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Using the Biopsychosocial Model to Understand the Health Benefits of Yoga
Abstract
Yoga is widely practiced as a means to promote physical, psychological and spiritual well-being. While a number of studies have documented the efficacy of yoga for functioning in healthy individuals and those experiencing illness or pain, biopsychosocial effects have not been detailed. We propose an analogue between the physical, psychological and spiritual effects of practice as espoused in yoga traditions, and the biopsychosocial model of health. To this end, we present a review and conceptual model of the potential biopsychosocial benefits of yoga, which may provide clues regarding the possible mechanisms of action of yoga upon well-being. Physical systems activated through yoga practice include musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, autonomic nervous system and endocrine functioning. Psychological benefits include enhanced coping, self-efficacy and positive mood. Spiritual mechanisms that can be understood within a Western medical model include acceptance and mindful awareness. We present empirical evidence that supports the involvement of these domains. However, additional well-conducted research is required to further establish the efficacy of yoga for health states, and to understand how posture, breath and meditative activity affect the body, mind and spirit.
... As noted above, yoga is embedded in a holistic philosophy and includes components beyond the physical, which sets it apart from more traditional forms of exercise or physical activity. It is an internal practice designed to cultivate inner awareness, self-discipline, and self-control (Feuerstein, 2008), and it involves a system of beliefs and values that can enhance social relations, overall well-being, and mind-body integration (Evans et al., 2009). These yoga-specific features warrant the questions to what extent common physical activity facilitators and barriers apply to yoga, and whether there may be additional facilitators and barriers. ...
... For example, future research could use Spadola et al.'s (2017) model to examine how self-efficacy or social support mediate the influence of outcome expectations on yoga participation. Future studies could also apply models that include the spiritual domain (Evans et al., 2009;Hatala, 2013). Theory-informed studies can help identify the most salient factors influencing or hindering participation and improve understanding of the possible developmental pathway of yoga participation (Genovese & Fondran, 2017;Henrichsen-Schrembs & Versteeg, 2011). ...
... The perceived holistic benefits of yoga, reported by both participants and non-participants, support the biopsychosocial-spiritual model proposed by Evans et al. (2009) as the best way to understand yoga as a holistic practice with multiple outcomes. Some participants cited participation motives not commonly found in other forms of physical activity, such as spirituality, spiritual well-being, and personal development. ...
Barriers and facilitators for participating in sports and exercise may vary across different types of activities. Yoga, a comprehensive discipline originating in India, has increasingly gained a place among the physical activities on offer in modern-day society, where it is usually practiced in the form of physical postures, breath regulation and relaxation. Despite its increasing popularity and many potential health benefits, the uptake of yoga is quite low and appears mostly restricted to certain population subgroups. To elucidate factors affecting uptake, this scoping review aims to identify the range of facilitators and barriers for yoga participation in the general adult population. Eighty-eight studies mentioning factors facilitating or hindering yoga participation were identified from 10 electronic databases. Findings corresponding to study and participant characteristics were summarised quantitatively, while findings referring to facilitators and barriers were organised qualitatively using thematic analysis. Results identified facilitators and barriers in addition to those reported for conventional forms of physical activity (e.g. perceived mind–body-spiritual benefits, negative impressions of yoga). These may reflect additional features of yoga beyond exercise and will need further exploration. Understanding the different facilitators and barriers for yoga participation may be useful to enhance the promotion of yoga and consequently increase its uptake.
... The benefits reported by participants in this study support previous research into the effects of yoga. A previous study has [27] discussed the health benefits of yoga; specifically, how yoga influences wellbeing through physical systems, psychological benefits, and spiritual mechanisms. Participants described benefits including musculoskeletal improvements, positive mood, acceptance, and mindful awareness. ...
... Many studies have also reported on the association between yoga participation and improved sleep; [14,27,29,30] however, this has not been reported in an inpatient rehabilitation setting. Hospital environments can impact sleep hygiene, which has been previously reported in the literature. ...
Context:
The multifactorial benefits of yoga have been well documented in the literature, with the integration of yoga therapy into healthcare being an emerging field. In general, yoga therapy programs are utilized in the community as an adjunct to other therapy. At present, limited rehabilitation units routinely incorporate integrative therapy options within a hospital environment.
Aims:
The aim of this study is to explore the lived experience and patient-reported benefits of yoga in an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation setting.
Settings and design:
Thirty-one participants were recruited to the study after voluntarily participating in a yoga class within an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit of a major metropolitan hospital. Yoga sessions were held weekly for 60 min and consisted of a modified Hatha yoga style. This was a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest study.
Methodology:
Quantitative data were collected to measure perceptions of relaxation and well-being before and after yoga classes, along with the satisfaction of the class. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to collect qualitative data of experiences and perceptions associated with yoga participation.
Statistical analysis used:
Thematic analysis was completed for qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical methods, and descriptive statistics were also provided.
Results:
The benefits described by participants are reported in this paper. These include improved relaxation, physical well-being, emotional well-being, being present, and self-awareness.
Conclusions:
This study describes the personal benefits experienced from regular yoga participation within an inpatient rehabilitation setting.
... The idea that unity (yoga) between the individual consciousness (atman) and the universal consciousness (Brahman) can be attained through a variety of techniques meant to develop self-awareness, mindfulness, and inner calm is fundamental to yogic philosophy (Sinha, 2022). As seen from a modern angle, yoga fits nicely with biopsychosocial models of health, which acknowledge the dynamic interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors that influence health and illness (Evans et al., 2009). Yoga is a multifaceted discipline that incorporates several techniques such as physical postures called asanas, breathing exercises called pranayama, meditation, and ethical standards known as yamas and niyamas. ...
This review elucidates the diverse range of holistic approaches to mental health, specifically emphasizing the functions of yoga and laughter therapy in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression. These days, mental health has become a major worldwide issue that calls for interdisciplinary response. Yoga and laughter therapy have drawn attention for their capacity to address the intricate interaction of biological, psychological, and social aspects that contribute to mental well-being. They also address the connectivity of mind, body, and spirit. This study explores the theoretical underpinnings, mechanisms of action, empirical data, and practical applications of yoga and laughter therapy in enhancing mental health. It does this by drawing on a wide range of literature. The results emphasize the need for more study to clarify these modalities' therapeutic mechanisms and maximize their incorporation into clinical practice, as well as their potential as beneficial supplements to traditional treatments.
... [30][31][32][33] inflammation, [34,35] adverse cardiovascular [36][37][38][39] and nephropathic parameters, [40][41][42] and improving overall autonomic nervous system activity and psychological status. [43][44][45] Information gathered led us to take up research called Integrated Sickle Cell Anemia Research Program (ISCARP) to elucidate the efficacy of Yoga in SCA. ...
Background
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the most common inherited genetic red blood cell disorder, highly prevalent in the tribal population residing in the Central India. The affected populace are disadvantaged due to a lack of accessibility and unavailability of transportation, flawed communication systems, insufficiency of health professionals, and basic health infrastructure.
Objective
The objective was to set up a yoga-based lifestyle intervention (YBLI) center that is sustainable, accessible, affordable, and acceptable as the part of the Integrated Sickle Cell Anemia Research Program (ISCARP) randomized control trial study.
Methodology
By analyzing previous government screenings, the study identified remote, high-prevalence areas. Based on these criteria, encompassing 58 villages were surveyed in Maharashtra. Bijari village in Nandurbar was chosen for setting up the YBLI center. This center was equipped with basic health facilities and Information and Communication Technology infrastructure, managed in a hybrid model by ISCARP staff and incentive-based government health workers. A Central Control Center was established at SVYASA University in Bangalore to coordinate all the activities.
Results
The YBLI center was successfully set up in Bijari village. At the center, around 69 children and adolescents got benefited during Yoga intervention. Only one subject out of 34 in intervention cohort experienced mild crisis. Their basic vitals were recorded regularly. On 11 different occasions, sever crisis of the participants was addressed which reduced morbidity and mortality rate. Furthermore, a social and health profile of these participants was created and updated regularly using sickle cell patient Information Management System, SIMS Portal.
Discussion
Establishment of easily accessible YBLI center for providing primary healthcare, tele consultation with doctors, and maintaining electronic medical record and monitoring and recording vitals in addition to providing adjuvant Yoga therapy.
Conclusion
By offering prompt medical help and counseling, the YBLI center reduced the psychological and economic strain of sickle cell disease on the local populace. The center also captures and stores medical health records, updated on regular basis, which is of great value to the government in deciding and designing policies.
... The Yoga intervention consisted of sessions of approximately 1 h and 15 min each, held once a week after working hours, either outside or inside the University facilities. The classes focused on teaching simple asanas to improve physical wellbeing, breathing techniques to develop emotional and mental balance, and relaxation techniques to reduce stress and foster overall emotional wellbeing, while shifting mental focus to internal sensations (Büssing et al., 2012;Evans et al., 2009). Each Yoga session comprised 10 min of meditation to focus on Study procedure. ...
Introduction
Academic environments are known for their high demands, often resulting in significant distress among employees. Thus, identifying effective intervention strategies to mitigate workplace stress is essential. The present study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of mind–body interventions (i.e., Yoga and Tai Chi) on the psychological wellbeing and perceived mental and physical health of female university employees.
Methods
A total of 166 female university employees and faculty members participated in 10 sessions of Tai Chi or Yoga. They completed self-report questionnaires assessing ruminative thoughts, somatic anxiety, general distress, perceived physical and mental health, and assertive and cooperative behaviors before and after the 10 Tai Chi/Yoga sessions. Additionally, participants completed a state anxiety questionnaire before and after Tai Chi/Yoga second and second-to-last lessons.
Results
Results showed significant differences between scores pre and post Tai Chi and Yoga programs, with lower ruminative thoughts (p = 0.007), lower somatic anxiety (p < 0.001), and higher perceived mental health (p = 0.038) at the end of the programs (i.e., after 10 sessions) compared to the beginning. Moreover, significant differences were found in state anxiety scores, with a reduction in state anxiety at the end of the second (p < 0.001) and second-to-last (p < 0.001) lessons compared to the start.
Conclusion
Our findings highlight the potential positive impact of Tai Chi and Yoga programs on the psychological wellbeing and perceived mental health of female university employees. Immediate reductions in state anxiety following single sessions further underscore the potential of these practices for short-term stress relief. Overall, the results support the implementation of mind–body practices in workplace settings to promote a healthier work environment.
... Even though individual aspects of Yoga are beneficial, composite aspects of Yoga such as physical and meditative parts may have greater benefits. 5 Yoga can be easily practiced by young and old, at home and at work. Hence, in order to promote Yoga as a sustainable measure to improve and promote health, barriers and challenges in Yoga practice must be known. ...
Introduction: Yoga is a comprehensive practice affecting well-being through various systems, it can be easily practiced by young and old, at home, and at work. We have done a survey based on knowledge, attitude, and practice domains to assess quantitative and qualitative information. This survey will help researchers to understand the challenges faced by healthcare professionals in practicing Yoga and suggest remedial measures/solutions. Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional, observational, questionnaire-based survey. A total of 372 healthcare professionals, including faculty, junior residents, senior residents, nursing staff, MBBS, and nursing students of AIIMS, Raipur, were included in the study. Questionnaire-based data were collected over 2 months. All the questions were closed-ended. Results: It was found that participants [210 (69.3%)] believed that Yoga is Mind-body and spiritual practices, whereas 73 (24.09%) believed that Yoga is stretching, breathing, and meditation techniques for stress relief. Only 14 (0.04%) defined Yoga as a kind of physical exercise. Interestingly, 169 (55.78%) people responded that practice of Yoga cannot lead to any kind of injury. Around 154 (50.83%) people gave physical fitness as a reason to start Yoga, and about one-fourth [76 (25.08%)] of the people started Yoga as a part of school education. Around 51.16% of people found Yoga to be better than the gym, dance, or Zumba. It was also observed that among health professionals who had been practicing Yoga since a long time in 73.60% quite due to various reasons but only 18.48% are currently practicing Yoga. Conclusion: This survey indicates that adequate knowledge, the familiarity with Yoga, and a positive attitude toward Yoga are found to be present among healthcare professionals. However, future studies are warranted to identify the association between the knowledge and practice of Yoga.
... These benefits are particularly important for patients with hematological malignancies, who often experience significant psychological distress due to the intensity and duration of their treatments. [39][40][41][42][43][44] ...
Introduction: Hematological malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, contribute significantly to global cancer morbidity and mortality. Patients often face high chemotherapy toxicity and significant physical and psychological symptoms. The use of yoga as a supportive care intervention has shown promise in alleviating these side effects and enhancing patients’ quality of life (QOL). Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library using specific keywords related to yoga and hematological malignancies. Studies from 2000 to 2023 that investigated the effects of yoga on physical or mental health outcomes in patients with hematological malignancies were included. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by two reviewers, focusing on study design, sample size, intervention details, outcome measures, and critical findings. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: The search yielded 903 items, with five randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria. These trials demonstrated that yoga intervention significantly reduced fatigue, emotional distress, and pain in patients with hematological malignancies. However, challenges related to the feasibility of online interventions and adherence were noted. Conclusion: Yoga interventions have the potential to significantly enhance the QOL for patients with hematological malignancies by mitigating fatigue, pain, and psychological distress. Further research is warranted to optimize these interventions and integrate yoga into comprehensive cancer care
... In living organisms, physical activity and yoga play crucial roles in numerous systems within the body (Evans et al., 2009;Gard et al., 2014). Engaging in yoga promotes a holistic approach to health, encompassing physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being (Herrick & Ainsworth, 2000). ...
Yoga has gained popularity as a holistic practice that promotes physical and mental well-being. Despite its growing popularity, there is a lack of solid evidence regarding the clinical relevance of yoga for various medical conditions. This randomized controlled aimed to investigate the impact of yoga training on hematological markers in normotensive college students. The study participants consisted of twenty normotensive college students who were randomly assigned to either a yoga training group or a control group. Over a 12-week period (6 days/week), the yoga group engaged in 80-minute yoga sessions, focusing on body postures, breathing exercises, and relaxation techniques, while the control group did not receive any specific intervention. The hematological markers of both groups were measured at baseline and at the termination of the intervention period. The results of the study reported that yoga group experienced significant changes in the levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte%, neutrophils, mean distribution width count, platelets, and mean platelet volume as compared to control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red cell distribution, white blood cell, lymphocyte, and platelet counts. Considering these results, it can be concluded that yoga practice may be effective in overall physiological health among normotensive college students.
... This culminates into a state of complete integration (samadhi), i.e., holistic well-being. Yoga renders physiological benefits in terms of better functioning of musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, autonomic nervous, and endocrine systems; psychological effects in the form of augmented coping, self-efficacy, and upbeat mood; and spiritual benefits with respect to acceptance and mindful awareness (Evans et al. 2009). ...
... In living organisms, physical activity and yoga play crucial roles in numerous systems within the body (Evans et al., 2009;Gard et al., 2014). Engaging in yoga promotes a holistic approach to health, encompassing physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being (Herrick & Ainsworth, 2000). ...
Yoga has gained popularity as a holistic practice that promotes physical and mental well-being. Despite its growing popularity, there is a lack of solid evidence regarding the clinical relevance of yoga for various medical conditions. This randomized controlled aimed to investigate the impact of yoga training on hematological markers in normotensive college students. The study participants consisted of twenty normotensive college students who were randomly assigned to either a yoga training group or a control group. Over a 12-week period (6 days/week), the yoga group engaged in 80-minute yoga sessions, focusing on body postures, breathing exercises, and relaxation techniques, while the control group did not receive any specific intervention. The hematological markers of both groups were measured at baseline and at the termination of the intervention period. The results of the study reported that yoga group experienced significant changes in the levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte%, neutrophils, mean distribution width count, platelets, and mean platelet volume as compared to control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red cell distribution, white blood cell, lymphocyte, and platelet counts. Considering these results, it can be concluded that yoga practice may be effective in overall physiological health among normotensive college students.
... The body of knowledge supporting the positive impact of yoga on health and well-being across diverse populations is expanding (see Evans et al., 2009;Hagen and Nayar, 2014;Park et al., 2015). Research indicates that yoga enhances positive emotions while reducing negative emotions (Narasimhan et al., 2011;Felver et al., 2015). ...
Background
Human capital plays a crucial role in the success of an organization and further contributes to the broader goals of growth and development of society. In this regard, it is essential to ensure the well-being of employees at the workplace. Given the positive impact of yoga on psycho-physiological aspects of health, this study aims to examine the impact of a breath-based yogic intervention, Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY), on stress, anxiety, thriving, general health, emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being among employees of a leading manufacturing firm in India.
Methods
Undertaking a randomized-control experiment design (n = 64), we examined the impact of SKY on stress, anxiety, thriving, general health, and emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Two certified instructors conducted the SKY intervention in a retreat format over 3 days.
Results
The analysis demonstrated positive outcomes across various aspects of participants’ well-being, i.e., it significantly reduced their stress and anxiety and increased the levels of thriving, general health, and emotional, social, and psychological well-being. These findings are valuable for understanding the potential benefits of the SKY intervention.
Discussion
The findings provide support for considering SKY as a potential well-being intervention for employers at the workplace and society at large. Further exploration, implementation, and research in diverse contexts will be crucial to fully understand the long-term impact and scalability of the SKY intervention in promoting holistic well-being.
... It has multidimensional effects on individuals in terms of physical, social, and psychological aspects. As shown in the literature, the physical dimension of yoga has positive effects on the musculoskeletal system, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system; the spiritual dimension brings awareness and a compassionate understanding; the psychosocial dimension increases social support, facilitates coping, and increases self-efficacy and positive mood (Evans et al., 2009;IOA, 2020). In addition to these, yoga gives strength and vitality to the individual, increases the quality of life, and reduces stress. ...
This study examined the effects of technology-assisted yoga on care burden, quality of life, and psychological well-being among caregivers of individuals with special needs. This study is designed pretest-posttest, follow-up, and control group randomized controlled trial. Data were collected from a sample of 60 caregivers of individuals with special needs. Data collection involved the use of a Socio-demographic Data Collection Form, the Caregiver Burden Scale, the Multidimensional Index of Life Quality, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Measurements were taken before the yoga intervention, as well as at the 3rd and 6th months during the intervention. Statistical analyses included the student’s t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Fisher LSD. SPSS 24.0 and STATISTICA software packages were utilized for data analysis. The effect size and post hoc power were assessed using G Power 3.1.9.6. Initial caregiver scores were found to be moderate. Significant differences were observed among the groups, over time, and in group*time comparisons for various sub-dimensions of the care burden scale, life quality scale, and mental well-being scale. The study yielded large effect sizes and a post hoc power of over .94 for all scales in the posttest and follow-up analyses. The findings indicate that a 6-month yoga program for caregivers of individuals with special needs reduced care burden and enhanced quality of life and psychological well-being.
Trial Registration: This study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (registration number: NCT05218291).
... Similarly, modern medicine uses the biopsychosocial model to maintain homeostasis in the body. The biopsychosocial model is a holistic approach that focuses on the physiology, psychology, environment, and behavior of the person, including social and psychological factors, to eliminate or manage disorders (Evans et al., 2009). The combination of body, mind and breath awareness and meditation used in yoga is likely to create homeostasis in the psychophysiological process of the individual that is like the biopsychosocial model (Greendale et al., 2002). ...
Body-mind-based holistic methods of relaxation and improved well-being, such as yoga and meditation, improve body awareness and have often been used to enhance quality of life and the ability to cope with pain. We aimed to compare tactile sensory acuity and body awareness in healthy sedentary individuals who practiced yoga regularly and in control participants who had not practiced yoga. Participants were 60 individuals, aged between 18 and 35 years who were divided into two groups according to whether they had previously practiced yoga. We used the two-point discrimination (TPD) test to determine participants’ tactile acuity, as measured with a digital calliper at the C7, C5, C3, C1 and T1 spinal segments and with the Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ). The TPD measurements of individuals who practiced yoga and meditation had a lower discriminatory threshold compared to those who had not practiced yoga (p < .001), and the self-reported BAQ score of yoga practitioners was higher than that of the controls (p < .001). We found a positive correlation between the length of the prior duration of yoga experience and self-reported body awareness (r = .567, p < .001). There was a significant negative correlation (r = −.379, p = .015) between the C5 segment and the TPD measurements, but not for the other cervical spinal segments (p > .05). There was a negative correlation between the length of prior yoga practice and the TPD measurements in all cervical segments (p < .001). The most negative correlation was found at the C7 segment (r = −.844, p < .001) and the least negative correlation was found at the C3 segment (r = −.669, p < .001). These data suggest that yoga and meditation practices may improve well-being and diminish pain by increasing body awareness and tactile sensory acuity in the cervical region.
... The growing amount of scientific research over the past decade has shown significant improvements in pain intensity, pain-related functional limitations, and wellbeing following yoga interventions [21][22][23][24]. In addition, yoga has been effective for people with chronic pain in alleviating concurrent depression, stress, and anxiety disorders and enhancing body awareness, pain acceptance, coping strategies, and self-efficacy [16,[25][26][27]. The growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and reviews demonstrate the increasing therapeutic importance of yoga [19]. ...
Introduction:
Chronic pain is a growing worldwide health problem and complementary and integrative therapy options are becoming increasingly important. Multi-component yoga interventions represent such an integrative therapy approach with a promising body of evidence.
Methods:
The present study employed an experimental single-case multiple-baseline design. It investigated the effects of an 8-week yoga-based mind-body intervention, Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), in the treatment of chronic pain. The main outcomes were pain intensity (BPI-sf), quality of life (WHO-5), and pain self-efficacy (PSEQ).
Results:
Twenty-two patients with chronic pain (back pain, fibromyalgia, or migraines) participated in the study and 17 women completed the intervention. MBLM proved to be an effective intervention for a large proportion of the participants. The largest effects were found for pain self-efficacy (TAU-U = 0.35), followed by average pain intensity (TAU-U = 0.21), quality of life (TAU-U = 0.23), and most severe pain (TAU-U = 0.14). However, the participants varied in their responses to the treatment.
Conclusion:
The present results point to relevant clinical effects of MBLM for the multifactorial conditions of chronic pain. Future controlled clinical studies should investigate its usefulness and safety with larger samples. The ethical and philosophical aspects of yoga should be further explored to verify their therapeutic utility.
... The health benefits of exercise have long been recognized, especially for diseases, conditions, and disease states [6]. Exercise, bodybuilding, musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory functions are highly associated [12]. Yoga as a form of exercise has also proven its steadfast place in mental health care. ...
... This culminates into a state of complete integration (samadhi), i.e., holistic well-being. Yoga renders physiological benefits in terms of better functioning of musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, autonomic nervous, and endocrine systems; psychological effects in the form of augmented coping, self-efficacy, and upbeat mood; and spiritual benefits with respect to acceptance and mindful awareness (Evans et al. 2009). ...
... Yoga is often seen as a non-competitive exercise that encourages self-acceptance (Atkinson & Permuth-Levine, 2009;Evans et al., 2009). Hence, it was not surprising that competition and social recognition motives were the least endorsed. ...
Yoga is a holistic movement practice offering physical exercise and opportunities for mind-body integration and spiritual growth. Therefore, participation motives in yoga may vary depending on whether participants perceive yoga as a physical exercise, a psycho-spiritual discipline, or both. This study aimed to (1) identify subgroups of yoga participants based on their perceptions of yoga and level of immersion in yoga’s psycho-spiritual principles and (2) determine the motives that best differentiate the identified subgroups. A total of 546 yoga participants, 18–73 years old (M=40.00, SD=11.85), completed an online survey, which included sections measuring perceptions of yoga, participation motives, yoga immersion, and practice characteristics. Using a two-step cluster analysis, three subgroups of yoga participants were identified: (1) Exercisers, (2) Yogis, and (3) Postural Yogis. MANCOVA indicated significant differences in motives across yoga participant subgroups. Follow-up discriminant function analyses revealed that spirituality, mind-body integration, and coping/stress management contributed the most in distinguishing the three participant subgroups. Results showed that identifiable subgroups exist among yoga participants, with varying motives for participation. Yoga-related studies and promotional messages need to consider how yoga is understood by the intended participants and highlight the motives that match the target subgroups to encourage participation.
... Why use a breathing practice as a central technique to increase well-being and resilience? Research shows that meditation is great for enhancing emotional resilience and a healthy stress response (Evans et al. 2009;Creswell et al. 2014). However, people have been restless at home, so for many the idea of meditating can trigger additional anxiety or restlessness, which counters the intention for the exploration of this study. ...
Context
Computer workers in general, and software developers specifically, are under a high amount of stress due to continuous deadlines and, often, over-commitment.
Objective
This study investigates the effects of a neuroplasticity practice, a specific breathing practice, on the attention awareness, well-being, perceived productivity, and self-efficacy of computer workers.
Method
The intervention was a 12-week program with a weekly live session that included a talk on a well-being topic and a facilitated group breathing session. During the intervention period, we solicited one daily journal note and one weekly well-being rating. We created a questionnaire mainly from existing, validated scales as entry and exit survey for data points for comparison before and after the intervention. We replicated the intervention in a similarly structured 8-week program. The data was analyzed using Bayesian multi-level models for the quantitative part and thematic analysis for the qualitative part.
Results
The intervention showed improvements in participants’ experienced inner states despite an ongoing pandemic and intense outer circumstances for most. Over the course of the study, we found an improvement in the participants’ ratings of how often they found themselves in good spirits as well as in a calm and relaxed state. We also aggregate a large number of deep inner reflections and growth processes that may not have surfaced for the participants without deliberate engagement in such a program.
Conclusion
The data indicates usefulness and effectiveness of an intervention for computer workers in terms of increasing well-being and resilience. Everyone needs a way to deliberately relax, unplug, and recover. A breathing practice is a simple way to do so, and the results call for establishing a larger body of work to make this common practice.
... By engaging in a regular yoga practice they reported ultimately feeling more connected, empowered, and self-compassionate, whilst also noticing physical benefits, such as improved sleep and renewed energy (Capon et al., 2021). These aggregate effects reflect several proposed models for the therapeutic mechanisms of yoga, which recognise that by uniquely incorporating movement, breath regulation, and relaxation, yoga impacts across the biopsychosocial system of health (Butterfield et al., 2017;Evans et al., 2009;Gard et al., 2014). ...
Background
Yoga has several mechanisms that make it a promising treatment for depression and anxiety, including physical activity, behavioural activation, and mindfulness. Following positive outcomes from adapted CBT interventions incorporating mindfulness-based practices, this study explored the effects of a therapeutic yoga program as an adjunct to group-based CBT for depression or anxiety.
Methods
This was a pragmatic preference trial involving adults diagnosed with depression or anxiety in a regional primary mental healthcare service (n = 59), comparing transdiagnostic group CBT (n = 27) with transdiagnostic group CBT combined with an adjunct therapeutic yoga program (n = 32). A preference recruitment design allowed eligible participants (n = 35) to self-select into the adjunct program. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS) was assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and three-months follow up.
Results
CBT + Yoga was an acceptable alternative to CBT alone. Significant reductions were observed in total DASS scores and the 3 subscales of the DASS for both groups, however CBT + Yoga showed significantly lower depressive and anxiety symptoms post-intervention, compared to CBT alone. CBT + Yoga also showed sustained reductions in depressive symptoms over three-months, and more rapid reductions in depressive symptoms, compared to CBT alone.
Limitations
These findings should be considered preliminary due to the moderate sample size, with a rigorous randomised control trial necessary to definitively support the integration of yoga within mental health care to augment the benefits and uptake of transdiagnostic CBT for depression and anxiety.
Conclusions
Complementing other mindfulness-based practices, therapeutic yoga shows promise as an adjunct to transdiagnostic CBT.
... Regardless of its origins, yoga has recently become popular in many western countries as an alternate method to physical and mental well-being [27][28][29]. Yoga is proposed to provide benefits by the promotion of mindfulness through low-impact movement, breathing and meditation [30,31]. The physical component of yoga involves low-impact movements that are combined with breathing techniques and mindfulness meditation. ...
Yoga is a form of movement-based mindfulness practice that enhances the mind-body connection to benefit overall health and well-being. Although the practices of yoga are ancient traditions in the Buddhist and Hindu philosophies, scientific research regarding the impacts of yoga among people with poor cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health has only recently been undertaken. In this article, we highlight the current evidence on the potential impact of yoga on physical and psychological well-being for older adults living with cardiac conditions or stroke.
... Why use a breathing practice as a central technique to increase well-being and resilience? Research shows that meditation is great for enhancing emotional resilience and a healthy stress response (Evans et al. 2009;Creswell et al. 2014). However, people have been restless at home, so for many the idea of meditating can trigger additional anxiety or restlessness, which counters the intention for the exploration of this study. ...
From Sept to Dec 2020 we ran a study on the benefits of breathwork.
33 participants completed the 12-week study.
... Simultáneamente, se ha establecido que los valores de conocimiento y autoeficacia se correlacionaron positivamente con la conducta de hacer actividad física, pero los valores previos de la autoeficacia se correlacionaron negativamente con cambios en la conducta de ejecutar algun tipo de actividad física, es decir, la adopción inicial y participación voluntaria 26 . En este sentido, la mayor evidencia se concentra en la práctica de yoga, donde se ha observado que su realización regular conduce a la experiencia de un cuerpo sano y entrenado, mejoran el compromiso y la autoeficacia 27 . La autoeficacia está influenciada por estados fisiológicos adversos y emocionales inestables, como dolor muscular, fatiga, estado de ánimo, estrés y miedos como el miedo al movimiento. ...
La autoeficacia, concebida como la creencia en poder realizar una tarea a pesar de las dificultades, es uno de los más consistentes predictores de iniciación y mantenimiento de la actividad física en las personas de todas las edades, pero más aún, en edad avanzada. Por lo tanto, esta revisión describe primero la autoeficacia y su distinción de construcciones similares e incorpora la autoeficacia dentro de la teoría sociocognitiva donde se describió por primera vez. Luego, se describen los principales abordajes de diferentes disciplinas para promover la autoeficacia, y, en consecuencia, la actividad física; poniendo foco en la evidencia disponible en el área de ciencias de la salud sobre cómo impulsar las fuentes de esta importante autoconfianza en las personas mayores.
... Social support is a wellknown behavior strategy to increasing compliance and attendance to behavioral interventions [50] Social support is critical for women after stillbirth as many report feeling isolated and their grief is often disenfranchised [51]. It is a key component in coping with loss and trauma, and those who report lower levels of social support have reported more adverse health outcomes [52] Social support may also play a role in the effects of yoga on mental health outcomes as it has been reported that social support provided during classes may be a coping mechanism for stress [53] Because the kind of support that would naturally occur in an in-person class was not present in this online intervention, there is a need to determine feasible, alternative support strategies. ...
Background:
About 1 in every 150 pregnancies end in stillbirth. Consequences include symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Yoga has been used to treat PTSD in other populations and may improve health outcomes for stillbirth mothers. The purpose of this study was to determine: (a) feasibility of a 12-week home-based, online yoga intervention with varying doses; (b) acceptability of a "stretch and tone" control group; and (c) preliminary efficacy of the intervention on reducing symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, perinatal grief, self-compassion, emotional regulation, mindfulness, sleep quality, and subjective health.
Methods:
Participants (N = 90) were recruited nationally and randomized into one of three groups for yoga or exercise (low dose (LD), 60 min per week; moderate dose (MD), 150 min per week; and stretch-and-tone control group (STC)). Baseline and post-intervention surveys measured main outcomes (listed above). Frequency analyses were used to determine feasibility. Repeated measures ANCOVA were used to determine preliminary efficacy. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine a dose-response relationship between minutes of yoga and each outcome variable.
Results:
Over half of participants completed the intervention (n = 48/90). Benchmarks (≥70% reported > 75% satisfaction) were met in each group for satisfaction and enjoyment. Participants meeting benchmarks (completing > 90% of prescribed minutes 9/12 weeks) for LD and MD groups were 44% (n = 8/18) and 6% (n = 1/16), respectively. LD and MD groups averaged 44.0 and 77.3 min per week of yoga, respectively. The MD group reported that 150 prescribed minutes per week of yoga was too much. There were significant decreases in PTSD and depression, and improvements in self-rated health at post-intervention for both intervention groups. There was a significant difference in depression scores (p = .036) and grief intensity (p = .009) between the MD and STC groups. PTSD showed non-significant decreases of 43% and 56% at post-intervention in LD and MD groups, respectively (22% decrease in control).
Conclusions:
This was the first study to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an online yoga intervention for women after stillbirth. Future research warrants a randomized controlled trial.
Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT02925481. Registered 10-04-16.
... Following the PBE framework, this qualitative synthesis offers further insights for understanding the impact of yoga for people experiencing anxiety, depression and PTSD, and highlights the potential value of the practice as an adjunct therapy. Therapeutic outcomes identified as important to the practitioner provide further evidence for a biopsychosocial understanding of yoga [60], rather than a dualist approach [18]. Furthermore, the lived experience offers insights to why people with mental health conditions benefit from yoga practice, and how greater connectedness and a sense of empowerment are integral to therapeutic outcomes. ...
Background and purpose: Yoga is a mind-body therapy that is increasingly used to support rising rates of mental health conditions in the western world. To complement quantitative findings and inform clinical practice, this research aimed to identify key themes from qualitative studies which have explored the lived experiences of yoga for people experiencing anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress (PTSD). Materials and methods: Based on a systematic search of academic databases, a qualitative synthesis was conducted. Results: Primary themes identified from 11 studies describe the self as an agent of change, therapeutic outcomes experienced from yoga, and the process of healing through facing specific barriers and overcoming them. Conclusion: Yoga promotes benefits for mental health through connectedness, empowerment and compassionate awareness, and is a feasible and acceptable therapy for people experiencing anxiety, depression and PTSD.
... MBIs that include movement to focus attention may have a relevant role after stroke. Movement-based MBIs are thought to promote disposition for calm alertness, composure and acceptance of body through training with movement-based techniques that emphasise focusing attention on movement [17][18][19]. In people with stroke, the ability to concentrate can be affected. ...
Following an initial stroke, approximately two in five people will experience another stroke within 10 years. Recurrent strokes are often more severe and fatal. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) that use movement to focus attention, such as yoga and tai chi, may offer a lifestyle strategy in addition to standard rehabilitation options, for moderating risk factors for stroke. We conducted a scoping review to explore the potential for yoga or tai chi to moderate modifiable risk factors for stroke. 26 papers between 1985 and 2017 were identified using online and gray literature databases. Overall, yoga or tai chi may reduce hypertension (up to 16/9 mmHg), and to a lesser extent some lipid and blood sugar levels. Study designs were heterogeneous. Further research on mediating pathways of MBIs, such as yoga or tai chi, on modifiable risk factors for stroke is warranted.
... In the United States, yoga and mindfulness meditation are two CAM practices with significant research into their integration. In addition to mainstream care, individuals often practice yoga regularly to decrease stress, improve physical fitness, and support mindfulness (Evans, Tsao, Sternlieb, & Zeltzer, 2009;Hewett, Ransdell, Gao, Petlichkoff, & Lucas, 2011). ...
This research is a qualitative case study of the perspectives and behaviors of individuals
in the practice of sound bathing. Sound bathing is a recently popular Eastern health and wellness practice in which a group of reposed attendees are induced into meditation and introspection through the sonic experience and vibrations of percussion instruments played by professional practitioners. Because of the rising demand for holistic health and wellness options, including the growth of integrated an Eastern and Western healthcare approach, research on why individuals participate in and how they interpret specific Eastern practices can offer insight into trends disrupting the health and wellness-consumer landscape.
Through evidence from interviews and observations, I argue that individuals maintain a
holistic view of health and wellness that focuses on proactive self-care. However, due to
perceived limitations in many options, participants have become seekers attempting to address and balance multiple dimensions of health and health. This holistic framework coupled with the sacred atmosphere of a sound bath creates a practice that individuals perceive as ideal to attending to their unmet needs. My findings add to the body of knowledge about how and why individuals participate in Eastern practices and can be applied in a number of settings including how to approach future studies of the integrated health and wellness model.
... For example, physiologic/structural benefits may include changes in the musculoskeletal system such as increasing range of motion in the joints and relaxing muscles. 17 In addition, in alignment with this model, psychological constructs, such as self-efficacy and mindfulness, may also be influenced by yoga practice. ...
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic rheumatic disease associated with pain, stiffness, and psychosocial difficulties. The purpose of this case study was to investigate the impact of a yoga intervention on pain and morning stiffness in an adolescent female with JIA. A secondary aim was to assess the impact of this intervention on self-efficacy, mindfulness, health-related quality of life, and disease activity. A 17-y-old female with JIA participated in 3 yoga groups and home yoga practice with a digital video disc. She engaged in daily self-monitoring of pain and stiffness and completed questionnaires assessing psychosocial functioning and disease activity at pre- and postintervention, and psychosocial functioning at 3-mo follow-up. Primary outcomes were evaluated using quasi-experimental single-case design structure (ie, ABAB), with emphasis on the report of means. Results suggested that yoga reduced pain intensity, stiffness intensity, and duration of morning stiffness. Outcomes for disease activity also suggested improvements. Modest changes were revealed on psychosocial outcome measures, however not consistently in the direction of hypotheses. Anecdotal reports from the participant indicated acceptability of the intervention and improvements in pain and stiffness attributed to engaging in the yoga intervention. More research is warranted to further explore the impact of yoga for youth with JIA as an adjunctive component of multidisciplinary treatment targeting pain, stiffness, disease activity, and psychosocial factors.
... Tai chi is a form of martial art and a low intensity exercise that is practiced with an emphasis on deep breathing, mental imagery, and slow, graceful movements to promote flexibility, balance and overall wellbeing (Chyu et al., 2010;Wolf et al., 1996). Yoga is a generic term for a physical, mental and spiritual discipline, the practice of which involves emphasis on postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama) and meditation (dhyana) (Evans, Tsao, Ternlieb, & Zeltzer, 2009) and having positive effects on balance, muscle strength, endurance, flexibility and gait (DiBenedetto et al., 2005;Fan & Chen, 2011). ...
Falls amongst older people is a global public health concern. Whilst falling is not a typical feature of ageing, older people are more likely to fall. Fall injuries amongst older people are a leading cause of death and disability. Many older people do not do regular exercise so that they lose muscle tone, strength, and flexibility which affect balance and predispose them to falls. The management of falls in residential care settings is a major concern with strategies for prevention and monitoring a focus in this setting. Yoga and tai chi have shown potential to improve balance and prevent falls in older adults. They also have potential to improve pain and quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting a three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) with frail older people in a residential care setting to test the hypothesis that a 14-week modified tai chi or yoga programme is more effective than usual care activity in improving balance function, quality of life, pain experience and in reducing number of falls. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in the occurrence of falls. Yoga demonstrated a slight decrease in fall incidence; quality of life improved for the tai chi group. Only the yoga group experienced a reduction in average pain scores though not statistically significant. The findings of the study suggest it is possible to safely implement modified yoga and tai chi in a residential care setting and evaluate this using RCT design. They show positive changes to balance, pain and quality of life and a high level of interest through attendance amongst the older participants. The results support offering tai chi and yoga to older people who are frail and dependent with physical and cognitive limitations.
... This integrated system of yoga has led to improved biopsychosocial functioning reported in several meta-analyses of yoga research for many disorders 26,27 , including during and after breast cancer treatment 28 . Beneficial results in leg lymphoedema caused by filariasis have been reported 29 . ...
Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management to prevent the condition worsening and to reduce the threat of infection. Women are affected in all domains of their life. As a holistic practice, yoga may be of benefit by reducing both the physical and psychosocial effects of lymphoedema. Women with BCRL are attending yoga classes in increasing numbers, so it is essential that yoga be based on principles that ensure lymphoedema is controlled and not exacerbated. Two Randomised Controlled Trials with a yoga intervention have had positive results after an 8-week intervention (n=28) and 6-months after a 4-week intervention (n=18). The first study had several significant results and women reported increased biopsychosocial improvements. Both studies showed trends to improved lymphoedema status. The yoga interventions compromised breathing, physical postures, meditation and relaxation practices based on Satyananda Yoga®, with modifications to promote lymphatic drainage and following principles of best current care for those with BCRL. Individual needs were considered. The yoga protocol that was used in the 8-week trial is presented. Our aim is to provide principles for yoga teachers/therapists working with this clientele that can be adapted to other yoga styles. Further, these principles may provide a basis for the development of yoga programs for people with secondary lymphoedema in other areas of their body as the population requiring cancer treatment continues to increase. Whilst the style of yoga presented here has had positive outcomes, further application and research is needed to fully demonstrate its effectiveness.
... This integrated system of yoga has led to improved biopsychosocial functioning reported in several meta-analyses of yoga research for many disorders 26,27 , including during and after breast cancer treatment 28 . Beneficial results in leg lymphoedema caused by filariasis have been reported 29 . ...
Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management to prevent the condition worsening and to reduce the threat of infection. Women are affected in all domains of their life. As a holistic practice, yoga may be of benefit by reducing both the physical and psychosocial effects of lymphoedema. Women with BCRL are attending yoga classes in increasing numbers, so it is essential that yoga be based on principles that ensure lymphoedema is controlled and not exacerbated. Two Randomised Controlled Trials with a yoga intervention have had positive results after an 8-week intervention (n=28) and 6-months after a 4-week intervention (n=18). The first study had several significant results and women reported increased biopsychosocial improvements. Both studies showed trends to improved lymphoedema status. The yoga interventions compromised breathing, physical postures, meditation and relaxation practices based on Satyananda Yoga(®), with modifications to promote lymphatic drainage and following principles of best current care for those with BCRL. Individual needs were considered. The yoga protocol that was used in the 8-week trial is presented. Our aim is to provide principles for yoga teachers/therapists working with this clientele that can be adapted to other yoga styles. Further, these principles may provide a basis for the development of yoga programs for people with secondary lymphoedema in other areas of their body as the population requiring cancer treatment continues to increase. Whilst the style of yoga presented here has had positive outcomes, further application and research is needed to fully demonstrate its effectiveness.
This article reports on a study with pupils of Amrita schools ( AS ) in India to examine the effect of yoga-based moral education on developing their altruistic potential and reducing materialism. Phase 2 altruism scores of the AS pupils were higher and materialism scores were lower vis-à-vis the comparison group and their own phase 1 scores, with moderate effect sizes ( Cohen’s d range=0.49–0.58, p =0.010–0.012). Within the AS cohort, at phase 2, girls, Hindus, middle class children, those whose mothers were their primary caregivers, single children, and those with above average scores on the self-reported religiosity and spirituality measures, most likely reported higher phase 2 scores on the altruism measure and lower on the materialism measure. The AS student program outlines a model of yoga-based moral education. Controlling or accounting for certain intervening variables, the AS program could be a prototype of value education in schools.
Hormonal shifts during the menstrual cycle (MC) cause autonomic imbalances and psycho-physiological distress in eumenorrheic females. This present study reveals that yoga proactively improves the overall psychophysiological health and wellness in eumenorrheic female college students during different phases of MC. Healthy eumenorrheic female college students (Mage= 20.11 ± 5.39 years, n = 82) were randomized to a control and yoga group (n = 41). A well-conceptualized yoga module (CYM) for 5 days/week for 3 months (1 h daily in the morning) was practiced by the yoga group volunteers. Intra and intergroup comparisons were performed for the estimation of mindfulness awareness scale (MAAS), menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ), cardiometabolic risk factors, heart rate variability (HRV), and endurance fitness during the luteal (LP) and follicular (FP) phases. Psychophysiological discomforts before CYM practice were mostly observed during LP compared to FP due to significant changes in mindfulness, pain, concentration, autonomic reactivity, negative affect, double product (DoP), rate pressure product (RPP), and HRV values. CYM practice influenced HRV parameters for an increase in parasympathetic activity and a decrease in sympathetic balance for better cardiac-autonomic functioning, with significant improvement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and physical work capacity (PWC170). Accordingly, MAAS and MDQ scores also improved significantly after yogic practice. The intra-group and inter-group significant improvements in psychophysiological parameters through CYM practice are relevant in eumenorrheic females to perform effectively throughout their MC period, by improving MC distress and sympathovagal (LF/HF) balance.
The inability of an individual to identify, assess, and manage emotions and levels of stress has adverse individual and societal consequences. Previous studies have shown that yoga-based interventions can successfully treat stress, anxiety, and depression, and can enhance emotional control. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of a specific, intensive, yoga-based intervention, Dynamic Suryanamaskar, on the levels of perceived stress and emotional intelligence in Indian male school students. One hundred and five students with a median age of 17.15 ± 1.42 years were assessed. Practice took place over 12 weeks (n = 70 workouts). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire and the emotional intelligence (EQ) questionnaire, developed for the Indian population, were used to measure stress and emotional levels at the start and end of the study. The Solomon four-group design was used to ensure statistical reliability. The post-study univariate analysis of covariance ANOVA between groups (p < 0.001) and the t-test for independent samples (p < 0.05) indicated that, for those using the Dynamic Suryanamaskar protocol, there was a significant reduction in stress levels and a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the levels of emotional intelligence. This study thus provides further evidence of the benefits of the practice of Dynamic Suryanamaskar.
“Recent Trends in Tourism and Hospitality” compiled from the
thoughts and ideas of some of the foremost professionals from academia and industry. The articles, research studies, and case studies related to the tourism and hospitality industry in the contemporary world, where globalization, digitalization, artificial intelligence, etc. have changed the industry tremendously in the last two decades especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
The authors are experts in the field and have extensive experience working with tourism and hospitality businesses and academia around the globe. Their understanding of tourism and hospitality ensures that the end result is a book that clearly explains the theoretical and practical concepts which impact the day-to-day activities of the businesses. Simultaneously show the array of implications that may
be beneficial for all the stakeholders of the industry viz. society, government, entrepreneurs, etc. This book has an international approach, which is essentially important in this era of globalization. The tourism and hospitality businesses have become internationalized, where domestic companies are penetrating into global markets
and vice versa, and the international chain hotels and travel companies are making a presence in the domestic market as well. Therefore it is crucial for academia to add knowledge of the latest dimensions in the field of travel and hospitality business.
This book gives deep insights into the various trends already emerged and are popular amongst the industry as well as tourists, and a lot more to emerge. This book will really help the peers to get acquainted with recent trends and create a framework in their minds accordingly.
Editors and contributing authors hope that the compilation will help you. Further new editions with cutting-edge ideas and emerging topics will strengthen creating the landmark knowledge house of the tourism and hospitality industry.
Dear readers and intellects, please feel free to share your thoughts and knowledge with us, so that we may be able to incorporate those in our future edition of the book with more insights into the relevant areas.
Yoga is the science of conditioning one's mind and body via the practise of shatkarma, asana, pranayama, mudra, and meditation. The aim of this review of literature is to give theoretical rationale for identifying (a) the specific attributes of yoga poses that have been used in yoga protocols of various studies but have not been explicitly explored, & (b) the minimum time necessary to keep a posture to bring about a corresponding change in performance among the aforementioned cognitive functions (s) In humans, The most prevalent and under-treated problems are cognitive decline & psychological health problems. Different studies have been carried out to determine the influence of Yoga on human cognitive and psychological health indices. However, no comprehensive examination of the effects of yoga-based therapy on human cognitive and mental health has been undertaken to far. Yoga is an ancient science that places a premium on disease prevention and treatment, as well as the percentage of health. Yoga is recognized to delay the effects of aging and has been found to be effective in the therapy of aging-related disorders. Yoga is a centuries-old discipline that is said to improve both physical and emotional well-being.
Objective: This research aims to study the connection betweenthe use of cell phones and sex, body mass index and level of PApractice in adolescent schoolchildren.Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conductedwith a total sample of 103 students in compulsory secondaryeducation (ESO), aged between 14 and 17 years. TheQuestionnaire on the Usability of ICT with Internet Connection(CUTIC) was used, specifically the questions related to the use ofcell phones (Jiménez, Alvarado, & Llopis, 2017). BMI was obtainedself-reported and applying the kg/m2 formula (Baile & González-Calderón, 2014), classifying the schoolchildren with the Orbegozofoundation tables (Sobradillo et al., 2004). The level of PhysicalActivity of the sample was assessed with the WHO Global PhysicalActivity Questionnaire (GPAQ) (2014). Informed consent of theparents or legal guardians was provided throughout the procedureand adjusted everything to the Helsinki Declaration of 2013.Descriptive and ANOVA analyses were performed with SPSSStatistics software version 27.0.Results: For the schoolchildren in this study, cell phones are themost commonly used screen devices, with boys being the oneswho use them the most. There seems to be more consensus on thefact that the main reason for the use of these screen devices isrelated to the consultation of social networks. In relation to BMI,the group of schoolchildren with obesity spends too much time onsocial networks, compared to those with normal weight andoverweight.Conclusions: The main conclusion is that cell phones are widelyused by the adolescents studied, especially to consult socialnetworks. Excess weight is related to prolonged periods of use ofthese devices. Boys report a greater use of these mobile devicesfor educational purposes.
Today, yoga has become a popular supplement treatment. One of the important aspects of research in this field is the study of qualitative studies in the experience of yoga as a treatment. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and examining the factors and criteria for experiencing yoga as psycho-therapeutic interventions, with regular review of existing research in this field. For this purpose, the databases of Science Direct, psyInfo, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, Civilica, Magiran, SID and Noormags were searched. After extracting disproportionate articles for research purposes, a complete review of the remaining 13 articles was performed. The results led to the extraction of eleven categories and three main categories. The factors that reduce suffering include the criteria for silencing the mind, emotional stability and physical health, and acceptance; The factor of self as a factor of change, including the criteria of connectivity, empowerment, compassionate awareness, understanding a holistic approach and flexible attention; And the treatment factor as a process, including the two criteria of barriers to practicing yoga and overcoming barriers. Finally, the results indicate the acceptance and possibility of using yoga as supplementary treatment for people suffering from common mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
This chapter reviews the evidence supporting the efficacy of yoga therapy for wellness, and as an adjunct to standard care for a number of chronic conditions. The underlying mechanisms are explored, including the physiological and biochemical changes that have been observed in yoga practitioners. Yoga has been found to activate the relaxation response-a physiological state which reduces stress on bodily systems. Yoga leads to changes in gene expression, including decreases in the expression of genes involved in stress and inflammation. The positive effects of yoga therapy are interpreted through the lens of the biopsychosocial-spiritual model, which cultivates eudaimonic well-being and salutogenesis. Researchers attribute a wide range of yoga's therapeutic benefits largely to its whole-person approach to well-being.
This paper examines the wellness effects of yoga retreats on Indian guru-led new religious movements’ (NRMs) fellowship. The two-year repeated-measures study included 3658 active followers and 3658 peripheral associates as the comparison group. Two measures assessed wellness: the Flourishing Scale (FS) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT). Phase 1 scores of both groups were not significantly different. Active followers who attended yoga retreats scored higher at phase 2 on the FS and the CIT than the peripheral associates. Within the active followers’ cohort, women, upper class, Hindus and never married/widowed had higher phase 2 FS and CIT scores. Active followers who attended retreats for meditation and reflection, practiced yoga, prayer and personal study during retreats, and regularly maintained the spiritual routine after retreats, acquired several psychological resources and strengths. Hence, active and serious followers of the Indian guru-led NRMs psychologically gain as a result of experiencing yoga retreats.
This article reports a multicity study on the effect of a yoga education program (YEP) in improving memory and cognitive functions of a nonclinical sample of community-dwelling older adults. Specifically, the intervening personal resources that bolster or hinder YEP effectiveness were examined. Of the original cohort of 918 older adults randomized into intervention and waitlist control groups, 792 remained with the study 5 years later. Results indicated that weekly YEP lessons and self-practice improved participants’ scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test–Third Edition (RBMT-3). Participants from Asian cities, women, Hindus and Buddhists, middle class, highly educated, retired, ever single or widowed, living alone or with children and kin, were more responsive to the YEP. Regular attendance and self-practice were strong moderators of YEP effectiveness, with self-practice having the strongest predictor effect. Some cultural variations and improvisations would lend the YEP a wider application.
Background
Practice of yoga has been linked to emotional awareness and positive moods as characteristics of happiness. There is a need to investigate whether a customized yoga programme enhances emotional awareness and happiness in children.
Objective
This article reports a two-year multi-city study examining the effects of a customized Chinmaya Mission anchored Bala Vihar yoga programme on the emotional awareness and happiness of children.
Method
For this repeated measures waitlist control design study, participants comprised 1589 children across 20 global cities and an equal number in the comparison group. Bala Vihar yoga programme participants had greater emotional awareness and scored higher on the happiness measure at phase 2, vis-à-vis the comparison group.
Results
Participant children from American cities, girls, middle class children, those whose mothers were their primary caregivers, who lived in standard family arrangements, single children, who scored lower on the clinician-rated pediatric anxiety screening measure at phase 2, who attended most of the Bala Vihar yoga lessons and regularly self-practiced, were more emotionally aware and happier than their counterparts. Self-practice regularity was the strongest predictor of phase 2 scores.
Conclusions
Results emphasize the positive emotions promoting potential of yoga for children, cross-culturally, with some modifications for certain subgroups of children. Though this study was primarily with Hindu children, some components such as postures and meditation could also be replicated with a wider cross-section of children.
Aims and objectives:
This qualitative study examined the appropriateness and acceptability of 14-week modified tai chi and yoga programmes in an Australian residential aged care (RAC) setting by exploring experiences and perspectives of frail older residents and staff participants.
Background:
Older persons in RAC have limited opportunities for physical activity. Tai chi and yoga are mindfulness-based exercise interventions that have been used to promote physical and psychological health of older adults in community settings. While research on tai chi and yoga interventions in community settings is promising, there is limited research regarding the interventions' appropriateness and acceptability for frail older residents in residential care settings in Australia.
Design:
Descriptive and qualitative component of a mixed-methods study.
Methods:
All residents who participated in the modified yoga and tai chi interventions and staff who supported them were invited. A total of 19 individuals comprising 16 residents and three staff members participated in three focus group interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically using a qualitative descriptive approach.
Results:
Nine themes that reflected the uniqueness of the programmes' mind-body approach are presented: (a) novel, new and exciting; (b) smoothness, rhythm and flow; (c) slow and mindful; (d) gentle but rewarding; (e) moving whole body; (f) perceived benefits; (g) worthwhile; (h) feeling alive; and (i) calming and relaxing.
Conclusions:
The modified programmes of tai chi and yoga was acceptable, appropriate, enjoyable and helpful. Both tai chi and yoga appear to provide appropriate physical exercise and opportunities for older persons to enhance their quality of life through interaction of physical, emotional and intellectual wellness domains.
Relevance to clinical practice:
The 14-week modified programmes of tai chi and yoga could be applied to frail older RAC population to promote health and active ageing.
As a multi-tiered biopsychosocial system focused on mental development, yoga aligns with principles of modern mental healthcare. This paper explores mechanisms through which yoga offers its salutatory effects and guidance for its further integration into the NHS.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of a relaxation‐based
yoga intervention for rheumatoid arthritis, designed and reported in accordance with Delphi
recommendations for yoga interventions for musculoskeletal conditions.
Methods: Participants were recruited from a hospital database, and randomized to either
eight weekly 75‐min yoga classes or a usual care control. Feasibility was determined by recruitment
rates, retention, protocol adherence, participant satisfaction and adverse events. Secondary
physical and psychosocial outcomes were assessed using self‐reported questionnaires at baseline
(week 0), week 9 (primary time point) and week 12 (follow‐up).
Results: Over a 3‐month period, 26 participants with mild pain, mild to moderate functional
disability and moderate disease activity were recruited into the study (25% recruitment rate).
Retention rates were 100% for yoga participants and 92% for usual care participants at both
weeks 9 and 12. Protocol adherence and participant satisfaction were high. Yoga participants
attended a median of seven classes; additionally, seven of the yoga participants (54%) reported
continuing yoga at home during the follow‐up period. No serious adverse events were related
to the study. Secondary outcomes showed no group effects of yoga compared with usual care.
Conclusions: A relaxation‐based yoga programme was found to be feasible and safe for participants
with rheumatoid arthritis‐related pain and functional disability. Adverse events were
minor, and not unexpected from an intervention including physical components. This pilot provides
a framework for larger intervention studies, and supports further exploration of yoga as a
complex intervention to assist with the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
KEYWORDS
complementary medicine, RCT, rheumatoid arthritis, yoga
Heart rate variability (HRV) was studied in cyclic meditation (CM) and supine rest (SR). CM included yoga postures followed by guided relaxation. Forty-two male volunteers were assessed in CM and SR sessions of 35 minutes, where CM or SR practice was preceded and followed by 5 minutes of SR. During the yoga postures of CM and after CM, low frequency power and the low frequency to high frequency power ratio decreased, whereas high frequency power increased. Heart rate increased during the yoga postures and decreased in guided relaxation and after CM. There was no change in SR. Hence, it appeared that predominantly sympathetic activation occurred in the yoga posture phases of CM while parasympathetic dominance increased after CM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Predictors and outcomes of benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping, and posttraumatic growth were examined using interviews and questionnaires from a longitudinal study of women with early-stage breast cancer followed from primary medical treatment completion to 3 (n=92) and 12 months (n=60) later. Most women (83%) reported at least 1 benefit of their breast cancer experience. Benefit finding (i.e., identification of benefits, number of benefits), positive reappraisal coping, and posttraumatic growth had distinct significant predictors. Positive reappraisal coping at study entry predicted positive mood and perceived health at 3 and 12 months and posttraumatic growth at 12 months, whereas benefit finding did not predict any outcome. Findings suggest that benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping, and posttraumatic growth are related, but distinct, constructs.
Chronic stress is estimated to increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events two-fold. Although stress reduction has been linked to a reduction in CV events, little is known regarding its exact mechanism of benefit.
Yoga and meditation will improve parameters of endothelial function.
We examined the effects of yoga and meditation on hemodynamic and laboratory parameters as well as on endothelial function in a 6-week pilot study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, lipids, hs C-reactive protein (CRP), and endothelial function (as assessed by brachial artery reactivity) were all studied at baseline and after 6 weeks of yoga practice.
A course in yoga and meditation was given to the subjects for 1.5 h three times weekly for 6 weeks and subjects were instructed to continue their efforts at home. This prospective cohort study included 33 subjects (mean age 55 +/- 11 years) both with (30%) and without (70%) established coronary artery disease (CAD). There were significant reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and BMI in the total cohort with yoga. None of the laboratory parameters changed significantly with yoga. For the total cohort there was no significant improvement in endothelial-dependent vasodilatation with yoga training and meditation compared with baseline (16.7% relative improvement from 7.2-8.4%; p = 0.3). In the group with CAD, endothelial-dependent vasodilatation improved 69% with yoga training (6.38-10.78%; p = 0.09).
Yoga and meditation appear to improve endothelial function in subjects with CAD.
The present article interprets mindfulness from the point of view of the effects of language and cognition on human action. Relational Frame Theory is described to show how human suffering is created by entanglement with the cognitive networks made possible by language. Mindfulness can be understood as a collection of related processes that function to undermine the dominance of verbal networks, especially involving temporal and evaluative relations. These processes include acceptance, defusion, contact with the present moment, and the transcendent sense of self. Each of these components of mindfulness are targeted in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and there is some evidence that they underlie the therapeutic changes induced by this approach. The relation between the present approach to mindfulness and other approaches is discussed.
We tested whether chemoreflex sensitivity could be affected by the practice of yoga, and whether this is specifically because of a slow breathing rate obtained during yoga or as a general consequence of yoga. We found that slow breathing rate per se substantially reduced chemoreflex sensitivity, but long-term yoga practice was responsible for a generalised reduction in chemoreflex.
The present study aimed at assessing the effects of a set of yoga practices on normal adults (n = 37), children (n = 86), and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 20). An equal number of normal adults, children, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis who did not practice yoga were studied under each category, forming respective control groups. Yoga and control group subjects were assessed at baseline and after varying intervals, as follows, adults after 30 days, children after 10 days and patients after 15 days, based on the duration of the yoga program, which they attended, which was already fixed. Hand grip strength of both hands, measured with a grip dynamometer, increased in normal adults and children, and in rheumatoid arthritis patients, following yoga, but not in the corresponding control groups, showing no re-test effect. Adult female volunteers and patients showed a greater percentage improvement than corresponding adult males. This gender-based difference was not observed in children. Hence yoga practice improves hand grip strength in normal persons and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, though the magnitude of improvement varies with factors such as gender and age.
Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.
The results of most recent studies have generally indicated an improvement in mood after participation in aerobic exercise. However, only a few researchers have compared mindful modes of exercise with aerobic exercise to examine the effect of 1 single session of exercise on mood. In the present study, the authors assessed state anxiety, depressive mood, and subjective well-being prior to and following 1 class of 1 of 4 exercise modes: yoga, Feldenkrais (awareness through movement), aerobic dance, and swimming; a computer class served as a control. Participants were 147 female general curriculum and physical education teachers (mean age = 40.15, SD = 0.2) voluntarily enrolled in a 1-year enrichment program at a physical education college. Analyses of variance for repeated measures revealed mood improvement following Feldenkrais, swimming, and yoga but not following aerobic dance and computer lessons. Mindful low-exertion activities as well as aerobic activities enhanced mood in 1 single session of exercise. The authors suggest that more studies assessing the mood-enhancing benefits of mindful activities such as Feldenkrais and yoga are needed.
To evaluate effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion.
Thirty healthy men in the age group of 25-35 years volunteered for the study. They were randomly divided in two groups of 15 each. Group 1 subjects served as controls and performed body flexibility exercises for 40 minutes and slow running for 20 minutes during morning hours and played games for 60 minutes during evening hours daily for 3 months. Group 2 subjects practiced selected yogic asanas (postures) for 45 minutes and pranayama for 15 minutes during the morning, whereas during the evening hours these subjects performed preparatory yogic postures for 15 minutes, pranayama for 15 minutes, and meditation for 30 minutes daily, for 3 months. Orthostatic tolerance, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, dynamic lung function (such as forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced expiratory volume percentage, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum voluntary ventilation), and psychologic profile were measured before and after 3 months of yogic practices. Serial blood samples were drawn at various time intervals to study effects of these yogic practices and Omkar meditation on melatonin levels.
Yogic practices for 3 months resulted in an improvement in cardiorespiratory performance and psychologic profile. The plasma melatonin also showed an increase after three months of yogic practices. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and orthostatic tolerance did not show any significant correlation with plasma melatonin. However, the maximum night time melatonin levels in yoga group showed a significant correlation (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) with well-being score.
These observations suggest that yogic practices can be used as psychophysiologic stimuli to increase endogenous secretion of melatonin, which, in turn, might be responsible for improved sense of well-being.
To determine the effect of yoga and of aerobic exercise on cognitive function, fatigue, mood, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS).
Subjects with clinically definite MS and Expanded Disability Status Score less than or equal to 6.0 were randomly assigned to one of three groups lasting 6 months: weekly Iyengar yoga class along with home practice, weekly exercise class using a stationary bicycle along with home exercise, or a waiting-list control group. Outcome assessments performed at baseline and at the end of the 6-month period included a battery of cognitive measures focused on attention, physiologic measures of alertness, Profile of Mood States, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), and Short Form (SF)-36 health-related quality of life.
Sixty-nine subjects were recruited and randomized. Twelve subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention. There were no adverse events related to the intervention. There were no effects from either of the active interventions on either of the primary outcome measures of attention or alertness. Both active interventions produced improvement in secondary measures of fatigue compared to the control group: Energy and Fatigue (Vitality) on the SF-36 and general fatigue on the MFI. There were no clear changes in mood related to yoga or exercise.
Subjects with MS participating in either a 6-month yoga class or exercise class showed significant improvement in measures of fatigue compared to a waiting-list control group. There was no relative improvement of cognitive function in either of the intervention groups.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of yoga on cardiovascular function in subjects above 40 yrs of age. Pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and Valsalva ratio were studied in 50 control subjects (not doing any type of physical exercise) and 50 study subjects who had been practicing yoga for 5 years. From the study it was observed that significant reduction in the pulse rate occurs in subjects practicing yoga (P<0.001). The difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between study group and control group was also statistically significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001 respectively). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed significant positive correlation with age in the study group (r1 systolic= 0.631 and r1 diastolic = 0.610) as well as in the control group (r2 systolic = 0.981 and r2 diastolic = 0.864). The significance of difference between correlation coefficient of both the groups was also tested with the use of Z transformation and the difference was significant (Z systolic= 4.041 and Z diastolic= 2.901). Valsalva ratio was also found to be significantly higher in yoga practitioners than in controls (P<0.001). Our results indicate that yoga reduces the age related deterioration in cardiovascular functions.
Surya Namaskar (SN), a group of Yogic exercise consists of a set of twelve postures which is practiced by some of the yoga practitioners. The present study was undertaken to observe critically the energy cost and different cardiorespiratory changes during the practice of SN. Twenty-one male volunteers from the Indian Army practiced selected Yogic exercises for six days in a week for three months duration. The Yogic practice schedule consisted of Hatha Yogic Asanas (28 min), Pranayama (10.5 min) and Meditation (5 min). In the Yogic practice schedule 1st they practiced Kapal Bhathi (breathing maneuvers) for 2 min then Yogamudra (yogic postural exercise) for 2 min, after that they took rest until oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR) came to resting value. Subsequently subjects performed SN for 3 min 40 seconds on an average. After three months of training at the beginning of the fourth month subjects performed entire Yogic practice schedule in the laboratory as they practiced during their training session and experiments were carried out. Their pulmonary ventilation, carbondioxide output, Oxygen consumption, HR and other cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during the actual practice of SN. Oxygen consumption was highest in the eighth posture (1.22+/-0.073 1 min(-1)) and lowest in the first posture (0.35+/-0.02 1 min(-1)). Total energy cost throughout the practice of SN was 13.91 kcal and at an average of 3.79 kcal/min. During its practice highest HR was 101+/-13.5 b.p.m. As an aerobic exercise SN seemed to be ideal as it involves both static stretching and slow dynamic component of exercise with optimal stress on the cardiorespiratory system.
The study aimed at determining whether novices to yoga would be able to reduce their heart rate voluntarily and whether the magnitude of reduction would be more after 30 days of yoga training. Two groups (yoga and control, n = 12 each) were assessed on Day 1 and on Day 30. During the intervening 30 days, the yoga group received training in yoga techniques while the control group carried on with their routine. At each assessment the baseline heart rate was recorded for one minute, this was followed by a six-minute period during which participants were asked to attempt to voluntarily reduce their heart rate, using any strategy. Both the baseline heart rate and the lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily during the six-minute period were significantly lower in the yoga group on Day 30 compared to Day 1 by a group average of 10.7 beats per minute (i.e., bpm) and 6.8 bpm, respectively (p < .05, Wilcoxon paired signed ranks test). In contrast, there was no significant change in either the baseline heart rate or the lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily in the control group on Day 30 compared to Day 1. The results suggest that yoga training can enable practitioners to use their own strategies to reduce the heart rate, which has possible therapeutic applications.
Sleep in older persons is characterized by decreased ability to stay asleep, resulting in fragmented sleep and reduced daytime alertness. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in older persons is associated with hazardous side effects. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the effects of Yoga and Ayurveda on the self rated sleep in a geriatric population.
Of the 120 residents from a home for the aged, 69 were stratified based on age (five year intervals) and randomly allocated to three groups i.e., Yoga (physical postures, relaxation techniques, voluntarily regulated breathing and lectures on yoga philosophy), Ayurveda (a herbal preparation), and Wait-list control (no intervention). The groups were evaluated for self-assessment of sleep over a one week period at baseline, and after three and six months of the respective interventions.
The Yoga group showed a significant decrease in the time taken to fall asleep (approximate group average decrease: 10 min, P<0.05), an increase in the total number of hours slept (approximate group average increase: 60 min, P< 0.05) and in the feeling of being rested in the morning based on a rating scale (P<0.05) after six months. The other groups showed no significant change.
Yoga practice improved different aspects of sleep in a geriatric population.
Yoga has been practiced for thousands of years to improve physical and emotional well-being. Empirical research on yoga has been ongoing for several decades, including several recent studies conducted with cancer patients and survivors.
This review provides a general introduction to yoga and a detailed review of yoga research in cancer.
Nine studies conducted with cancer patients and survivors yielded modest improvements in sleep quality, mood, stress, cancer-related distress, cancer-related symptoms, and overall quality of life. Studies conducted in other patient populations and healthy individuals have shown beneficial effects on psychological and somatic symptoms, as well as other aspects of physical function.
Results from the emerging literature on yoga and cancer provide preliminary support for the feasibility and efficacy of yoga interventions for cancer patients, although controlled trials are lacking. Further research is required to determine the reliability of these effects and to identify their underlying mechanisms.
Yoga-based interventions may prove to be an attractive option for the treatment of depression. The aim of this study is to systematically review the research evidence on the effectiveness of yoga for this indication.
Searches of the major biomedical databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClNAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were conducted. Specialist complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the IndMED databases were also searched and efforts made to identify unpublished and ongoing research. Searches were conducted between January and June 2004. Relevant research was categorised by study type and appraised. Clinical commentaries were obtained for studies reporting clinical outcomes.
Five randomised controlled trials were located, each of which utilised different forms of yoga interventions and in which the severity of the condition ranged from mild to severe. All trials reported positive findings but methodological details such as method of randomisation, compliance and attrition rates were missing. No adverse effects were reported with the exception of fatigue and breathlessness in participants in one study.
No language restrictions were imposed on the searches conducted but no searches of databases in languages other than English were included.
Overall, the initial indications are of potentially beneficial effects of yoga interventions on depressive disorders. Variation in interventions, severity and reporting of trial methodology suggests that the findings must be interpreted with caution. Several of the interventions may not be feasible in those with reduced or impaired mobility. Nevertheless, further investigation of yoga as a therapeutic intervention is warranted.
A randomized trial (n = 60; A. L. Stanton, S. Danoff-Burg, L. A. Sworowski, et al., 2002) revealed that 4 sessions of written expressive disclosure or benefit finding produced lower physical symptom reports and medical appointments for cancer-related morbidities at 3-month follow-up among breast cancer patients relative to a fact-control condition. The goal of this article is to investigate mechanisms underlying these effects. Within-session heart rate habituation mediated effects of expressive disclosure on physical symptoms, and greater use of negative emotion words in essays predicted a decline in physical symptoms. Postwriting mood and use of positive emotion and cognitive mechanism words in essays were not significant mediators, although greater cognitive mechanism word use was related to greater heart rate habituation and negative emotion word use.
Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently experience interference with everyday activities. Mind-body approaches such as yoga have been recommended as interventions for patients with IBS. Despite promising results among adult samples, there have been limited studies exploring the efficacy of yoga with pediatric patients.
To conduct a preliminary randomized study of yoga as treatment for adolescents with IBS.
Twenty-five adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with IBS were randomly assigned to either a yoga or wait list control group. Before the intervention, both groups completed questionnaires assessing gastrointestinal symptoms, pain, functional disability, coping, anxiety and depression. The yoga intervention consisted of a 1 h instructional session, demonstration and practice, followed by four weeks of daily home practice guided by a video. After four weeks, adolescents repeated the baseline questionnaires. The wait list control group then received the yoga intervention and four weeks later completed an additional set of questionnaires.
Adolescents in the yoga group reported lower levels of functional disability, less use of emotion-focused avoidance and lower anxiety following the intervention than adolescents in the control group. When the pre- and postintervention data for the two groups were combined, adolescents had significantly lower scores for gastrointestinal symptoms and emotion-focused avoidance following the yoga intervention. Adolescents found the yoga to be helpful and indicated they would continue to use it to manage their IBS.
Yoga holds promise as an intervention for adolescents with IBS.
The prevalence and cost of chronic pain is a major physical and mental health care problem in the United States today. As a result, there has been a recent explosion of research on chronic pain, with significant advances in better understanding its etiology, assessment, and treatment. The purpose of the present article is to provide a review of the most noteworthy developments in the field. The biopsychosocial model is now widely accepted as the most heuristic approach to chronic pain. With this model in mind, a review of the basic neuroscience processes of pain (the bio part of biopsychosocial), as well as the psychosocial factors, is presented. This spans research on how psychological and social factors can interact with brain processes to influence health and illness as well as on the development of new technologies, such as brain imaging, that provide new insights into brain-pain mechanisms.
This study examines the impact of yoga, including physical poses, breathing, and meditation exercises, on quality of life (QOL), fatigue, distressed mood, and spiritual well-being among a multiethnic sample of breast cancer patients.
One hundred twenty-eight patients (42% African American, 31% Hispanic) recruited from an urban cancer center were randomly assigned (2:1 ratio) to a 12-week yoga intervention (n = 84) or a 12-week waitlist control group (n = 44). Changes in QOL (eg, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy) from before random assignment (T1) to the 3-month follow-up (T3) were examined; predictors of adherence were also assessed. Nearly half of all patients were receiving medical treatment.
Regression analyses indicated that the control group had a greater decrease in social well-being compared with the intervention group after controlling for baseline social well-being and covariates (P < .0001). Secondary analyses of 71 patients not receiving chemotherapy during the intervention period indicated favorable outcomes for the intervention group compared with the control group in overall QOL (P < .008), emotional well-being (P < .015), social well-being (P < .004), spiritual well-being (P < .009), and distressed mood (P < .031). Sixty-nine percent of intervention participants attended classes (mean number of classes attended by active class participants = 7.00 +/- 3.80), with lower adherence associated with increased fatigue (P < .001), radiotherapy (P < .0001), younger age (P < .008), and no antiestrogen therapy (P < .02).
Despite limited adherence, this intent-to-treat analysis suggests that yoga is associated with beneficial effects on social functioning among a medically diverse sample of breast cancer survivors. Among patients not receiving chemotherapy, yoga appears to enhance emotional well-being and mood and may serve to buffer deterioration in both overall and specific domains of QOL.
Buffalo health study concluded that pulmonary function is a long-term predictor for overall survival rates. It is essential to be involved in physical activity or sports which help in achieving better lung function. Cross sectional observation study was conducted to determine if yoga and athletic activity (running) are associated with better lung functions as compared to subjects with sedentary lifestyles and how does athletes and yogis differ in lung function. Spirometric parameters were assessed in randomly selected 60 healthy male, non-smoking; non-obese subjects-athletes, yogis and sedentary workers. The groups differed significantly in FEV1 and PEFR. The highest mean FEV1 and PEFR were observed in yogis. Both yogis and athletes had significantly better FEV1 as compared to sedentary workers. Yogis also had significantly better PEFR as compared to sedentary workers and athletes. Yogis and athletes had similar lung functions except for better PEFR amongst yogis. Involvement in daily physical activity or sport preferably yoga can help in achieving better pulmonary function.
Yoga and meditation can help women experiencing the challenges of fertility. The practice of meditation and relaxation can help increase the clarity of the mind, maintain healthy body chemistry, and give patients the patience to undergo the rigors of infertility treatments. When one understands and can attain physical relaxation, one tends to feel better about the body itself, and begins to treat the body with more respect. This understanding can lead to healthier lifestyle habits as well as increased sensitivity regarding symptoms and body processes. This is beneficial to both doctor and patient as the patient can report with more clarity and sense cycles and physical issues more readily. © 2003 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Published by Elsevier Inc.
Yoga is a popular modality of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and yet a relatively small body of literature examines the efficacy of yoga in addressing health problems. This review details the existing studies on yoga for chronic health conditions associated with pain in individuals across the lifespan. Overall, there is compelling preliminary evidence about the beneficial aspects of yoga in addressing a variety of pain conditions including osteoarthritis, back pain, headaches, and irritable bowel syndrome. Problematic to the literature as a body is the lack of detail offered by most researchers about the branch of yoga chosen, the specific postures employed, and the qualifications of yoga teachers in these studies. Also of issue is the typically small sample size as well as an absence of theoretical models to inform interventions and assessments. These shortcomings have conceivably impeded greater wide-scale replication and dissemination of yoga programs for health conditions. For people with chronic pain conditions, yoga offers a relatively low-cost and easily accessible CAM intervention and would likely be of public health benefit if studied more rigorously in the future.
This study examined the pain experience and pain coping of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The purpose of the study was to describe present pain and the pain coping strategies utilized by children with juvenile chronic arthritis and examine pain coping strategies and pain efficacy as a predictor of pain intensity and distribution. Fifty-six children with JCA rated their present pain using two measures of pain intensity, the Oucher and the pain thermometer, and reported on the number of pain locations using a body map. In addition, each child completed the Child Version of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ-C) and health status was determined by a physician's disease activity rating. On average, children reported current pain in the low to middle range on the different pain scales, although there was considerable variability in pain ratings. Up to 30% of all children had pain ratings higher than or equal to the middle range on both the Oucher and the pain thermometer. On average, children reported pain in more than two body areas. Correlational analyses were conducted to examine how the composite factors on the CSQ-C (Pain Control and Rational Thinking, and Coping Attempts) related to variations in reported pain intensity and location. Children who scored higher on the Pain Control and Rational Thinking factor of the CSQ-C had much lower ratings of pain intensity and reported pain in fewer body areas. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that disease activity and scores on the Pain Control and Rational Thinking factor of the CSQ-C each accounted for a unique, statistically significant proportion of variance in the measures of pain intensity and pain location. Behavioral and cognitive therapy interventions designed to increase pain coping efficacy may be useful adjuncts in treating pain in children with chronic arthritis.
( This reprinted article originally appeared in Science, 1977, Vol 196[4286], 129–236. The following abstract of the original article appeared in PA, Vol 59:1423. ) Although it seems that acceptance of the medical model by psychiatry would finally end confusion about its goals, methods, and outcomes, the present article argues that current crises in both psychiatry and medicine as a whole stem from their adherence to a model of disease that is no longer adequate for the work and responsibilities of either field. It is noted that psychiatrists have responded to their crisis by endorsing 2 apparently contradictory positions, one that would exclude psychiatry from the field of medicine and one that would strictly adhere to the medical model and limit the work of psychiatry to behavioral disorders of an organic nature. Characteristics of the dominant biomedical model of disease are identified, and historical origins and limitations of this reductionistic view are examined. A biopsychosocial model is proposed that would encompass all factors related to both illness and patienthood. Implications for teaching and health care delivery are considered.
We investigated the relationship among social support, stress and functional status in 439 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). OA is among the most prevalent diseases affecting American adults and is a major contributor to functional impairment, morbidity, and utilization of health care resources. This study examines whether the impact of social support upon health was direct or indirect (i.e. it was present only when respondents were exposed to stressors). We also wanted to explore the relationship between functional status and specific dimensions of support (i.e. self-esteem, appraisal, belonging, and tangible support). Functional status (psychological disability, physical disability, pain) was assessed with the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). Multiple regression suggested that exposure to stressors and low self-esteem support were associated with increased disability along all AIMS dimensions; appraisal support was not correlated with any AIMS score. Also, physical disability was associated with being older and having less tangible support (R2 = 0.17); psychological disability with being younger, caucasian, and having less belonging support (R2 = 0.47); and pain with being younger, caucasian and having less education (R2 = 0.15). In no instance was there empirical support for the buffering model. Self-esteem appeared to be the most, and appraisal the least, consistent social support dimension when predicting functional status. While exposure to stressors negatively affected all AIMS dimensions, its impact was greatest with respect to psychological disability. We conclude that social support had a direct, rather than indirect, impact on functional status. Future research should consider separately the impact of distinct social support dimensions.
LDH is a glycolytic enzyme utilised during exercise to provide energy to contracting muscles. Chronic submaximal exercise for a longer duration shows about two-fold increase in LDH levels. Yogic practises might be bringing similar effects. The present work was designed to study effect of yogic training on LDH levels. Fourteen female and six male students of average age or 18 years were subjected to yogic training for six weeks. Serum LDH levels were found before and after the training course by spectrophotometric method of Henry et al. The serum LDH levels were within normal limits and showed significant increase both in females and males after yogic training. It indicates that Yoga has similar effect on LDH levels like endurance training.
The authors attempt to present, necessarily in an oversimplified and modified form, some of the concepts of Hindu philosophers, embodied in ancient Indian literature, whose practical application has been found useful in obtaining and maintaining peace of mind. They are considered relevant to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The postures and exercises associated with these concepts are traditional; they would need a long description, and an account of them has therefore been omitted from this paper. The treatment based on these postures and exercises has nothing to do with the Hindu religion, and in our view is of universal applicability; it is, we consider, a practical therapeutic application of accepted neurophysiological principles. In brief, the practice of these techniques leads to an increased control over voluntary and involuntary nervous functions. Clinical results obtained are illustrated by three case histories and a tabulated presentation of 30 cases. Treatment normally involves sessions of a half to one hour, six days a week, for 4 to 6 weeks.
It is not always necessary to go through the entire procedure, and the methods can also be modified, depending on what the patient wants to achieve. Mental tension may be relieved even in the early stages of treatment. But the constant practice of suitable methods over a prolonged period can lead to peace of mind, which one can only realize by personal experience. Whether one could call this "self enlightenment" or "self realization", the total effect is an ability to maintain lasting peace of mind.
Given the lack of objective physical measures for assessing fibromyalgia syndrome (FS), the role of pain assessment is particularly important. The role of psychological factors is controversial among FS patients. This study was designed to better understand the relationship between pain behaviors and psychological variables. Specifically, this study (1) refined a pain behavior observation (PBO) methodology for use with FS patients, (2) determined whether stretching is a valid pain behavior, and (3) assessed whether psychological variables including self-efficacy and/or depression can predict pain behaviors after controlling for disease severity and age. The 73 FS subjects meeting the American College of Rheumatology classification system completed questionnaires measuring self-efficacy, depression, and pain. Trained physicians conducted tender-point examinations. Subjects were video-taped using a standardized procedure. Two trained raters independently coded all pain behaviors. Kappa coefficients and correlations among pain behaviors and self-reported pain indicated that the PBO method was both reliable and valid. However, the newly defined pain behavior 'stretching' was found to be negatively associated with self-reported pain. Hierarchical multiple regression (MR) analyses revealed that depression did not predict pain behavior over and above myalgic scores and age; however, in 3 separate MR analyses, self-efficacy for function, pain, and other symptoms each predicted pain behavior over and above myalgic scores and age. This study indicated that the original pain behavior scoring methodology is appropriate for use with the FS population and should not be modified to include the pain behavior 'stretching'. Self-efficacy was related to pain behavior while depression was not among this FS sample.
Forty male high school students, age 12-15 yrs, participated for a study of yoga in relation to body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power. Ths Ss were placed into two subsets viz., yoga group and control group. Body composition, cardiovascular endurance anaerobic power were measured using standard method. The duration of experiment was one year. The result of ANCOVA revealed that a significant improvement in ideal body weight, body density, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power was observed as a result of yoga training. This study could not show significant change in body fat (midaxillary), skeletal diameters and most of the body circumferences. It was evident that some of the fat-folds (tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, umbilical, thigh and calf) and body circumferences (waist, umbilical and hip) were reduced significantly.
To investigate the evolution of functional capacity, disease activity, and joint destruction over time in a 12-year prospective cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and to study the relative contribution of disease activity and joint destruction to the loss of functional capacity.
One hundred thirty-two female patients with recent-onset RA were assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 years of followup for functional capacity (Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ] score), disease activity (Disease Activity Score [DAS]), and joint destruction (Sharp score of radiologic damage).
The Sharp score deteriorated steadily over time, while the HAQ score and DAS showed a variable course. The DAS correlated strongly with the HAQ score throughout the disease course. The correlation between the Sharp score and the HAQ score was weak at study start, but became strong after 12 years. After 12 years of followup, disease activity was the main determinant of the HAQ score when entered in a multivariate analysis.
Functional capacity is strongly influenced by disease activity throughout the course of RA. Even in longstanding RA, disease activity proves to be the main determinant of the HAQ score for functional capacity.
This study examined the effects of "tanden breathing" by Zen practitioners on cardiac variability. Tanden breathing involves slow breathing into the lower abdomen.
Eleven Zen practitioners, six Rinzai and five Soto, were each studied during 20 minutes of tanden breathing, preceded and followed by 5-minute periods of quiet sitting. During this time, we measured heart rate and respiration rate.
For most subjects, respiration rates fell to within the frequency range of 0.05 to 0.15 Hz during tanden breathing. Heart rate variability significantly increased within this low-frequency range but decreased in the high-frequency range (0.14-0.4 Hz), reflecting a shift of respiratory sinus arrhythmia from high-frequency to slower waves. Rinzai practitioners breathed at a slower rate and showed a higher amplitude of low-frequency heart rate waves than observed among Soto Zen participants. One Rinzai master breathed approximately once per minute and showed an increase in very-low-frequency waves (<0.05 Hz). Total amplitude of heart rate oscillations (across frequency spectra) also increased. More experienced Zen practitioners had frequent heart rhythm irregularities during and after the nadir of heart rate oscillations (ie, during inhalation).
These data are consistent with the theory that increased oscillation amplitude during slow breathing is caused by resonance between cardiac variability caused by respiration and that produced by physiological processes underlying slower rhythms. The rhythm irregularities during inhalation may be related to inhibition of vagal modulation during the cardioacceleratory phase. It is not known whether they reflect cardiopathology.
The thoracic region of the spine is normally kyphotic, or anteriorly concave. Hyperkyphosis, colloquially called “dowager’s hump,” refers to excessive kyphotic curvature; however, there is no criterion standard, nor are there any outcome-based definitions of the condition. A kyphosis angle ≥ 40°—the 95th percentile value for young adults—is currently used to define hyperkyphosis.1,2
Hyperkyphosis may be associated with physical and emotional limitations3–11 and may have multiple precipitants.4,12–14 Yoga could be an optimal intervention for hyperkyphosis in that it may improve physical and emotional functioning as well as combat some of the underlying muscular and biomechanical causes. We conducted a single-arm, nonmasked intervention trial to assess the effects on anthropometric and physical function of yoga among women with hyperkyphosis.
Mind-body practices such as yoga are widely popular, but little is known about how such exercises impact health-related quality of life.
To measure changes in health-related quality of life associated with 3 months of mind-body training as practiced in community-based settings.
Prospective cohort study.
Eight centers for practice of mind-body training.
One hundred ninety-four English-speaking adults who had taken no more than 10 classes at the centers prior to enrollment in the study. One hundred seventy-one (88%) returned the 3-month follow-up questionnaire.
Administration of the SF-36 questionnaire at the start of training and after 3 months.
At baseline, new participants in mind-body training reported lower scores than U.S. norms for 7 of 8 domains of the SF-36: mental health, role emotional, social, vitality, general health, body pain, and role physical (P <.002 for all comparisons). After 3 months of training, within-patient change scores improved in all domains (P <.0001), including a change of +15.5 (standard deviation +/-21) in the mental health domain. In hierarchical regression analysis, younger age (P=.0003), baseline level of depressive symptoms (P=.01), and reporting a history of hypertension (P=.0054) were independent predictors of greater improvement in the SF-36 mental health score. Five participants (2.9%) reported a musculoskeletal injury.
New participants in a community-based mind-body training program reported poor health-related quality of life at baseline and moderate improvements after 3 months of practice. Randomized trials are needed to determine whether benefits may be generalizable to physician-referred populations.
Yoga has become increasingly popular in Western cultures as a means of exercise and fitness training; however, it is still depicted as trendy as evidenced by an April 2001 Time magazine cover story on "The Power of Yoga." There is a need to have yoga better recognized by the health care community as a complement to conventional medical care. Over the last 10 years, a growing number of research studies have shown that the practice of Hatha Yoga can improve strength and flexibility, and may help control such physiological variables as blood pressure, respiration and heart rate, and metabolic rate to improve overall exercise capacity. This review presents a summary of medically substantiated information about the health benefits of yoga for healthy people and for people compromised by musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary disease.
Low back pain is a significant public health problem and one of the most commonly reported reasons for the use of Complementary Alternative Medicine. A randomized control trial was conducted in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain comparing Iyengar yoga therapy to an educational control group. Both programs were 16 weeks long. Subjects were primarily self-referred and screened by primary care physicians for study of inclusion/exclusion criteria. The primary outcome for the study was functional disability. Secondary outcomes including present pain intensity, pain medication usage, pain-related attitudes and behaviors, and spinal range of motion were measured before and after the interventions. Subjects had low back pain for 11.2+/-1.54 years and 48% used pain medication. Overall, subjects presented with less pain and lower functional disability than subjects in other published intervention studies for chronic low back pain. Of the 60 subjects enrolled, 42 (70%) completed the study. Multivariate analyses of outcomes in the categories of medical, functional, psychological and behavioral factors indicated that significant differences between groups existed in functional and medical outcomes but not for the psychological or behavioral outcomes. Univariate analyses of medical and functional outcomes revealed significant reductions in pain intensity (64%), functional disability (77%) and pain medication usage (88%) in the yoga group at the post and 3-month follow-up assessments. These preliminary data indicate that the majority of self-referred persons with mild chronic low back pain will comply to and report improvement on medical and functional pain-related outcomes from Iyengar yoga therapy.
The objective of the study was to study the short-term impact of a brief lifestyle intervention based on yoga on some of the biochemical indicators of risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.
The variables of interest were measured at the beginning (day 1) and end (day 10) of the intervention using a pre-post design.
The study is the result of operational research carried out in our Integral Health Clinic (IHC). The IHC is an outpatient facility which conducts 8-day lifestyle modification programs based on yoga for prevention and management of chronic disease. A new course begins every alternate week of the year.
The study is based on data collected on 98 subjects (67 male, 31 female), ages 20-74 years, who attended one of our programs. The subjects were a heterogeneous group of patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and a variety of other illnesses.
The intervention consisted of asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), relaxation techniques, group support, individualized advice, lectures and films on the philosophy of yoga and the place of yoga in daily life, meditation, stress management, nutrition, and knowledge about the illness.
The outcome measures were fasting plasma glucose and serum lipoprotein profile. These variables were determined in fasting blood samples, taken on the first and last day of the course.
Fasting plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very- LDL cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total triglycerides were significantly lower, and HDL cholesterol significantly higher, on the last day of the course compared to the first day of the course. The changes were more marked in subjects with hyperglycemia or hypercholesterolemia.
The observations suggest that a short lifestyle modification and stress management education program leads to favorable metabolic effects within a period of 9 days.
To determine the effectiveness of a yoga program on blood pressure and stress, a group of hypertensive patients in Thailand were studied, with the experimental group showing significantly decreased mean stress scores and blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index levels compared with the control group. Further studies are suggested to determine the effects of yoga on hypertension in Thailand.
To determine the metabolic and heart rate (HR) responses of hatha yoga, 26 women (19-40 years old) performed a 30-minute hatha yoga routine of supine lying, sitting, and standing asanas (i.e., postures). Subjects followed identical videotaped sequences of hatha yoga asanas. Mean physiological responses were compared to the physiological responses of resting in a chair and walking on a treadmill at 93.86 m.min(-1) [3.5 miles per hour (mph)]. During the 30-minute hatha yoga routine, mean absolute oxygen consumption (Vo(2)), relative Vo(2), percentage maximal oxygen consumption (%Vo(2)R), metabolic equivalents (METs), energy expenditure, HR, and percentage maximal heart rate (%MHR) were 0.45 L.min(-1), 7.59 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), 14.50%, 2.17 METs, 2.23 kcal.min(-1), 105.29 b.min(-1), and 56.89%, respectively. When compared to resting in a chair, hatha yoga required 114% greater O(2) (L.min(-1)), 111% greater O(2)(ml.kg(-1).min(-1)), 4,294% greater %Vo(2)R, 111% greater METs, 108% greater kcal.min(-1), 24% greater HR, and 24% greater %MHR. When compared to walking at 93.86 m.min(-1), hatha yoga required 54% lower O(2)(L.min(-1)), 53% lower O(2)(ml.kg(-1).min(-1)), 68% lower %Vo(2)R, 53% lower METs, 53% lower kcal.min(-1), 21% lower HR, and 21% lower %MHR. The hatha yoga routine in this study required 14.50% Vo(2)R, which can be considered a very light intensity and significantly lighter than 44.8% Vo(2)R for walking at 93.86 m.min(-1) (3.5 mph). The intensity of hatha yoga may be too low to provide a training stimulus for improving cardiovascular fitness. Although previous research suggests that hatha yoga is an acceptable form of physical activity for enhancing muscular fitness and flexibility, these data demonstrate that hatha yoga may have little, if any, cardiovascular benefit.
The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Guidelines for the medical management of osteoarthritis (OA) emphasize the use of nonpharmacologic interventions including exercise. Implementation of an exercise program can be difficult for patients, and little is known about the benefits of alternative therapies such as yoga. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of using yoga in the tradition of B.K.S. Iyengar to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee.
Participants were instructed in modified Iyengar yoga postures during 90-minute classes once weekly for 8 weeks.
Participants met ACR criteria for osteoarthritis of the knee and completed a medical history and physical examination, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2 (AIMS2), Patient Global Assessment (GA) by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Physician GA by VAS, and 50-foot Walk Time before and following an 8-week course of yoga instruction. Eleven (11) subjects enrolled, nine completed at least one session and seven (six of whom were obese) had data from pre- and post-course time points available for analysis.
Statistically significant reductions in WOMAC Pain, WOMAC Physical Function, and AIMS2 Affect were observed when participants' status were compared to their pre-course status. WOMAC Stiffness, AIMS2 Symptoms, Social and Role, Physician GA, and Patient GA measured trends in improvement of symptoms. No adverse events from treatment were reported.
This pilot study suggests that yoga may provide a feasible treatment option for previously yoga-naive, obese patients >50 years of age and offers potential reductions in pain and disability caused by knee OA. Future studies should compare yoga to other nonpharmacologic interventions for knee OA, such as patient education or quadriceps-strengthening exercises.
To determine if a tailored yoga program could improve age-related changes in hip extension, stride length, and associated indices of gait function in healthy elders, changes that have been linked to increased risk for falls, dependency, and mortality in geriatric populations.
Single group pre-post test exploratory study. A 3-dimensional quantitative gait evaluation, including kinematic and kinetic measurements, was performed pre- and postintervention. Changes over time (baseline to postintervention) in primary and secondary outcome variables were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Yoga exercises were performed in an academic medical center (group classes) and in the subjects' homes (yoga home-practice assignments). Pre- and postassessments were performed in a gait laboratory.
Twenty-three healthy adults (age range, 62-83 y) who were naive to yoga were recruited; 19 participants completed the program.
An 8-week Iyengar Hatha yoga program specifically tailored to elderly persons and designed to improve lower-body strength and flexibility. Participants attended two 90-minute yoga classes per week, and were asked to complete at least 20 minutes of directed home practice on alternate days.
Peak hip extension, average anterior pelvic tilt, and stride length at comfortable walking speed.
Peak hip extension and stride length significantly increased (F1,18=15.44, P<.001; F1,18=5.57, P=.03, respectively). We also observed a trend toward reduced average pelvic tilt (F1,18=4.10, P=.06); adjusting for the modifying influence of frequency of home yoga practice strengthened the significance of this association (adjusted F1,17=14.30, P=.001). Both the frequency and duration of yoga home practice showed a strong, linear, dose-response relationship to changes in hip extension and average pelvic tilt.
Findings of this exploratory study suggest that yoga practice may improve hip extension, increase stride length, and decrease anterior pelvic tilt in healthy elders, and that yoga programs tailored to elderly adults may offer a cost-effective means of preventing or reducing age-related changes in these indices of gait function.
According to the holistic model of care, nurses must consider their patients' spiritual needs in order to provide total patient care (Govier, 2000). There is growing awareness of the contribution that spiritual wellbeing can make to a patient's actual and perceived health and quality of life (Chibnall et al, 2002; Mount, 2003). Spirituality and spiritual care has gained much momentum in the current nursing arena. Draper and McSherry (2002) assert that it has emerged from the shadows to occupy a prominent part of contemporary health care. Moreover, within the nursing profession, a focus on individuals as biopsychosocial-spiritual beings is gaining recognition. This notion is based on the premise that there should be balance of mind, body and spirit for the maintenance of health in a person (Stoll, 1989; Stooter, 1995). However, there is evidence that many nurses, including nurse educators, have difficulty with the concept of spirituality and consequently, may neglect this aspect of care (Greenstreet, 1999; McSherry, 2000). The aim of this article is to contribute towards clarifying the concept of spirituality.
To assess the feasibility and efficacy of a yoga treatment for menopausal symptoms. Both physiologic and self-reported measures of hot flashes were included.
A prospective within-group pilot study was conducted. Participants were 12 peri- and post-menopausal women experiencing at least 4 menopausal hot flashes per day, at least 4 days per week. Assessments were administered before and after completion of a 10-week yoga program. Pre- and post-treatment measures included: Severity of questionnaire-rated menopausal symptoms (Wiklund Symptom Check List), frequency, duration, and severity of hot flashes (24-h ambulatory skin-conductance monitoring; hot-flash diary), interference of hot flashes with daily life (Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale), and subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Yoga classes included breathing techniques, postures, and relaxation poses designed specifically for menopausal symptoms. Participants were asked to practice at home 15 min each day in addition to weekly classes.
Eleven women completed the study and attended a mean of 7.45 (S.D. 1.63) classes. Significant pre- to post-treatment improvements were found for severity of questionnaire-rated total menopausal symptoms, hot-flash daily interference; and sleep efficiency, disturbances, and quality. Neither 24-h monitoring nor accompanying diaries yielded significant changes in hot flashes.
The yoga treatment and study procedures were feasible for midlife women. Improvement in symptom perceptions and well being warrant further study of yoga for menopausal symptoms, with a larger number of women and including a control group.
Numerous studies have explored the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of migraine but there is no documented investigation of the effectiveness of yoga therapy for migraine management.
To investigate the effectiveness of holistic approach of yoga therapy for migraine treatment compared to self-care.
A randomized controlled trial.
Seventy-two patients with migraine without aura were randomly assigned to yoga therapy or self-care group for 3 months. Primary outcomes were headache frequency (headache diary), severity of migraine (0-10 numerical scale) and pain component (McGill pain questionnaire). Secondary outcomes were anxiety and depression (Hospital anxiety depression scale), medication score.
After adjustment for baseline values, the subjects' complaints related to headache intensity (P < .001), frequency (P < .001), pain rating index (P < .001), affective pain rating index (P < .001), total pain rating index (P < .001), anxiety and depression scores (P < .001), symptomatic medication use (P < .001) were significantly lower in the yoga group compared to the self-care group.
The study demonstrated a significant reduction in migraine headache frequency and associated clinical features, in patients treated with yoga over a period of 3 months. Further study of this therapeutic intervention appears to be warranted.
This study investigated the ongoing effects of participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on quality of life (QL), symptoms of stress, mood and endocrine, immune and autonomic parameters in early stage breast and prostate cancer patients.
Forty-nine patients with breast cancer and 10 with prostate cancer enrolled in an eight-week MBSR program that incorporated relaxation, meditation, gentle yoga and daily home practice. Demographic and health behaviors, QL, mood, stress symptoms, salivary cortisol levels, immune cell counts, intracellular cytokine production, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed pre- and post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up.
Fifty-nine, 51, 47 and 41 patients were assessed pre- and post-intervention and at 6- and 12-month follow-up, respectively, although not all participants provided data on all outcomes at each time point. Linear mixed modeling showed significant improvements in overall symptoms of stress which were maintained over the follow-up period. Cortisol levels decreased systematically over the course of the follow-up. Immune patterns over the year supported a continued reduction in Th1 (pro-inflammatory) cytokines. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from pre- to post-intervention and HR was positively associated with self-reported symptoms of stress.
MBSR program participation was associated with enhanced quality of life and decreased stress symptoms, altered cortisol and immune patterns consistent with less stress and mood disturbance, and decreased blood pressure. These pilot data represent a preliminary investigation of the longer-term relationships between MBSR program participation and a range of potentially important biomarkers.
The aim of this study was to compare changes in brain gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) levels associated with an acute yoga session versus a reading session. It was hypothesized that an individual yoga session would be associated with an increase in brain GABA levels.
This is a parallel-groups design.
Screenings, scan acquisitions, and interventions took place at medical school-affiliated centers.
The sample comprised 8 yoga practitioners and 11 comparison subjects.
Yoga practitioners completed a 60-minute yoga session and comparison subjects completed a 60-minute reading session.
GABA-to-creatine ratios were measured in a 2-cm axial slab using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging immediately prior to and immediately after interventions.
There was a 27% increase in GABA levels in the yoga practitioner group after the yoga session (0.20 mmol/kg) but no change in the comparison subject group after the reading session ( -0.001 mmol/kg) (t = -2.99, df = 7.87, p = 0.018).
These findings demonstrate that in experienced yoga practitioners, brain GABA levels increase after a session of yoga. This suggests that the practice of yoga should be explored as a treatment for disorders with low GABA levels such as depression and anxiety disorders. Future studies should compare yoga to other forms of exercise to help determine whether yoga or exercise alone can alter GABA levels.
The practice of yoga regulates body physiology through control of posture, breathing, and meditation. Effects of yoga on autonomic functions of patients with refractory epilepsy, as quantified by standardized autonomic function tests (AFTs), were determined. The yoga group (n=18) received supervised training in yoga, and the exercise group (n=16) practiced simple routine exercises. AFTs were repeated after 10 weeks of daily sessions. Data were compared with those of healthy volunteers (n=142). The yoga group showed significant improvement in parasympathetic parameters and a decrease in seizure frequency scores. There was no improvement in blood pressure parameters in either group. Two patients in the yoga group achieved normal autonomic functions at the end of 10 weeks of therapy, whereas there were no changes in the exercise group. The data suggest that yoga may have a role as an adjuvant therapy in the management of autonomic dysfunction in patients with refractory epilepsy.
Spirituality has become an increasingly popular concept among the nursing and health-related literature. The purpose for conducting this concept analysis, guided by Walker and Avant's methodology, was to (a) examine how spirituality has been used within the current body of nursing and health-related literature, (b) clarify the meaning of spirituality by discovering what this concept's current critical attributes/characteristics are, and (c) propose a definition of spirituality based on the concept analysis findings. A total of 90 references were reviewed, including 73 nursing and health-related references. Concept analysis findings revealed that spirituality was defined within four main themes in the nursing and health-related literature: (a) spirituality as religious systems of beliefs and values (spirituality = religion); (b) spirituality as life meaning, purpose, and connection with others; (c) spirituality as nonreligious systems of beliefs and values; and (d) spirituality as metaphysical or transcendental phenomena.