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Inhalation of Neroli Essential Oil and Its Anxiolytic Effects
Abstract
In this study, gerbils were subjected to aromatherapy using inhaled neroli. Forced swimming tasks and locomotor activity were measured to evaluate levels of anxiety. Comparison was made between the duration time of the forced swimming tasks and total distance, and the duration time in the central and peripheral areas, between the control and neroli-inhaled groups. In addition, treatment with Xanax, an anxiolytic drug, was used as a positive control. The average duration times for swimming were 228 ± 7, 439 ± 23, 386 ± 21, and 427 ± 18 seconds in the control, neroli-inhaled, and two Xanax-treated groups, respectively. The duration times were significantly increased by 65%-91% in neroli-inhaled, and the two Xanax-treated groups (p<0.01) when compared with the control. The total distances traveled during 30 min were 280 ± 25, 189 ± 11, and 168 ±18 m in the control, neroli-inhaled, and Xanax-treated groups, respectively. The duration times in the central area for the 30- min period were 493 ± 54, 476 ± 57, and 1014 ± 70 seconds in the control, neroli-inhaled, and Xanax-treated groups, respectively. In addition, the duration times in the peripheral area for the 30-min period were 1244 ± 66, 1324 ± 57, and 859 ±83 seconds in the control, neroli-inhaled, and Xanax-treated groups, respectively. The inhalation of neroli and the treatment of Xanax® had anxiolytic effects, as shown in both behavior tests. However, the mechanisms of anxiolytic effect responses for neroli and Xanax were unclear. This study provides evidence-based data on aromatherapy using neroli in the treatment of anxiety.
... amara L. floral essential oil), for example, has been found to reduce anxiety in post-cardiac surgery patients [45]. It has also shown reduced activity in gerbils using a forced swimming test [46]. Neroli oil is composed mainly of limonene (25%), β-pinene (20%), linalool (16%), and linalyl acetate (10%) [46]. ...
... It has also shown reduced activity in gerbils using a forced swimming test [46]. Neroli oil is composed mainly of limonene (25%), β-pinene (20%), linalool (16%), and linalyl acetate (10%) [46]. Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) oil was found to relieve anxiety in patients after oral administration or inhalation [47,48]. ...
... Limonene (25%), β-pinene (20%), linalool (16%), and linalyl acetate (10%) [46] Rosa damascene Mill. ...
In our society, anxiety and depression are serious health issues that affect a large proportion of the population. Unfortunately, drug therapies are not always effective and can lead to drug abuse, delay of therapeutic effect, dependence, and tolerance. Traditionally, aromatherapy has also been used for anxiety relief and mood improvement. The use of essential oils, in relieving anxiety and depression, does not have the disadvantages associated with currently used drug therapies. In-vivo studies on animal models have verified the anxiolytic effects of these essential oils and the interactions of their major components with central nervous system receptors. Therefore, it seems reasonable to argue that the modulation of glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems are likely to be the critical mechanisms responsible for the sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant proprieties of linalool and essential oils containing linalool in significant proportions. Popular anxiolytic essential oils are generally rich in terpenoid alcohols like linalool, geraniol and citronellol, and the monoterpene limonene (or citral). Therefore, other essential oils or formulations that contain these terpenoids as major components may serve as important aromatherapeutics for relief of anxiety.
... While, the use of lavender more than 14 days also significantly reduced these factors that they were significant at 1% level. With these results, it can be concluded that Chen et al. (2008) Compared the inhalation of orange blossom with Xanax and the results indicated that the effect is not meaningful compared to Xanax [17] , therefore, in Yallali et al. (2017) research, the intervention has a short time, but because of its high effect of the aroma of the orange blossom on the anxiety and depression, it showed better results compared to the use of Lavender. Sadeghpoor et al. (2017) (inhaling the scent 20 minutes before sleep) examined the lavender scent for two weeks and received significant results based on the Pittsburgh test. ...
... While, the use of lavender more than 14 days also significantly reduced these factors that they were significant at 1% level. With these results, it can be concluded that Chen et al. (2008) Compared the inhalation of orange blossom with Xanax and the results indicated that the effect is not meaningful compared to Xanax [17] , therefore, in Yallali et al. (2017) research, the intervention has a short time, but because of its high effect of the aroma of the orange blossom on the anxiety and depression, it showed better results compared to the use of Lavender. Sadeghpoor et al. (2017) (inhaling the scent 20 minutes before sleep) examined the lavender scent for two weeks and received significant results based on the Pittsburgh test. ...
Insomnia has a major negative effect on the quality of life of the elderly and has a significant reduction in the quality of their daily functioning. Therefore, the present review study was conducted to determine the effect of aromatherapy on elderly sleep quality based on articles published from 2004 to the end of 2018.129 articles were found, of which finally 123 articles lacked inclusion criteria of study after screening titles, abstracts and full text. These articles showed that aromatherapy had positive effects on sleep disorders and daytime drowsiness. Of course other factors such as sleep time, sleep latency, satisfaction after awakening, set the awaking time, daytime sleep disorder and reduction of the amount of sleep medication had changes. It is recommended that aromatherapy shows the potential to be applied as a therapeutic and safe complementary and alternative therapy for the management of sleep quality in the older adults.
... Neroli EO has displayed antidepressant-like effects in in vivo and clinical studies. In a force swim test (a behavioural animal test used to study antidepressant drugs [Chen et al, 2008]) gerbils' inhalation of neroli EO significantly increased their swimming time. (Increased swimming time is associated with antidepressant activity in rodents.) ...
Lorena R. Lizarraga-Valderrama explores the scientific evidence for the use of essential oils to relieve anxiety and depression and explains their pharmacological mechanisms of action.
In Essence
... Other therapeutic properties include sedative, calming, tonic, cytophylactic, aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, and antispasmodic action [23]. Most importantly, neroli oil can be utilized as an anxiolytic [24]. Therefore, neroli oil is frequently used for medicinal purposed, in particular for treating gastrointestinal disorders, tachycardia, and rheumatism, for minimizing central nervous system disorders [25], and as a sedative [26]. ...
Childbirth is a stressful and physically painful event in a woman’s life and aromatherapy is one of the most used non-pharmacological methods that is effective in reducing anxiety and perceived pain. This randomized controlled study aimed at determining the effect of neroli oil aromatherapy on anxiety and pain intensity perception in 88 women during labor, randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 44) or control group (n = 44). Anxiety and perceived pain were assessed through the visual analogue scale during the latent, early, and late active phases of labor. Data analyses included the t-test, Chi-square test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Perceived pain and anxiety in the group receiving aromatherapy were significantly lower than in the control group at all stages of labor (p < 0.05). Specifically, as the labor progressed, pain and anxiety increased in all participants, but the increase was milder in the experimental group than in the control group. The multiparas showed higher average anxiety scores, but not perceived pain, than the primiparas in all phases of labor (p < 0.05). Ultimately, neroli oil aromatherapy during labor can be used as an alternative tool to relieve anxiety and perceived pain in women during all stages of labor.
... long history of treatment with essential oils has demonstrated their e cacy and safety [3]. Studies have found that oral neroli oil, which is rich in limonene (25%), β-pinene (20%), and linalool (16%), can relieve anxiety [4]. BEO (borneol,16.4%) is a by-product of natural crystalline borneol (NCB, 98.4% borneol) obtained by steam distillation of Cinnamomum camphora. ...
Background: Anxiety disorder, the most common mental health issue, can cause palpitations, fear, and compulsive behavior, and can severely endanger human health. Most drugs to treat anxiety disorder can cause a variety of side effects, therefore, it is important to seek natural and safe complementary and alternative therapies.
Methods: The open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and light-dark box (LDB) tests were used to confirm the anxiolytic effect of BEO in mice. Further, we constructed a component-target-signaling pathway network and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for the regulation of anxiety by BEO through pharmacological network analyses, and performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of BEO targets, and analyzed the active components and targets of BEO through molecular docking.
Results: In the OF test, BEO significantly prolonged the time spent by the mice in the central area (p < 0.05), in a dose dependent manner (r = 0.9992), and also significantly increased the number of central area entries (p < 0.01). In the EPM test, BEO significantly increased the time spent in the open arms (p < 0.01) and the number of entries into the open arms (p < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.9733, r = 0.9669). In the LDB tests, BEO significantly increased the light area duration (p < 0.05) and the transition number (p < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.9166, r = 0.9572), thus confirming its anxiolytic effect. Network pharmacology results showed that 33 active components in BEO acted on 54 targets, mainly through modulation of neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways, and RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity. PPI network analysis identified 48 key proteins, including estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), androgen receptor (AR), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8). Molecular docking results showed that the main active components of BEO are borneol, β-caryophyllene, α-cadinol, limonene, and α- selinene, which act on the key targets CNR2, ADRA2B, and ADORA2A.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that BEO has multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics, thus providing a theoretical basis for further research on the mechanism of action of BEO as a potential anxiolytic agent.
... In an animal experiment, inhalation of neroli EO significantly increased the swimming time of gerbils (65%) during the FST, showing an attenuation of the levels of anxiety. However, when the locomotor activity was studied through a multi-box ActiMot detection system, inhalation of neroli EO did not seem to exert any effect(Chen et al., 2008). Inhalation of neroli EO (0.1% or 0.5%; 5 min, twice per day for 5 days) was shown to significantly decrease levels of stress and alleviate undesirable menopausal symptoms in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial performed to 36 healthy postmenopausal women(Choi et al., 2014). ...
Essential oils have been used as remedies since ancient times for the treatment of numerous illnesses on account of their wide range of biological activities. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown varying pharmacological responses in the nervous system leading to anxiolytic, antidepressant, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects. Experimentation in animal models has evidenced the involvement of multiple neurotransmitter systems in the mode of action of essential oils, resulting in measurable physiological effects in the brain. Additionally, clinical trials have demonstrated the influence of essential oils in physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, brain waves composition, and cortisol serum levels with concomitant psychological effects. Although there is growing evidence of measurable effects of essential oils in animal brains, more clinical research is required to validate their influence in the human central nervous system. This will enable the development of essential oil-based drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and dementia. K E Y W O R D S clinical trials, essential oils, molecular pathways, nervous system, neuropharmacology
... Neroli oil is another traditional anxiolytic remedy obtained from the flowers of Citrus aurantium L (bitter orange). To scientifically validate its anxiolytic effects,Chen et al. (2008)investigated the neroli EO via inhalation to the animal models. The level of anxiety was assessed using FSTs and locomotors tasks both in aroma and standard control groups. ...
The use of essential oils (EOs) and their components is known since long in traditional medicine and aromatherapy for the management of various diseases, and is further increased in the recent times. The neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of EOs and their possible mechanism of actions were evaluated by numerous researchers around the globe. Several clinically important EOs and their components from Nigella sativa, Acorus gramineus, Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, Jasminum sambac, Piper nigrum and so many other plants are reported for neuroprotective effects. This review article was aimed to summarize the current finding on EOs tested against neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer disease (AD) and dementia. The effects of EOs on pathological targets of AD and dementia including amyloid deposition (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), cholinergic hypofunction, oxidative stress and glutamatergic abnormalities were focused. Furthermore, effects of EOs on other neurological disorders including anxiety, depression, cognitive hypofunction epilepsy and convulsions were also evaluated in detail. In conclusion, EOs were effective on several pathological targets and have improved cognitive performance in animal models and human subjects. Thus, EOs can be developed as multi-potent agents against neurological disorders with better efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness.
... Often, essential oils are more active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria (Selim et al., 2014); so Neroli has potential as a broad spectrum 'phytopharmaceutical' agent. Chen et al. (2008) demonstrated that inhaled Neroli was as effective as Xanax 6 in the treatment of induced anxiety in gerbils. Behaviour tests indicated that both Neroli and Xanax were more effective than the no-odour control, but the mechanisms for the anxiolytic response were not clear. ...
Essential oils used in Aromatherapy for many years are presently the subject of detailed research, which has proven their effects on human emotions (La Torre, 2003). The long-term effects of essential oil use are considered mild compared to drugs. Essential oil use is non-addictive and proven to provide desirable results. Due to many adverse side effects associated with the available drugs, PTSD patients usually terminate the treatment before full recovery, or in some cases show no response to the conventional medical treatments. There is scientific evidence of the therapeutic benefit of essential oils for balancing emotions, improving physical and mental well-being, and helping with the proper management of anxiety, insomnia, and depression via various methods of implementation (inhalation, massage, percutaneous and intra tissue) which all triggers the “fight or flight” response through the stimulation of the olfactory bulb and a brain circuits, as well as the sympathetic nervous system (Martin, 1951).
There is a huge demand for gentle and effective alternative treatments with little to no side effects for the dramatically increasing number of PTSD patients all over the world. Using essential oils or their commercially available blends can reduce the symptoms of anxiety, depression, mood swings, insomnia and other conditions caused by PTSD. There is a strong trend towards potential improvement of the precision used in pharmacological, physiological and molecular research on essential oils, their active compounds and their therapeutic properties for successful prevention of PTSD.
... amara L. floral essential oil), for example, has been found to reduce anxiety in post cardiac surgery patients [43]. Neroli oil has also shown anxiolytic activity in gerbils using a forced swimming test [44]. Neroli oil is composed mainly of limonene (25%), β-pinene (20%), linalool (16%), and linalyl acetate (10%) [45]. ...
A number of essential oils are currently in use as aromatherapy agents to relieve anxiety, stress, and depression. Popular anxiolytic oils include lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), rose (Rosa damascena), orange (Citrus sinensis), bergamot (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), sandalwood (Santalum album), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), and rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.). This review discusses the chemical constituents and CNS effects of these aromatherapeutic essential oils, as well as recent studies on additional essential oils with anxiolytic activities.
Given the increased concerns over antibiotic resistance and consumer demands for safer and more sustainable animal production, there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives. Phytochemicals derived from plant sources—including tannins, saponins and essential oils, among others—have shown potential as natural feed additives for ruminants. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds having astringent property, modulate rumen fermentation by inhibiting the activity of certain microorganisms such as methanogens and protozoa, leading to reduced methane emissions and improved feed efficiency. Saponins are glycosides exhibiting diverse biological activities like improved rumen fermentation and associated microbial protein synthesis, enhanced nutrient digestibility, decreased protozoa and methanogenesis. While essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from plants, possessing antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. When used as feed additives for ruminants, essential oils have been reported to improve rumen fermentation, moderate rumen microbial populations and enhance nutrient utilization, besides some showing promising effects on methane reduction in ruminants. Overall, the use of phytochemicals as natural feed additives holds promise in improving ruminant nutrition, health and productivity. This chapter comprehensively overviews the application of phytochemicals as natural feed additives for ruminants and discusses how phytogenic compounds impact zoo-technical performance variables in ruminants.
Phytonutrients and Neurological Disorders: Therapeutic and Toxicological Aspects provides and assesses the latest research and developments surrounding the use of phytonutrients for the treatment of neurological disorders. The volume analyzes advances in phytonutrient isolation, characterization and therapeutic applications, giving particular emphasis to mechanisms and safety profiles. The book takes toxicological considerations into account, including adverse drug reactions, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Sections cover bioactive compound classes and biosynthesis pathways, general considerations, including quality control, standardization, and technology, and toxicology. This title is a comprehensive work on the latest research in phytonutrients and neurological disorders that will be useful to researchers and medical practitioners.
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Recent research demonstrates that phytochemicals are critical in preventing and managing gastrointestinal cancer. The increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of cancer by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms are also known to counter Helicobacter pylori infection and modulate gut microbiota. There is preliminary data suggesting that daily supplementation with high doses of certain vitamins combined with conventional therapeutic agents may enhance their growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells and protect normal tissues against some of their toxic effects. This book attempts to fill gaps on the role of phytonutrients in the treatment of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the action of individual vitamins on cellular and molecular parameters and describes how vitamins inhibit protein kinase C activity, increase the production of certain growth factors, and modulate the expression of a number of oncogenes. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first part summarizes the pathophysiology of GIT cancers and introduces readers to anticancer phytonutrients. A chapter on the status of FDA approved nutraceuticals rounds up this section. The second part of the book provides a systematic review on the different plant derived chemicals that can be used to treat GIT cancer. Each chapter in this section focuses on a specific type of phytochemical agent and its molecular mechanisms relevant to the disease. This book will give the reader a holistic view of gastrointestinal cancer treatment and the value of natural compounds in developing functional food and drugs for preventive medicine.
Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Neroli oil against Paracetamol induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Methods: Changes in the serum biomarker enzymes, namely, alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and albumin were estimated. Oxidative stress parameter such as MDA, SOD, GSH, and catalase levels was also estimated along with the liver weight and volume. Results: Neroli oil showed significant reduction in all elevated biochemical parameters (namely, ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, and total cholesterol), and significant increase in reduced level of albumin. Oil showed significant increase in GSH and catalase level and decreased in LPO level. Histopathological determinations confirmed biochemical findings. Conclusion: Neroli oil showed a significant hepatoprotective effect against Paracetamol induced hepatic damage as depicted by its protective activity on functional, physical, biochemical, antioxidant, and histological changes in liver.
According to complementary and alternative medicine which is based primarily on traditional or
folkloric medicines of different world civilizations there is a constant growing interest on
cosmetics and cosmeceuticals using botanical ingredients. Since ancient times, humans used
distinctive natural ingredients as medicine or cosmetic products. Cosmetics alone are not
sufficient for skin care. Active ingredients from natural or synthetic sources have been added to
prevent and/or to treat damaged and ageing of the skin. Herbal cosmetics are more prevalent
than synthetic ones. Since synthetic cosmetic products may cause severe skin damage, natural
herbs are included directly in the skin care formulations. Usually plant based cosmetics are made
using plants well known throughout history to be safe and side-effects free. Aromatic plants and
fixed oils were mostly used by different civilizations in religious rituals, and for the care,
cleansing and decoration of the skin to enhance beauty and to promote good health.
Additionally, in most cases the herbs used in cosmetics contain antioxidants and antiinflammatory ingredient that can alleviate skin problems like rashes or skin itching. Given the
emphasis on the trend in the use of natural sources in the cosmetics industry, in this review,
effective skin care properties of some herbs and plants and their evidence-based benefits in the
skin care, as well as in solving a multitude of skin problems are discussed, the international
nomenclature of the cosmetic ingredients of the parts used are also mentioned.
The administration of essential oils or their constituents in aromatherapy, complementary medicine, and folk medicine has been known for a long time, and its relevance is steadily growing. In the last few years, many scientific studies were conducted to investigate the effect and the mechanisms of action of these compounds on the central nervous system. The aim of this article is to summarize the literature on this topic published in the period 2008–2010, upgrading a comprehensive review. The major actions discussed are pain, anxiety, learning, memory, attention, arousal, relaxation, sedation and sleep. Furthermore, the effects on mood, behaviour and perception as well as the application of essential oils in the treatment of epilepsy, stress, dementia and Alzheimer's disease are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of ambient odor (lavender, neroli or placebo) and suggestions related to the effects of an odor (relaxing, stimulating or none) on mood were explored. Mood of 90 undergraduate women was assessed using physiological measures (heart rate and skin conductance) and the self-report Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Analysis indicated that physiological measures were influenced by suggestion in predictable directions. Relaxing odors yielded decreases in heart rate and skin conductance, with stimulating odors yielding the reverse effects under equivalent conditions. These data further support the notion that expectations play a significant role in mediating odor-evoked mood changes.
Serotonin is involved in a wide range of physiological and patho-physiological mechanisms. In particular, 5-HT1A receptors are proposed to mediate stress-adaptation. The aim of this research was to investigate in adolescent rats: first, the consequences of perinatal exposure to 5-metoxytryptamine (5MT), a 5-HT1/5-HT2 serotonergic agonist, on behavioural-stress reactivity in elevated plus maze, open field and forced swim tests; secondly, whether the behavioural effects induced by perinatal exposure to 5MT on open field and forced swim tests were affected by the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist LY 228729, a compound able to elicit a characteristic set of motor behaviours on these experimental models, and by the co-administration of the selective and silent 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635. Results indicate that a single daily injection of 5MT to, pregnant dams from gestational days 12 to 21 (1mg/kg s.c.), and to the pups from postnatal days 2 to 18 (0.5mg kg s.c.), induce in the adolescent rat offspring: an increase in the percentage of entries and time spent on the open arms in the elevated plus maze; a reduction in locomotor activity and rearing frequency, and an increase in the time spent on the central areas in the open field test; a decrease in immobility and an increase in swimming in the forced swim test. Acute administration of LY 228729 (1.5mg/kg s.c.) strongly decreases rearing frequency and increases peripheral activity in the open field test, and decreases immobility and increases swimming in the forced swim test both in perinatally vehicle and 5MT-exposed offspring. Co-administration of WAY 100635 (0.25mg/kg s.c.) abolishes the effects exerted by LY 228729. These results suggest that, in the adolescent rat, perinatal exposure to 5MT enhances the stress-related adaptive behavioural responses, presumably through a predominant action on presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and does not deteriorate the functional response of 5-HT1A receptors to selective agonist and antagonist compounds.