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Caregivers' adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma : A qualitative analysis through in-depth interview

Authors:

Abstract

Purpose: Good adherence of caregivers is essential for successful health outcomes in the treatment of childhood asthma. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors contributing to good adherence of maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma. Methods: Children with well-controlled asthma being treated with a daily controller for at least 3 months in Korea University Anam Hospital were selected. Their caregivers who had good adherence to maintenance treatment were recruited. Qualitative study through in-depth interviews was conducted with 18 caregivers who agreed to the study. Results: The 18 caregivers (mean age, 40.0 years) consisted of 15 mothers, 2 grandmothers, and 1 father. The resulting consensus were identified and grouped into 2 domains: the caregiver/patient aspect with 8 theme factors and the treatment aspect with 4 theme factors. The main theme factors in the caregiver/patient aspect were enabling participation in physical activities and exercise (77.8%), perceptions regarding asthma and the need for long-term treatment (50.0%), and perceived value of the medications outweighing the risk of side effects (38.9%). The main theme factors in the treatment aspect were trust in the physician (77.8%), general satisfaction with the manner and attitude of the physician (77.8%) and verification of the necessity of further treatment by performing tests (38.9%). Conclusion: Efforts to improve caregivers' adherence to the treatment of childhood asthma must include a range of factors related to both caregiver/patient aspects and treatment aspects. Among all of these factors, it may be most important to establish a physician-caregiver partnership.
Korean Journal of Pediatrics Vol. 53, No. 3, 2010
DOI : 10.3345/kjp.2010.53.3.364 Original article : Clinical study
- 364 -
1)
jtj
Received : 25 November 2009, Revised : 22 December 2009
Accepted : 8 February 2010
Address for correspondence : Ji Tae Choung, M.D.
Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
University Anam Hospital, 126-1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul
136-705, Korea
Tel : +82.2-920-5090, Fax : +82.2-922-7476
E-mail : jt42525@korea.ac.kr
*
This study was supported by Research Fund of Environmental Research
Center Project (2008), Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea
7.6%
1)
. National
Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP)
Expert Panel Report (EPR) 3
서 흡 (inhaled corticoste
-
roid, ICS) (leukotriene receptor antago
-
nist, LTRA)
2)
.
회인 , ,
50%
3)
.
:
고려대학교 안암병원 환경보건센
*
목포한사랑병원 소아청소년과,
고려대학교 의과대학 소아과학교,
최익선
*,
조생구
라경숙
변정혜
송대진
*,
*,
정지태
*,
= Abstract =
Caregivers adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with
well-controlled asthma : A qualitative analysis through in-depth interview
Ic Sun Choi, M.D.
*,
, Saeng Koo Cho, M.D.
*,
, Kyong Suk La, M.D.
, Jung Hye Byeon, M.D.
Dae Jin Song, M.D.
*,
, Young Yoo, M.D.
*,
and Ji Tae Choung, M.D.
*,
Environmental Research Center
*
, Korea University Anam Hospital
Department of Pediatrics
, Mokpo Hansarang Hospital
Department of Pediatrics
, College of Medicine, Korea University
Purpose : Good adherence of caregivers is essential for successful health outcomes in the treatment of childhood asthma.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors contributing to good adherence of maintenance treatment in children
with well-controlled asthma.
Methods : Children with well-controlled asthma being treated with a daily controller for at least 3 months in Korea Univer
-
sity Anam Hospital were selected. Their caregivers who had good adherence to maintenance treatment were recruited.
Qualitative study through in-depth interviews was conducted with 18 caregivers who agreed to the study.
Results :
The 18 caregivers (mean age, 40.0 years) consisted of 15 mothers, 2 grandmothers, and 1 father. The resulting
consensus were identified and grouped into 2 domains: the caregiver/patient aspect with 8 theme factors and the treat-
ment aspect with 4 theme factors. The main theme factors in the caregiver/patient aspect were enabling participation in
physical activities and exercise (77.8%), perceptions regarding asthma and the need for long-term treatment (50.0%),
and perceived value of the medications outweighing the risk of side effects (38.9%). The main theme factors in the treat-
ment aspect were trust in the physician (77.8%), general satisfaction with the manner and attitude of the physician
(77.8%) and verification of the necessity of further treatment by performing tests (38.9%).
Conclusion : Efforts to improve caregivers adherence to the treatment of childhood asthma must include a range of
factors related to both caregiver/patient aspects and treatment aspects. Among all of these factors, it may be most im
-
portant to establish a physician-caregiver partnership. (Korean J Pediatr 2010;53:364-372)
Key Words : Asthma, Children, Adherence, Caregiver, Interview
Caregivers adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma
- 365 -
4)
.
3, 5)
.
.
다.
적인
.
에도
지침
아 천의 심나 만성 질서의 .
6, 7)
.
임에
로 존는 순응 요이 있을 것고 가 .
순응
.
1.
지 고학교 원 소2008 1 10
6
3 .
EPR 3
상이 2 , 1 ,
β
2
2
2)
.
사용 , ,
,
.
개월 1
흡입
평균 6 ,
시창 횟수 2
,
단하 . ,
.
따라
호자 연구 25 ,
의하 였다 22 .
의무 4
준에 판단 연구
.
자료의 수집 심층 면담2. :
기 위한 방 적 연구 방 .
,
8)
.
의 천 없는
련된 (IS Choi)
고려. 5
,
르기 (JT
Choung) .
- .
1) , 2)
, 3) 3
었지 ( ) ,
구하
문을 .
,
에는 쇄형 .
얻을
행하 부분 1
의를 .
다.
,
, , ,
하였
.
자료의 분석3.
( )
8)
.
내용 녹음
.
답들 자료
로 인용구의 의를 전 에 따라 해석.
. 2
.
표하 .
구의
IS Choi, SK Cho, KS La,
et al
.
- 366 -
완의 .
,
.
대상자 인구학 특징1.
18 40.0 26-65
. (15 , 83.3%) ,
2 (11.1%), 1 (5.6%) .
3
이유 . 11 (61.1%)
수준 , (94.4%)
보호 . 7
, 5 .
8.7 , 2.1
으로 . 2.1 ,
절된 7.0 .
(16 , 88.9%) ICS , 11
, 4 , 1
. LTRA
이었2 (Table 1).
심층 면담 결과2.
통해
되었 12 . 12
측면 2
, 8 4 (Table 2).
주제 대표 인용
아래 .
를 언한 보를 의 의 대이 유된 상,
항을 시하.
보호자 환자 영역의 순응 관련 요인3.
전에 1)
(14 , 77.8%) .
.
되고 .
는데 . (Q:
시 너무 오안 치료하는 것 같는 생각은 안 해
심히 ?) .
체육 빵점. 5
. .
, , ,
Table 1. Demographics and Asthma Characteristics of Caregivers
and Patients
Variables Value
Caregivers (n=18)
Age (yr, mean) (SD)
Gender, M/F, No.
Education, Middle school/High school
graduate/ College degree (n)
Economy, upper/middle/lower (n)
Family history of asthma or other allergic
diseases (n, %)
Patients (n=18)
Age (yr, mean) (SD)
Gender, M/F (n)
Duration of asthma (yr, mean) (SD)
Duration of well-controlled state
mean (mo, SD)
Follow-up interval, mean (mo, SD)
Severity of asthma
*
, mild/moderate/severe (n)
FEV
1
, %predicted (SD)
FEV
1
/FVC (%, SD)
Controller medications
ICS LABA combination) alone (n, %)
LTRA alone (n, %)
ICS with LTRA (n, %)
40.0 (10.5)
1/17
2/5/11
0/17/1
10 (55.6)
8.7 ( 3.4)
10/8
2.1 ( 1.3)
7.0 ( 3.3)
2.6 ( 0.7)
6/8/4
102.4 ( 9.4)
84.8 ( 4.9)
8 (44.4)
2 (11.1)
8 (44.4)
*
The initial assessment of patients before maintenance treatment
Abbreviations : SD, standard deviation; M, male; F, female;
FEV
1
, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital
capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long acting ß-
agonist; LTRA, leukotriene receptor antagonist
Table 2. Domains and Subordinate Themes Associated With
Good Adherence to Maintenance Treatment of Asthma
No. (%)
Caregiver/patient aspect
Enabling participation in physical activities and
exercise
Perceptions regarding asthma and the need for
long-term treatment
Perceived value of the medications outweighing
the risk of side effects
Family history of asthma or other allergic disease
Child’s cooperation to treatment
Previous recurrent or severe symptoms
High treatment expectations
Support for care of asthma and perceived
responsibility from family
Physician/treatment aspect
Trust in the physician
General satisfaction with the manner and attitude
of the physician
Verification of the necessity of further treatment
by performing tests
Friendliness of the physician
14 (77.8)
9 (50.0)
7 (38.9)
5 (27.8)
5 (27.8)
4 (22.2)
3 (16.7)
2 (11.1)
14 (77.8)
14 (77.8)
7 (38.9)
3 (16.7)
Caregivers adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma
- 367 -
. [ 3]
,
.
동장
, .
,
말씀 .
너무 , . [
4]
2)
들은 식이 간이9 (50.0%)
,
.
자가
를 종도 된고 할 는 지적으
설명.
밖에 정보
. .
,
료되
. (Q:
말씀?) ,
,
뀌지 , ,
.
그런 . [ 2]
, 6 .
중에 (Q: ,
기적로 다서 계속 치 는 무?)
,
간에 , .
있어
.
. [ 11]
3)
자들 7 (38.9%)
,
에 결국 지인 약물 사 는 것로 나.
으로
,
었다 .
부작 .
○○
듯이
. .
.
. (Q: ?) .
? 11 . .
.
,
료가 . [ 1]
믿
말들 .
,
에 도이 된고 하 럼 들고 싶은 마,
. , .
정이
. [ 14]
4)
알레
이거 완치
나타 언급 . 5
예는 음과 (27.8%) , .
.
, . ,
리면 .
보호. [ 13]
,“○
.
항이 .
. [ 17]
5)
5 (27.8%)
.
.
챙겨 ,
10 , 11 .
넘기 하고 . [
12]
.
아침 먹어 니까 보호. . [
13]
6)
4 (22.2%)
타날 재발 .
.
,
심하 침을
,
. [ 7]
IS Choi, SK Cho, KS La,
et al
.
- 368 -
하고
.
,
. [ 11]
7)
같이 3 (16.7%)
.
아팠
.
90% .
아졌 1
. .
[ 1]
경우 .
,
. .
[ 9]
8)
자들 이의 2 (11.1%)
,
다 이 . .
.
다닐 호자. [ 5]
아프 무조 ,
병원 .
호자. [ 6]
치료 영역의 순응 관련 요인4.
1)
치료 믿 14 (77.8%)
포함 .
직접
. 12
,
. 1
원 의는 외인 요 로 작
반적 감이 다고, 1
.
같다.
하다
.
,
테니 그럴
는 생을 해 를 맡는 입까 선을 믿.
. [ 2]
세요 (Q: ?)
믿 .
런데 . , ,
생님 믿 ,
믿
. [ 4]
2)
은 치 한 전14 (77.8%)
보인 . 4
절하 세한 , ,
,
급한 . .
테 진료받고 가면 마이 편 고 그,
설명 .
. [ 8]
한 것
세요 담이 . .
한 거
든요 . [ 11]
3)
없더 천식
아니 치료 대한
들에 이에 . 7 (38.9%)
,
지 치에 순하는 요의 하로 작 로 보.
.
(Q:
었는 하기 ?)
절해 는데 . ,
.
.
,
. [ 7]
검사
.
. ,
. [ 15]
4)
3 (16.7%)
사무 근이 형성
.
있었.
,
Caregivers adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma
- 369 -
, ,
를 기 또 그 대해서 다
야기 주셔 . [ 10]
에 딱 면 대부분 면 긴을 많,
니고 , , ,
?
.
, .
[ 16]
절된 태임 가 높
련된
.
,
,
보는
.
도와 8
으로4 ,
.
,
관련 식과 ,
의 유 한 질 강조
기존 치료 .
현재 증상 , ,
에 대한 우 료 방 환자, , ,
련되 있다
3-5)
.
하는
3)
.
아들 모두 3
.
,
하는 받아
7)
.
9, 10)
.
어 경 식 상
들에 ,
이들 천식 증상 (77.8%). ,
더욱
는 것로 나 은 천식 증의 호이 지.
인식 .
득은 (16.7%)
.
(50.0%)
이라
순응 향상 요인 나로 , .
식은
(27.8%) ,
(22.2%) .
서의 식 치료 순
11-14)
.
Spurrier
14)
호자 환아 든지
할수 칙적 료에
치료 .
.
11, 15-17)
.
에도
건강
하게
18)
.
올바
2)
.
19-23)
. Wade
19)
84% ,
.
동과 것으
인식,
자체 치료
.
.
이해.
,
7 (38.9%)
기간
.
.
를 치료 영서 가장 높은 빈를 보인 치자에 대한 신
(77.8%) (77.8%)
.
능력 , ,
24)
.
, ,
IS Choi, SK Cho, KS La,
et al
.
- 370 -
,
25)
,
점에도 이 은 항은 동게 작
26)
.
한 사로 인고 신을 뿐 아 료 방,
에 깊은 만감을 한 개인 일.
성된 뢰와 족은(16.7%).
/
가장 ,
4, 21, 27-30)
.
형성된 신 은 궁 와 치
,
.
EPR 3
2)
.
3)
구되.
,
이 따 히 소아 천는 이한 과의 수.
.
들의 주고
.
혀진 순응
성의 38.9% .
드백
,
된다.
게 진 도 순가 낮 ,
.
연관
.
.
치료 변화
4, 31, 32)
대한 개인.
서 역인 현이다 든 대 를 향킬 수.
,
33)
.
기본
3)
결과 끌어 ,
.
방문
대학. ,
감수
.
것은
34)
.
식과 하는
.
응도 보이
가능 하였
구의 .
.
식의
.
의 정을 위한 노 나 이한 치.
사 소서 비될 것로 여 인 의료 현.
,
서는 자간
다.
: 공적 상이
간의 지속 ,
구는 .
아의 간의 순응
아보 였다.
: 려대
NAEPP
3
상으 18 .
,
료에 ,
, .
: 18 ( 15 , 1 , 2
령은 ) 40.0 .
영역 당하 요인8
4 .
(77.8%), (50.0%),
(38.9%)
.
(77.8%),
(77.8%),
Caregivers adherence factors affecting maintenance treatment in children with well-controlled asthma
- 371 -
(38.9%) .
: 상을 /
작용 대한
.
.
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<Supplement>
치료 대한 1.
어떤 식을 - ?
- ?
2.
- ? ( , , )
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This narrative review of the correlates. of effective parent-provider communication and relevant interventions indicates that effective parent-provider communication is associated with parental satisfaction with care, adherence to treatment recommendations, and enhanced discussion of psychosocial concerns. Moreover, interventions designed to improve parent-provider communication resulted in more discussion of psychosocial concerns, better recall of information from the visit, and improved parent-provider communication. Recommendations for the development of more effective studies of parent-provider communication and relevant interventions in pediatric primary care include the need for theoretical models to help guide research, the development of reliable and valid self-report measures of communication, the assessment of clinically relevant correlates of parent-provider communication, and the study of children's roles in communication with their pediatricians.
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Provides students, researchers and practitioners with a thorough exposition of the value of using in-depth interviewing in qualitative research. Examples of research are used across the disciplines to show its wide applications. Minichiello and Hays, University New England, Australia; Aroni, Monash University, Australia.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the asthma-related beliefs and locus of control held by parents of pediatric patients with asthma and to evaluate how the parents' beliefs compare with those held by health care providers. Items from three validated questionnaires regarding asthma beliefs, locus of control, and parent satisfaction were administered to a convenience sample of parents of children with asthma attending the University of Florida Pediatric Pulmonary Clinic. Provider questionnaires were placed in the division mailboxes of health care providers and were returned anonymously. Surveys were obtained from 112 parents and 14 providers. Parents believed less than providers that asthma was a chronic illness, but more than providers that asthma interfered with their children's lives. Parents believed more strongly than healthcare providers that providers, fate, and God played stronger roles in their child's life. Paradoxically, parents emphasized certain aspects of providers' control and abilities more than providers themselves did. These findings help explain why parents may not adhere to treatment recommendations and provide target areas for intervention.
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Previous research has demonstrated a significant reciprocal relationship between psychosocial factors and asthma morbidity in children. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study investigated both asthma-specific and non-specific psychosocial variables, including asthma knowledge beliefs and management behavior, caregiver and child adjustment, life stress, and social support. This article presents these psychosocial characteristics in 1,528 4–9-year-old asthmatic urban children and their caretakers.
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This study examined the relationship between asthma management strategies used by parents and parental perception of children's vulnerability to illness. Home interviews were conducted with 101 parents of children previously hospitalized with asthma. The child vulnerability scale (CVS) was employed to assess parents' perception of their children's vulnerability to illness. The asthma severity index (ASI) was used to measure the frequency and intensity of asthma symptoms experienced by children in the preceding 12 months. Five markers of parental asthma management were assessed: (i) school absences; (ii) visits to the general practitioner (GP); (iii) visits to the emergency room (ER); (iv) hospitalizations; and (v) whether children are using a regular preventer.After controlling for the frequency and intensity of children's asthma symptoms, parents who perceived that their children were more vulnerable to medical illness were significantly more likely to keep their children home from school (P = 0.01), were more likely to take their children to the GP for acute asthma care (P = 0.02), and were more likely to be giving their children regular preventer medication (P = 0.02). In contrast, the use of tertiary pediatric care services was not significantly associated with parental perceptions of their children's vulnerability.The results suggest that parental attitudes and beliefs about the vulnerability of their children to illness were associated with greater use of GP services by parents and more frequent school absences for children. The use of hospital services by parents appeared to be more strongly associated with the actual level of children's asthma symptoms than their vulnerability to illness. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000; 29:88–93. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.