. The detected paraphasias applied during a phonological deficit are not random. They are reduced to five kinds: substitution, deletion, epenthesis, metathesis and total reduction. These results reveal an interaction between segments, syllables and position and open the questions for both formal phonology and neuropsycholinguistics. Certain syllabic positions and contexts are prone to particular types of paraphasias. In order to understand the nature of the transformations generated during an aphasia, and to demonstrate the relation between phonetical and phonological deficits, we offer an analysis of the consonantal substitutions in Element Theory framework. MOTS-CLÉS : Aphasies de Broca et Wernicke, phonologie, substitutions, théorie des éléments.
... Después de esta larga digresión, volvemos al tema que interesa en este trabajo. Concretamente, considerando los antecedentes que se han citado, la pregunta por responder es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida es posible realizar una investigación lingüística 13 Podría citarse, como ejemplos específicos, los trabajos que han buscado en los errores del habla evidencia para apoyar teorías fonológicas y sintácticas (FROMKIN 1972), o los que han utilizado análisis fonológicos de los trastornos afásicos para elucidar cuestiones relacionadas con la teoría de la marcación en fonología (BLUMSTEIN 1972). Para una reseña más amplia, véanse LESSER 1978y CAPLAN 1987 que utilice como herramienta la técnica de los potenciales cerebrales relacionados a eventos? ...
Article
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En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.
... Semantic paraphasias suggest that while phonological information about a target word can be successfully retrieved by the patient, not all of its semantic information can be. Phonological paraphasias, on the other hand, in particular phonemic errors in which only partial phonological information about a target is retrieved and the rest is deformed by the likes of addition, deletion, substitution or transposition (Lecours & Lhermitte 1969, Blumstein 1973 suggest that while semantic information about a target is available for retrieval, there are problems with a patient's access to the sounds constituting its spoken form. ...
... Such ranking has some consequences on Universal Grammar (UG). Aphasiology has concentrated mainly on first language speakers, particularly English and some other European languages (Bouhman and Grumbaum 1925;Goldstein, 1948;Luria 1966;Lecours and Lhermitte 1969;Goodglass et al., 1972;Blumstein 1973;Peuser and Fittschen, 1977;Goodglass and Kaplan, 1983;and Niemi, et al., 1985). It is recently that bilingual aphasics are receiving attention of linguists. ...
Article
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The speech of aphasics is a kind of language in which constraints are ranked differently from what obtains in the speech of non-aphasics. Bilingual aphasics rank constraints in ways that reflect that they have more than one language in their language faculty. Therefore, this paper examined the manner in which constraints are ranked among Nigerian adult aphasics, using 40 purposively sampled Yoruba-English aphasics from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A normative text was given these subjects to read, and their speeches were tape-recorded. The data were analyzed perceptually. The frequency and percentage of each form of deviation noticed in their speeches were calculated. Optimality Theory was then used to explicate the way constraints were ranked by these subjects before those forms of deviation emerged as the optimal candidates. Three forms of deviation were discovered at the segmental level of their phonology, namely deletion, substitution and epenthesis. Generally, the subjects ranked constraints in ways opposite those of non-aphasics. Markedness dominates faithfulness in all their rankings.
... The phonological paraphasias of brain-damaged patients have been the subject of numerous investigations (Alajouanine, ombredane & Durand, 1939;Jackobson, 1956;Luria, 1966Luria, , 1976Luria, , 1983Lecours & Lhermitte, 1969;Blumstein, 1973Blumstein, ,1981. Nearly all aphasic patients, regardless of the clinical type of aphasia from which they are suffering, display some phonological difficulties in their speech output. ...
Article
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This paper includes the participation of six Moroccan Arabic-speaking aphasics (four with Broca’s aphasia, one with Wernicke’s aphasia and one with global aphasia). In our work, we turn to a particular under-resourced Arabic Dialect, Moroccan Darija or Moroccan Arabic (MA), which is an agglutinative language; that is, a fairly large number of affixes may be added to the root. Negation, tense, aspect, person, number and gender are all expressed by affixes attached to the verb. The speech corpora were taken from samples collected from patients who have attended speech and language therapy sessions. The patients were presented with picture description, repetition and grammaticality judgement tasks in order to examine the extent of impairment on the phonological, lexical, semantic and morpho-syntactic levels. Although agrammatic production is usually described as impaired in all aspects of grammar and in all types of inflection, it was found out that the use of verbal and nominal bound morphemes was spared in the output of the subjects understudy. All the three groups in this study used appropriate verbal and nominal morphology, which does not support the traditional view of agrammatism as being amorphological.Keywords: Moroccan Arabic, Aphasia, Broca, Wernicke, Agrammatism, Bound morphemes-Substitution, Deletion
... Consequently, it seems that subjects with Broca's aphasia demonstrate articulatory limitations in terms of tongue movement in the right direction, causing the emphatic sound to be produced at the same place of articulation as the plain counterpart /t/. (Blumstein, 1973;Dunlop & Marquardt, 1977;Trost & Canter, 1974). It has been found that the speech of subjects with Broca's aphasia is generally characterized by movement transition abnormalities within and between speech sounds, leading to temporal abnormalities, including timing and sequencing abnormalities, as well as problems in initiating and conducting accurate vocal tract configuration for the target sound (Square, Roy, & Martin, 1997). ...
Article
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The aim of this study was to examine the acoustic characteristics of the emphatic sounds as produced by Palestinian Arabic-speaking persons diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia as compared to normal speakers. The acoustic correlates of emphasis in Palestinian Arabic using measurements of voice onset time (VOT), frequency values of F1 and F2 formants, and duration of vowel were investigated. Four subjects diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia and four normal speakers residing in the West Bank participated in this study. The emphatic stop /t¯/ and its plain counterpart /t/ in initial positions presented in monosyllabic words were investigated. The target stops were followed immediately by the vowels /a/, /u/, and /i/. The speech samples were analyzed using PRAAT and Phono lab speech analysis software,. F1 and F2 formants were measured and compared with the data in the literature. The acoustic measurements of the target vowels demonstrated an increase in F1 and a decrease in F2 formant in case of emphatic sounds compared to the plain one. Lowering of F2 formant was found to be a reliable acoustic cue of emphatic sounds. However, F2 formant was generally higher among subjects with Broca’s aphasia compared to the control group. The results also revealed that subjects with Broca’s aphasia were unable to maintain the acoustic distinction between the emphatic sounds and their plain counterparts. The VOT value of the emphatic voiceless stop /t¯/ was significantly shorter than that of its plain counterpart /t/ as demonstrated by both the normal speakers and the subjects with Broca’s aphasia. The articulatory complexity of the emphatic sounds and therefore the deviated patterns in subjects with Broca’s aphasia might suggest motor programming and motor planning deficits.
... T he cognitive and neural processes involved in speech sound production-as well as impairment to these processes-have been widely studied both with respect to phonological processing mechanisms (e.g., Blumstein, 1973;Buckingham, 1986;Goldrick & Rapp, 2007) and to motor speech processing (e.g., McNeil, Robin, & Schmidt, 2009;Varley & Whiteside, 2001;Ziegler, 2002). Although there is frequently debate about the details of phonological processing and motor processing in speech production, there remains widespread agreement in both the clinical and psycholinguistic literatures that these constitute two separate (though potentially interacting) levels of processing. ...
... T he cognitive and neural processes involved in speech sound production-as well as impairment to these processes-have been widely studied both with respect to phonological processing mechanisms (e.g., Blumstein, 1973;Buckingham, 1986;Goldrick & Rapp, 2007) and to motor speech processing (e.g., McNeil, Robin, & Schmidt, 2009;Varley & Whiteside, 2001;Ziegler, 2002). Although there is frequently debate about the details of phonological processing and motor processing in speech production, there remains widespread agreement in both the clinical and psycholinguistic literatures that these constitute two separate (though potentially interacting) levels of processing. ...
... Research on face has suggested that when people are treated in a less polite manner, they are more likely to respond defensively and be uncooperative. Disrespectful comments elicit feelings of anger, hurt, and defensiveness (Blumstein, 1973;Goffman, 1959;Prus, 1975). Likewise, research on interpersonal relationships found that severe or aggravating reproaches were associated with defensive responses (Cody & Braaten, 1992). ...
Article
Prior research on voice has focused predominantly on voicers??? perception of threats to the self, paying significantly less attention to voicers??? perception of threats to the presumed voice targets, such as to their manager. In this dissertation, I posit that voicers??? perception of threat to their manager in a voice episode influences the methods of voice. In particular, I draw from politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) to propose that voicers actively mitigate anticipated threats to their manager in a voice episode by varying the degree of directness (being explicit about desire for change) and politeness (being mannerly, courteous, and respectful). I then explain how interpersonal characteristics between voicers and their manager (in the form of psychological power and leader???member exchange) alter the voicers??? perception of how their manager interprets and reacts to voice. Results from a diary study and a situated experiment provide convergent evidence that employees are less direct and more polite when they raise an issue that is perceived as potentially threatening to their manager. Moreover, these effects are mitigated when the quality of the leader???member exchange relationship is stronger. Finally, results linking voice directness and voice politeness with managerial responses to voice show that voice directness is more strongly associated with idea endorsement, whereas voice politeness is more strongly associated with subordinate liking. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
... Consequently, it seems that subjects with Broca's aphasia demonstrate articulatory limitations in terms of tongue movement in the right direction, causing the emphatic sound to be produced at the same place of articulation as the plain counterpart /t/. (Blumstein, 1973;Dunlop & Marquardt, 1977;Trost & Canter, 1974). It has been found that the speech of subjects with Broca's aphasia is generally characterized by movement transition abnormalities within and between speech sounds, leading to temporal abnormalities, including timing and sequencing abnormalities, as well as problems in initiating and conducting accurate vocal tract configuration for the target sound (Square, Roy, & Martin, 1997). ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to examine the acoustic characteristics of the emphatic sounds as produced by Palestinian Arabic-speaking persons diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia as compared to normal speakers. The acoustic correlates of emphasis in Palestinian Arabic using measurements of voice onset time (VOT), frequency values of F1 and F2 formants, and duration of vowel were investigated. Four subjects diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia and four normal speakers residing in the West Bank participated in this study. The emphatic stop /t¯/ and its plain counterpart /t/ in initial positions presented in monosyllabic words were investigated. The target stops were followed immediately by the vowels /a/, /u/, and /i/. The speech samples were analyzed using PRAAT and Phono lab speech analysis software,. F1 and F2 formants were measured and compared with the data in the literature. The acoustic measurements of the target vowels demonstrated an increase in F1 and a decrease in F2 formant in case of emphatic sounds compared to the plain one. Lowering of F2 formant was found to be a reliable acoustic cue of emphatic sounds. However, F2 formant was generally higher among subjects with Broca’s aphasia compared to the control group. The results also revealed that subjects with Broca’s aphasia were unable to maintain the acoustic distinction between the emphatic sounds and their plain counterparts. The VOT value of the emphatic voiceless stop /t¯/ was significantly shorter than that of its plain counterpart /t/ as demonstrated by both the normal speakers and the subjects with Broca’s aphasia. The articulatory complexity of the emphatic sounds and therefore the deviated patterns in subjects with Broca’s aphasia might suggest motor programming and motor planning deficits.
... According to them, patients with fluent aphasia (i.e., conduction or Wernicke's aphasia) were characterized by disrupted phonological encoding that resulted in categorical linguistic errors (phoneme substitution and movement, 1 insertion and omission errors), whereas those with nonfluent aphasia (i.e., Broca's aphasia) had a lower-level articulatory deficit whose hallmark was laborious and effortful speech with sound distortions, perceived sound substitutions, and tendencies to simplify syllabic structure and exhibit a markedness effect. However, major criticisms have emerged from various theoretical perspectives, questioning the adequacy of this unequivocal dichotomy to account for empirical evidence collected in clinical settings (e.g., Baum et al. 1990;Blumstein 1973;Blumstein et al. 1980;Pouplier and Hardcastle 2005). ...
Chapter
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Since the very outset, the science of aphasiology has concerned itself with the sound structure anomalies of patients with aphasia, attempting to classify the different types of aphasia according to whether the speech errors can be interpreted as the result of central or peripheral deficits. The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to this debate from a viewpoint that regards aphasia not as a deficit but rather as a disability (Nespoulous and Virbel 2007), incorporating the notion of palliative strategies. Our research has confirmed the existence of a continuum running from phonological to phonetic impairments, and allowed us to identify palliative strategies for voicing in the case of the latter.
... With syllable-final devoicing, voiced stops are marked, subsequently becoming voiceless, which are unmarked. Markedness claims are also based on patterns seen in child language acquisition and pathology, where children and aphasic adults are argued to produce the least marked structures in language (Blumstein, 1973;Jakobson, 1941Jakobson, /1968). Children and aphasics delete codas to produce CV syllables, which are also the least marked syllables cross-linguistically. ...
Article
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This book provides an analysis of two theories of language acquisition: the theory that acquisition is primarily mediated by innate properties of language provided by universal grammar, and the opposing theory that language is acquired based on the patterns in the ambient language. A problem not often considered is that these two theories are confounded because the structures that are frequent across languages are also typically the most frequent within a specific language. In addition, the innate theory of language acquisition is difficult to quantify and qualify. Using cross-linguistic, corpus and experimental approaches, this book attempts to contrast these theories through an examination of the acquisition of word-final consonants in English.
... Theories suggesting that phoneme classification occurs in terms of these distinctive features are validated by neuropsychological studies of aphasic errors in perception and production. For example, Blumstein and colleagues have demonstrated that substitution errors committed by aphasic patients are more likely to consist of a phoneme that differs in a single feature from the target phoneme [e.g., ball → doll (place of articulation) not ball → call (place of articulation and voicing)] [Blumstein (1973)]. Analogously, aphasic patients are more likely to confuse phonemes that differ along a single feature rather than multiple dimensions [Blumstein, Baker and Goodglass (1977)]. ...
Article
Speech perception and production have been characterized as categorical processes. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence that supports the idea that speech processes are categorical, as well as discussing what types of representations are important in the perception and production tasks. It has become increasingly clear that both prefrontal and temporal-parietal regions are critical for perceiving phonemes categorically and producing phonemes that are good exemplars of a given phonemic category. It suggests that motor speech representations are important for both perception and production and that these are most likely housed in the prefrontal cortex. Information about acoustic features associated with phonemes almost certainly resides in more posterior cortices. Whereas these cortical regions are thought to maintain motor or acoustic information necessary for successful categorical perception and production, other regions such as the cerebellum can indirectly affect these abilities. Although speech perception and production appear effortless, these abilities rely on intact functioning of a large network of neural regions.
Article
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Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language resulting from a focal brain injury in the language-dominant hemisphere that affects the person's communicative and social functioning and quality of life. The aim of this study was to carry out a narrative review on the historical discoveries in aphasiology, highlighting the main theorists and studies until the 20th century. The information was consulted in books, in the databases available on the CAPES Portal of e-Journals, and, in addition, Google Scholar. The understanding of aphasia as a language disorder started in the Old Age. In the 19th century, the issue of functional localization dominated the study of the relationship between language and brain. In the 20th century, the focus slowly shifted to psycholinguistically formulated models of language production and understanding.
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Many of speech therapists have given therapy to the children with Down Syndrome (DS) without thinking whether the children belong to mild mental retardation (IQ 50-69) or moderate mental retardation DS children (IQ 35-49). Therefore, a study was conducted to see the differences and the findings showed that the moderate mental retardation DS child dominated the three types of phonological disorders, i.e. phoneme substitution, simplification, and addition. In this research, the last type of phonological disorder was not found for both DS children. In addition, the mild mental retardation DS child responded the stimulus, yet the moderate mental retardation DS child could not answer about 1/5 stimulus given. It was also found that the moderate mental retardation DS child was so sensitive with touching. So, the therapy for the DS should not be the same. For the mild mental retardation DS children (IQ 5-069), the stimulus given to them could be by using flash cards, but for the moderate mental retardation down syndrome children (IQ 35-49), the stimulus should be something real, concrete, or something that could be touched so that they can respond the stimulus well and their language can be better in the future.
Research
L’aphasie est une pathologie du système nerveux central entrainant une perte partielle ou totale de la faculté de communication et dans laquelle la réalisation des sons peut être affectée. Nous nous focalisons plus particulièrement sur l’étude des contrastes phonologiques du système consonantique pouvant être modifiés à divers degrés. Notre travail s’inscrit dans un champ interdisciplinaire, à la croisée de la phonologie et des pathologies du langage. L’objectif de cette étude est de rendre compte des altérations sonores et de répondre à la question suivante : la préservation des contrastes phonologiques peut-elle s’expliquer par le système phonologique et par les principes le structurant? Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les traits distinctifs et les principes qui leur sont associés : l’évitement de la marque et la hiérarchie des traits (Clements, 2009), puis le principe de séquençage de sonorité (Clements, 1990), afin de rendre compte des transformations segmentales, et plus particulièrement les substitutions présentes dans la parole de cinq aphasiques ayant participé à trois tâches de production. Les substitutions, comparables à celles d’autres aphasiques exposées dans la littérature, suivent des tendances modélisables par ces principes, bien que nos résultats démontrent des différences inter-locuteurs et inter-traits.
Presentation
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L’étude présente comment les différentes séquences consonantiques de type sT et RT sont traitées lors de l’acquisition phonologique et lors d’un déficit lexico-phonologique dans une pathologie acquise comme l’aphasie.
Article
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Objective: Broca’s aphasia is one type of non-fluent aphasia, of which imprecise speech sound production is a main feature. Acoustic patterns of speech in patients with Broca’s aphasia exhibit certain defects in the field of motor control such as difficulties in timing, articulatory coordination, and laryngeal control. In this study, the speech timing parameter in patients with mild to moderate Broca’s aphasia was investigated by the acoustic variable of murmur duration /m/ to determine the nature of motor control as well as the nature of errors. Methods & Materials: This was a cross-sectional casecontrol study. The subjects included 13 patients with mild to moderate Broca's aphasia as well as 13 normal individuals. After exposure to the appropriate test environment, acoustic signals related to target words were collected and recorded. After recording data with the PRAAT software, the spectrogram of each word was carefully examined to determine the murmur duration. Moreover, Paired T-test was used to compare the murmur duration between the two groups. Results: People with mild to moderate Broca’s aphasia possess longer murmur duration in comparison to normal individuals. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001 ). Conclusion: The increasing duration of the nasal murmur in individuals with mild to moderate Broca’s aphasia indicated that speech errors in these patients are due to defects in coordination, timing of movements and articulatory implementation in producing the target segment. Therefore, understanding the nature of errors and effective mechanisms in creating them in this group of patients allows the planning of more appropriate therapeutic strategies on the basis of more accurate assessments.
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Chapter
Disorders of speech and language in children are a major management concern for the primary care physician and parents. Delays, disorders, and dysfunctions of communication skills constitute some of the most frequent reasons for referral to the developmental pediatrician and/or interdisciplinary diagnostic centers. The next several chapters review issues of speech and language disorders in childhood from various perspectives. This chapter highlights recent neurological findings related to the control of speech skills.
Chapter
By “aphasia” is meant disturbances in verbal communication due to circumscribed cerebral lesions. Such a definition is not particularly satisfactory, since the language disorder is defined by the focal lesion giving rise to it rather than by any special feature of the disorder itself.
Chapter
Implicit in the title of this chapter is the promise that we will try to relate the evolutionary history of language to the current distribution of language function in the brain. Unfortunately, this is a promise we are unable to fulfill. At present there are simply too few points of contact between these two areas of limited knowledge for one to inform the other.
Chapter
In this paper I will consider the nature of phonotactic markedness in the light of work in early first language phonotaxis. Then we will turn to work in progress on a particular family of aphasic word production errors, to recent studies of second language acquisition, and to instrumental phonetic work on perceptual aspects of phonotaxis. I think that all four of these areas of study, as well as slip of the tongue data, are fitting together to make a coherent explanatory approach to phonotactic universals, this paper is intended as a brief introduction to the nature of that approach.
Chapter
Our knowledge of the brain mechanisms of language depends heavily on evidence derived from aphasia study, supplemented by electrocortical and metabolic investigations. Clinical observation reveals definite patterns of language change with focal lesions. These patterns are also apparent with stimulation of regions in the left frontal and temporo-parietal areas. The symptoms of aphasia reflect processing stages in normal language, and areas identified with these symptoms correspond to stages in forebrain evolution. A consideration of this material leads to a microgenetic or unfolding model of language representation in the brain.
Chapter
This chapter treats the various “mechanisms” that may be said to underlie aphasic transformations. I have quoted the word mechanisms for a reason, since that term implies some sort of device (actually, another metaphor) or internal agent that does things. Whatever these mechanisms are in their neurophysiological instantiations, they must be understood psychologically as manipulating some types of elements in some domain of operation. Without first attempting to characterize what the mechanisms might be at a psycholinguistic level of explanation and what they might do, we will not be in any position to begin to characterize aphasic transformations. That is, in order to start I must lay out a production model of some sort that can justifiably be said to form part of the cognitive system for language—a model constructed from evidence external to the data from aphasia.
Chapter
Many aphasics produce phonological1 errors in their speech. These errors often involve phoneme substitution (“octagus” for octopus), phoneme omission (“ottapus” for octopus), and phoneme addition (“octrapus” for octopus). Such speech errors, as well as those that are more phonologically distorted (“octragut” for octopus), are called “phonemic” (or “literal”) paraphasias. More distorted phonological productions are called “neologisms” (“okso” for octopus).2 It is difficult to strictly define “phonemic paraphasia” and “neologism,” but a useful rule of thumb is that the target word of a phonemic paraphasia is typically easy to identify, while the target word of a neologism is typically difficult to identify.
Chapter
Whereas cross-linguistic work on aphasia has been well established, speech error research has been mostly carried out within single languages (except Berg, 1987, 1988). Following Dressler’s (1982) first outline of similarities and differences between speech errors and phonological paraphasias in several languages, we started a respective Italian-Austrian project (Dressier, Magno Caldognetto, and Tonelli, 1986; Dressier, Tonelli, and Magno Caldognetto, 1987).
Chapter
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Analysis of speech production of Wernicke’s aphasics confronts one, at first glance, with nearly unsolvable problems on all linguistic levels of analysis. Linguistic theory is thus greatly challenged when accounting for the symptomatology of Wernicke’s aphasics. We believe that linguistic theory can help explain one of the most interesting and puzzling phenomena in aphasic symptomatology, i.e., neologistic jargon. In the present study we analyzed the performance of two aphasics who produce phonemic jargon on a repetition and a naming task. The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the interactions between prosodic and morphosyntactic structures of neologisms and paraphasias within the framework of metrical phonology. In particular, we addressed the following questions: (1) Is there a hierarchy of impairment for the various constituents of syllable structure? (2) In what ways do the various levels/components interact on the prosodic and morphosyntactic hierarchy?
Chapter
Syllable markedness as a means to characterize patterns observed in the production of phonological errors in aphasia is considered in this chapter. Specifically, the markedness theory incorporated here is the well known principle of sonority, and the error type in question is the often-observed “doublet creation.” Consonantal doublet creation, where an exact replica of some target-word consonant is duplicated and is either added to the string (in the sense of epenthesis) or substitutes from some other already existing consonant in the target word, is discussed. A basic assumption here is that syllable markedness can form a knowledge base for language production mechanisms; or, put slightly differently, productive mechanisms derived from psycholinguistic model construction should embody principles arrived at through linguistic inquiry. It is a sine qua non that linguistic theory must have an impact on the psychological constructs derived from performance domains.
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