Article

Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: Results of a pilot study

July 2005
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 9(3):211-219

DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2004.08.001

Authors:

Independent Scholar

Twenty-six healthy adults age 20–58 (Mean 31.8) participated in six weeks of either astanga yoga or hatha yoga class. Significant improvements at follow-up were noted for all participants in diastolic blood pressure, upper body and trunk dynamic muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, perceived stress, and health perception. The improvements differed for each group when compared to baseline assessments. The astanga yoga group had decreased diastolic blood pressure and perceived stress, and increased upper body and trunk dynamic muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and health perception. Improvements for the hatha yoga group were significant only for trunk dynamic muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. The findings suggest that the fitness benefits of yoga practice differ by style.

Effect of Yoga Training on Physiological and Psychological Characteristics of College Students

Experiment Findings

Full-text available

Jan 2025

In college, students are at a key point in their development, as they must learn how to function on their own and deal with the demands of a demanding academic programme. Doing things like going for a run can help boost your mood and reduce stress. College students, on the other hand, tend to be sedentary. Yoga is a centuries-old physical and mental practice that has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression. It is hard to find studies in peer-reviewed journals that examine the psychophysiological effects of yoga. Preliminary evidence demonstrating the stress-relieving effects of yoga on young adult college students is the goal of this study. Students' stress levels were shown to be reduced by the psychophysiological effects of yoga, according to the findings of the current study. Research into how different forms of yoga practices fulfil the requirements of different college subpopulations is still needed (e.g., overweight, sedentary, and smokers).

Učinkovitost hatha joge za izboljšanje vzdržljivosti mišic trupa - pregledni članek

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2023

Maja Petrič

Uvod: Za zdravje hrbtenice je ključna primerna vzdržljivost mišic, ki ji zagotavljajo stabilnost in aktivno podporo. Telesna vadba je najučinkovitejši, z dokazi podprt ukrep preprečevanja nastanka težav mišično-skeletnega sistema hrbtenice. V zadnjem času se v ta namen pogosto preučujejo tudi učinki joge. Namen tega sistematičnega pregleda literature je bil pregled dokazov o učinkovitosti hatha joge kot pristopa za preprečevanje bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta. Cilj je bil pregled izsledkov znanstvene literature o učinkovitosti hatha joge za izboljšanje vzdržljivosti mišic trupa zdravih odraslih oseb. Metode: Opravljen je bil sistematični pregled literature. Pregledani sta bili elektronski zbirki podatkov: PubMed in CINAHL. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih devet raziskav. V izbranih raziskavah je bila vzdržljivost mišic trupa testirana na različne načine. Avtorji raziskav poročajo o pomembnem (p < 0,05) izboljšanju dinamične in statične vzdržljivosti mišic trupa po 6 do 12 tednih vadbe. Zaključki: Z rednim izvajanjem hatha joge lahko pomembno izboljšamo vzdržljivost mišic trupa in vplivamo tudi na stabilnost ledveno-križničnega dela hrbtenice. Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave hatha joge kot morebitnega učinkovitega pristopa za izboljšanje razmerij vzdržljivosti mišic trupa, boljše stabilnosti ledveno-križničnega dela hrbtenice in zmanjševanja tveganja za nastanek bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta. Ključne besede: preventiva, joga, mišična vzdržljivost, mišična zmogljivost, stabilnost hrbtenice.

Narrative review on the importance of yoga in physical education and sports

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

One of India's spiritual systems, yoga, emphasizes the value of working with the human body to develop good thoughts and behaviours. Additionally, yoga assists in balancing our physical and mental conditions. However, lack of understanding about the impact of yoga in sports seems to have led to a decline in yoga practise specifically among sportsmen and sportswomen. Thus, this narrative review is designed for sportsmen and sportswomen, physical education students, teachers, yoga students, health professionals, and those who are inclined to study yoga. This review identifies a leaner relationship between the systems of yoga and sports, and provides information on the value of yoga in physical education and sports. All the data in this article were collected using search terms including "yoga", "physical education", "asana" and "sports". Various beneficial yoga factors influence sport performance, and these important factors are outlined with appropriate evidence. All the findings included in this review paper highlight the importance of yoga in physical education and sports, and warrant the need of special awareness of the system of yoga in health, physical and sports education.

The impact of Utkatasana and Virabhadrasana 2 on quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups: A thematic review

Article

Jan 2023

Place of Yoga in Radiotherapy

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Yasemin Cihan

Abstract Yoga is at a key point in ensuring health and happiness in today's world. In the literature, it is generally accepted that the use of yoga together with radiotherapy has physical and psychological benefits. In general, it is stated that it provides strengthening of muscles, reduction of stress, and it can be used to relieve ailments such as fatigue, pain and concentration difficulties in order to maintain the physical and psychological well-being of the person. Yoga practices should be practiced by healthcare professionals who have enough knowledge on the subject. Clinical studies are needed to have sufficient information about whether patients who will receive radiotherapy are eligible to attend yoga classes.

Enhancing respiratory function through Yoga and Pilates in women aged 45-50

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Background and Study Aim. Respiratory function in women aged 45-50 often declines due to natural physiological changes associated with aging. These changes include reduced lung elasticity, decreased diaphragm efficiency, and a general reduction in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a combined yoga and Pilates program on respiratory function in women aged 45-50. Material and Methods. The study involved 38 women with an average age of 47.7 ± 2.5 years. A pedagogical experiment was conducted over six months. The experimental group (n=19) participated in a training regimen focused on improving respiratory function through a combination of yoga and Pilates. The control group (n=19) followed a yoga-based training program. Both groups completed an equal number of sessions—72 in total. The external respiratory function of the participants was assessed using spirometry at two key points: at the beginning of the study and after six months. Results. The comparison of respiratory function indicators between the experimental and control groups after 6 months of training revealed significant differences across most parameters. The actual value of Vital Capacity was significantly greater in the experimental group compared to the control group by 0.17 L (p < 0.01), forced vital capacity by 0.30 L (p < 0.01), forced expiratory volume by 0.19 L (p < 0.01), peak expiratory flow by 0.23 L/sec (p < 0.01), maximum expiratory flow at 25% of Forced Vital Capacity by 0.96 L/sec (p < 0.001), maximum expiratory flow at 50% of Forced Vital Capacity by 0.59 L/sec (p < 0.001), expiratory reserve volume by 0.47 L (p < 0.001), and maximal voluntary ventilation by 17.00 L/min (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The combined Yoga and Pilates training regimen was more effective in improving external respiratory function than Yoga alone. This result highlights the benefits of an integrated approach to respiratory health for women aged 45-50. The study demonstrates the potential advantages of combining different types of exercise to counteract age-related declines in respiratory function. Such programs could play a significant role in promoting overall well-being in this age group.

Feasibility and impact of a remote moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning in working adults: a randomized controlled trial

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023
J BEHAV MED

The feasibility of a moderate-intensity yoga intervention, delivered remotely via supervised and unsupervised sessions, and its psychosocial and cognitive effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This randomized controlled trial assessed feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an 8-week moderate-intensity yoga intervention (3×/week, 50 min) delivered remotely (vs. a waitlist control arm), on stress and cognitive functioning. Participants (n = 86) were low active, full-time working adults (81.40% female; Mage = 41 years) with symptoms of stress. Feasibility was assessed via adherence, enjoyment, and safety; stress and anxiety via self-report questionnaires; and executive functioning via neuropsychological tests. Overall attendance was 75.1%, 100% of participants enjoyed the intervention, and only one adverse event was reported. At follow-up, the yoga group had significantly lower stress and anxiety, and higher accuracy on working memory tasks. Remote moderate intensity yoga practice proved safe, enjoyable, and may reduce stress and improve cognitive functioning. This study was pre-registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04740229).

Feasibility and impact of a remote flow-based, moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning among working adults: A randomized controlled trial

Preprint

Full-text available

Jun 2022

The feasibility of a moderate-intensity yoga intervention, delivered remotely via supervised and unsupervised sessions, and its psychosocial and cognitive effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This randomized controlled trial assessed feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an 8-week moderate-intensity yoga intervention (3x/week, 50 mins) delivered remotely (vs. a waitlist control arm), on stress and cognitive functioning. Participants (n = 86) were low active, full-time working adults (81.40% female; M age =41 years) with symptoms of stress. Feasibility was assessed via adherence, enjoyment, and safety; stress and anxiety via self-report questionnaires; and executive functioning via neuropsychological tests. Overall attendance was 75.1%, 100% of participants enjoyed the intervention, and only one adverse event reported. At follow-up, the yoga group had significantly lower stress and anxiety, and higher accuracy on working memory tasks. Remote moderate intensity yoga practice proved safe, enjoyable, and may reduce stress and improve cognitive functioning. This study was pre-registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04740229).

Cognitive and psychosocial effects of an acute sun salutation intervention among adults with stress

Article

Nov 2021

Evidence suggests that yoga can improve executive functioning (EF) and psychological well-being, but there is no evidence whether flow-based, moderate-intensity forms of yoga can deliver similar benefits. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to test the aforementioned effects of engaging in a 30-minute, video-guided sun salutation exercise (n = 25), relative to aerobic exercise (n = 22) and attentional control (n = 24). Low-active participants (Mage = 27.84; 87.3% female), with symptoms of stress, completed psychosocial assessments and tasks assessing EF, before and after the session. Results showed a significant group difference for state anxiety (p = .01, ηp² = 0.13) and stress (p < .05, ηp² = 0.09), in favor of the yoga group. No significant between-groups differences in EF were observed. Results suggest that video-guided, flow-based forms of yoga can induce immediate improvements in well-being, yet extended involvement may be required to realize performance improvements in memory and processing speed.

J Yoga & Physio Effect Of 4-Week Yoga Intervention on Selective Physical and Body Composition Variables in Indian Male Track and Field Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Background: Yoga is increasingly being incorporated into the training regimes of athletes. The aims of the present study were to understand the effects of practicing yoga for four weeks on selective physical and body composition variables on healthy young Indian male athletes participating in track and field events.

Hatha yoga, integrating the segmental stabilization exercise model, can improve trunk muscle endurance in healthy adults

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Introduction Low back pain is a very common symptom worldwide and an increasingly important public health problem. Exercises to stabilize the lumbar spine and pelvis have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the risk of low back pain. Hatha yoga practice is now increasingly appearing in prevention research and has the potential to improve trunk muscle endurance. The prevention research on endurance training of trunk muscle lacks evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a professional and scientifically based exercise program to improve and balance trunk muscle endurance in healthy adults. Methods A non-randomized control study was conducted. Participants were healthy adults without low back pain or injury who had not performed exercises to improve trunk muscle endurance prior to participation in the study. An analysis of the proposed exercise program’s effectiveness was conducted. The participants were divided into two groups: the exercise group (EG) performed a three-month hatha yoga exercise program (60 min twice a week) that included the spinal and pelvic segmental stabilization exercise model, or the control group (CG), in which participants were asked to maintain their previous lifestyle during the study period. Trunk muscle endurance was measured at baseline (PRE) and after completion of the exercise program (POST) in both groups. The changes in the measured variables were analyzed (PRE-POST analysis, EG-CG comparison). Results Seventy-two subjects (nEG = 36, age 32.2 ± 6.8 years; nCG = 36, age 29.9 ± 7.8 years) participated in the study. After the exercise program, the EG participants had significantly better results in endurance in three of the four trunk muscle groups (p < 0.05), but not in any of the endurance ratios. Conclusion Hatha yoga when integrating the segmental stabilization exercise model can significantly improve the endurance of at least three of the four major trunk muscle groups. For clinical relevance, the long-term effects of the proposed exercise program should be investigated in individuals with low back pain.

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: RECUPERACIÓN ACTIVA EN LA ZONA 2 DE FRECUENCIA CARDIACA MÁXIMA (FCM)

Chapter

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

El arte marcial no es solo un conjunto de técnicas; es una senda de transformación que armoniza cuerpo, mente y espíritu. Gong Fa 2.0 propone un enfoque innovador que combina la sabiduría ancestral de las artes marciales con los descubrimientos más recientes en fisiología, neurociencia y psicología, creando una guía completa para el desarrollo integral del practicante; esta obra se adentra en la respiración como raíz del entrenamiento, el manejo de la biomecánica para la efectividad técnica y la recuperación activa para optimizar el rendimiento, siempre fundamentada en la evidencia científica. Con un lenguaje claro y accesible, Gong Fa 2.0 ofrece herramientas prácticas y conocimientos profundos para lograr un verdadero dominio personal. Dirigido tanto a artistas marciales como a deportistas de combate y personas interesadas en el crecimiento personal, este libro acompaña al lector en la transición de la competencia externa hacia una práctica más íntima y edificante, adaptada a la vida moderna. A medida que el practicante avanza en su camino, Gong Fa 2.0 se convierte en una referencia esencial, proporcionando un marco metodológico que permite integrar la práctica marcial en la vida diaria. Es un puente entre la tradición y la modernidad, un legado para aquellos que buscan convertir el camino del guerrero en un estilo de vida trascendente y significativo.

Optimisation of stress regulation through yoga as a complementary mental preparation method for top tennis players: A case study focused on performance and mental well-being

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024

The presented paper investigates the impact of a one-year yoga intervention on stress regulation among top tennis players. The participants in this study consist of 39 top tennis players who are members of the VICTORIA University Sports Centre of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. The targeted tennis players integrated two 60-minute dynamic vinyasa yoga sessions each practice week into their normal tennis routines. This was designed to provide physical and mental benefits to athletes, focussing on stress regulation and improved focus. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention to determine changes in stress regulation, competition anxiety, and the accuracy of the service. To measure stress regulation, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Competition Anxiety Inventory for Tennis Players (CAI-T) were used. The accuracy of the tennis player’s service was evaluated quarterly. The evaluation of the data sets showed changes in the regulation of anxiety and stress of tennis players. Furthermore, a paired sample t-test showed a significant impact of the yoga intervention on stress regulation. PSS scores showed a reduction, and also the CAI-T test scores showed a significant downward trend. Service accuracy was improved. A paired t-test confirmed that this improvement is statistically significant. We can conclude that the yoga intervention increases tennis players’ performance and well-being.

Exploring the Synergy between Yoga and Mindfulness Sport Practices: Enhancing Mental and Physical Well-Being

Article

Jun 2024

Yoga, rooted in ancient India, is a holistic practice for harmony and well-being, blending physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines. Evolving over millennia, it promotes health, mental clarity, and spiritual growth. Yoga and sports, seemingly distinct practices, share commonalities that can significantly enhance physical and mental well-being when integrated. This paper examines the synergistic relationship between yoga and sports, highlighting their shared emphasis on physical movement, mental focus, stress reduction, and community building. Both disciplines promote flexibility, strength, and concentration, which are essential for athletic performance and overall health. Additionally, they facilitate stress management and emotional well-being by releasing endorphins and relaxation techniques. Furthermore, yoga and sports foster a sense of belonging and social support, contributing to holistic wellbeing. By integrating yoga into sports training and vice versa, individuals can unlock their full potential, leading to a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle. Traditional and modern perspectives on yoga and sports are discussed, emphasising their enduring value in promoting holistic wellness. The application of yoga and sports in the education system is explored, highlighting their benefits for student development and well-being. Lastly, strategies for promoting yoga and sports as a healthy culture at national and global levels are proposed, encompassing education, community outreach, public health initiatives, infrastructure development, cultural promotion, professional training, inclusive programming, and research evaluation. By adopting a comprehensive approach, nations can foster a healthy, well-being, and active living culture, benefiting individuals and societies.

Leucorrheal Discharge Managed by Yoga with Homoeopathic Treatment

Article

Aug 2023

Soni Kumari

Leucorrhoeal discharge is physiological discharge; it is generally defined as white fluid discharged from the female genitalia. Sometimes it flows as whites and sometimes it is sticky, discoloured like yellowish, greenish etc; and sometime leucorrhoea becomes thick. Its characteristics alter depending on the women's ages or how frequently they travel. But due to a vaginal infection or other circumstances discharge become abnormal, in this condition yoga is more beneficial in regular practice. Yoga provides strength in muscles and regulates and maintains the circulation of the body. Yoga keeps the relaxed and energetic of body. Homoeopathic treatment is given by a homoeopathic expert based on patient symptoms.

Effect of Yoga or Physical Exercise on Muscle Function in Rural Indian Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023
J Phys Activ Health

Background: Synergistic effects of yoga or physical exercise (PE) along with protein supplementation on children’s muscle function in rural India have not been studied. Hence, we aimed to study the effect of yoga and PE along with protein supplementation on muscle function in healthy 6- to 11-year-old rural Indian children post 6 months of intervention. Methods: A randomized controlled trial on 232 children, recruited into 3 groups, each receiving 1 protein-rich ladoo (148 kcal, 7 g protein/40 g ladoo–an Indian sweet snack) daily and performing (1) yoga (n = 78) for 30 minutes 5 times per week, (2) PE (n = 76) for 30 minutes 5 times per week, or (3) control group (n = 78) no additional exercise. Maximum power, maximum voluntary force (Fmax), and grip strength (GS) were measured. Data were analyzed using paired t tests and a 2-way mixed analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment. Results: GS, maximum power, and Fmax within yoga group increased significantly (P < .05) from baseline to endline. GS and Fmax increased significantly within PE group postintervention (P < .001). In controls, GS increased (P < .05) at endline. No significant effect of the intervention was observed on the change in maximum power (P > .05) postintervention. The 2 exercise groups showed significant increase in Fmax compared with the control group (P < .05). Similarly, increase in GS was significantly higher in both the exercise groups compared with the control group (P < .05). No significant difference was observed in change in muscle function between the 2 exercise groups (P > .05). Conclusions: Structured physical activity along with protein supplementation resulted in improved muscle function in children. Yoga and PE showed a comparable impact on muscle force.

Health status of aged women with or without the experience of practicing yoga

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
BMC Wom Health

Background Yoga is a popular training practice that enhances women’s physical activity level and modifies the major risk factors contributing to noncommunicable diseases. This study aimed to compare general health and cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, psychological health, and health-related quality of life between aged women with and without long-term yoga practice. Methods Thirty-two female yoga practitioners (mean age 56 years) with ≥ 2 years experience in regular yoga practice and 32 age-matched women without yoga experience participated in the study. Between-group comparisons was performed to explore the differences in various health outcomes, including body build indices, exercise endurance, blood pressure, and heart rate variability; hamstring flexibility, upper-limb muscle strength, shoulder range of motion, and upper-limb function; and the symptoms of anxiety and depression, sleep quality, and fatigue. Results Our findings revealed that yoga practitioners demonstrated greater hamstring flexibility, shoulder ROM on the non-dominant side, and hand-grip strength; a higher heart rate variability parameter value (RMSSD); and shorter sleep latency than those who did not practice yoga. Conclusions In view of the encouraging results of the long-term benefits of yoga practice, it warrants being promoted among aged women to enhance their physical and mental well-being.

Effect Of Selected Asanas On Back And Hand Strength Of Basketball Players

Article

Jun 2023

Aim: This research was carried out with the objective of determining whether there was any possible relationship between the practice of selected asanas and the strength of the back and hands of basketball players at the L.N.I.P.E. Gwalior campus. Methods: 20 men Basketball players of LNIPE shall be randomly selected as subjects for the study. The age of the subject was 20-30 years. The data were examined by applying by paired t-test. The level of significance chosen was 0.05. Results: The effect between selected asanas’ back and hand strength was significant at 0.05. The yoga training program is effective for Back and Hand Strength. Conclusions: There are several positive conclusions that can be drawn from the findings of the present study, such as the fact that certain asanas can significantly increase the strength of the back and hands.

Yoga Dataset: A Resource for Computer Vision-Based Analysis of Yoga Asanas

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

The practice of yoga has been shown to have numerous benefits for both physical and mental health, and it has gained popularity worldwide as a form of exercise and relaxation. However, yoga postures can be complex and challenging, especially for beginners who may struggle with proper alignment and positioning. To address this issue, there is a need for a dataset of different yoga postures that can be used to develop computer vision algorithms capable of recognizing and analyzing yoga poses. For this we created the image and video datasets of different yoga asana using the mobile device Samsung Galaxy M30s. The dataset contains images and videos of effective (right) and ineffective postures for 10 Yoga asana, with a total of 11,344 images and 80 videos. The image dataset is organized into 10 subfolders, each with ''Effective (right) Steps'' and “Ineffective (wrong) Steps'' folders. The video dataset has 4 videos for each posture, with 40 videos demonstrating effective (right) postures and 40 demonstrating ineffective (wrong) postures. This dataset benefits app developers, machine learning researchers, Yoga instructors, and practitioners, who can use it to develop apps, train computer vision algorithms, and improve their practice. We strongly believe that this type of dataset would provide the foundation for the development of new technologies that can help individuals improve their Yoga practice, such as posture detection and correction tools or personalized recommendations based on individual abilities and needs.

Not All Yoga Styles Are the Same: An International Survey on Characteristics of Yoga Classes

Article

Apr 2023

Objectives: Yoga is a multicomponent activity that has been associated with many health benefits. Different yoga styles contain different combinations and durations of components (e.g., postures, breathing, meditation, relaxation, and chanting). A better description and quantification of yoga components within different styles are important in understanding how different yoga styles contribute to health outcomes. This survey aims to understand the general characteristics and components taught in different yoga styles. Design: An online international survey was sent to yoga teachers (18+ years with >1 year teaching experience) using snowball recruitment. Survey questions included demographic and professional characteristics of participants, specialized yoga style, and details of components typically taught in the class. The analysis included descriptive statistics and a comparison between teachers of traditional versus exercise-based versus therapy styles using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Nine hundred and sixty-eight yoga teachers (76.8% female, mean age 43.8 ± 11.1 years) from 64 countries participated in the survey. When grouped according to primary yoga style taught, 70.6% of participants taught traditional (e.g., hatha or ashtanga), 18.4% exercise-based (e.g., vinyasa or power), and 11.0% therapy (e.g., restorative or gentle) styles. Nearly all teachers included physical postures, but breath techniques, chanting, and cleansing were included by significantly more traditional teachers (95.2%, 68.3%, 25.8%, respectively) compared with exercise-based (88.6%, 42.5%, 7.2%) and therapy teachers (93.0%, 43.0%, 10.0%). Variations were reported in the time allocated to each of these class components. Physical postures took up 50.0% of total class time for traditional styles, 60.9% for exercise-based, and 53.9% for therapy styles (p < 0.001). Conversely, breath techniques, meditation, relaxation, and chanting took significantly more of the class time for traditional and therapy compared with exercise-based styles. However, teachers from all styles regarded yoga poses, breathing, meditation, and relaxation as equally important in the yoga class. Conclusions: Exercise-based yoga styles unsurprisingly dedicate more time to physical postures and less time to nonphysical components than traditional and therapy yoga styles. However, all yoga teachers report valuing and including multiple components of yoga practice regardless of the primary style of teaching, which is reflective of the holistic nature of yoga practice. Further research into the benefits of the specific component combinations in different yoga styles is needed to better understand the full potential of yoga practice for health.

The Western and Chinese exercise training for blood pressure reduction among hypertensive patients: An overview of systematic reviews

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023
J Clin Hypertens

Hypertension remains the world's leading cause of premature death. Interventions such as exercise, diet modification, and pharmacological therapy remain the mainstay of hypertension treatment. Numerous systematic reviews and meta‐analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of western exercises, such as aerobic exercise and resistance exercise, in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. There is recently emerging evidence of blood pressure reduction with Chinese exercises, such as Tai Chi, Baduanjin, and Qigong. The current overview of systematic reviews aims to evaluate the quality and descriptively summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of western and Chinese exercises for hypertension management. Thirty‐nine systematic reviews were included in this overview, with 15 of those being on Chinese exercise. Evidence suggests that exercise training, regardless of Western or Chinese exercise, generally reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. High‐intensity intermittent training did not further reduce blood pressure when compared to moderate‐intensity continuous training. Conflicting results on the effectiveness of blood pressure reduction when comparing Chinese and Western exercise training were observed. This suggests the comparable effectiveness of Chinese exercise training, in particularly Tai Chi, to general or aerobic exercise training in terms of blood pressure reduction. The Chinese exercise modality and intensity may be more suitable for the middle‐aged and elderly population.

Corrigendum to “Contemplating movement: A randomized control trial of yoga training for mental health” [Ment. Health. Phys. Activ. 23 (2022) 1-12]

Article

Mar 2023

Effect of Yoga Nidra (Psychic Sleep) in patients with Alcoholic Hypertensives - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Background: Primary Hypertension in alcoholic individuals is one of the major health issues of the society. Yoga is found to have a wonderful tool to treat primary hypertension in alcoholic individuals. Yoga Nidra, is a cost effective tool to manage these symptoms. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to assess whether Yoga Nidra is having effect on blood pressure, heart rate variability & respiratory rate in primary hypertensive alcohol dependent individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty primary hypertensive alcoholic dependent individuals have been recruited after they meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the screening of the subjects by using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire and into two Groups, Subjects in the group one practiced Yoga Nidra for a period of 10 days and group two carried on its routine activities. Both the groups were assessed for blood pressure, heart rate variability & respiratory rate at day one and day ten. Results: In the present study comparison between the group there was a significant results seen in the HR, RR, SBP with P value < 0.0001, LF/HF ratio with P value < 0.0500, DBP with P value< 0.0257 respectively. Conclusion: Ten days of Yoga Nidra practice has shown to bring a positive influence in primary hypertensive alcoholic dependent individuals in improving HR, RR, Mean RR, RMSSD, NN50, PNN50, VLF, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, SBP & DBP.

Contemplating movement: A randomized control trial of yoga training for mental health

Article

Oct 2022

Yoga is increasingly recognized for both its physical and mental health benefits, yet its central mechanisms of action remain unclear. In addition to benefits generally associated with physical exercise, yoga may also cultivate interoception, the sense of the body's internal state, the ability to notice and respond adaptively to physiological cues. Complicating matters, yoga training varies in the relative emphasis on physical movement and the cultivation of interoceptive awareness, yet few studies have explored whether differences in emphasis impact yoga's benefits. A randomized trial explored the effects of interoceptive emphasis in yoga training on attention and subjective wellbeing. Over a 10-week period featuring classes twice each week, community-dwelling adult participants with moderate depressive symptoms (N = 58) were randomized to attend either more Movement-Focused yoga or Interoception-Focused yoga. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and at a one-month follow-up, which included both self-reports of mood and interoception, and task-performance on a Sustained Attention to Response Task. Relative to Movement-Focused yoga, Interoception-Focused yoga practitioners showed greater improvements in sustained attention, but no differences in self-reported mood or interoception. Yet sustained attention improvements in the Interoception-Focused group were greatest for those endorsing high levels of interoception, an effect that was absent in the Movement-Focused group. Despite an exploratory sample size, these findings support the potential for an interoceptive focus to extend yoga's attentional benefits, particularly for those who report high interoceptive awareness.

Physiological Effects of Yoga in Healthy Women: A Novel Perspective Pilot study v2

Preprint

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Yoga and meditation, an essential tool to alleviate stress and enhance immunity to emerging infections: A perspective on the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on students

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has negatively impacted the global healthcare and economic systems worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has also created an emotional and psychological pandemic among people of all ages irrespective of economic status and physical wellbeing. As a consequence of prolonged lockdowns, one of the most severely affected age groups globally is the young adults' group, especially students. Uncertainties in the academic calendar, restricted outdoor activities, and unusual daily routines during lockdowns led to higher incidences of stress, anxiety, and depression among students worldwide. In this review, we summarise the available evidence on the effect of lockdowns on students and discuss possible positive impacts of yoga and meditation on various psychological, emotional, and immunological parameters, which can significantly influence the general wellbeing and academic performance of students. Perspectives shared in the review will also bring awareness on how yoga and meditation could boost students' performance and assist them in maintaining physical and mental wellbeing during stressful conditions such as future epidemics and pandemics with novel infections. This information could help create better educational curriculums and healthy routines for students.

alanced Living: A Brief Study to Yoga and Naturopathy

Article

Jan 2025

Harshita Shukla

Vinyasa Yoga Training Module: Effects on Muscular Endurance, Static Balance, and Flexibility in Yoga Practitioners

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

The aim of the studywas to examines the impact of Vinyasa yoga training module on the flexibility, muscular endurance, and balance of yoga practitioners. Methodology: 20 yoga specialize subjects age ranging from 18 to 23 years were selected for the purpose of the present study. Further the subjects were divided in two experimental (10 subjects) and control groups (10 subjects). The pre-test and post-test randomised design was used where the experimental group underwent Vinyasa yoga training module while the control group maintained their regular yoga practice. Muscular endurance (Sit ups test for one minute), static balance (Sens balance test), and flexibility (Sit and reach) was measured before and after the treatment. Results: The study's findings revealed substantial enhancement in all three selected dependent variables i.e. muscular endurance, static balance, and flexibility in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. The one-way analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) confirmed that those changes were statistically significant at 0.05 level, the study findings shown Vinyasa yoga training's beneficially influence on various physical fitness metrics. Conclusions: Following systematic six weeks Vinyasa yoga module is an effective training method in enhancing physical fitness components critical to overall health and performance in yoga. Keywords: Yoga, VYTM (Vinyasa Yoga Training Module), Flexibility, Muscular Endurance, Static Balance.

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: EL CAMINO DE LA VACUIDAD, LA RUTA DEL TAO

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: EL MÉTODO PARA CULTIVAR LA VIDA EN EL SIGLO XXI

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: ENTRENAMIENTO PARA COMBATE, FORTALECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE LA RESPIRACIÓN.

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: ENTRENAMIENTO DE COMBATE

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE Y ARTES MARCIALES DE COMBATE

Chapter

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

"Gong fa" (功法) 2.0: ENTRENAMIENTO FÍSICO-TÉCNICO EN LAS ARTES MARCIALES DE COMBATE

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Nov 2024

Jose MANUEL Bezanilla

Navigating the Physical and Mental Landscape of Cardio, Aerobic, Zumba, and Yoga

Article

Aug 2024

This review delves into the effect of cardio, aerobic, Zumba, and yoga on physical, mental, and emotional health. Cardiovascular exercises enhance heart strength, aid weight management, boost lung capacity, increase endurance, and positively impact metabolism. Aerobic exercise contributes to heart health, lowers blood pressure, and promotes mental wellness. Zumba a dynamic dance-fitness program offers cardiovascular benefits, calorie burning, muscle toning, enhanced coordination, and stress reduction, fostering both physical and social well-being. Yoga, a holistic practice, improves flexibility, strengthens muscles, enhances balance, supports joint health, and cultivates good posture. Additionally, yoga positively influences mental and emotional health by promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, enhancing focus, and fostering self-awareness. The combination of scientific insights across these diverse exercise modalities offers a holistic understanding of how physical activity profoundly shapes our overall well-being, making this review paper a valuable resource for individuals and health-care professionals alike.

Gratitude Vs. Yoga Intervention to Increase Happiness Among Women

Article

Jun 2024

This study compares a gratitude intervention with an Indian yoga intervention to determine its efficacy to raise happiness levels. A randomized control trial was conducted with 48 female participants in each intervention group for eight weeks. The results suggest that happiness levels improved from pre-intervention to mid- and post-intervention and from mid- to post-intervention in the gratitude and yoga intervention groups. Despite similar levels of happiness pre-intervention in both groups, the yoga intervention group outperformed the gratitude intervention group in improving participants’ happiness levels at mid-intervention and post-intervention. The findings reveal the significance of customizing interventions to fit specific cultural contexts.

An Intervention to Improve Mental and Physical Health of Undergraduate Nursing Students

Article

May 2024
Can J Nurs Res

Background Nursing students experience poorer mental and physical health relative to students in other health-related disciplines and young adults of similar age outside post-secondary school. Compromised mental and physical health has numerous negative impacts on nursing students and can result in burnout and development of chronic diseases. Purpose To determine whether an asynchronous online yoga intervention would improve mental and physical health of students. Methods An asynchronous online 6-week yoga intervention was carried out between January and December 2021, using a pre/post design. Participants’ symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-compassion were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and Self-Compassion Scale and core endurance was assessed using the Mackenzie Core Endurance Test prior to commencement and at the conclusion of the program. Results Of 114 participants, 68 completed the online program and pre and post measures showed that the mean depression, anxiety, stress, self-compassion and core endurance scores improved significantly ( p<0.001) between baseline and study completion. Conclusion A six-week virtual yoga program significantly improved mental and physical health of undergraduate nursing students. Targeted modifications to the yoga program might enhance participant retention.

Yogic Lifestyle for Health and Happiness

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Md Rasel

Yoga is a time-honored tradition that includes physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, ethical observances, and self-discipline. It presents a well-rounded perspective on attaining overall well-being and cultivating inner joy. Consistent practice of yoga poses can also enhance heart health. By incorporating pranayama into their routine, people can learn to breathe mindfully, which can ease anxiety and enhance respiratory function. Incorporating yoga into our daily routine can lead to remarkable improvements in both physical health and mental well-being.

Improvement in muscular strength, body flexibility and balance by yoɡasana and with reduced detraining effects by yoɡa breathing maneuvers: A non-randomized controlled study

Article

Jan 2024
J Ayurveda Integr Med

Yoga Tips for Cross Country and Distance Runners

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Exploring Research Trend of Yoga Therapy Using Social Network Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze core keywords of knowledge structure to explore the research trend of Yoga therapy, so as to understand the interaction between sub-areas research in Yoga therapy. METHOD This study searched the journal articles on the Web of Science to identify research trends related to Yoga therapy. To achieve this goal, keyword network analysis was performed for 226 papers related to the studies of Yoga therapy, which were published between 1992 and 2022. The Netminer was used to conduct the keyword network analysis. RESULT The analysis result showed that the keywords concerning patient, treatment, effect, intervention, health, quality, and anxiety have continuously occurred in the past 30 years; thus, they can be considered the main concepts symbolizing the research in Yoga therapy. In addition, a few keywords only appeared in a certain period; for example, intensity and posture appeared before 2011, but team, education, increase, interaction, and methodology evolved only in the 2020s, which perhaps implies that a new research field related to Yoga therapy has sprung-up. Finally, based on the results of the cohesion group analysis, five sub-research domains were identified as follows: Group 1, comprising 12 keywords with a focus on 'therapist' and 'strategy'; Group 2, made up of 13 keywords with emphasis on 'technique' and 'survivor'; Group 3, consisting of 20 keywords centered around 'well-being' and 'symptom'; Group 4, incorporating 19 keywords with a concentration on 'woman' and 'treatment'; and Group 5, encompassing 17 keywords centered on 'weight' and 'system'. CONCLUSION Keyword network analysis is employed to investigate the research trend in Yoga therapy. These keywords contribute to the formation of an intellectual structure, playing a vital role in facilitating more detailed exploration of sub-research areas related to Yoga therapy in the future

Embracing Mindfulness and Spirituality to Enhance Well-Being and Resilience in Teachers and Students

Chapter

Jun 2023

Katherine Cullinan Holman

This chapter begins by drawing attention to the national emergency and global crisis facing the mental health and well-being of teens and teachers, and the lingering hesitation to adopt spirituality into the mainstream public education system despite the neuroprotective evidence of spirituality against depression and suicide. Next, the interconnectedness of attention, mindfulness, and spirituality, and their amalgamating impact on one's overall well-being and resilience will be shared. Two programs that address both mindfulness and spirituality of students and teachers will be thoroughly discussed, as well as additional strategies for incorporating relational spirituality into classrooms and school communities.

Hrudaya- A literary study

Research

Full-text available

Jun 2015

Hrudaya is an important organ of human body. It plays essentialrole in difficult activities in human body. Aim - To study aspects of Hrudya according toayurveda and modern science. Methodology - References about hrudya’s origin etc. fromdifferent ayurvedic texts have been studied. Result. Conclusion - This is a review article.Various references from ayurvedic & modern texts regarding Hrudya have been studied tounderstand the concept of HrudyaKey Words :Hrudaya,Heart (Deerghayu International Peer reviewed Journal for Ayurved and Health Sciences ISSN/ISBN Number 0970—3381——issue no---122—April-june2015 Page no 318 -323)

Effect of different paces of suryanamaskar on leg strength of school students

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

The aim of this study was to see the effect of suryanamaskar practice with different paces on leg strength of school students. Study had three objectives, first see the interaction effect of training duration and groups, second the main effect of duration, and third the main effect of groups. Within between mixed design was used. Three experimental intact groups were created Pace 1 group, Pace 2 group and Pace 4 group, each group had 15 subjects with age range between 15-17 years. Pace 1 group practiced one round (12 steps) of suryanamaskar in 1 minute, Pace 2 group in 2 minutes and Pace 4 group in 4 minutes. The maximum strength of the legs was measured by the leg dynamometer test. Total 12 weeks training was given in which three observations were taken before the training (pre-test), after 6 weeks (mid-test) and after 12 weeks (post-test). 3 X 3 mixed factorial ANOVA was used and level of significance was set at 0.05. Result showed that practice of Suryanamaskar for 6 weeks and 12 weeks were sufficient to bring out significant improvement on leg strength (main effect of training duration).

Role of Yoga practices on cognitive functions: A review

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Yoga is the science of conditioning one's mind and body via the practise of shatkarma, asana, pranayama, mudra, and meditation. The aim of this review of literature is to give theoretical rationale for identifying (a) the specific attributes of yoga poses that have been used in yoga protocols of various studies but have not been explicitly explored, & (b) the minimum time necessary to keep a posture to bring about a corresponding change in performance among the aforementioned cognitive functions (s) In humans, The most prevalent and under-treated problems are cognitive decline & psychological health problems. Different studies have been carried out to determine the influence of Yoga on human cognitive and psychological health indices. However, no comprehensive examination of the effects of yoga-based therapy on human cognitive and mental health has been undertaken to far. Yoga is an ancient science that places a premium on disease prevention and treatment, as well as the percentage of health. Yoga is recognized to delay the effects of aging and has been found to be effective in the therapy of aging-related disorders. Yoga is a centuries-old discipline that is said to improve both physical and emotional well-being.

Birinci Basamakta Bel Ağrısına Yaklaşım

Chapter

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Mar 2022

MOLECULAR DETECTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST OF MYCOBACTERIU TUBERCULOSIS IN DUHOK CITY, IRAQ

Conference Paper

Nov 2019

Background: Multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous disease globally transmitted and worrisome in Iraq. This study was aimed to detect M. tuberculosis in sputum samples using smear stain and PCR assay for confirmatory identification and determine drug resistance patterns. Methods: During January till June 2016, 72 sputum samples from suspected patients with tuberculosis were processed for Zeihle-Neelsen stain and direct application of conventional PCR assay and Gene-Xpert (Nested Real Time) system. Furthermore, additional 37 provided positive-TB cultures were subjected to above molecular methods for more confirmation and determination of drug resistance genes. Results: Out of 72 sputum samples, 12(16.7%) samples were AFB positive by using smear stain. PCR confirmed 15(20.8%) sputum samples contained TB. conventional PCR targeted gene (1S6110) was applied on 44 samples (7 AFB-positive smear and 37 provided positive cultures), 33(75.0%) samples (4 of AFB- positive smear and 29 provided positive-cultures) were successfully gave amplified product. Those 33 positive samples were contained resistance genes as follow; 27(81.8%) rpoB to Rifampsin, 4 (12.1%) katG to Isoniazid, 8(24.2%) embB to Ethabutamol, 30 (90.9%) rpsL to Streptomycin. When Gene-Xpert PCR assay was directly applied on 49 sputum samples (8 smear positive and 41 smear negative ),11 samples were contained M tuberculosis that involved 8 smear positive samples and other 3 smear negative samples and only 1 (9.1%) of those positive samples contained rifampicin gene. Conclusion: The study highlighted that multi-drug M tuberculosis is circulating and worrisome in Iraq. Direct smear microscopy was simple to perform but had low sensitivity and required confirmation by conventional PCR and Gene-Xpert (Nested Real Time) for detection of drug resistant strains in our community.

Adherence to and changes in mental and physiological health during an 8-week yoga intervention: A pilot study

Article

Jan 2022

Background Participating in yoga may be ideal for college students to increase physical activity and improve mental health. Purpose To investigate the feasibility and impact of an 8-week yoga intervention within a university setting on mental and physiologic heath. Methods This 8-week yoga intervention included twelve yoga-naïve adults, (23.8 ± 4.6 years; 71% female). Participants attended two 60-min yoga classes/week in addition to baseline, mid- and post-lab visits. Results 83% of participants attended ≥75% of yoga classes. Stress and depression symptoms decreased by 11% and 25%, respectively and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) reduced by 28%. Participants did not meet physical activity recommendations observed greater improvements in stress, depression symptoms, ESR, and C-reactive protein compared to participants who met recommendations. Conclusion The majority of participants attended ≥12 of 16 yoga classes. Exploratory analyses provide preliminary support for the impact of yoga on reducing stress, symptoms of depression, and ESR. Participants who were not meeting physical activity guidelines prior to starting the intervention received greater benefits.

How does yoga practice and therapy yield psychological benefits? A review and model of transdiagnostic processes

Article

Nov 2021
Compl Ther Clin Pract

Alison Bennetts

Interest in yoga as an intervention for psychological wellbeing has increased in recent years, with literature investigating beneficial effects in a variety of presentations and settings. The theoretical understanding of this benefit has previously focused on physiological changes involved in yoga practice, however interest has turned to the potential psychological mechanisms eliciting psychological wellbeing. The current paper builds on previous theory and argues that yoga practice targets transdiagnostic psychological processes; mechanisms that feature commonly across a wide range of presentations, thus reducing distress and increasing wellbeing across clinical and non-clinical populations. Features of yoga practice are discussed in relation to these transdiagnostic processes and the features of modern talking therapies. A new model is proposed positing specific aspects of yoga practice correlate with specific transdiagnostic processes to elicit psychological change and argues that the mechanisms by which change occurs are directly compared with the changes observed in talking therapies. The implications for future research and the potential for this to support the commissioning of holistic approaches in clinical practice are discussed.

The Use of Silver Compounds in Dentistry

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Semanur Ozudogru

From past to present, silver has existed available in many treatments in the field of health including dentistry. In the 1800s, antimicrobial and antirheumatic properties were discovered. Silver components were used in medicine for tetanus and rheumatic drugs as well as for the treatment of cold and gonorrhea. In the following years, with the discovery of antibiotics, studies on the use of silver in medicine were suspended. However, with the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the inability to prevent it, the interest in silver and its compunds has increased and studies on combined use have become the focus of attention. Silver compounds including silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver sulfadiazine have been utilized as topical antibacterial agents with the aim of controlling skin infections which are confronted in incidents such as burns and chronic ulcers. Using silver compounds in the field of dentistry dates back to previous times owing to their antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. Silver amalgam and dental casting alloys are utilized in dentistry for a long time. In this respect, silver nitrate, being a silver compound, was used as an anti- caries, cavity sterilizing and dentin desensitizing agent. In the 1960s, combined agent studies were carried out, which put forward that compounds with fluoride would be more effective. AgNO3, AgF and Ag (NH3)2F as well as other silver particulate additives were investigated and utilized for management of caries. Various clinical studies have been conducted upon silver in caries management. Applying silver fluoride (AgF) compounds clinically, however, is limited as a result of the associated black staining. In order to eliminate this disadvantage, studies are carried out on silver nanoparticles (NPs) and silver diamine fluoride (Ag (NH3)2F ) compound, which are new compounds and used as anti-caries and dentin desensitizing agents today. Moreover, silver compounds and NPs are focused on for different types of dental applications which involve restorative material, endodontic retrograde cement, dental implants and caries preventive solution.

Stress Reduction and Mood Enhancement in Four Exercise Modes: Swimming, Body Conditioning, Hatha Yoga, and Fencing

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1988

The influence of exercise mode and practice qualities on the stress reduction benefits of exercise was examined. College students in swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, fencing, exercise, and lecture-control classes completed the Profile of Mood States and the State Anxiety Inventory before and after class on three occasions. Swimmers had unusually positive initial moods and reported less tension and confusion after swimming only on the first day of testing. Participants in yoga, an anaerobic activity that satisfied three of the four mode requirements, were significantly less anxious, tense, depressed, angry, fatigued, and confused after class than before on all three occasions. Supporting the importance of the four mode characteristics, participants in the exercise control activity of fencing reported improvements only in vigor. A possible influence of practice conditions was observed when members of the body conditioning class reported significant increases in fatigue, but no other mood changes. Results of this study supported the possibility that exercise mode and practice requirements in the proposed taxonomy moderate the stress reduction benefits.

Beyond the Mind-Body Exercise Hype

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2000

Mind-body exercise methods are spreading rapidly throughout the health, fitness, and rehabilitation fields. Many of the claimed benefits for these activities are not supported by clinical evidence, and, as alternative therapies, they carry legal and professional ramifications. Understanding the nature of mind-body exercise and knowing the scientific evidence behind claims for its benefits can help clinicians make appropriate recommendations to patients. For example, yoga and tai chi can reduce stress, decrease hypertension, and exert cardiorespiratory benefits, and tai chi can improve balance in seniors. However, there is not enough evidence to support replacing conventional medical treatments with somatic methods.

Influence of Intensive Yoga Training on Physiological Changes in 6 Adult Women: A Case Report

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1997

The short-term effects of 4 weeks of intensive yoga practice on physiological responses in six healthy adult female volunteers were measured using the maximal exercise treadmill test. Yoga practice involved daily morning and evening sessions of 90 minutes each. Pre- and post-yoga exercise performance was compared. Maximal work output (Wmax) for the group increased by 21%, with a significantly reduced level of oxygen consumption per unit work but without a concomitant significant change in heart rate. After intensive yoga training, at 154 Wmin(-1) (corresponding to Wmax of the pre-yoga maximal exercise test) participants could exercise more comfortably, with a significantly lower heart rate (p < 0.05), reduced minute ventilation (p < 0.05), reduced oxygen consumption per unit work (p < 0.05), and a significantly lower respiratory quotient (p < 0.05). The implications for the effect of intensive yoga on cardiorespiratory efficiency are discussed, with the suggestion that yoga has some transparently different quantifiable physiological effects to other exercises.

Mood Alterations in Mindful Versus Aerobic Exercise Modes

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2003

The results of most recent studies have generally indicated an improvement in mood after participation in aerobic exercise. However, only a few researchers have compared mindful modes of exercise with aerobic exercise to examine the effect of 1 single session of exercise on mood. In the present study, the authors assessed state anxiety, depressive mood, and subjective well-being prior to and following 1 class of 1 of 4 exercise modes: yoga, Feldenkrais (awareness through movement), aerobic dance, and swimming; a computer class served as a control. Participants were 147 female general curriculum and physical education teachers (mean age = 40.15, SD = 0.2) voluntarily enrolled in a 1-year enrichment program at a physical education college. Analyses of variance for repeated measures revealed mood improvement following Feldenkrais, swimming, and yoga but not following aerobic dance and computer lessons. Mindful low-exertion activities as well as aerobic activities enhanced mood in 1 single session of exercise. The authors suggest that more studies assessing the mood-enhancing benefits of mindful activities such as Feldenkrais and yoga are needed.

The impact of modified Hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: A pilot study

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2003
Alternative Ther Health Med

The purpose of this randomized pilot study was to evaluate a possible design for a 6-week modified hatha yoga protocol to study the effects on participants with chronic low back pain. Twenty-two participants (M = 4; F = 17), between the ages of 30 and 65, with chronic low back pain (CLBP) were randomized to either an immediate yoga based intervention, or to a control group with no treatment during the observation period but received later yoga training. A specific CLBP yoga protocol designed and modified for this population by a certified yoga instructor was administered for one hour, twice a week for 6 weeks. Primary functional outcome measures included the forward reach (FR) and sit and reach (SR) tests. All participants completed Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaires. Guiding questions were used for qualitative data analysis to ascertain how yoga participants perceived the instructor, group dynamics, and the impact of yoga on their life. To account for drop outs, the data were divided into better or not categories, and analyzed using chi-square to examine differences between the groups. Qualitative data were analyzed through frequency of positive responses. Potentially important trends in the functional measurement scores showed improved balance and flexibility and decreased disability and depression for the yoga group but this pilot was not powered to reach statistical significance. Significant limitations included a high dropout rate in the control group and large baseline differences in the secondary measures. In addition, analysis of the qualitative data revealed the following frequency of responses (1) group intervention motivated the participants and (2) yoga fostered relaxation and new awareness/learning. A modified yoga-based intervention may benefit individuals with CLB, but a larger study is necessary to provide definitive evidence. Also, the impact on depression and disability could be considered as important outcomes for further study. Additional functional outcome measures should be explored. This pilot study supports the need for more research investigating the effect of yoga for this population.

Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2004

This report presents selected estimates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among U.S. adults, using data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Data for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population were collected using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). This report is based on 31,044 interviews of adults age 18 years and over. Statistics shown in this report were age adjusted to the year 2000 U.S. standard population. Sixty-two percent of adults used some form of CAM therapy during the past 12 months when the definition of CAM therapy included prayer specifically for health reasons. When prayer specifically for health reasons was excluded from the definition, 36% of adults used some form of CAM therapy during the past 12 months. The 10 most commonly used CAM therapies during the past 12 months were use of prayer specifically for one's own health (43.0%), prayer by others for one's own health (24.4%), natural products (18.9%), deep breathing exercises (11.6%), participation in prayer group for one's own health (9.6%), meditation (7.6%), chiropractic care (7.5%), yoga (5.1%), massage (5.0%), and diet-based therapies (3.5%). Use of CAM varies by sex, race, geographic region, health insurance status, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and hospitalization. CAM was most often used to treat back pain or back problems, head or chest colds, neck pain or neck problems, joint pain or stiffness, and anxiety or depression. Adults age 18 years or over who used CAM were more likely to do so because they believed that CAM combined with conventional medical treatments would help (54.9%) and/or they thought it would be interesting to try (50.1%). Most adults who have ever used CAM have used it within the past 12 months, although there is variation by CAM therapy.

Critical Review on Relaxation Techniques

Article

Jan 2017
Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med

Kate Kerr

This review is intended to critically evaluate research on relaxation techniques used in physical and rehabilitation medicine. Literature searches were undertaken using the Medline, Cinahl, Bids/Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The main criteria for inclusion were randomization into groups and the inclusion of a control condition. However, some original articles and reviews were included. Studies were categorized generally into “physical” and “nonphysical” approaches to relaxation. Physical approaches included Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation, Mitchell’s Simple Physiological Relaxation, Massage, and the Alexander Technique. A section on comparative studies, using Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation as a “gold standard”, was also included. Nonphysical approaches included Benson’s Relaxation Response and Hatha Yoga. Outcome measures included heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, electromyography, and electroencephelography as physiological indicators of relaxation, and measures of anxiety and depression as psychological indicators of relaxation. Male and female subjects, of a variety of age ranges, who fell into the categories of normal healthy subjects, and patient/client groups with both pathological and psycho-social disorders participated in the trials. In general, all techniques reviewed demonstrated the potential to reduce both the physiological and psychological indicators of stress, in all subject groups, suggesting increased relaxation. Some studies demonstrated inconsistent findings, which may suggest differential responses between male and female groups, between normal subjects and patient/client groups, and between physiological and psychological responses. Further research is required to confirm these differential responses.

Cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to Hatha yoga standing poses

Article

Jan 1995

Exercise testing and prescription

Article

Jan 1984

Stress Reduction through Mindfulness and Laughter at the Age

Article

Sep 2014

A. Bilsing

Richard Freeman on yoga as a path to physical and spiritual health

Article

Mar 2004

B. Horrigan

Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States

Article

Jan 2002

P. Barnes

Relaxation Techniques: A Critical Review

Article

Jan 2000
Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med

Kate Kerr

This review is intended to critically evaluate research on relaxation techniques used in physical and rehabilitation medicine. Literature searches were undertaken using the Medline, Cinahl, Bids/Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The main criteria for inclusion were randomization into groups and the inclusion of a control condition. However, some original articles and reviews were included. Studies were categorized generally into 'physical' and 'nonphysical' approaches to relaxation. Physical approaches included Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation, Mitchell's Simple Physiological Relaxation, Massage, and the Alexander Technique. A section on comparative studies, using Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation as a 'gold standard', was also included. Nonphysical approaches included Benson's Relaxation Response and Hatha Yoga. Outcome measures included heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, electromyography, and electroencephelography as physiological indicators of relaxation, and measures of anxiety and depression as psychological indicators of relaxation. Male and female subjects, of a variety of age ranges, who fell into the categories of normal healthy subjects, and patient/client groups with both pathological and psycho-social disorders participated in the trials. In general, all techniques reviewed demonstrated the potential to reduce both the physiological and psychological indicators of stress, in all subject groups, suggesting increased relaxation. Some studies demonstrated inconsistent findings, which may suggest differential responses between male and female groups, between normal subjects and patient/client groups, and between physiological and psychological responses. Further research is required to confirm these differential responses.

Stress reduction and mood enhancement in different exercise modes. Poster session.

Conference Paper

Jun 1986

Yoga

Article

Jan 2000
RHEUM DIS CLIN N AM

The civilization of India has produced a great variety of systems of spiritual beliefs and practices. Ancient seers used yoga as a means to explore the exterior and interior world and, perhaps, ultimately to achieve wisdom and knowledge of the sacred Indian texts: the Vedas, Upanishads, and Shastras.6 These great teachers, or gurus, did not equate yoga with religion but more as an art of living at the highest level in attunement with the larger life–reality. The emphasis in yoga was on personal verification rather than on belief. The practice of yoga was a way to inner joy and outer harmony.The Sanskrit word “yoga” comes from the root yug (to join), or yoke (to bind together or to concentrate). Essentially, however, the word “yoga” has come to describe a means of uniting or a method of discipline: to join the body to the mind and together join to the self (soul), or the union between the individual self and the transcendental self. Yoga comes from an oral tradition in which teaching was transmitted from teacher to student. The Indian sage Patanjali, called “The Father of Yoga, ” collated this oral tradition in his classic work The Yoga Sutras, a 2000-year-old treatise on yogic philosophy. He defines yoga as “that which restrains the thought process and makes the mind serene.” Patanjali suggests that ethics (yama and niyama) is the way to cleanse the mind, body, and spirit. He emphasizes a more psychological approach to healing and self-realization. The body's organs and systems are to be cleansed first through asanas (postures) and pranayama (controlling the breath).13 The Sutras provide guidance on how to gain mastery over the mind and emotions and how to achieve spiritual growth. The code of conduct includes the practice of the highest human virtues like ahimsa (noninjury) and satya (truth), and the promotion of the noblest feelings like amity and compassion.2Initially, the discipline of hatha yoga used in the studies described later was developed as a means for meditation: preparing the body and the nervous system for stillness. Physical strength and stamina developed by asanas and pranayama allowed the mind to remain calm. The word “hatha” can be divided into two words: ha (sun) and tha (moon). The common interpretation of hatha yoga is a union of the pairs of opposites. Hatha yoga, the yoga of activity, addresses the body and mind and requires discipline and effort. It is through hatha yoga that most Westerners are introduced to the philosophy. Many people believe that this is yoga and are unaware of the totality of yoga as a philosophy of life.Along with meditation, yoga asanas and pranyama have become popular in the West, and yoga has become “westernized.” Postures are taught as ends in themselves merely to heal an illness, reduce stress, or look better. The fact that these postures are a foundation for self-realization is generally ignored. Yoga is often thought of as calisthenics, epitomized by the headstand, the lotus posture, or another pretzel-like pose. Many think of yoga as a system of meditation or religion. Yoga, however, is meant to be practiced in the larger context of conscious spiritual discipline. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika is considered to be the classic manual on hatha yoga. The first chapter reminds the student that hatha yoga is used as a vehicle in self-realization.25 This goal should be kept in sight. Yoga is proposed to be a preventive as well as curative system of the body, mind, and spirit.14Recently, large numbers of Americans are practicing yoga for its proposed health benefits. Some health professionals are referring their patients to yoga teachers for help in managing a variety of stress-related ailments. Yoga is regarded as a holistic approach to health that not only increases flexibility, strength, and stamina but also fosters self-awareness, emotional stability, and peace of mind. Yoga has become a household word in the West. Millions of men and women read books about yoga, attend classes or seminars, and do the physical exercises for which yoga is famous. Many have tried meditation or some other form of yoga on a regular basis. Clearly, yoga is alive in Western society today.There are various styles of hatha yoga, and each has specific characteristics that reflect a particular approach to the yoga asanas such as Iyengar, Kundalini, Kripalu, and Sivananda. Iyengar, a popular style in the West, is based on the teachings of living yoga master named B.K.S. Iyengar. The method is orderly and progressive. Postures are adjusted to meet the needs and physical conditions of the student. There are specific anatomic guidelines in the execution of the asanas and pranayama.12 As a therapy, yoga is a system designed to refine human physiology. Asanas, or postures, if done properly, are believed to affect every gland and organ in the body. Postures have to be adjusted so that the various organs, joints, and bones are properly positioned so that physiologic changes may occur. Distribution of body weight has to be even on the joints and muscles so that there is no injury. Therapeutic yoga is the performance of postures for treating medical disorders. A key development in this application of yoga is Iyengar's use of props (e.g., chairs, belts, blankets, blocks) to assist the patient in assuming the posture without strain. It is said that each posture has a specific shape to which the body must be adapted and not the asana to the body.23In a disease like osteoarthritis (OA) of the finger joints, asanas are proposed to realign the skeletal structure and loosen stiff joints. Effects may be the result of the geometry of the asana. Many musculoskeletal problems may be mechanical and have to be mechanically considered. Realignment of muscles is proposed to remove the altered stresses and strains and to re-establish anatomic relationships.8

Yoga as Therapy in Psychosomatic Medicine

Article

Feb 1979

John R.M. Goyeche

Yoga as therapy with psychosomatic disorders has been practiced for many centuries in India, and only recently has become utilized for this purpose in other countries. The yoga system evolved as a 'system of liberation' to allow man to discriminate between his ego-self and pure consciousness, and as such, its medical benefits are really 'side-effects'. Integral yoga practice, however, with which many other self-regulatory somatopsychic approaches have much in common, consists of a holistic technology which functions to restore optimal homeostatis by a variety of special techniques not found in other approaches. Clinical observations of psychosomatic patients indicate that their distorted somatopsychic functioning necessitates their practice of yoga-like therapy. A review of the clinical evidence available indicates that yoga practice has proven most effective with a wide range of psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. The effectiveness of yoga can be partially understood in terms of neurophysiological theory.

A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

Article

Jan 1984

This paper presents evidence from three samples, two of college students and one of participants in a community smoking-cessation program, for the reliability and validity of a 14-item instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The PSS showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance. In all comparisons, the PSS was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life-event scores. When compared to a depressive symptomatology scale, the PSS was found to measure a different and independently predictive construct. Additional data indicate adequate reliability and validity of a four-item version of the PSS for telephone interviews. The PSS is suggested for examining the role of nonspecific appraised stress in the etiology of disease and behavioral disorders and as an outcome measure of experienced levels of stress.

Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands

Article

Jan 1995

Yoga and relaxation techniques have traditionally been used by nonmedical practitioners to help alleviate musculoskeletal symptoms. The objective of this study was to collect controlled observations of the effect of yoga on the hands of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Patients with OA of the hands were randomly assigned to receive either the yoga program or no therapy. Yoga techniques were supervised by one instructor once/week for 8 weeks. Variables assessed were pain, strength, motion, joint circumference, tenderness, and hand function using the Stanford Hand Assessment questionnaire. The yoga treated group improved significantly more than the control group in pain during activity, tenderness and finger range of motion. Other trends also favored the yoga program. This yoga derived program was effective in providing relief in hand OA. Further studies are needed to compare this with other treatments and to examine longterm effects.

Physiological changes in sports teachers following 3 months of training in Yoga

Article

Nov 1993

1. This report shows that in a group of 40 physical education teachers who already had an average of 8.9 years physical training, 3 months of yogic training produced significant improvement in general health (in terms of body weight and BP reduction and improved lung functions). 2. There was also evidence of decreased autonomic arousal and more of psychophysiological relaxation (heart rate and respiratory rate reduction), and improved somatic steadiness (decreased errors in the steadiness test). 3. The changes at the end of 3 months in volar GSR in different directions (increase/decrease/no change), depending on the initial values, suggests that practising yoga may help to bring about a balance in different autonomic functions, so that functioning is optimised.

Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences

Article

Feb 1997

John Astin

This study examined the effects of an 8-week stress reduction program based on training in mindfulness meditation. Previous research efforts suggesting this program may be beneficial in terms of reducing stress-related symptomatology and helping patients cope with chronic pain have been limited by a lack of adequate comparison control group. Twenty-eight individuals who volunteered to participate in the present study were randomized into either an experimental group or a nonintervention control group. Following participation, experimental subjects, when compared with controls, evidenced significantly greater changes in terms of: (1) reductions in overall psychological symptomatology; (2) increase in overall domain-specific sense of control and utilization of an accepting or yielding mode of control in their lives, and (3) higher scores on a measure of spiritual experiences. The techniques of mindfulness meditation, with their emphasis on developing detached observation and awareness of the contents of consciousness, may represent a powerful cognitive behavioral coping strategy for transforming the ways in which we respond to life events. They may also have potential for relapse prevention in affective disorders.

Yoga: Intuition, Preventive Medicine, and Treatment

Article

Sep 1998

Clare Collins

Mind-body fitness programs use a combination of muscular activity and mindful focus on awareness of the self, breath, and energy to promote health. The ancient discipline of yoga includes physical postures and breathing and meditation techniques. Scientific evidence exists about the physiologic effects of yoga. Mind-body fitness programs may offer therapeutic effects different from those offered by traditional body fitness programs.

Yoga-Based Intervention for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

Article

Dec 1998

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common complication of repetitive activities and causes significant morbidity. To determine the effectiveness of a yoga-based regimen for relieving symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. A geriatric center and an industrial site in 1994-1995. Forty-two employed or retired individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (median age, 52 years; range, 24-77 years). Subjects assigned to the yoga group received a yoga-based intervention consisting of 11 yoga postures designed for strengthening, stretching, and balancing each joint in the upper body along with relaxation given twice weekly for 8 weeks. Patients in the control group were offered a wrist splint to supplement their current treatment. Changes from baseline to 8 weeks in grip strength, pain intensity, sleep disturbance, Phalen sign, and Tinel sign, and in median nerve motor and sensory conduction time. Subjects in the yoga groups had significant improvement in grip strength (increased from 162 to 187 mm Hg; P = .009) and pain reduction (decreased from 5.0 to 2.9 mm; P = .02), but changes in grip strength and pain were not significant for control subjects. The yoga group had significantly more improvement in Phalen sign (12 improved vs 2 in control group; P = .008), but no significant differences were found in sleep disturbance, Tinel sign, and median nerve motor and sensory conduction time. In this preliminary study, a yoga-based regimen was more effective than wrist splinting or no treatment in relieving some symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Worksite Fitness and Exercise Programs: A Review of Methodology and Health Impact

Article

Jul 1996

Roy Shephard

To examine the methodology of worksite fitness and exercise programs and to assess their effect on health-related fitness, cardiac risk factors, life satisfaction and well-being, and illness and injury. The 52 studies reviewed cover English-language literature for the period from 1972 to 1994, as identified by a search of the Cumulative Index Medicus, Medline, the Canadian Sport Documentation Centre's "Sport Discus," computerized bibliography, and my own files. Reports were divided into five controlled experimental studies, 14 quasi-experimental studies with matched controls (one reported in abstract), and 33 other interventions of varied quality. Methodologic problems include difficulty in allowing for Hawthorne effects, substantial sample attrition, and poor definition of the intervention (exercise or broad-based health promotion). Findings are analyzed by specific fitness and health outcomes. Program participants show small but favorable changes in body mass, skinfolds, aerobic power, muscle strength and flexibility, overall risk-taking behavior, systemic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Claims of improved mood state are based heavily on uncontrolled studies. Quasi-experimental studies suggest reduced rates of illness and injury among participants, but seasonal and year-to-year differences in health weaken possible conclusions. Participation in worksite fitness programs can enhance health-related fitness and reduce risk-taking behavior, but population effect is limited by low participation rates.

Factors influencing changes in tweezer dexterity scores following yoga training

Article

May 1999
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

Yoga has already been shown to improve perceptual-motor skills, but the factors which influence its effects are not well defined. This study correlates age, gender, and motivation to learn yoga with the performance in a dexterity task following yoga. Tweezer dexterity was recorded in eighty subjects belonging to four groups. Two groups were given a month of yoga training. One group consisted of subjects who had volunteered to join for the training and the other group were deputed for the training as part of their job. The two remaining groups did not receive yoga training and were selected to match the respective groups receiving yoga, for age and sex, but not for their motivation to learn yoga. The test involved using a tweezer to place metal pins in evenly spaced holes in a metal plate within four minutes. Following yoga the scores of the volunteers who learnt yoga increased significantly, whereas there was no change in scores of deputed subjects and non-yoga groups. For reasons described in detail, factors such as age and gender did not appear to contribute to the difference in performance. Hence motivation to learn yoga appeared to influence the magnitude of increase.

Stress due to exams in medical students – Role of yoga

Article

May 1999
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

A student under optimal stress does bring out his or her best, However extremes of stress can result in stress induced disorders and deteriorating performance. Can yoga be of benefit in stress induced effects in medical students? The present study was conducted in first MBBS students (n = 50) to determine the benefit if any of yogic practices on anxiety status during routine activities and prior to examination. Feedback scores were assessed to determine how the students had benefited from the practices. Anxiety status as assessed by Spillberger's anxiety scale showed a statistically significant reduction following practice. In addition the anxiety score which rose prior to exams showed a statistically significant reduction on the day of exam after practice. These results point to the beneficial role of yoga in not only causing reduction in basal anxiety level but also attenuating the increase in anxiety score in stressful state such as exams. The results of the exam indicated a statistically significant reduction in number of failures in yoga group as compared to the control group. The improvement in various parameters such as better sense of well being, feeling of relaxation, improved concentration, self confidence, improved efficiency, good interpersonal relationship, increased attentiveness, lowered irritability levels, and an optimistic outlook in life were some of the beneficial effects enjoyed by the yoga group indicated by feedback score.

Effect of selected yogic practices in the management of hypertension

Article

May 2000
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

On the basis of medical officers diagnosis, thirty three (N = 33) hypertensives, aged 35-65 years, from Govt. General Hospital, Pondicherry, were examined with four variables viz, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and body weight. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups. The exp. group-I underwent selected yoga practices, exp. group-II received medical treatment by the physician of the said hospital and the control group did not participate in any of the treatment stimuli. Yoga imparted in the morning and in the evening with 1 hr/session. day-1 for a total period of 11-weeks. Medical treatment comprised drug intake every day for the whole experimental period. The result of pre-post test with ANCOVA revealed that both the treatment stimuli (i.e., yoga and drug) were effective in controlling the variables of hypertension.

Hatha Yoga: Improved vital capacity of college students

Article

Nov 2000
Alternative Ther Health Med

The vital capacity of the lungs is a critical component of good health. Vital capacity is an important concern for those with asthma, heart conditions, and lung ailments; those who smoke; and those who have no known lung problems. To determine the effects of yoga postures and breathing exercises on vital capacity. Using the Spiropet spirometer, researchers measured vital capacity. Vital capacity determinants were taken near the beginning and end of two 17-week semesters. No control group was used. Midwestern university yoga classes taken for college credit. A total of 287 college students, 89 men and 198 women. Subjects were taught yoga poses, breathing techniques, and relaxation in two 50-minute class meetings for 15 weeks. Vital capacity over time for smokers, asthmatics, and those with no known lung disease. The study showed a statistically significant (P < .001) improvement in vital capacity across all categories over time. It is not known whether these findings were the result of yoga poses, breathing techniques, relaxation, or other aspects of exercise in the subjects' life. The subjects' adherence to attending class was 99.96%. The large number of 287 subjects is considered to be a valid number for a study of this type. These findings are consistent with other research studies reporting the positive effect of yoga on the vital capacity of the lungs.

Invest in Yourself: Yoga as a Self‐Care Strategy

Article

Jun 2000

A widening recognition of the mind-body-spirit connection in western medicine has resulted in a growing interest in ancient health practices such as yoga. As complementary therapies enter mainstream medical settings, nurses and other healthcare providers need a fundamental understanding of these modalities to be able to advise patients effectively. This article provides an overview of yoga and details the benefits of yoga practice.

What Do We Really Know About Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?

Article

May 2002

Scott R Bishop

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a clinical program, developed to facilitate adaptation to medical illness, which provides systematic training in mindfulness meditation as a self-regulatory approach to stress reduction and emotion management. There has been widespread and growing use of this approach within medical settings in the last 20 years, and many claims have been made regarding its efficacy. This article will provide a critical evaluation of the available state of knowledge regarding MBSR and suggestions for future research. A review of the current literature available within the medical and social sciences was undertaken to provide an evaluation regarding what we know about the construct of mindfulness, the effectiveness of MBSR, and mechanisms of action. There has been a paucity of research and what has been published has been rife with methodological problems. At present, we know very little about the effectiveness of this approach. However, there is some evidence that suggests that it may hold some promise. The available evidence does not support a strong endorsement of this approach at present. However, serious investigation is warranted and strongly recommended.

Effects of Hatha Yoga Practice on the Health-Related Aspects of Physical Fitness

Article

Feb 2001
Prev Cardiol

Ten healthy, untrained volunteers (nine females and one male), ranging in age from 18-27 years, were studied to determine the effects of hatha yoga practice on the health-related aspects of physical fitness, including muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and pulmonary function. Subjects were required to attend a minimum of two yoga classes per week for a total of 8 weeks. Each yoga session consisted of 10 minutes of pranayamas (breath-control exercises), 15 minutes of dynamic warm-up exercises, 50 minutes of asanas (yoga postures), and 10 minutes of supine relaxation in savasana (corpse pose). The subjects were evaluated before and after the 8-week training program. Isokinetic muscular strength for elbow extension, elbow flexion, and knee extension increased by 31%, 19%, and 28% (p<0.05), respectively, whereas isometric muscular endurance for knee flexion increased 57% (p<0.01). Ankle flexibility, shoulder elevation, trunk extension, and trunk flexion increased by 13% (p<0.01), 155% (p<0.001), 188% (p<0.001), and 14% (p<0.05), respectively. Absolute and relative maximal oxygen uptake increased by 7% and 6%, respectively (p<0.01). These findings indicate that regular hatha yoga practice can elicit improvements in the health-related aspects of physical fitness. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.

Improved performance in the Tower of London test following Yoga

Article

Aug 2001
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

Twenty girls between 10 and 13 years of age, studying at a residential school were randomly assigned to two groups. One group practiced yoga for one hour fifteen minutes per day, 7 days a week, while the other group was given physical training for the same time. Time for planning and for execution and the number of moves required to complete the Tower of London task were assessed for both groups at the beginning and end of a month. These three assessments were separately tested in increasingly complex tasks requiring 2-moves, 4-moves and 5-moves. The pre-post data were compared using the Wilcoxon paired signed ranks test. The yoga group showed a significant reduction in planning time for both 2-moves and 4-moves tasks (53.9 and 59.1 percent respectively), execution time in both 4-moves and 5-moves tasks (63.7 and 60.3 percent respectively), and in the number of moves in the 4-moves tasks (20.9 percent). The physical training group showed no change. Hence yoga training for a month reduced the planning and execution time in simple (2-moves) as well as complex tasks (4, 5-moves) and facilitated reaching the target with a smaller number of moves in a complex task (4-moves).

Yoga for Women With Hyperkyphosis: Results of a Pilot Study

Article

Nov 2002

The thoracic region of the spine is normally kyphotic, or anteriorly concave. Hyperkyphosis, colloquially called “dowager’s hump,” refers to excessive kyphotic curvature; however, there is no criterion standard, nor are there any outcome-based definitions of the condition. A kyphosis angle ≥ 40°—the 95th percentile value for young adults—is currently used to define hyperkyphosis.1,2 Hyperkyphosis may be associated with physical and emotional limitations3–11 and may have multiple precipitants.4,12–14 Yoga could be an optimal intervention for hyperkyphosis in that it may improve physical and emotional functioning as well as combat some of the underlying muscular and biomechanical causes. We conducted a single-arm, nonmasked intervention trial to assess the effects on anthropometric and physical function of yoga among women with hyperkyphosis.

Culture and complementary therapies

Article

Dec 2002
Compl Ther Nurs Midwifery

Joan Engebretson

Complementary therapies are becoming increasingly popular in cultures dominated by biomedicine. Modalities are often extracted from various healing systems and cultural contexts and integrated into health care, expanding the focus from treatment of disease to the promotion of health. The cultural aspects of biomedicine are presented and compared and contrasted with other healing systems. Three healing systems; traditional Chinese medicine, Yoga, with roots in Ayurvedic medicine and Shamanic healing illustrate these fundamental differences in approaches to healing. A reverse example of isolating one healing intervention from biomedicine and interpreting it through other cultural lenses is presented. Implications are drawn for practice and research.

Psychophysiologic Effects of Hatha Yoga on Musculoskeletal and Cardiopulmonary Function: A Literature Review

Article

Jan 2003

James A. Raub

Yoga has become increasingly popular in Western cultures as a means of exercise and fitness training; however, it is still depicted as trendy as evidenced by an April 2001 Time magazine cover story on "The Power of Yoga." There is a need to have yoga better recognized by the health care community as a complement to conventional medical care. Over the last 10 years, a growing number of research studies have shown that the practice of Hatha Yoga can improve strength and flexibility, and may help control such physiological variables as blood pressure, respiration and heart rate, and metabolic rate to improve overall exercise capacity. This review presents a summary of medically substantiated information about the health benefits of yoga for healthy people and for people compromised by musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary disease.

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

Jan 2002

A Shearer

Shearer, A., 2002. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Bell Tower, New York.

The Sivananda Companion to Yoga. Fireside

Jan 1983

L Lidell
N Rabinovitch
G Rabinovitch

Lidell, L., Rabinovitch, N., Rabinovitch, G., 1983. The Sivananda Companion to Yoga. Fireside, New York.

Personal Trainer Manual: The Resource for Fitness Professionals Cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to hatha yoga standing poses

Jan 1995
107-112

R T Cotton
C J Ekeroth
L J Dicarlo
P B Sparling
B T Hinson

Cotton, R.T., Ekeroth, C.J. (Eds.), 1997, Personal Trainer Manual: The Resource for Fitness Professionals, second ed. American Council on Exercise, San Diego, CA. DiCarlo, L.J., Sparling, P.B., Hinson, B.T., et al., 1995. Cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to hatha yoga standing poses. Medical Experiments in Nutrition and Health 4, 107–112.

ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, sixth ed Associate Editor—Clinical

Jan 2000

B A Franklin

Franklin, B.A. (Ed.), 2000, ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, sixth ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore (MH Whaley, Associate Editor—Clinical; ET Howley, Associate Editor—Fitness editors).

Yoga Mind, Body & Spirit: A Return to Wholeness

Jan 2000

D Farhi

Farhi, D., 2000. Yoga Mind, Body & Spirit: A Return to Wholeness. Henry Holt & Company, New York.

Don’t know much philosophy? (Series Don’t know much philosophy?)

Jan 2001
143

Ruiz

Ruiz, F., 2001. Don't know much philosophy? (Series Don't know much philosophy?). Yoga Journal 159, 143-146.

Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, second ed

Jan 1996

I Mcdowell
C Newell

McDowell, I., Newell, C., 1996. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, second ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002 Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: swimming, body conditioning, Hatha yoga, and fencing

Jan 1988
148-159

P Barnes
E Powell-Griner
K Mcfann

Barnes, P., Powell-Griner, E., McFann, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002 Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion. National Center for Health Statistics, May 27. Berger, B.G., Owen, D.R., 1988. Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: swimming, body conditioning, Hatha yoga, and fencing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 59 (2), 148–159.

Integral Yoga Hatha, second ed. Integral Yoga Publications

Jan 1998

S S Satchidananda

Satchidananda, S.S., 1998. Integral Yoga Hatha, second ed. Integral Yoga Publications, Buckingham, Virginia.

Jan 1998

M J Alter

Alter, M.J., 1998. Science of Flexibility, second ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.

Personal Trainer Manual: The Resource for Fitness Professionals

Jan 1997

R T Cotton
C J Ekeroth

Cotton, R.T., Ekeroth, C.J. (Eds.), 1997, Personal Trainer Manual: The Resource for Fitness Professionals, second ed. American Council on Exercise, San Diego, CA.

ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription Associate Editor—Clinical

Jan 2000

B A Franklin

Rheumatic Disease Clinics of

Jan 2000
125-132

M Garfinkel
H R Schumacher

Garfinkel, M., Schumacher Jr., H.R., 2000. Yoga. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 26 (1), 125-132.

Power Yoga. Fireside

Jan 1995

B B Birch

Birch, B.B., 1995. Power Yoga. Fireside, New York.

Psychophysiologic effects of hatha yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function

Jan 2002
797

Raub

Relaxation techniques

Jan 2000
51

Kerr

Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: Results of a pilot study

Abstract

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