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Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process
Abstract
Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process
Chicken feathers generated in large quantities by the poultry industry are hazardous for the natural environment because of their poor digestibility and their potential as a source of microbiological pathogens. Currently, the main method of feather waste management is the production of feather meal by steam pressure cooking. This technology requires a high energy input. The high costs of hydrothermal degradation of these wastes are conducive to finding other alternative possibilities of poultry wastes management. This paper describes the feather-utilization method with calcium oxide treatment in a rotational reactor, which leads to the production of organic-mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of this method has been tested in chemical and microbiological analyses. The results of the study confirm the possibility of the environmental usage of utilization-products.
... Chicken feathers (CF) as a by-product of poultry farms constitute about 89% of all by-products from poultry processing [1]. Consequently, a huge volume of chicken feather ends up in the environment and causes severe environmental pollution, drainage congestion, and feather protein wastage [2,3]. ...
... This study also examined the potential phytotoxic effect of chicken feather hydrochar by comparing germination and seedling growth of A. auriculiformis after application of fresh hydrochar (solid) and the hydrochar extracts (liquid) of three different post-treatments (i.e., fresh hydrochar extract, washed hydrochar extract and 4 month old hydrochar) as soil additive. The research questions of this study were: (1) what is the relationship between process parameters for the yield percentage of hydrochar production made possible by the HTC process?; (2) what is the performance of produced hydrochar in germination and seedling growth?; and (3) is it toxic to plants? ...
Using statistical response surface methodology this paper primarily investigates the role of process parameters at different levels (temperature, contact time, and rotation speed) and their influence on yield percentage during the production of chicken feather hydrochar (CFH) as soil amendment. Later, the produced char samples were evaluated before and after washing to assess the phytotoxic effect of seed germination and growth on Acacia auriculiformis through germination index% (GI). The optimized conditions for temperature, contact time, and rotation speed of hydrochar production were 150 °C, 1 h and 105.65 rpm, respectively. The hydrochar yield percentage at optimized conditions was 51.93%. The seed germination test indicated strong phytotoxicity for soil with untreated char, fresh hydrochar extract (FHE) with high doses, and 4 months old hydrochar extract (OHE) but the toxic effect was lower for washed hydrochar extract (WHE). It showed a higher germination rate and growth performance for washed hydrochar extract among all the doses. This study has confirmed the applicability of chicken feather (CF) hydrochar for improving the physical properties of sandy loam soil. Further research into pre-treatment and assessment of hydrochar before field application is required.
... Moreover, keratin is relatively stable and resistant to biodegradation with common proteases, thanks to disulfide (S-S) and hydrogen bond cross-linking, and hydrophobic interactions [3]. Currently, two methods are used to treat waste feathers: landfill and burning, and conversion to keratin hydrolysate using different chemicals [4]. Both methods are uneconomical and harmful to the environment, and both pose a danger to living organisms; i.e. disease transmission (bird flu), odor pollution, and emission of greenhouse gases [4]. ...
... Currently, two methods are used to treat waste feathers: landfill and burning, and conversion to keratin hydrolysate using different chemicals [4]. Both methods are uneconomical and harmful to the environment, and both pose a danger to living organisms; i.e. disease transmission (bird flu), odor pollution, and emission of greenhouse gases [4]. Even though chicken feathers are difficult to biodegrade by common proteases, keratinase can degrade the disulfide bond of chicken feathers [5]. ...
The production, purification, and characterization of thermostable-alkaline keratinase from Bacillus halodurans SW-X (keratinase_SW-X), and its applicability towards the production of white chicken feather hydrolysate and bioplastic starch/keratin production were investigated. A maximal keratinase activity of 16.05 ± 0.25 U/mL was achieved by cultivation of B. halodurans SW-X in 5 L stirred tank bioreactor at 47 °C, 200 rpm, and 2 vvm for 48 h. Keratinase_SW-X was purified as a monomeric protein with the estimated MW of 25 kDa, 14.4-fold, and 20% recovery yield. The protein was classified as thermostable-alkaline keratinase due to its optimal pH (pH 10) and temperature (70 °C), pH stability (pH 9.0–11), thermostability (> 3 h at 50–60 °C), and it showed the highest specificity towards chicken feather keratin with Km of 0.45 mg/mL, and Vmax of 3.51 μmol/min/mg. Crude keratinase_SW-X biodegraded white chicken feathers into two types of low (10–20 kDa) and high (≥ 30 kDa) chicken feather (keratin) hydrolysates, with total recovery yields of 30%. The bioplastic starch/keratin was synthesized using cassava starch (70%, w/w), glycerol (30%, w/w), and keratin hydrolysate (0–0.30%, w/w). The optimal concentration of keratin hydrolysate was 0.10% (w/w), resulting in improved strength and elongation at break, with a good appearance of the bioplastic starch/keratin. Our study suggests that B. halodurans SW-X is a potential strain for thermostable-alkaline keratinase production. Moreover, from environmental perspectives, keratinases_SW-X is a promising candidate enzyme that valorizes low cost chicken feather waste to a high value added product, indicating a novel approach for feather waste treatment and utilization.
Graphic Abstract
... A problem for composting is odorous emission of hydrogen sulfide that persists in the air for a long period. Moreover, according to Tronina and Bubel (2008), composting may not fully inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. 3) Hydrolysed (Tesfaye et al., 2017a,b). ...
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
... The composting process requires a very long time to produce organic fertilizer; otherwise, it is only several hours if the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process is used. Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes, excluding the composting process of chicken feathers generated in large quantities by the poultry industry, are hazardous for the natural environment because of their poor digestibility and their potential as a source of microbiological pathogens [1]. Mazzoto et al. [2] explained that chicken meat consumption increases the waste problem like feathers and blood. ...
Conversion of feather and blood from chicken slaughterhouse waste for producing solid and liquid organic fertilizer excluding composting process with a variation of the mass ratio of feather and blood of a chicken has been conducted. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content in the solid and liquid product of the hydrothermal carbonization process were analyzed to identify and characterize the possibility of hydrolysate as a source of nitrogen, sulfur, and iron in soil fertilizer. Feather and blood of chicken waste were introduced to a hydrothermal carbonization reactor with the addition of limestone at a temperature range of 160–170 °C for the preparation of solid and liquid organic fertilizer. According to the FTIR interpretation, the solid product had functional groups such as NH, OH, CH sp3, SH, C=O, C=C, C–O–C, and C–H aromatic. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content of the optimal ratio in the solid phase were 4.67%, 1.63%, and 3694.56 ppm, while their contents in the liquid fertilizer were 3.76%, 1.80%, and 221.56 ppm, respectively. The vibration of 478 cm–1 is attributed to Fe–O paramagnetic (Fe2O3) confirmed by TEM images showed the diameter size less than 20 nm indicating the presence of superparamagnetic material.
... However, the microbial population surviving at the end of composting depends on the temperature reached, and the time for which the temperature was maintained. To inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes, closed composting field with sewage carry system, periodic microbiological tests and careful monitoring are required [30]. Wastes with elevated humidity and low fiber content require substantial moisture sorbing and structural support to compost well [31]. ...
Billions of tons of keratinous waste in the form of feathers, antlers, bristles, claws, hair, hoofs, horns, and wool are generated by different industries and their demolition causes environmental deterioration. Chicken feathers have 92% keratin that can be a good source of peptides, amino acids, and minerals. Traditional methods of feather hydrolysis require large energy inputs, and also reduce the content of amino acids and net protein utilization values. Biological treatment of feathers with keratinolytic microbes is a feasible and environmental favorable preference for the formulation of hydrolysate that can be used as bioactive peptides, protein supplement, livestock feed, biofertilizer, etc. The presence of amino acids, soluble proteins, and peptides in hydrolysate facilitates the growth of microbes in rhizosphere that promotes the uptake and utilization of nutrients from soil. Application of hydrolysate enhances water holding capacity, C/N ratio, and mineral content of soil. The plant growth promoting activities of hydrolysate potentiates its possible use in organic farming, and improves soil ecosystem and microbiota. This paper reviews the current scenario on the methods available for management of keratinous waste, nutritional quality of hydrolysate generated using keratinolytic microbes, and its possible application as plant growth promoter in agroindustry.
... The pH is one of the important characteristics of the composting process; the chicken feathers' compost was highly alkaline (pH > 8.60). The chicken feathers composting occurs in a strongly alkaline 8.37 ± 1.33 b 1.55 ± 0.87 c 6.35 ± 0.04 c 0.15 ± 0.08 c 3.62 ± 1.52 c 16.80 ± 1.92 b 1.40 ± 0.94 e 0.51 ± 0.14 c 6.62 ± 1.12 c environment during the process which causes the inactivation of the pathogens in the feathers compost (Tronina and Bubel 2008). The maximum available nitrogen content in E 2 was 7.33%, which is consistent with the findings of Jeong et al. 2010. ...
Purpose
Chicken feather was thrown into the environments, which causes health hazards and environmental pollution. It contains large number of proteins which can be converted into organic fertilizer to reduce the pollution load. These will help to minimize the protein needs and maintain low cost for utilization as raw material for manure production.
Methods
Chicken feather waste was subjected to composting by mixing it with cow dung and agricultural waste. Four different composts were prepared for composting of the chicken feather waste: E1, E2, E3, and E4, along with a control [cow dung (CW) + agricultural waste (AG)]. The major and minor nutrient contents of the compost were analyzed on the 90th day. The prepared compost was applied to Solanum lycopersicum plants; fruits pigments (lycopene, β-carotene, and chlorophyll) were evaluated.
Result
Chicken feather compost has high nutrient level organic carbon (1.83%), nitrogen (7.33%), potassium (4.40%), sulphur (19.69 ppm), zinc (4.96 ppm), boron (0.59 ppm), and iron (6.62 ppm) except phosphorus (0.26%) in the control. Results revealed highest lycopene in E4 (0.5881 mg/100 ml) and β-carotene in E1 (0.2699 mg/100 ml) when compared with the control value lycopene (0.4602 mg/100 ml) and β-carotene (0.1341 mg/100 ml). A positive correlation has been established between lycopene/β-carotene and negative correlation have been existing chlorophyll content vs lycopene/β-carotene.
Conclusion
Chicken feather can be eco-friendly when converted into compost which in turn enriches the quality of tomato fruits (lycopene and β-carotene).
... These wastes are often processed into valuable products such as feed and fertilizer (Veerabadran et al., 2012;Stingone and Wing, 2011). Uncontrolled waste disposal contributes to environmental damage and disease transmission (Tronina and Bube, 2008) and also potentially as a source of harmful arsenic toxins if not managed properly (Nachman et al., 2012). The poultry waste management system through the combustion process can have an impact on the environment (Nachman et al., 2005;. ...
Feather waste, a resultant of livestock industry, has annually increased, but its existence has not been optimally utilized. Production of feather concentrate (Fc) is regarded a beneficial application to minimze the waste. The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of NaOH and HCl as a hydrolyzing agent in Fc preparation. The results showed that microstructural changes occurred in filament molecules in keratin protein as exhibited in T0 and T1 treatments. Keratin molecules underwent denaturation and degradation, resulting in molecular changes of their structure. After hydrolysis reaction, in-vitro protein digestibility was increased and the highest digestibility value was achieved at T1 treatment (21.76%). The treatments showed no significant effects on Fc yield compared to the control, with exception of T3 treatment. Yield could indicate the preparation efficiency, in which the value seemed to decrease a result of denaturation. The relative protein content was not different from the control (T0) especially on the T1 and T2 treatments showed no significant effects on relative protein content compared to control T0. The highest pH of product (9.76) was attributed to T1 treatment using NaOH, while the lowest pH was found at HCl. Different types of hydrolysis process showed significant effects (p<0.05) on in-vitro digestibility of protein, yield and protein content. Application of NaOH (T1) is the best treatment compared to T2, T3 and T0. © 2018 Muhammad Irfan Said, Effendi Abustam, Wempie Pakiding, Muhammad Zain Mide and Midiawati Sukma.
... Historically, landfills have been the most popular methods of organized waste disposal and continue to remain in several places around the world [82]. The improper disposal of keratin wastes by landfilling contributes to environmental damage and transmission of diseases [83]. Land filling also poses problems like landfill leachate and greenhouse gases [84]. ...
... Total or partial replacement of petroleum derived plastics and composites, e.g., using keratin as reinforcing fiber [4,5] or polymer matrix component [6][7][8], is a technical target with promising environmental benefits. Other compiling technical applications are oil absorbents [9], fertilizers [10] and sizing agent for textile yarns [11]. Cysteine (7.8 mol %), glycine (13.7 mol %), proline (9.8 mol %) and serine (14.1 mol %) are the most repeated amino acids in the keratin structure [12,13]. ...
Feathers are made of keratin, a fibrous protein with high content of disulfide-crosslinks and hydrogen-bonds. Feathers have been mainly used as reinforcing fiber in the preparation of biocomposites with a wide variety of polymers, also poly(urea-urethane)s. Surface compatibility between the keratin fiber and the matrix is crucial for having homogenous, high quality composites with superior mechanical properties. Poly(urea-urethane) type polymers are convenient for this purpose due to the presence of polar functionalities capable of forming hydrogen-bonds with keratin. Here, we demonstrate that the interfacial compatibility can be further enhanced by incorporating sulfur moieties in the polymer backbone that lead to new fiber-matrix interactions. We comparatively studied two analogous thermoplastic poly(urea-urethane) elastomers prepared starting from the same isocyanate-functionalized polyurethane prepolymer and two aromatic diamine chain extenders, bis(4-aminophenyl) disulfide (TPUU-SS) and the sulfur-free counterpart bis(4-aminophenyl) methane (TPUU). Then, biocomposites with high feather loadings (40, 50, 60 and 75 wt %) were prepared in a torque rheometer and hot-compressed into flexible sheets. Mechanical characterization showed that TPUU-SS based materials underwent higher improvement in mechanical properties than biocomposites made of the reference TPUU (up to 7.5-fold higher tensile strength compared to neat polymer versus 2.3-fold). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images also provided evidence that fibers were completely embedded in the TPUU-SS matrix. Additionally, density, thermal stability, and water absorption of the biocomposites were thoroughly characterized.
... The remaining waste is disposed of through incineration or by burial in controlled landfills. Improper disposal of these biological wastes contributes to environmental damage and transmission of diseases (Tronina and Bube, 2008). Are there better ways to beneficiate these wastes? ...
Reducing waste materials through reuse has in the recent past contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many industries. With the development of large-scale poultry farming, the treatment of large amounts of chicken feathers has become a problem and threatened its use as a renewable resource. This paper examines the use of chicken feathers in the paper making process; a process which would traditionally use wood as the raw material. The effects of combining feather fibre and wood pulp on paper performance were studied and compared to the properties of handsheets made with 100 % wood pulp. With the increase of feather content, properties such as tightness, tensile index and bursting index decreased, whilst air permeability improved. There was no significant difference in water absorbency between various chicken feather/wood pulp handsheet samples however, the water absorbency started to decrease above 80 % of chicken feather content. This could potentially open up a new avenue for the use of chicken feathers in applications that are meant to tolerate high humidity conditions, e.g., packaging products.
... The feathers are considered wastes and different approaches have been used for disposing of waste feathers, including landfilling and incineration (Veerabadran et al., 2012;Stingone and Wing, 2011). However, improper disposal of these biological wastes by landfilling contributes to environmental damage and transmission of diseases (Tronina and Bube, 2008). Economic pressures, environmental pressures, increasing interest in using renewable and sustainable raw materials, and the need to decrease reliance on non-renewable petroleum resources behove the industry to find better ways of dealing with waste feathers. ...
The physical properties and morphological structure of chicken feathers were examined in order to identify possible avenues for the valorisation of waste chicken feathers. The physical properties ascertained were fibre length, fineness, diameter, colour, ash content, moisture content, moisture regain, density, aspect ratio and dimensional measurement. The morphologies of the whole feather and its fractions (barb and rachis) were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that a chicken feather has unique features. The barb, unlike any other natural or synthetic fibre, is a protein fibre that has low density, high flexibility, good spinning length and a hollow honeycomb structure. The rachis has low density, low rigidity, and a hollow honeycomb structure. These characteristics indicate that chicken feather barbs can be utilised to manufacture textile products either on their own or by structural interaction with other fibres. The characteristics of both the barb and the rachis, make them suitable for the manufacture of composite materials. These results illustrate the possibilities of chicken feathers as a valuable raw material. The collection and processing of the chicken feathers from poultry can be a new source of employment and provide income generation opportunities.
... A serious problem regarding composting is also odorous emission of hydrogen sulfide that persists long in the air. Despite Tronina and Bubel [5] stated that composting may not fully inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, properly conducted composting, according to regulations, must involve thermal phase of specific parameters, that allows for sufficient sanitation of the composted biomass. An alternative method of feather waste utilization is processing to soluble keratin that could become useful for novel bioproducts formation. ...
Huge amount of keratinous waste, especially birds’ feathers, demands more value-added application instead of dumping. The present work reports the results of experiments aimed at preparing soluble keratin useful for novel bioproduct formation. The effect of thermo-chemical treatments with various reducing agents, i.e. 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, sodium m-bisulphite, and sodium bisulphite, as well as sodium hydroxide, on the yield of keratin extracted from chicken feathers was determined. It was shown that after 2-h reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium bisulphite, the yield of soluble keratin was about equal and amounted to 84 and 82 %, respectively. The cheaper and harmless sodium bisulphite additionally decreased the extraction time to 1 h with the same yield. Moreover, treatment of the feathers with 2.5 % NaOH further improved the extraction effectiveness by increasing the yield up to 94 %. The results of the study demonstrate the viability of hydrolytic processes to obtain soluble keratin useful for biodegradable film formation for food application, that are harmless and more effective than solubilization by reduction of the disulphide bonds.
... Meanwhile, the liquid waste is generally directly discharged into the sewerage. Contrary to this fact, Tronina and Bubel (2008) and Okanovic et al. (2009) reported that the wastewater produced from poultry slaughterhouse containing 0.5-9.0% macro and micro nutrients, 11.0-15.2% ...
This study was to examine the effect of fermentation, inoculation, and the proportion of carbonsources on the quality of organic fertilizer made from fermentation of liquid waste collected fromchicken slaughterhouse in Jakarta area. The parameters being tested included fermentation, microbialinoculation, and carbon source proportion. The observations were made after three weeks offermentation on the color, odor, pH, contents of elements C, NH4, NO3, total-N, P2O5, K2O andpathogenic microbes (Fusarium sp., Coletotrichum sp., Salmonella sp. and Eschercia coli). The fertilizerwere implemented for green chinese cabbage in six locations. It was found that the aerobic fermentationsystem combined with inoculation of the decomposer microbes (Lactobacillus spp.) and the addition20% (v/v) of a carbon source was the most appropriate method of fermentation in the production ofliquid organic fertilizers from liquid waste of chicken slaughterhouse. The quality of the fertilizer whichis based on physical, chemical and biological characteristics and crop responses still less than the similarcommercial fertilizer (EM4). Nevertheless, the nitrogen and phosphor contents of this liquid fertilizer(92,000 ppm and 143,000 ppm) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the EM4 (0.07 and 3.22 ppm).
... In the case of animal agroindustrial wastes, wastes from chicken (AR-23) and pig slaughtering processes (AR-24) presented the greatest Nt concentrations. The high Nt content of these animal by-products has been reported in studies about their agricultural use as organic fertilizer, especially in the case of feathers (Tronina and Bubel 2008). Waste from the milling process (middlings) (AR-20) and the laying fowl manures (AR-26 and AR-27) had the greatest P contents. ...
The increase of the agroindustrial sector in South America gives the opportunity to
apply the most effective strategies for the disposal and treatment of generated organic
wastes. Therefore, it is important to identify the variability in the composition of
the agroindustrial wastes to carry out their adequate management. The Ecuadorian
province of Chimborazo is located in the central area of the inter-Andean corridor.
The main agroindustries in this province are related to the production of vegetables,
meat, ornamental plants, flour from different cereals and wood. The management of
the wastes from these agroindustries is not optimized with respect to the associated
environmental consequences. Therefore, the aim of this work was to carry out a characterization
of the different organic wastes from agroindustry to evaluate their potential
use as soil amendments. Twenty-seven samples of different types of agroindustrial
wastes from the vegetable and animal food-processing industry, wood industry, and
ornamental plant production were evaluated for pH, electrical conductivity, water–
soluble anions, organic matter, total organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Nt), C/N
ratio, water-soluble carbon (Cw), water-soluble polyphenols, macro- and micronutrients,
potentially toxic elements, and germination index (GI). The results showed that,
in general, the agroindustrial residues were characterized by acidic pH, low EC values,
and high organic-matter contents. The macro- and micronutrients and heavy-metal
concentrations were greater in the animal agroindustrial wastes than in those from vegetable
sources. Most of the materials showed high C/N ratio, low GI values, and high
Cw contents, which indicated a lack of organic-matter stability, due to the high content
of easily degradable and phytotoxic compounds.
... Therefore, hydrolysis of complex polymeric materials and biomass in subcritical water is becoming an alternative source of chemical feedstock (Akiya and Savage, 2002). Many organic materials, like cellulose (Sasaki et al., 1998), fish meat (Yoshida et al., 1999), municipal and industry organic waste (Jomaa et al., 2003), rabbit food (Goto et al., 2004), aromatic compounds (Onwudili and Williams, 2007), rice bran (Pourali et al., 2009;Watchararuji et al., 2008), yeast cell (Lamoolphak et al., 2006) and waste biomass (Kong et al., 2009;Makishima et al., 2009;Papadimitriou, 2009;Tronina and Bubel, 2008;Ueno et al., 2008), have undergone hydrolysis to elucidate product distribution and yields (mainly the yields of reducing sugars, protein and amino acids) as well as the conversion process and mechanisms. ...
Response surface methodology was employed to analyze the interaction between the water:feed ratio (2.0-9.0), reaction temperature (180-280°C) and retention time (0-60 min) on hydrothermal conversion of lawn grass clippings as a model biomass. Solid residues and the liquid pH decreased, while the water-soluble organic fraction increased with greater water:feed ratios. Greater water content resulted in a higher yield of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids. This was attributed to improved mass transport properties in the subcritically-heated water. Response surface analysis was used to describe the interaction of the water:feed ratio, temperature and retention time with regards to the yields of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids. The highest yields of both reducing sugars and amino acids were obtained with a water:feed ratio of 5.5 at 230°C reaction temperature and 30 min retention time; highest yield of protein was obtained with a water:feed ratio of 9.0 at 230°C and 0 min retention time. Moreover, fitted quadratic polynomial, fitted 2FI polynomial and quadratic polynomial were established via ANOVA to describe the effects of temperature, retention time and water:feed ratio on the yield of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids.
There are millions of tonnes of waste feathers every year from the booming poultry industry. To rationalize the utilization of waste feather resources, waste chicken feather fibers, waste duck feather fibers, and waste goose feather fibers were used as reinforcement materials, and polybutylene succinate was used as matrix materials to prepare sound absorbing composite materials. The acoustic impedance transfer function method was used to test the sound absorption performance of the sound absorbing composite materials with different feather fibers. The results showed that the sound absorbing composite materials with waste duck fibers had the best sound absorption performance. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the macromolecular structure, aggregation structure, and morphological structure of different kinds of waste feather fibers. According to the structure, the mechanism of sound absorption was analyzed, and the reason why the fibers of different kinds of waste feathers (chicken feather, duck feather and goose feather) had good sound absorption performance was clarified. It was clear that this unique structure endowed it with the characteristics of light weight and good sound absorption. So the waste feather fibers have high application value in the field of sound absorption.
In this study, an aqueous extract of Rosa damascene (RAE) was incorporated into chicken feather hydrochar (CFH) to enhance the antibacterial activity of the extract on Acinobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The bacterial adsorption capacity of CFH alone was tested using the modified TTC-DRA (dehydrogenase relative activity) method and investigated using SEM, FT-IR, BET, and XRD analyses. The loading efficiency and antibacterial performance of RAE-loaded hydrochar (CFH*RAE) were investigated. Time-dependent inhibitions of A. baumannii and S. aureus inoculated on the artificial skin surface were calculated for the first time. In the agar well diffusion test, the highest inhibition zones (IZ) were 19.8 mm for A. baumannii and 15.2 mm for S. aureus in CFH*RAE, while IZs were 0.6 mm and 14.5 mm (tolerant) for A. baumannii and S. aureus in CFH, respectively. The pathogens were inhibited on the artificial skin surface by both CFH and CFH*RAE for the duration of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. The highest inhibition was seen between 1.1 and 1.4 log CFU/cm² in A. baumanni and S. aureus populations at the 15th minute of incubation. As a result, the antimicrobial performance of CFH containing bioactive molecules enriched with RAE extract was strengthened. CFH*RAE can be suggested for use in the treatment of skin disorders in which A. baumannii and S. aureus are active.
Composites reinforced with feather fibers have attracted the attention of scientists due to their low cost, availability, renewable character and low density. This experimental study emphasizes the effect of molding techniques on the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties of feathers nonwoven reinforced polyester composite (FP). The composites were prepared by three methods: resin transfer molding (RTM), infusion and vacuum molding techniques. The morphological analysis revealed excellent compatibility of feather fiber in the matrix. The FP composites made by the three methods showed good insulation performance with thermal conductivity values ranging from 37 mW/(m.K) to 39 mW/(m.K) at 10 °C and the lowest value was observed for the sample developed by the RTM technique. Moisture absorption and the effect of void content on the moisture absorption depend on a number of factors: type of reinforcement, matrix material, molding process and fiber content .The FP composites developed by the vacuum molding technique have shown higher water absorption due to the presence of a high void content. The tensile strength and young's modulus of the FP composites were also examined in this research; the mechanical results showed that the molding techniques clearly affected the performance of the composites. The results obtained in this study have potential applications where high environmental resistance, low cost and durable materials are required.
Composites reinforced with feather fibers have attracted the attention of scientists due of their low cost, the absence of health risk, availability, biodegradability, renewable character, and low density. These advantages permit their use in various fields such as construction sector and automotive industry that necessitate high-performance lightweight materials, reduced cost of manufacturing, recycling, and minimal environmental impact. This paper is a review of the properties and discusses the environmental benefits of feather fibers reinforced polymer composites. The barbs fibers are known by their compatibilities with all types of polymer due to their hydrophobic nature which permit to create strong covalent bonds in the fiber/matrix interface. The structural aspects and the properties of the keratinous fibers, the mechanical properties of polymers, the effect of the reinforcement rate on the fiber/matrix interface, and the properties of the biocomposites are discussed in this review article.
The livestock production and subsequent processing of meat results in huge quantities of solid waste such as viscera, bones, skin and keratin-rich materials, including feathers, hair, wool, claws and hooves. In particular, the continuous growth of poultry industry generates massive amounts of feathers as major waste material. The conversion of such by-products into materials with increased value has been studied. Hydrothermal, chemical or biological approaches have been investigated to achive effective conversion of highly recalcitrant proteins that are abundant in animal waste, but increasing interest is devoted to the development of biotechnological methods. The processing of feathers and other by-products into protein hydrolysates may have industrial and commercial significance. Therefore, this review comprehensively addresses the postulated applications of hydrolysates obtained from keratinous biomasses. Examples on the utilization of feather hydrolysates as organic soil fertilizers, feed ingredients, cosmetic formulations and biofuel production are described in the literature. Microbial feather hydrolysis can generate bioactive peptides as well. The use of protein-rich waste from meat industry to produce hydrolysates with biological activities constitutes a point of utmost interest for development of functional ingredients with elevated value.
Waste chicken feathers represent 5–10% of the total weight of mature chickens. Thus, they are produced in large quantities as a by-product of poultry meat processing industries. Currently, disposal of waste chicken feathers is problematic and the methodologies used are not environmentally sustainable. Consequently, technologies for beneficiation of the feathers are needed in order to overcome these problems. Considering that chicken feathers are similar to natural fibres (wool and silk) used in textile applications, it is plausible that protein in feathers can be exploited and used likewise. This paper reports on the physiochemical properties of proteinaceous fibre obtained from chicken feather barbs with the objective of assessing their potential for use in yarn production and technical textile applications. It is demonstrated that chicken feather barbs exhibit the following properties: hollow honeycomb structure, low density, high slenderness ratio, high flexibility, spinnable length, fineness, and high flexibility. These are unique properties that are not found in any other natural or synthetic fibres – the implication being that chicken feathers can be used in diverse manufacturing applications such as production of composites, yarns, technical textiles, nonwovens, and pulp and paper. However, this paper focuses on textile applications and illustrates how the physicochemical properties of fibres from feathers can be useful and applicable for textile applications. Beneficiation of waste chicken feathers in this manner will result in use of environmentally sustainable methods for disposal of the waste.
The characterisation of the chemical properties of the whole chicken feather and its fractions (barb and rachis), was undertaken to identify opportunities for valorizing this waste product. The authors have described the physical, morphological, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the chicken feathers and related them to potential valorisation routes of the waste. However, identification of their chemical properties is necessary to complete a comprehensive description of chicken feather fractions. Hence, the chicken feathers were thoroughly characterised by proximate and ultimate analyses, elemental composition, spectroscopic analyses, durability in different solvents, burning test, and hydrophobicity. The proximate analysis of chicken feathers revealed the following compositions: crude lipid (0.83%), crude fibre (2.15%), crude protein (82.36%), ash (1.49%), NFE (1.02%) and moisture content (12.33%) whereas the ultimate analyses showed: carbon (64.47%), nitrogen (10.41%), oxygen (22.34%), and sulphur (2.64%). FTIR analysis revealed that the chicken feather fractions contain amide and carboxylic groups indicative of proteinious functional groups; XRD showed a crystallinity index of 22. Durability and burning tests confirmed that feathers behaved similarly to animal fibre. This reveals that chicken feather can be a valuable raw material in textile, plastic, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biomedical and bioenergy industries.
Kalanchoe daigermontiana leaves were deposited on alk. Ca-humic intermediate and mixed with vermiculite and bentonite to produce 2 formulations studied for chem. compn. The formulations were recommended as additives to phyto-mineral feed for animals.
Chicken feather hydrolysate was produced by proteolysis with a keratinolytic bacterium. Feather hydrolysate was produced by using the whole culture on 60gfeathers/l (WCH), or alternatively, using only the culture supernatant of cultivation on 10gfeathers/l (CSH). The amino acid composition of the resulting hydrolysates was determined, indicating deficiency in methionine, lysine and histidine. CSH showed higher amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids than WCH. In vitro digestibility with pepsin plus pancreatin was evaluated. WCH had lower digestibility than soy protein, but higher than feather meal and milled raw feathers. CSH had similar digestibility than casein and soy protein. Predicted nutritional parameters for WCH, CSH and feather meal were calculated. WCH showed higher predicted values of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological value (BV) than CSH, which presented higher protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring (PDCAAS). These bacterial feather hydrolysates showed potential for utilization as ingredients in animal feed.
Advances in microbial enzyme technology, keratinolytic proteases in this case, offer considerable opportunities for a low-energy consuming technology for bioconversion of poultry feathers from a potent pollutant to a nutritionally upgraded protein-rich feedstuff for livestock. A compendium of recent information on microbial keratinolysis in nature and infection (dermatophytoses) has been provided as underscoring feasible harnessing of the biotechnology for nutritional improvement of feathers, and as an alternative to conventional hydrothermal processing. Supporting evidence of a nutritional (amino acid) upgrading sequel to diverse microbial treatments of feathers, and positive results obtained from growth studies in rats and chicks have been presented. The paper concludes with suggestions for avenues of application of biotechnology for nutritional improvement of feather (and other keratins) as feedstuffs for livestock
Table 2. The results of the chemical tests of the final utilization products Table 3. The results of the microbiological test of the final utilization products 4. Praca zbiorowa pod redakcj¹ doc. dr hab. Tadeusza Grabowskiego
Table 2. The results of the chemical tests of the final utilization products
Table 3. The results of the microbiological test of the final utilization products
4. Praca zbiorowa pod redakcj¹ doc. dr hab. Tadeusza
Grabowskiego, (1993). Technologia miêsa drobiowego,
Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa.
Podstawy gospodarki odpadami Nutritional improvement of feather protein by treatment with microbial keratinase
- Cz A Rosik-Dulewska
- F A Pimentem
- E V De Jong
- A Brandelli
Rosik-Dulewska, Cz., (2006). Podstawy gospodarki
odpadami, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
2. Grazziotin, A., Pimentem, F.A., de Jong, E.V. & Brandelli,
A., (2006). Nutritional improvement of feather protein by treatment with microbial keratinase, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126, 135-144.
Wêgiel brunatny jako Ÿród³o substancji organicznej i jego wp³yw na w³aoeciwooeci gleb, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
- A Maciejewska
Maciejewska, A., (1998). Wêgiel brunatny jako Ÿród³o
substancji organicznej i jego wp³yw na w³aoeciwooeci gleb, Oficyna
Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa.
Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju dnia czerwca sprawie wykonania niektórych przepisów ustawy o nawozach i nawożeniu nr poz późniejszymi zmianami
- Rozporządzenie
Potentials for biotechnological applications of keratin - degrading microorganisms and their enzymes for nutritional improvement of feathers and other keratins as livestock feed resources
- Onifade
nawozach nawożeniu dnia lipca Nr poz późniejszymi zmianami
- Ustawa
brunatny jako źródło substancji organicznej i jego wpływ na właoeciwości gleb Politechniki Warszawskiej
- Maciejewska
stanu sanitarnego gleby - Wykrywanie jaj pasożytów jelitowych
- Ocena
zbiorowa pod redakcją doc dr hab mięsa drobiowego
- Praca