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The Design of Things to Come
... At the beginning of product development, if designers can research and investigate through these four aspects, they will be able to establish a more comprehensive understanding of user needs and find the Product Opportunity Gaps (POGs). Vogel, Cagan, and Boatright (2005) have clearly defined the scope of each factor in STEP factors analysis: Social trends include the social and cultural trends in the past, present and future; economic forces are consumption changes in different economic conditions and the discretionary income of target clientele; and technological advances are all the items and contents associated with policy. Meanwhile, the results of related studies (Liang, Liang, & Chen, 2012;Vogel, Cagan, & Boatright, 2005) are sorted out in this study and the particulars of each factor are classified, as shown in Table 1. ...
... Vogel, Cagan, and Boatright (2005) have clearly defined the scope of each factor in STEP factors analysis: Social trends include the social and cultural trends in the past, present and future; economic forces are consumption changes in different economic conditions and the discretionary income of target clientele; and technological advances are all the items and contents associated with policy. Meanwhile, the results of related studies (Liang, Liang, & Chen, 2012;Vogel, Cagan, & Boatright, 2005) are sorted out in this study and the particulars of each factor are classified, as shown in Table 1. ...
... Designers are innovators and trendsetters who attempt to initiate change, to make a leap of imagination, and produce an idea. Those who design products are also people, ordinary people who apply their skills to develop new ideas and products (Vogel, Cagan & Boatwright, 2005). Design departs from the realm of pure aesthetics to create objects that serve human needs. ...
... They perceive the design function to be a subsection of marketing focusing more on product development, whilst the latter is responsible for decision making and management (Holland et al., 2009). A major problem facing organisations today is that a few designers and marketers have the skills to manage a range of product design services, in the broadest sense, that are required to develop a comprehensive approach to innovative organic product and service development (Vogel, Cagan & Boatwright, 2005). ...
... Innovation, defined as the capacity to generate ideas or products that are both novel and useful, is a critical component of successful design in today's economy [1,2]. A number of investigators have argued that innovation can be best managed in the " fuzzy front end " of the design process [3,4], notably in the ideation phase, where concepts are created either intuitively or through systematic processes. While many approaches exist to create ideas and concepts as part of ideation, the search for and use of analogies have been shown to be quite powerful5678. ...
... This restriction was most salient in the analyses of quality in that many of the ideas were not feasible or not fleshed out sufficiently to determine feasibility. However, a number of studies point to early ideation as a key moment for intervention to generate innovative designs [3,4]. ...
Drawing inspiration from examples by analogy can be a powerful tool for innovative design during conceptual ideation but also carries the risk of negative design outcomes (e.g., design fixation), depending on key properties of examples. Understanding these properties is critical for effectively harnessing the power of analogy. The current research explores how variations in analogical distance, commonness, and representa-tion modality influence the effects of examples on conceptual ideation. Senior-level engi-neering students generated solution concepts for an engineering design problem with or without provided examples drawn from the U.S. Patent database. Examples were crossed by analogical distance (near-field vs. far-field), commonness (more vs. less-common), and modality (picture vs. text). A control group that received no examples was included for comparison. Effects were examined on a mixture of ideation process and product var-iables. Our results show positive effects of far-field and less-common examples on novelty and variability in quality of solution concepts. These effects are not modulated by modal-ity. However, detailed analyses of process variables suggest divergent inspiration path-ways for far-field vs. less-common examples. Additionally, the combination of far-field, less-common examples resulted in more novel concepts than in the control group. These findings suggest guidelines for the effective design and implementation of design-by-anal-ogy methods, particularly a focus on far-field, less-common examples during the ideation process. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004396]
... In general, the negative impact of OOH media oversaturation may concerns public life through mental health impacts (Vardavas, Connolly, & Kafatos, 2009), driver distraction (Decker et al., 2015;Dukic et al., 2013;Edquist et al., 2011), influencing cultural consumption patterns (Gomez, 2013), planning strategies (Suditu, Vâlceanu, Dumbrăveanu, Gheorghilaş, & Tentiş, 2016) and landscape visual quality (Moon, 2013;Portella, 2014;Rut-Novakowa, 2014). Unlike water or air pollution for which there is a long legacy of research in the physical sciences, visual pollution is a cultural, physical and a political study (Nagle, 2009;Penteado, 2007;Yilmaz & Sagsoz, 2011) examining the compounded effect of clustering, disorder and excess of OOH in urban landscapes. In many urban areas, OOH media appears in conflict with the overall urban design of a streetscape. ...
Online mapping platforms enable citizens to generate geographic content that can be geoprocessed and displayed in real time as scientific data. Typically, this is implemented through 3-tier architecture including GIS server software and it may be challenging to achieve a comparable level of online mapping features without it. The aim of this study is to implement geoprocessing in a SaaS WebGIS mapping application with the use of a desktop GIS plug-in. The advantages of the adopted approach are scalability as well as complexity reduction in the IT system architecture, which may be critical for small bottom-up citizen science projects. The downloadable and editable toolbox, transfers this solution to any other WebGIS project based on an ArcGIS Online platform. We test our WebGIS approach on a visual pollution case study (Lublin, E. Poland), well-recognized phenomena concerning both citizens and cityscape, and an emerging research topic in international literature. Until now, visual pollution hasn’t been applied to citizen science research, so this paper also introduces a first methodology of integrating WebGIS in visual pollution studies. Our findings have demonstrated that georeferenced web-based polling can be quality-checked, geoprocessed, and interactively visualized with detailed statistics in near real-time without using a GIS server.
... This restriction was most salient in the analyses of quality in that many of the ideas were not feasible or not fleshed out sufficiently to determine feasibility. However, a number of studies point to early ideation as a key moment for intervention to generate innovative designs [29,30]. ...
Design-by-analogy is a powerful method for innovation, particularly during conceptual ideation, but also carries the risk of negative design outcomes (e.g., design fixation, risk aversion), depending on key properties of analogies used. This paper examines how variations in analogical distance, commonness, and representation modality influence the effects of analogies on conceptual ideation. Participants in this study generated ideas for an engineering design problem with or without analogous example designs drawn from the U.S. Patent database. Examples were crossed by analogical distance (near-field vs. far-field), commonness (more vs. less-common), and modality (picture vs. text). For comparison, a control group generated ideas without examples. Effects were examined on a mixture of ideation process and product variables. The results show positive effects of far-field and less-common examples for novelty and quality of ideas; also, the combination of far-field, less-common examples increased novelty relative to control. These findings suggest guidelines for the effective use of designby-analogy, particularly a focus on far-field, less-common examples during conceptual ideation.
... To formalize its commitment, P&G recently hired over 500 designers to staff its cross functional brand teams. Th e design fi eld is obviously many diff erent things, drawing on disciplines such as ergonomics, human factors, engineering, industrial design, and marketing (Cagan & Vogel, 2002; Vogel, Cagan, & Boatwright, 2005 ). Designers provide beauty and enhance functionality. ...
... Indeed, some characteristics or personal traits, such as creativity and imagination, are beneficial in triggering innovation and it is assumed that innovators share at least some of these qualities. For example, innovators are open-minded to the possibilities of product opportunities and are able to balance them with customer needs and corporate strategy to create innovative products (Vogel et al. 2005). However, acknowledging the benefits of having these inherently tacit qualities to innovation does not provide much meaning as the diffusion of these qualities to other individuals is difficult. ...
To date numerous results on innovation research have been published, however, the literature on innovation does not offer conclusive findings and guidelines for practice. The research and practice of innovation are fragmented and centered on specific cases. The literature does not present a unified theory of innovation. Innovation in any domain could be enhanced by principles and insights from other disciplines. However, the process of identifying the linkages between the diverse disciplines and the application domain is not well understood. The innovation process and conditions triggering innovation set the stage for economic progress. The paper discusses innovation as an outcome of analysis of data performed over the entire product-life cycle. The concept of data-driven innovation is described. While some of the data is collected in routine practice, other valued pieces of information are cultivated according to the practice of data farming.
... Shape grammars allow a natural way to encode human domain knowledge into the evolutionary/generative process, and are proving invaluable in the area of generative design. An example is the Integrated Design Innovation Group at Carnegie Mellon University who explore the essence of the design of products ranging from Harley Davidson motorcycles to cars and coffee makers (Cagan and Vogel, 2001;Vogel and Cagan, 2005). To date, the shape grammar formalism has not been combined with an advanced grammatical evolutionary algorithm such as GE, and the current research addresses this important gap. ...
A new evolutionary design tool is presented, which uses shape grammars and a grammar-based form of evolutionary computation, grammatical evolution (GE). Shape grammars allow the user to specify possible forms, and GE allows forms to be iteratively selected, recombined and mutated: this is shown to be a powerful combination of techniques. The potential of GE and shape grammars for evolutionary design is examined by attempting to design a single-person shelter to be evaluated by collaborators from the University College Dublin School of Architecture, Landscape, and Engineering. The team was able to successfully generate conceptual shelter designs based on scrutiny from the collaborators. A number of avenues for future work are highlighted arising from the case study.
... Schools like Stanford (Leifer), Carnegie Mellon (Cagan), U Michigan (Papalambros), UT Austin (Wood), and others, teach formal methods and processes in innovation, the social aspects of design, user empathy, qualitative user research methods, and other tools critical for education in the innovation process but non-traditional from an engineering point of view. The community has been active in publishing tradebooks and text books in the areas [6,21222324. ...
A critical component of the future of the American economy is the ability for U.S. companies to
be innovative, consistently and efficiently, in their approach to product and service development
and to be able to benefit from a steady stream of new scientific discoveries. The National
Science Foundation has the opportunity to play a key role in the support of this approach by
funding fundamental research in the science of innovation and discovery. The interface between
cognitive psychology, social psychology and engineering provides a natural and as yet minimally
explored environment to deeply understand the theory, processes and mechanisms of innovation
and their influence on the design, creation, and discovery processes.
On May 17 and 18, 2006, key individuals currently researching the process of innovation and
discovery held a workshop. This workshop allowed these individuals to present state-of-the-art
research findings, breakout into cross-disciplinary working groups, and explore critical areas of
near-term and long-term research in this area. This NSF report communicates the findings of this
workshop. In particular, five “umbrella” research areas are identified as critical pathways in
helping the U.S. lead in the process of innovation:
• studies that expand understanding of the cognitive mechanisms of innovation/creativity and
the ways in which strategies and external tools influence these cognitive mechanisms;
• computational modeling and agents simulations of innovation/creativity that allow for
theoretical development across levels of individual, group, and organizational analysis;
• empirical studies and computational models that explore the temporal dynamics of individual
and group factors on creativity/innovation;
• interdisciplinary programs of research that coordinate psychology laboratory and design
engineering experiments; and
• empirical studies that unpack cognitive and social/motivational factors of group cognition in
more realistic group settings: horizontally integrated across disciplines, vertically integrated
(with leaders), and evolving group structure over long time periods.
... Since the success of design-centered firms such as Nokia or Apple, the position towards design has changed and design management is now more considered by firms and scholars (Abecassis -Moedas, 2006;Ravasi and Lojacono, 2005;Vogel, Cagan and Boatwright, 2005;Verganti, 2006). Journal of Product Innovation Management 2005 Special Issue on Design (Lawrence and McAllister, 2005a;2005b) and the numerous articles dedicated to NPD in that issue (Kreuzbauer and Malter, 2005;Perks, Cooper and Jones, 2005;Veryzer, 2005;Veryzer and Borja de Mozota, 2005) are a proof of that phenomenon. ...
Numerous publications are dedicated to absorptive capacity and new product development (NPD). Most are centered on the recipient team, and very few consider the effects of the source team knowledge characteristics on the knowledge absorption and the NPD performance. This paper analyzes the type of the external knowledge sourced from outside the organization and the process through which it is used by the recipient firm and the effect on NPD performance. This is done through a specific type of source team knowledge, the design, and through the NPD process in industries (clothing and construction) where it plays a key role. NPD cases were analyzed and clustered in three categories of design absorption processes. From these categories, a conceptual framework of the source-recipient knowledge complementarity and its impact on the NPD performance is proposed. The main result is that the complementarity between the recipient and the source knowledge is a critical aspect of the absorption process and therefore of the NPD performance. From a managerial perspective, this research highlights the role of design in the NPD process and how the combination of design knowledge with prior knowledge (marketing or technological) is related to NPD performance.
... Consider the case of the Swiffer mop. In The Design of Things to Come, Vogel, Cagan, and Boatwright (2005) point to P&G's intellectual property for the Swiffer mop as critical to its commercial success in the face of intense competition. Had the foundational patents for such a mop belonged to another company, the Swiffer mop story might have changed substantially. ...
Disruption has become a popular business term, yet it is often used so loosely as to convey almost nothing of substance. Here a largely neglected factor is addressed: the role of intellectual assets in securing opportunities for or averting threats from disruptive innovations. While the literature explains why the decision-making systems in large established companies cause difficulty in responding effectively to disruptive innovation the generation of intellectual assets (e.g., patents, publications, trademarks) typically is not subject to the same cultural and structural barriers. Though it may be difficult to convince a business to invest millions in pursuit of a speculative disruptive innovation, it is much easier for a small team to gain support in pursuing low-cost intellectual assets in the name of mitigating potential threats. A two-pronged approach is proposed that builds on the authors' experience at Kimberly-Clark Corporation in dealing with disruptive threats and opportunities. The approach calls for generation of intellectual assets, often using small proactive teams, to (1) protect an existing business by reducing competitive risks from disruptive innovation, including the risk of new products with disruptive potential and the risk of associated competitive patents that might limit one's response; and (2) prepare for future new and disruptive business opportunities that could be protected or strengthened by the intellectual assets generated. Kimberly-Clark's growing experience with this approach suggests that it may be a valuable component of one's strategy for innovation and protection of the business.
... This will be achieved through the development of a more evolvable and rich representation , Shape Grammars [45]. Shape Grammars allow us a natural way to encode human domain knowledge into the evolutionary/generative process, and they are proving invaluable in the area of Grammatical Design for example by the Integrated Design Innovation Group at Carnegie Mellon University to explore the essence of the design of products ranging from Harley Davidson motorcycles to Cars and Coffee Makers [8, 50]. To date, this powerful Shape Grammar formalism has not been combined with an advanced grammatical evolutionary algorithm such as Grammatical Evolution , and the proposed research addresses this important gap. ...
We describe the first steps in the adoption of Shape Grammars with Grammatical Evolution for application in Evolutionary Design. Combining the concepts of Shape Grammars and Genetic Programming opens up the exciting possibility of truly generative design assist tools. In this initial study we provide some background on the adoption of grammar-based Genetic Programming for Evolutionary Design, describe Shape Grammars, and give a brief overview of Grammatical Evolution before detailing how Grammatical Evolution used Shape Grammars to successfully rediscover some benchmark target structures.
... Bayus, 1995; Fulton Suri, 2005; Coughlan & Prokopoff, 2006; Jeyaraj, Rottman & Lacity, 2006), and others measure the outputs of design and innovation such as patents and the number of new products developed (cf. Sero, Guerrero & Munoz, 2005; Hsu, 2005; Vogel, Cagan & Boatwright, 2005), few people do more than briefly mention what they consider to be the highest-level steps or phases of the design process 3 ...
Although thousands of books and articles have been written on organizational strategy, there is very little that can be used to help us actually create or generate organizational strategy. Gary Hamel (1998, p. 3) was correct when he said, “Anyone who claims to be a strategist should be intensely embarrassed by the fact that the strategy industry doesn’t have a theory of strategy creation!” Almost 20 years later, the strategy industry still has no widely accepted theory, methods or tools for strategy creation … until now. In this paper I illustrate how to use many of the principles, processes and tools of the design profession to create innovative organizational strategies that can help organizations stand out from the pack.
Today’s marketing environment can look intimidating, and even scary to a marketing professional. One of the reasons you may be holding this book in your hand or perhaps your choice of e-book reader is the hope that this book will assist you in navigating, overcoming, and meeting the often daunting challenges that you as a contemporary marketing professional are facing minute by minute. Well, the simple answer is that I truly believe you’ve come to the right place. If you are still reading, then it is my hope that at a minimum you are intrigued by what is coming next, cynically thinking what is coming next, or hopefully wondering what silver bullet this book is going to reveal. Whatever your thoughts at this point, thank you for continuing to read, and while it may not be so much magic, I do think this book will establish a foundation for the adoption and integration of this innovative approach into your thought processes as you approach the challenges you face.
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