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A Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace

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... Speedism is also reflected in 'A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace', published by John Perry Barlow in response to the US Telecommunications Reform Act. Barlow (1996) argues that the internet should be a safe haven for free speech and should be exempt from government regulation, much as the dark web is today. He asserts that "where there are real conflicts, where there are wrongs, we will identify them and address them by our [own] means". ...
... Free Internet is similar to the aforementioned 'Declaration of Cyberspace', which sees cyberspace as a borderless and immaterial sphere. Yet Barlow (1996) also rejects any form of government regulation, stating that "governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. You have neither solicited nor received ours". ...
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Tor is a service which provides users with unparalleled online anonymity. It can be used for browsing the surface web or to access a hidden layer of the internet known as the ‘dark web’. It is a prime example of a ‘dual use’ technology, as its uses range from enabling freedom of speech to disseminating child pornography. Understanding Tor should be a priority for policymakers as its usage grows. Using four case studies, this paper finds that national approaches to the dark web are highly influenced by two competing internet ideologies: ‘free internet’ (championed by the US and UK), and ‘internet sovereignty’ (promoted in recent years by China and Russia). This paper emphasises that banning Tor will not work, and that attempts at regulation or shutting down sites often leads to new and more sophisticated criminal innovations. Therefore, policymakers need to work with the technology rather than against it and exploit its beneficial uses.
... xtension of individual rights (i.e., Rothbard, 1978;Hayek, 2005;Nozick, ibid.;Friedman and Friedman, 1982;Boaz, 1998;Doherty, 2007). A critical element in these considerations is the fact that, whilst libertarianism has been extensively studied in the literature, less attention has been paid to its virtual dimension (i.e., Thierer and Szoka, ibid.;Barlow, 1996;Mueller, 2017). ...
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This thesis examines how the virtual libertarian community in Poland has adapted and evolved in relation to technological advancements in a digital society. Drawing upon the contextual framework of the 20th and 21st centuries digital revolution, this doctoral thesis focuses on individual experiences and the broader implications for the community, as perceived by its members. Employing Episodic Narrative inquiry (ENI) for data collection and thematic analysis bolstered by auto-ethnographic elements for data interpretation, this study uncovers common trends and themes across interviews. It contributes to a deeper understanding of online socio-political activities within the virtual libertarian community in Poland, moving beyond the examination of their philosophical beliefs. In doing so, it also allows for a unique, as it is the first of its kind, insight into the virtual dimension of libertarianism. It contributes to drawing new perspectives on virtual social groups and their impact on society. Key findings include the integral role of technology in shaping the real-life experiences of those individuals, the dichotomy of online and offline experiences they shared, and the transformative impact of increased connectivity and access to information they underlined. The study not only offers valuable insights into the experiences of Polish virtual libertarians but also illuminates the transformative potential of digitally driven social groups. By exploring the complex dynamics between technology, individual experiences, and collective engagement, this study paves the way for future research on the societal impact of technological advancements in the digital age as well as on the virtual character of libertarianism.
... Considering the special characteristics of the above rules of law application, scholars in the twenty-first century have generally agreed that the impact of the cyber world should be dealt with by adapting and updating the real conflict of laws rules, rather than studying them in isolation from the real world. [3] It is undeniable that the use of real conflict of laws rules in the network environment to solve the problem of law application has its own necessity, but this does not mean that the view from the Internet itself [4] [5] is meaningless. Especially under the premise that the current network service platform penetrates into the transaction process, the network cross-border e-commerce has not only improved the transaction method and technology, but also provided a new network transaction mode. ...
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In the network environment, cross-border consumer contracts are mainly carried out under the operation of network service providers, and this paper analyses the connecting points of legal application from the payment architecture of network platforms and the cross-border logistics architecture itself. In terms of the payment structure, traditional connecting points only focus on surface of the trade. However, the platform server is the core of the close contact of the contract, and the location of the platform server should be determined as a new type of connection point. In terms of cross-border logistics, overseas warehouse, bonded warehouse and other new logistics modes are applied to cross-border e-commerce, and the location of the logistics link should be determined according to the conclusion of the consumer contract to determine the possible connection point of the application of the law.
... Takođe, i poruka kako dolazi novo doba, doba sajber prostora, iliti "novog doma uma". Taj "novi dom uma", nastavlja Barlou, vodi ka prostoru koji je slobodan i "prirodno nezavisan od tiranija" (Barlow 1996). Ubrzo nakon toga i Bil Klinton (Bill Clinton), nekadašnji predsednik SAD, poručuje Kini da to što ta država pokušava da kontroliše internet, predstavlja nešto slično pokušajima da "žele ostane zalepljen za zid"nemoguće (Clinton 2000). ...
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U radu se polazi od namere da se pruži doprinos sistematskom izučavanju sajber strategija i politika kroz sintezu ključnih događaja i nalaza o delovanju država u sajber prostoru nakon 2007. godine. Ovakva sinteza podrazumeva praćenje procesa koji su doprineli početku militarizacije sajber prostora u periodu od 2007. do 2013. godine. Potom, pri definisanju osnovnih karakteristika sajber prostora koje determinišu delovanje država, izdvajaju se demokratičnost, veliki potencijal ljudske greške, problem atribucije, tehnička volatilnost, vremenska ograničenost i brzina reagovanja. Konačno, sinteza podrazumeva i konkretan primer uticaja ključnih karakteristika na strateško delovanje SAD kao velike sile u tom domenu. Na osnovu analize strateških dokumenata SAD, ali i uvida u ranije ponašanje ove države, u radu se tvrdi da teorija „upornog angažmana”, koja u izgradnji teorije uzima u obzir prethodno navedene karakteristike, ostaje okosnica delovanja SAD u sajber prostoru.
... The theory is employed as a base to understand the driving forces leading individuals to adopt and use technologies such as the Internet and the impact of religion on shaping personal experiences obtained through mediated communication tools (Armfield & Holbert 2003). In the same breath, Barlow (1996), Adamu (2002) and Bockover (2003) all agree that the Internet enforces a value system to its users that would be perceived as a potential threat to the Muslim societies. Thus, the theory of secularization emphasizes the negative relationship between religiosity and technology adoption and suggests that a strong religious affiliation reflects a traditional lifestyle that is increasingly under attack by the adoption of new technologies (Swatos & Christiano 2000). ...
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The relationship between technology adoption and religion has received scant research attention. The complicated process of Internet use among contemporary religious people is affected by the tension between technological developments and religious beliefs. The current research aims to explore the effects of religiosity on Internet consumption in a newly industrialized Muslim country, Turkey. The study utilized a cross-sectional design based on data from 2,698 subjects, selected by stratified random sampling, covering all 12 regions of the country. By offering an exploratory approach, this study sheds light on how various interpretations of religion enable culture-specific observations on Internet consumption patterns, and its relation with different levels of religiosity. The findings revealed that the level of religiosity has a significant effect on the patterns of Internet consumption.
... You have no moral right to rule us nor do you possess any methods of enforcement we have true reason to fear. 74 A key element in this tech determinist utopia is the emergence of the internet, which has allowed traditional and new businesses to deliver products and services in radically new ways and to shelter behind the tech determinist libertarian view that this is all new and therefore existing laws do not apply. Tesla insists it is not a car company but a technology one not subject to normal safety considerations. ...
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This chapter consider two aspects of the regulatory challenge around Artificial Intelligence (AI) – determinism versus values and the flaws of the first generation of commercial AI. The first identifies a particular problematic tech scientific/industry approach to regulation built on an empirical-sci-fi libertarian culture that approaches AI technology in a deterministic way that considers humans as subjects of technology rather than approaching technology as a social construction shaped by humans. In the determinist conception regulation is either unnecessary or deregulatory while in a social construction conception regulation plays a role in shaping technology. The second part of the chapter identifies core problematic issues with the first generation of commercial AI focused around human bias, explainability, self-interested AI, trust and AI’s potential to undermine broad legal norms. The chapter concludes that regulation of AI is warranted given the problematic experience of the first wave of AI and outlines three emerging models utilized by China, the EU and the US and the UK. China’s approach while specifically antagonistic to technological determinism understands the social construction potential of AI and intends to use that potential for authoritarian purposes and so is not useful for democratic rule of law nations. The UK and US have so far pursued deterministic approaches to AI which are flawed and dangerous and will not solve pressing issues around AI’s widespread use. While the US is at least reviewing its position under the Biden administration, the UK continues its deterministic approach regardless. The EU on the other hand has the most advanced social construction understanding of the dangers of AI and the need to protect its citizens and its democratic rule of law values. As such it is developing a citizen focused high trust regulatory licensing model that addresses the core problems present in the first wave of commercial AI identified in this chapter. At present there is no unified approach among democratic rule of law states to shaping the development of AI.
... The Internet enabled people to come together on a common platform to share knowledge and understanding. As John Perry Barlow (1996) famously stated about the Internet in his "Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace", "We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth". More than 15 years on and we now scoff at Barlow's idealism. ...
... The most prominent opinion seems to be that cyberspace is merely an extension of the physical world, and thus, the same legal rules should apply in this space as well, yet it poses security challenges. On the opposite side, it has been even argued by important cyberlibertarian activists that the traditional state governance models are not applicable on the Internet, claiming that the cyberspace is a separate extraterritorial space and that states are not authorized or able to regulate individuals there (Barlow, 1996). ...
Article
Cryptocurrencies have grown to be very significant during the past two decades. Starting off at the way cryptocurrencies, specifically Bitcoin, operate, we move forward towards the discussion on their nature as currency and their disruptiveness. We navigate through the political character of Bitcoin over the years, the potential of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to threaten a state’s sovereignty and an overview of state responses to cryptocurrency. Finally, there is a number of speculations and suggestions on how Bitcoin could grow and gain a less controversial position in the global economy.
... The introduction of the proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (although somewhat different from the mentioned theoretical definitions of digital citizenship) should contribute to the protection of digital rights and a responsible attitude to their exercise. It is an essential step towards balanced regulation of digital relations with the prevailing participation of the state, not only self-regulatory entities, as it was declared at the outset of the digital age (Barlow, 1996) and led to the emergence and rapid growth of cyber violations and cybercrime. The state should guarantee balanced consideration of public and private interests in the digital environment with the involvement of self-regulatory organizations of digital business and other stakeholders. ...
... Similarly, the author argues that war was the main force for the development of surveillance technologies, such as the internet, whose purpose was to gain control over the enemy (43); however, this assertion can be considered, once again, a narrow explanation for many years of machine development and use. For example, it ignores how the internet was considered to be a free-speech place where people can share ideas and combat authoritarian regimes (Barlow 1996). Thus, the author offers a limited explanation of these historical processes; for example, surveillance practices for censuses cannot only be explained as tools of the state or military but also can be seen as tools to protect citizens against tyranny or control of the state, such as to gather information about their properties in defense of a landlord or repressive governments. ...
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У статті аналізуються можливості розвитку політичних децентралізованих мереж на базі або за прикладом децентралізованих автономних організацій (ДАО), які набувають все більшої поширеності в цифровому просторі. Акцентується увага на їхньому потенційному впливі на соціальні інститути суспільства, включаючи систему державної влади. Простежується, як технологічне здійснення антимонопольних і антидержавницьких ідеологій, які отримали активний розвиток у кіберпросторі, може призвести до зміни самих основ соціальних інститутів через відсутність необхідності в «третій стороні» для гарантії реалізації контрактів та вибудовування відповідальних соціальних відносин. Освоєння кіберпростору розглядається через призму зіткнень державних інтересів, які прагнуть встановлення контролю над системою цифрових взаємодій, і множинних груп інтересу, що розвивають технологічні можливості для автономізації дії за допомогою вибудовування захисту на основі криптографії. Підкреслюється, що як розхитування, так і пробиття проломів у фінансових системах держав виступає індикатором успішності проєктів децентралізованих фінансів, а значить, стимулює подальший розвиток ДАО та їхню можливу трансформацію в децентралізовані політичні мережі. Здійснюється аналіз складових нової дисципліни «Криптономіка» (або «Криптоекономіка»), що надають грунтовані науково-методологічні основи розвитку децентралізованих автономних організацій та свідчать на користь можливості розглядати останніх як експериментальні майданчики для розвитку більш глобальних проєктів. Докладно аналізується особлива природа управління децентралізованими автономними організаціями з опорою на фінансові стимули. Формулюється прогноз щодо наступного етапу протистояння державних структур та децентралізованих платформ. Робляться висновки про важливість децентралізованих автономних організацій для розвитку інформаційного суспільства та роль інтелектуальної еліти у зазначеному протистоянні.
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The modern information society in which we live is highly technologically visualized and requires, in addition to the continued use of media technologies, one to be receptive and to maintain a positive perspective on any emerging innovation. This chapter outlines the technological and digital environment in relation to the latest three adult generational cohorts (i.e., 18 years old and older); Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z—XYZ Generations. Finally, the ultimate purpose of this chapter is to delineate the current identity and diversities of XYZ Generations from the growing convergence of media for a more meaningful, peaceful, and just society.
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The growing prevalence of cyberwar highlights rapidly shifting conceptions of geopo-litical space in global politics. However, critical geographical engagement with the topic remains limited, leaving the geopolitical spaces of cyberwar critically unexamined. To facilitate greater geographical engagement with cyberwar, this paper proposes a spatiality of power model to examine how political space and power might manifest in cyberwar. The model proposes four ways in which political space and power manifest offline and how the model can be applied towards cyberwar. The utility of the model is then applied as a framework for examining three well-known cyberwar case studies: the Estonia-Rus-sia 2007 cyberwar, the Georgia-Russia cyber and kinetic war in 2008, and the U.S.-Iran cyberwar from 2010 to 2013 with a focus on the Stuxnet malware.
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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag bezieht technische Protokolle in den Protokollbegriff ein. Wichtiges Beispiel hierfür sind die Internetprotokolle, die den Nachrichtenverkehr zwischen vernetzten Computern regeln. Die Internetprotokolle sorgen als eine Art »Transportmechanismus« für Aufbau und Aufrechterhaltung der Computerverbindungen im Netz. In Gestalt der Internetprotokolle findet der Protokollbegriff also nicht lediglich eine Fortsetzung. Vielmehr wird der Begriff des Protokolls noch ausgeweitet. Technische Protokolle haben nicht mehr nur die Aufgabe, durch Vorschriften einen möglichst geordneten Austausch zu gewährleisten, wie es bei diplomatischen oder höfischen Protokollen der Fall ist. Ohne technische Protokolle wäre der Zusammenschluss von Rechnern nicht nur in schlechter oder ungeordneter Weise, sondern gar nicht möglich gewesen.
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The study examines the transformation of scientific views and approaches to the problem of expediency and necessity of legal regulation of public relations, emerging from the evolution of the world system of public electronic resources in the transmission of information and Internet data from Web 1.0, Web 2.0 to Web 3.0. The stages of formation of the role and place of electronic jurisdiction in public relations are also investigated. Legal regulation of modern relations in virtual and augmented reality environments with the use of Web 3.0 technologies is not available today. At the same time, there are precedents for the application of certain provisions of analogue law to address legal uncertainties in the virtual environment, such as establishing ownership of virtual non-property assets, buying/selling of virtual non-property assets, liability for misappropriation of virtual non-property assets, etc. Obviously, the problem of legal regulation by the rules of analogue law in the virtual environment cannot be fully addressed. The solution to this problem is possible by creating a comprehensive e-jurisdiction and developing the Metaverse Grand Charter of Laws to regulate public relations in the meta-universe and to establish new branch of e-law. Given the urgency of the problem, the model of e-jurisdiction Grand Charter of Laws Metaverse is proposed. The model of complex electronic jurisdiction of Metaverse will allow to create basic conceptual apparatus, doctrinal and normative and legal concepts, to define objects and subjects of legal relations in Metaverse, to establish the basic forms of legal relations and mutual relations in Metaverse. This, in turn, will be the basis for reforming analogue legislation, partial interoperability in the digital environment and the development of new regulations in various areas of law and will stimulate the establishment of new e-jurisdiction. The study proposes the construction and basic elements of electronic jurisdiction, mechanisms for the separation of electronic offences and interaction with analogue jurisdictions. E-jurisdiction of the Metaverse Grand Charter of Laws will provide legal regulation of public relations both directly in Metaverse and in public relations related to the analogue and electronic world.
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Demokrasi olgusu ortaya çıkışından günümüze değin sürekli bir değişim içerisinde olmuştur. Günümüzde liberal demokratik rejimler olarak karşımıza çıkan modern demokrasiler, internet ve sosyal medya gibi güncel teknolojik gelişmelerle başa çıkmakta zorlanmaktadır. Çağımızda uluslararası sistemde en yaygın rejim türü demokrasidir. Ancak yaygınlaşan demokrasi son yıllarda derinliğini yitirmekte ve liberal değerler sistem genelinde gerileme eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu eğilim, illiberalizm olarak ifade edilen ve liberal değerlerin görece göz ardı edildiği demokratik rejimlerin yükselişini göstermektedir. Liberal demokrasi için olumlu kabul edilen iletişim ve medya alanında yaşanan teknolojik gelişmelere rağmen son yıllarda söz konusu değerlerin gerilemekte oluşu farklı bir bakış açısından açıklama gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda internet ve sosyal medya gibi araçların liberal demokrasiye doğrudan katkı sunan araçlar olmadığı argümanı güç kazanmaktadır. Liberal değerlere ilişkin çeşitli veri tabanları üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmelerle gerileme eğilimini ortaya koyan bu çalışma, ayrıca söz konusu gerilemede internet ve sosyal medya gibi çağımızın modern iletişim ve medya araçlarının rolünü açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır.
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In this chapter, I argue that we need to re-consider the role of the state in global Internet governance—a crucial domain of today’s international communication—by using China as an example. I first offer a historical review of the “rise and fall” of the state in the scholarly discussion in international communication. I then discuss how the role of the state has recently become a highly contentious analytical category in the subfield of global Internet governance. Finally, I briefly trace China’s participation in global Internet policymaking in the past three decades to illustrate the complicated role of the state and call for more nuanced scholarly inquiry.
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During the lockdowns and social distancing mandates of the coronavirus pandemic, many turned to digital media to obtain information on COVID-19 and to make sense of the pandemic. At the same time, there has been ongoing scrutiny over the trustworthiness and authenticity of online spaces, such as the risk of fake news and algorithms promoting misinformation and echo chambers. In this chapter, I explore a tangential question: How does being aware of the dangers of our digital environment affect our experiences of sensemaking? I present my own journey of reflexivity in making sense of the pandemic, and invite the reader to analyse how their awareness of filter bubbles, disinformation, platform governance decisions, and other influences over online spaces affect their experience of sensemaking and shed light on relationship between the self, the other, and the machine.KeywordsAlgorithmic governanceContent moderationSensemakingCOVID-19Filter bubblesMisinformationOnline platforms
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O artigo procura entender como os Estados interferem na Internet. De início, a Internet parecia ser um local resguardado do poder estatal, no entanto, a “independência” da Internet logo foi vista como utopia e, então, tentou-se criar vertentes de sua regulação. Assim como a Internet, a linha prevalente hoje da regulação da Internet, proposta por Lessig, de controle do código-fonte das aplicações e serviços da Internet, não deixou de evoluir nas décadas seguintes ao seu surgimento. Os Estados passaram a pressionar os intermediários a seguirem suas determinações por meio de responsabilidades e isenções quando suas leis são seguidas. No entanto, vê-se um crescente protagonismo das plataformas na regulação da liberdade de expressão, um dos direitos mais básicos exercidos online. Conclui-se, com o artigo, que a Internet nos impõe um novo modelo de regulação que tanto se adapta e se altera rapidamente, quanto interfere na capacidade estatal de controlar comportamentos e garantir direitos de seus cidadãos. A Internet não é uma terra sem lei, mas uma terra com muitas leis, cada uma advinda de um agente, fruto de uma mistura de pressões Estatais, mercadológicas e até sociais. Autores como Balkin (2014, 2018) e Frosio (2021) auxiliam a compreensão das atuais tendências de relação e regulação da Internet pelos Estados.
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The chapter sets out the role for international human rights law on the Internet. It addresses two questions: is there a human right to access the Internet and how do human rights apply online? The first question affects the degree of protection required. If access to the Internet is considered a human right per se or an aspect of existing rights, obligations arise in ensuring substantive equality in terms of content and communication. It also indicates the value of the Internet which, for example, has an impact on balancing exercises in conflicts of rights. Meanwhile, a contextual approach to the application of international human rights law standards takes into consideration how rights are applied in the online context. Regulation relevant to preventing gender-based offences—the prohibition on gender-based violence and obligations to eliminate gender-stereotyping—is presented. Meanwhile, the context of the Internet as a gendered sphere is examined, focusing on Internet architecture and social norms. The premise is that, although the causes of online offences against women are similar to gender-based violations in general, the characteristics of the Internet influence the pervasiveness, the effect and the regulation of harmful conduct. This, in turn, must affect the application of human rights online, including the scope of rights, the resolving of conflicts of rights and the content of state obligations.
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Şu an hepimiz bir simülasyon çağında yaşıyor olabilir miyiz? Bu soruyu Fransız filozof Jean Baudrillard'a soracak olursanız, her ne kadar onun simülasyon ile kastettiği ile bizim kastettiğimiz çok farklı olsa da cevabı kocaman bir evet olacaktır. Baudrillard'a göre her şey bir simülasyona dönüĢmüĢtür. Bireyin gerçek olduğunu sandığı bu evren, artık tamamen bir kurgudan ibarettir. 1981'de Baudrillard tarafından simülasyon modeli yazıldığında, internet bir gerçek olmaktan çok varsayılan bir fikirdi ve bugün sahip olduğumuz teknolojideki ilerlemeler bir dereceye kadar bir varsayımdan ibaretti. Oysa son yıllarda popüler bir kavram haline gelen Metaverse, fiziksel hayatımızın her alanında dijital dönüşümü daha da kolaylaştırıp hızlandırırken Baudrillard'ın savlarının gerçekleştiğini ve bir simülasyon çağında olduğumuzu düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital dönüĢüm sürecinin bir parçası olan Metaverse kavramını açıklayarak Jean Baudrillard'ın Simülasyon Kuramı çerçevesinde Metaverse'i değerlendirmektir. AraĢtırmanın yöntemi, literatür taramasına dayanmaktadır. Gerçek ve sanalın bir bilim kurgu düzeninde birleştiği Metaverse, insanların gerçeğe olan bakıĢını kaybettiği, gerçeklik olarak algıladığı şeyin kesinlikle gerçeklik değil, hipergerçeklik olduğu, gerçeklik kavramının anlamını yitirdiği ve hatta öldüğü yeni bir dünyayı temsil etmektedir. Baudrillard'ın da açıkladığı gibi dünya, artık temsillerin temsili üzerine kuruludur. İnsanlığı gerçek ve fiziksel yaşamlarından tamamen koparabilir özelliklere sahiptir. Simülasyonlar, artık tanımlanabilir bir gerçekliğin var olduğunu düşünmemizi sağlamak için vardır. Abstract Could we all be living in a simulation age right now? If you ask this question to the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, the answer will be a resounding yes, although what he means by simulation is very different from what we mean by simulation. According to Baudrillard, everything has turned into a simulation. This universe, which the individual thought to be real, is now completely fictional. When the simulation model was written by Baudrillard in 1981, the internet was a presumptive idea rather than a fact, and the advances in technology we have today were to some extent a conjecture. However, Metaverse, which has become a popular concept in recent years, makes digital transformation easier and faster in all areas of our physical life, making us think that Baudrillard's arguments have come true and we are in a simulation age. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Metaverse within the framework of Jean Baudrillard's Simulation Theory by explaining the concept of Metaverse, which is a part of the digital transformation process. The method of the research is based on the literature review. Metaverse, where the real and the virtual come together in a science fiction order, represents a new world where people lose their view of reality, what they perceive as reality is not reality, but hyperreality, the concept of reality loses its meaning and even dies. As Baudrillard explains, the world is now based on the representation of representations. It has features that can completely disconnect humanity from their real and physical lives. Simulations exist to make us think that an identifiable reality now exists.
Article
Digitalisation has changed, bringing the world in an almost borderless direction, and impacting various fields. Banking law in particular has been disrupted by the rapid development of digitalisation, as well as shifting paradigms of thinking across the banking world. As a result of the digital economy era, conventional banking services have been forced to adapt to the development of the concept of digital constitutionalism. The digital economy era must provide better banking services to guarantee the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights, especially related to the use of technology in banking services. This concept of the digital economy must be able to improve the quality of banking services in terms of ease and speed of access, efficiency, effectiveness, and optimal management of risk. Thus, it is expected that the development of the era of digital constitutionalism in banking law in Indonesia can provide a more optimal guarantee of protection of future constitutional rights protection for its citizens. This study describes the transitional process of the digital constitutionalism era in the development of banking law in Indonesia as a factual condition by using normative juridical research methods and library approaches, as well as comparative approaches. The study finds that the development of the digital constitutionalism era in banking law in Indonesia has progressed rapidly. This progress has benefitted users of banking services, but it also has led to a residual deviant behaviour due to the ease of access to technology.
Article
Could we all be living in a simulation age right now? If you ask this question to the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, the answer will be a resounding yes, although what he means by simulation is very different from what we mean by simulation. According to Baudrillard, everything has turned into a simulation. This universe, which the individual thought to be real, is now completely fictional. When the simulation model was written by Baudrillard in 1981, the internet was perhaps a presumptive idea rather than a fact, and the advances in technology we have today were to some extent a conjecture. However, Metaverse, which has become a popular concept in recent months, makes digital transformation easier and faster in all areas of our physical life, making us think that Baudrillard's arguments have come true and we are in a simulation age. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Metaverse within the framework of Jean Baudrillard's Simulation Theory by explaining the concept of Metaverse, which is a part of the digital transformation process. The method of the research is based on the literature review. Metaverse, where the real and the virtual come together in a science fiction order, represents a new world where people lose their view of reality, what they perceive as reality is not reality, but hyperreality, the concept of reality loses its meaning and even dies. It has features that can completely disconnect humanity from their real and physical lives. As Baudrillard explains, the world is now based on the representation of representations. Simulations exist to make us think that an identifiable reality now exists.
Article
During the COVID-19 pandemic Twitter became for many a way of communicating. For those of us with more library cards than credit cards, and a hefty TBR (to be read) pile at home the lockdown could have been paradisiacal. As lockdown forced bookshop doors shut, the social media platform became a site to share news of independent businesses in need, with users rallying around and buying books in their thousands. Yet the paradise that was lockdown was only that for the hallowed few. Gender roles reverted, with women carrying the brunt of domestic and caring responsibilities around the home. During April and May 2020 women provided the sole source of childcare for 26.5 h per week (against 17 h in 2014).¹ Yet, during this period, the number of women publishing books—and celebrating this fact—on Twitter was conspicuous. On publication day, authors birthed their books, and waited patiently for readers to consume, inhale, or sink their teeth into their textual progeny. This paper will consider the bio-mechanical terms used by anglophone authors and readers on Twitter during the lockdown, and ask are these metaphors related to our pandemic bookshelves or connected to publishing and reading more widely?
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