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The Effects of Strength Training on Some Parameters of Aerobic and Anaerobic Endurance

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The studies exploring the influence of resistance training on endurance in men have produced inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. Eleven physical education students (age: 24.1 +/- 1.8 yr, height: 1.77 +/- 0.04 m, body mass: 76.1 +/- 6.4 kg; X +/- SD) underwent a 12-week, 3 times/wk training programme of Olympic weight lifting. Specific exercises to master the lifting technique, and basic exercises for maximal strength and power development were applied, with load intensity and volume defined in relation to individual maximal load (repetitio maximalis, RM). Parameters of both, aerobic and anaerobic endurance were estimated from gas exchange data measured during a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, which was performed before, and after completion of the 12-wk programme. After training, there was a small, but significant increase in body mass (75.8 +/- 6.4 vs. 76.6 +/- 6.4, p < 0.05) and peak VO2 (54.9 +/- 5.4 vs. 56.4 +/- 5.3 mL O2/min/kg, p < 0.05), with no significant change of the running speed at the anaerobic threshold (V(AT)) and at exhaustion (V(max)) (both p > 0.05). However, there was a significant increase of anaerobic endurance, estimated from the distance run above V(AT), from V(AT) to V(max), (285 +/- 98 m vs 212 +/- 104 m, p < 0.01). The results of this study indicate that changes in both, anaerobic and aerobic endurance due to a 12-wk period of strength training in untrained persons can be determined from a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. The possible causes of those training effects include several possible mechanisms, linked primarily to peripheral adaptation.
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Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
Original scientific paper
The Effects of Strength Training on Some
Parameters of Aerobic and Anaerobic Endurance
Davor [entija, To{o Mar{i} and Dra`an Dizdar
Department of Kinesiological Anthropology and Methodology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
ABSTRACT
The studies exploring the influence of resistance training on endurance in men have produced inconsistent results.
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of
aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. Eleven physical education students (age: 24.1 ±
1.8 yr, height: 1.77 ±0.04 m, body mass: 76.1 ±6.4 kg; X ±SD) underwent a 12-week, 3 times/wk training programme of
Olympic weight lifting. Specific exercises to master the lifting technique, and basic exercises for maximal strength and
power development were applied, with load intensity and volume defined in relation to individual maximal load (re-
petitio maximalis, RM). Parameters of both, aerobic and anaerobic endurance were estimated from gas exchange data
measured during a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, which was performed before, and after completion of
the 12-wk programme. After training, there was a small, but significant increase in body mass (75.8 ±6.4 vs. 76.6 ±6.4,
p<0.05) and peak VO2(54.9 ±5.4 vs. 56.4 ±5.3 mL O2/min/kg, p<0.05), with no significant change of the running speed
at the anaerobic threshold (VAT) and at exhaustion (Vmax) (both p>0.05). However, there was a significant increase of an-
aerobic endurance, estimated from the distance run above VAT, from VAT to Vmax (285 ±98 m vs 212 ±104 m,p<0.01). The
results of this study indicate that changes in both, anaerobic and aerobic endurance due to a 12-wk period of strength
training in untrained persons can be determined from a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. The possible
causes of those training effects include several possible mechanisms, linked primarily to peripheral adaptation.
Key words: strength training, weight lifting, aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, endurance
Introduction
The implementation of a specific training program-
me, applied in order to develop one motor ability, under
certain circumstances may have an influence on other
motor abilities. The magnitude of this influence, among
other factors, depends on the fitness of the subject: the
lower the fitness status, the greater is the possibility that
other fitness components, not specifically targeted with
the training, will also show an increase. With the in-
crease of the overall fitness, the same training program-
me will have less and less influence on other components
for which is not primarily applied, narrowing its influ-
ence on the primary fitness component1. Zaciorski1stres-
ses that a specific conditioning programme may also have
a negative transfer on other, not targeted fitness compo-
nents. As an example, he quotes the relationship be-
tween the development of maximal strength and aerobic
endurance, which often are inversely related. Viru2em-
phasizes the incompatibility of strength and aerobic en-
durance training, where strength training may hinder
the development of aerobic endurance, and vice versa.
Similarly, Weineck3reports that high volumes of endur-
ance training may have negative influence on speed and
strength. The studies on concurrent strength and aero-
bic endurance training have produced inconsistent re-
sults4–7. Kraemer et al.8report that concurrent training
attenuates the adaptations at the skeletal muscle level
compared to each mode of training when performed in
isolation, which may cause a lack of development in ei-
ther strength or endurance.
Strength training and aerobic conditioning each in-
duce distinct structural and metabolic adaptations in the
body, thus causing opposite training effects9. To elicit
adaptive processes, a stimulus above a certain threshold
is needed to activate protein synthesis in the muscle
cells. The location of synthesis in the cell, and the type of
111
Received for publication September 10, 2008
protein to be synthesized depends on the characteristics
of the stimulus10. With aerobic endurance training, in-
creased protein synthesis will cause an increase in vol-
ume and number of mitochondria and enzymes of the
aerobic metabolism, while protein synthesis linked to
strength training will primarily cause an increase in vol-
ume and number of myofibres7. Viru2states that strength
training usually does not cause a change in the overall
number and volume of mitochondria, but, due to an in-
crease of the muscle volume, the relative density of mito-
chondria is significantly reduced.
A review of scientific literature gives no evidence for
the theoretical assumptions of a negative impact of strength
training on aerobic endurance. Most studies showed no
significant change of VO2max4,6,8,11–13. Hickson et al.4re-
port a small, but statistically significant increase of peak
VO2, and Marcinik et al.12 an increase of intensity at the
lactate threshold. Therefore, the primary aim of this
study was to explore the impact of strength training, a
12-wk Olympic weight lifting training programme on pa-
rameters of aerobic endurance in moderately physically
active men. It has been shown that strength and power
training also leads to an improvement of anaerobic ca-
pacity14,15. Recent studies reported that parameters of
the 'critical power' model – critical power (CP) and anaer-
obic work capacity (AnC) – as measures of the anaerobic
threshold and anaerobic work capacity, can be estimated
from ramp-pattern tests on a cycle ergometer 16,17. As the
mechanical power and work performed in running can-
not be calculated precisely, we hypothesized that the AnC
could be estimated, based on a similar model, from the
distance run above the ventilatory anaerobic threshold
in a standard incremental treadmill test to exhaustion
(Figure 1). Thus, the secondary aim of this study was to
explore the influence of strength training on anaerobic
endurance, estimated by a new method based on mea-
surement of gas exchange data during an incremental
treadmill test to exhaustion.
Methods
Subjects
Eleven male PE students (age: 24.1 ±1.8 yr, height:
1.77 ±0.04 m, body mass: 76.1 ±6.4 kg; X ±SD) partici-
pated in the study. All subjects were moderately active
but untrained, and not on any medication. The proce-
dures and potential risks were explained to each subject
prior to obtaining a written informed consent, in accor-
dance with guidelines set forth by the Helsinki Declara-
tion.
Study design
The subjects participated in a 12-wk Olympic weight
lifting training programme, 3 days per week. The work-
outs were designed to require approximately 1.5 h to
complete and all were supervised by research personnel
associated with the study. During the study, the subjects
abstained from any other organised training or physical
activity. Specific exercises to master the lifting tech-
nique, and basic exercises for maximal strength and
power development were applied in approximately 1:2
ratio. The load intensity was defined in relation to indi-
vidual maximum (repetitio maximalis, RM) as small (S,
<65% RM), medium (M, 65–85% RM), and large (L,
85–100%, RM). The training load parameters for all sub-
jects are summarised in Table 1.
Testing protocol
One to three days before initiation, and within two
days after completion of the strength training program-
me, an incremental test on a calibrated treadmill (Run
Race, Technogym), was performed for the determination
of aerobic and anaerobic capacity parameters. All sub-
jects were familiarized with treadmill running for a pe-
riod of at least 15 minutes prior to first data collection.
The tests were preceded by a short warm-up and stretch-
D. [entija et al.: Effects of Strength Training on Endurance, Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
112
TABLE 1
TRAINING LOAD PARAMETERS FOR ALL SUBJECTS
Subject NoBM (kg) V (kg / 1000) NR INT (kg) IND
1 82 178.60 2680 66.6 0.81
2 78 98.85 2550 38.8 0.49
3 78 160.44 2698 59.5 0.76
4 83 156.78 2525 62.1 0.74
5 64 82.57 2520 32.8 0.51
6 68 146.68 2575 57.0 0.83
7 78 207.80 2669 77.9 0.99
8 78 191.11 2715 70.4 0.90
9 80 182.34 2672 68.2 0.85
10 80 164.99 2771 59.5 0.74
11 68 101.41 2712 37.4 0.54
X±SD 76.1 ±6.4 152.0 ±40.9 2644 ±86 57.3 ±14.7 0.74 ±0.16
BM – body mass, V – total load volume (in tonnes), NR – number of repetitions, INT – intensity index (Vx1000/NR),
IND – relative intensity index (INT/BM)
ing procedure. Gas exchange data were measured breath-
-by-breath using a metabolic measurement cart (Quark
b2, Cosmed). Before each test, the gas analyzers were cal-
ibrated using gases of known concentration, and the flow
meter was calibrated using a 3-L syringe. Heart rate was
recorded during the tests using a HR monitor (Polar
Electro, Kempele, Finland). The test started at the walk-
ing speed of 3 km h–1 for 3 min after which the speed was
increased by 1 km h–1 every min. The subjects walked the
first four stages (up to 6 km h–1), and continued running
from 7 km h–1 until volitional exhaustion. The last half or
full stage the subject could sustain (for either 30 or 60 s)
was defined as the subject’s maximal speed (Vmax). Dur-
ing recovery, the subjects walked at 5 km h–1 for 5 min-
utes.
Data collection and analysis
After completion of the tests, gas exchange data and
HR were averaged at 30 s intervals. Graphical determi-
nation of the aerobic and anaerobic gas exchange thresh-
olds was done by the simplified V-slope method18. When
indeterminate, the V-slope method was supported with
inspection of the respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation
and ventilatory equivalents for O2and CO2. The highest
oxygen uptake for any 30-s period recorded in the incre-
mental running test was defined as VO2max. The anaero-
bic capacity for running (AnC) was estimated by calculat-
ing the sum of distances run at each running speed above
VAT, to the point of exhaustion (Figure 1):
AnC = k ½n(n + 1)
k = 16.67 m/min2, treadmill acceleration (additional dis-
tance travelled in 1 min for an increase in speed of 1
km/h); n = time of running from VAT to Vmax, in minutes.
The results are presented as X ±SD for all subjects.
The normality of appropriate data sets was confirmed by
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Paired t-tests were used to
make comparisons between parameters before and after
treatment. A value of p<0.05 was established a priori to
determine statistical significance. The program Statis-
tica 7.0 was used for statistical analysis.
Results and Discussion
All subjects completed all workouts. Table 2 shows
the values of the spiroergometry variables of the incre-
mental treadmill tests performed before and after com-
pletion of the strength training. The influence of resis-
tance training on parameters of body strength and power
were explored, and reported elsewhere19. Briefly, several
parameters of upper and lower body strength and power
increased significantly with training, as expected. The
relationship between running speed and VO2of the pre-
training and posttraining treadmill tests for one subject
are presented in Figure 2.
The main finding of this study was the diverse influ-
ence of the weight training on several parameters of the
aerobic, as well as anaerobic capacity. The loading sche-
me used in this study caused a small, but statistically sig-
nificant increase in VO2max/kg (2.7%), in accordance with
the results of several other studies, which showed small
increases of VO2max (less than 4%) with resistance train-
ing in untrained or moderately active individuals4,20–22,
while no significant influence of strength training on
VO2max is reported in trained subjects23,24. Zaciorski1ad-
dresses this issue stating that, with increasing fitness,
the same training load elicits less and less effect on an
ability for which it is not specifically intended. The mag-
D. [entija et al.: Effects of Strength Training on Endurance, Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
113
1,9
2,4
2,9
3,4
3,9
4,4
4,9
5,4
0 150 300 450 600 750
t
(
sec
)
Vmax
V(m/s)
VAT
tAT tmax
AnC
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a ramp running test and cal-
culation of the estimated anaerobic capacity (AnC). Vmax – maxi-
mal running speed, VAT – running speed at the anaerobic thresh-
old, tmax – overall test duration, tAT – test duration from start to
VAT.
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
579
11 13 15 17 19 21
V
(
km/h
)
Pretraining
Posttraining
VO 2max
AnC II
AnC
Vmax
VAT
VO (mL/min/kg)
2
Fig. 2. Oxygen uptake in relation to running speed of the pre- and
post-training treadmill tests for one subject; there is an increase
in Vmax and VO2max, with no change in VAT.VO
2max – maximal
oxygen uptake, VAT – running speed at the anaerobic threshold,
Vmax – maximal running speed, AnC I, II – speed range from VAT
to Vmax.
nitude of cardiorespiratory adaptation depends primarily
on the intensity, frequency and duration of the exercise.
To reach a positive effect, it seems that a minimal inten-
sity level of 45–50% VO2max has to be attained11. In this
context, it appears that the duration, frequency, and the
intensity of strength exercises used in this study were
sufficient to result in an increase in VO2max/kg. A possi-
ble alternative, or additional mechanism of the small,
but statistically significant increase in VO2max/kg in-
cludes body composition changes (decrease of fat mass
and increase in muscle mass), that are linked to strength
training25–28.
Most studies investigating the influence of strength
training on the lactate threshold (LT) found no effect, ex-
cept the study of Marcinik et al.12 that reports a 12% in-
crease of the intensity at LT after strength training. The
influence of resistance training on the anaerobic gas ex-
change threshold (also called respiratory compensation
point29), to our best knowledge, has not been investi-
gated so far. In our study, the average running speed at
the anaerobic threshold was somewhat lower after, than
at the start of strength training, suggesting an opposite
(negative) effect than on VO2max; however, this difference
was not statistically significant (p=0.148). After the trai-
ning, despite a lower average VAT, the average maximal
running speed achieved in the test was higher, although
this difference was also not statistically significant (p=
0.134). If the test is performed to exhaustion, as in this
study, then the maximal running speed (Vmax) achieved
in the test should be influenced, in part, by the anaerobic
capacity of the subject. The anaerobic capacity/speed en-
durance is of particular significance after the subject
reaches the speed at the anaerobic threshold in the incre-
mental test. The higher is the anaerobic capacity of the
subject, the longer will he/she endure at speeds above
VAT, thus achieving a higher maximal speed in the test.
Although VAT and Vmax did not differ significantly before
and after treatment, the distance run from the anaerobic
threshold (VAT) to maximal speed (Vmax) above VAT,asa
measure of the anaerobic capacity, significantly increa-
sed after training (p<0.05). The subjects gained large im-
provement of the AnC with strength and power training,
which equalled 34% on average. This is in accordance
with most studies showing a positive influence of strength
training on anaerobic power and capacity4,14,15,25,30.On
the contrary, in the study of Minahan et al.31 there was
no increase of anaerobic capacity (estimated from the
maximal accumulated O2deficit) after an 8-wk strength
training programme. The underlying muscular adapta-
tions responsible for the improved anaerobic running en-
durance due to the loading scheme used in this study are
unknown. The possible mechanisms involved could in-
clude: a) increases in myofibre size: there is a small, but
statistically significant increase in body mass with
strength training (Table 2), supposedly due to body com-
position changes usually linked to strength training (in-
crease in lean body mass and decrease of fat mass)25–28;b)
changes in myofiber contractile properties and fiber-type
proportions; heavy-resistance strength training results
in right-to-left muscle fiber-type transformation, i.e.,
there is a decrease in type IIX fibers in the trained mus-
cles with a concomitant increase in type IIA fibers32.We
suppose that the increase of Vmax and AnC induced by re-
sistance training, followed an increase in the number
and size of fast twitch fibers in leg extensor muscles that
are primarily activated at higher running speeds, as well
as an increase of enzymatic conversion towards anaero-
bic metabolism that occurs with specific fiber-type adap-
tation, and c) improved neuromuscular characteristics
and running economy30; the running economy, however,
did not change significantly between pre- and post- train-
ing, as shown by average VO2values at lower, as well as
at higher running speeds (Table 2). Tanaka and Swen-
sen7report that the improvement in muscular strength
and anaerobic power acquired through resistance train-
ing could enhance running performance by better sus-
D. [entija et al.: Effects of Strength Training on Endurance, Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
114
TABLE 2
SPIROERGOMETRY PARAMETERS IN THE TREADMILL TESTS BEFORE AND AFTER STRENGTH TRAINING
Before training After training p
Body mass (kg) 75.8 ±6.4 76.6 ±6.4 0.022
VO2max (L/min) 4.17 ±0.57 4.32 ±0.57 0.017
VO2max/kg (mL/min/kg) 54.9 ±5.4 56.4 ±5.3 0.029
VAT (km/h) 12.3 ±2.0 11.9 ±1.7 0.148
%VO2max 82.3 ±8.4 82.9 ±5.0 0.816
Vmax (km/h) 16.7 ±1.7 17.1 ±1.8 0.134
AnC (m) 212 ±104 285 ±98 0.002
VO2@6 km/h (mL/min/kg) 21.3 ±1.1 21.5 ±1.7 0.645
VO2@10 km/h (mL/min/kg) 39.7 ±2.6 40.5 ±2.8 0.129
VO2@14 km/h (mL/min/kg) 50.0 ±3.0 50.9 ±3.1 0.160
VO2max – maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max/kg – relative VO2max (per kg body mass), VAT – running speed at the anaerobic threshold,
%VO2max –VO
2at VAT,as%ofVO
2max,V
max – maximal running speed achieved in the test, AnC – distance run from VAT to Vmax above the
anaerobic threshold, VO2@6, 10, 14 km/h (mL/min/kg) – oxygen uptake at respective running speeds
taining attacks and sprint in the finish. This assumption
is confirmed by the VO2/running speed relationships ob-
served in this study (typical data for one subject are
shown in Figure 2), with oxygen uptake decreasing in the
the last stages of both tests, probably due to metabolic
acidosis leading to inhibition of muscle contraction and
exhaustion. We assume that resistance training and the
associated adaptations resulted in a postponement of aci-
dosis and VO2decrease, causing exhaustion at a later
stage in the second test.
The major limitation of the present study is the ab-
sence of a control group, which would have added to the
plausibility of our conclusions on the causality between
the intervention and induced changes in aerobic and an-
aerobic endurance. However, we can exclude the influ-
ence of factors like growth and development, or technical
error (same calibration gasses were used in both mea-
surements) on the observed results, which can hardly be
regarded as coincidental. Also, with a larger subject sam-
ple, the observed trend of opposite effect of the training
on VAT and VO2max might have reached statistical signifi-
cance. However, a large scale study would be needed to
confirm those assumptions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, although some aspects of this study
could have been improved, including a control group and
body composition analysis, the results indicate that a
three-month period of strength training in moderately
physically active young men can induce increases in
both, anaerobic and aerobic endurance, combined with a
small increase in body mass. In relation to the aerobic ca-
pacity, the applied strength training in untrained male
subjects caused a small, but statistically significant in-
crease of peak oxygen uptake, without a significant chan-
ge of the anaerobic threshold. Concurrently, it has been
demonstrated that a standard incremental VO2max tread-
mill test to volitional exhaustion can also be used to esti-
mate the influence of a training intervention on the an-
aerobic capacity (34% increase in this study), by calcu-
lating a novel parameter (AnC) based on the speed range
between the anaerobic threshold and the speed at ex-
haustion. The physiological background of those training
effects includes several possible causes, linked primarily
to peripheral adaptive mechanisms.
The authors wish to recognize the contribution of mr.
Luka Radman to the realization and monitoring of the
training programme. The authors also would like to ex-
press appreciation to the subjects for their voluntary par-
ticipation in this study.
The study was supported in part by grant from Cro-
atian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport n. 034-
0342607-2279.
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D. [entija
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horva}anski zavoj 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: dsentija@kif.hr
D. [entija et al.: Effects of Strength Training on Endurance, Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
115
EFEKTI TRENINGA SNAGE NA PARAMETRE AEROBNE I ANAEROBNE IZDR@LJIVOSTI
SA@ETAK
Istra`ivanja utjecaja treninga jakosti i snage na izdr`ljivost kod ljudi pokazala su proturje~ne rezultate. Osnovni cilj
ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj 3-mjese~nog programa olimpijskog dizanja utega na parametre aerobne i anaerobne
izdr`ljivosti u netreniranih, tjelesno aktivnih osoba. Jedanaest studenata kineziologije (dob: 24,1 ±1,8 god, visina: 1,77
±0,04 m, tjelesna masa: 76,1 ±6,4 kg; X ±SD) provelo je program olimpijskog dizanja utega u trajanju od 12 tjedana, 3x
tjedno. Primijenjene su specifi~ne vje`be tehnike dizanja i bazi~ne vje`be za razvoj maksimalne jakosti i snage. Inten-
zitet i volumen optere}enja odre|en je na osnovu individualnog maksimalnog optere}enja (repetitio maximalis,RM).
Svi ispitanici prije i nakon trena`nog programa proveli su progresivni test s finom gradacijom optere}enja na pokret-
nom sagu, uz direktno pra}enje varijabli izmjene di{nih plinova, s ciljem utvr|ivanja parametara aerobnog i anaerob-
nog kapaciteta. Nakon tretmana, utvr|en je mali, ali zna~ajan porast tjelesne mase (75,8 ±6,4 vs 76,6 ±6,4 kg, p<0,05)
i maksimalnog primitka kisika (54,9 ±5,4 vs 56,4 ±5,3 mL O2/min/kg, p<0,05), bez zna~ajnih promjena u vrijednostima
brzine tr~anja pri anaerobnom pragu (VAT) i pri iscrpljenju (Vmax) (p>0,05). Me|utim, do{lo je do zna~ajnog pove}anja
anaerobne (tj. brzinske) izdr`ljivosti, procijenjene prema pretr~anoj udaljenosti iznad VAT,odV
AT do Vmax (212 ±104 m
vs 285 ±98 m,p<0,01). Rezultati ovog istra`ivanja ukazuju da se promjene i aerobne i anaerobne izdr`ljivosti u netre-
niranih osoba, uslijed 12-tjednog treninga jakosti, mogu utvrditi jedinstvenim testom progresivnog optere}enja do is-
crpljenja na pokretnom sagu. Mogu}i uzroci promjene veli~ine energetskih kapaciteta uslijed primijenjenog trena`nog
programa snage uklju~uju razli~ite mehanizme, povezane prvenstveno s perifernom adaptacijom.
D. [entija et al.: Effects of Strength Training on Endurance, Coll. Antropol. 33 (2009) 1: 111–116
116
... Functional performance tests are considered an alternative method for evaluating muscle strength due to their simplicity and being more time-efficient and cost-effective than isometric or isokinetic instrumentation (Kollock et al., 2015). Traditional resistance training is known to increase aerobic capacity and muscle strength (Moro et al., 2020;Sentija et al., 2009). Resistance training can increase aerobic capacity in young individuals by providing improvements in capillary-to-fiber ratio and mitochondrial enzyme activity (Ozaki et al., 2013). ...
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Background: In clinical practice, resistance training, which includes concentric and eccentric dynamic muscle movements, is widely used by physiotherapists to strengthen the quadriceps muscle. However, although eccentric training is assumed to induce greater hypertrophy compared to concentric contractions, there are also studies reporting that similar increases in muscle thickness can be seen in both eccentric and concentric training. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of the eccentric and concentric squat exercise on quadriceps thickness, and lower extremity performance during jumping and walking in healthy young sedentary males. Methods: Participants were randomly divided into three groups: concentric exercise group (CE; n = 19), eccentric exercise group (EE; n = 13) and control group (CG; n = 16). Both exercises were performed seven days a week, for eight weeks with a gradual strength increase. The CG was not given any exercise. Ultrasound assessment of quadriceps muscle thickness, performance in Six-Minute Walk Test and vertical jump was measured. Results: Thickness of dominant side of rectus femoris (p = .008) and vastus lateralis (p = .021) differed significantly among the three groups; post hoc analysis revealed the thickness of rectus femoris in CG was significantly lower than in the CE (p = .046) and EE (p = .006) and the thickness of vastus lateralis in the EE was significantly higher than in the CG (p = .018). Six-Minute Walk Test score in the EE was significantly higher than in the CG (p = .025) and the vertical jump score in the CG significantly lower than in the EE (p = .002) and CE (p < .001). Conclusions: Eccentric and concentric training both benefits muscle hypertrophy and lower extremity functional performance. However, eccentric training also appears to offer a small advantage over concentric training. Keywords: muscle contraction, isotonic contraction, muscle hypertrophy, functional performances, ultrasonography
... The aim of study Šentija, Maršić, & Dizdar (2009) was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. (eleven physical education students, age: 24.1±1.8 ...
... Strength training and aerobic conditioning are each induces distinct structural and metabolic adaptations in the body, thus causing opposite training effects [3]. Strength training wide range of types of plyometric training, weight training, own body strength exercises etc., This training improves basic motor skills such as sprinting throwing and jumping and advances in basic motor skills can lead to better performance when racing [4]. ...
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This investigation post exercise consumption should improve the anaerobic power and fatigue among the intercollegiate soccer players due to the effect of strength-based training programme. The main purpose of this study were to determine whether strength-based training was more efficacious for improving anaerobic power and fatigue index in young players and to examine the difference between changes in anaerobic power and fatigue index among training and control groups. Twenty four male soccer players were voluntarily participated from Anna Stadium, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. A total of 24 active male soccer players aged 22.26 ± 1.64 years and having a BMI of 24.77 ± 1.04 were assigned to one of the two groups as strength-based training (Experimental group) and control (Control group). The training period continued for three days a week for eight weeks period. The initial and the final aerobic power and fatigue index was measured by Running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and its unit of measurement in Watts. The experimental groups met 3 days per week for eight weeks of training programme and Control group maintained their usual day to day activity during the course of this study. The collected data was analyzed by using paired t-test and analysis of covariance at the level of significance 0.05. Positive effects of strength training were determined in both tests. Following the training programme, an increase in aerobic power and fatigue index was found in strength-based training group comparison with the control group, that there were differences between the training group and control groups. However, significant increases an anaerobic power and fatigue index was found in strength-based training groups (p < 0.05). The data suggest that our eight week of strength-based training must improve both the anaerobic power and fatigue index among male soccer players.
... Når det gjelder effekten styrketrening har på VO2maks, er litteraturen tvetydig. Studier har funnet alt fra negative, nøytrale og positive endringer av VO2maks gjennom styrketrening (Beattie et al., 2014;Cowley et al., 2011;Kristoffersen, 2008;Sentija, Marsić & Dizdar, 2009;Vikmoen et al., 2016). Det er en mengde ulike variabler i slike studier, som gjør at det er vanskelig å generalisere resultatene. ...
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HENSIKT: Hovedhensikten med forskningsprosjektet var å undersøke effekten et hypertrofisk styrketreningsprogram for beinmuskulaturen hadde på prestasjonen i løpstesten «Beep Test», som et mål på utholdenhet. Innunder dette, var målet å se hvordan både økt hypertrofi og maksimal muskelstyrke i muskulaturen, påvirker prestasjonen i «Beep Test». Videre var målet å knytte disse faktorene til VO2maks, arbeidsøkonomi og utnyttelsesgrad av VO2maks. METODE: Det ble benyttet en hypotetisk-deduktiv, kvantitativ forskningsmetode for å belyse problemstillingen, hvor en eksperimentell intervensjon ble gjennomført. Deltakerne som fullførte intervensjonen var 3 godt trente menn i alder (± SD) (25,7 ± 2,1 år), med kroppsvekt (89,2 ± 9,5 kg) og høyde (189 ± 3 cm), som alle har trent systematisk styrketrening i mer enn 2 år. Utvalget defineres som godt trente innen styrketrening. RESULTAT: Analyse av data indikerte en statistisk signifikant økning av 1RM (± SD), fra (151,7 ± 10,4 kg) før intervensjonen, til (155,8 ± 9,5 kg) etter intervensjonen, hvor d = 0,41 og p < 0,05. Dette er en økning som tilsvarer (4,2 ± 0,8 kg). Data indikerte også en økning i prestasjonstesten «Beep Test», fra (1773 ± 258 m) før intervensjonen til (1860 ± 260 m) etter intervensjonen, hvor d = 0,34 og p = 0,203. Denne endringen tilsvarer (86,7 ± 46,7 m), en måling som ikke er statistisk signifikant. Kroppsvekten økte fra (89,2 ± 9,5 kg) til (90,5 ± 10,5 kg), som er en økning på (1,3 ± 0,6 kg), hvor d = 0,13 og p = 0,159. Fettmasse gikk fra (8,7 ± 4,8 kg) til (8,3 ± 4,6 kg), en nedgang på (-0,4 ± 0,2 kg), med d = 0,09 og p = 0,195. Muskelmasse økte fra (76,7 ± 4,2 kg) til (78,4 ± 5,5 kg), d = 0,35 og p = 0,157. Økningen i generell kroppslig muskelmasse var dermed målt til (1,7 ± 0,8 kg). Data indikerte også en økning i muskelmasse i både høyre og venstre lår. Muskelmasse i høyre bein gikk fra (13,5 ± 0,5 kg) til (14,1 ± 1,0 kg), hvor d = 0,75 og p = 0,230. Endringen ble målt til (0,6 ± 0,36 kg). Muskelmasse i venstre bein gikk fra (12,9 ± 0,7 kg) til (13,5 ± 1,3 kg), med d = 0,57 og p = 0,323. Denne endringen tilsvarer (0,5 ± 0,4 kg). Det ble målt en økning i omkretsen rundt høyre og venstre lår. På høyre lår ble det målt en økning på (0,7 ± 0,07 cm) rett over kneet, og (0,4 ± 0,09 cm) på det bredeste punktet på låret. På venstre lår ble det målt en økning på (0,4 ± 0,1 cm) rett over kneet, og (0,8 ± 0,17 cm) på det bredeste punktet. KONKLUSJON: All data som er samlet inn må settes sammen for å få et oversiktlig bilde over hvordan intervensjonen påvirket deltakerne i dette forskningsprosjektet. Data viser at det forekom en statistisk signifikant økning i 1RM knebøy etter intervensjonen, samt en liten, ikke statistisk signifikant økning i «Beep Test», som tilsvarer (86,7 ± 46,7 m). Når dette settes i sammenheng med resterende antropometriske data som muskelmasse, fettmasse og omkrets rundt lårene, kan det indikere at den økte prestasjonen i «Beep Test» hovedsakelig kommer fra 4 faktorer. Disse faktorene er økt muskelstyrke i form av 1RM, økt muskelmasse, økt muskelhypertrofi og redusert fettmasse. Alle disse egenskapene sett under ett har ført til endringer i ulike fysiologiske faktorer, som igjen har ført til en forbedret arbeidsøkonomi og utnyttelsesgrad av utholdenheten, samtidig som muskelens evne til å utvikle kraft ved en gitt intensitet har økt. Noen av faktorene som er forbedret er økt antall kontraktile muskelfibre, en økning i antall og størrelse av myofibriller og sarkomerer, og en økning av kapillærtettheten rundt muskelfibrene. Dette kan dermed tyde på at en 6 ukers intervensjon med hypertrofisk styrketrening for beinmuskulaturen, med supersett og korte pauser, kan øke prestasjonen i «Beep Test». Dette forklares blant annet som følge av en økt 1RM, en økt kraftutvikling i beinmuskulaturen, en forbedret arbeidsøkonomi og en mer effektiv utnyttelsesgrad av VO2maks. Nøkkelord: Arbeidsøkonomi, utnyttelsesgrad, muskelstyrke, muskelhypertrofi, Tanita BC-601
... The studies exploring the influence of resistance training on endurance in men have produced inconsistent results. The aim of study Šentija, Maršić, & Dizdar (2009) was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. Eleven physical education students (age: 24.1±1.8 ...
Article
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Anaerobic abilities participate in most activities that are characterized by high intensity and short duration of activity. This type of endurance is the dominant activity in submaximal and maximal intensity. Conditioned by the good functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, morphological status, metabolism, muscle structure, etc. The research has conducted with the aim of evaluating anaerobic abilities of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport of East Sarajevo and Novi Sad applying Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The sample included a total of 40 male students, including 20 students from Eastern Sarajevo (age 21±0,5 years, average weight 76,69 ± 6,61kg) and (20 students from Novi Sad (age 20±0,5 years, the average weight 76,75±9,49kg). The results showed almost identical values of anaerobic capacity of students who are expected for this population with little benefits students of East Sarajevo. The average strength of the lower extremities student East Sarajevo amounted to 594,79 W, compared to the students of the Novi Sad 574,12 W, which is a slight difference that is not statistically significant. A slightly higher average index of fatigue was recorded with students of Novi Sad from 8,45 suggesting a weaker state of anaerobic capacity in relation to the pattern of East Sarajevo, or lower tolerance to lactate.
... The sensitivity of the workload was ±1 kg. As seen by several authors (Sentija et al. 2009;Zoeller et al. 2005;Flouris et al. 2006;Mayhew et al. 1995;Aguiar et al. 2015) there is a relationship between anaerobic performance or strength and muscular endurance, for such reason the strength assessment was carried out through two muscular endurance tests, where the use of maximal tests could be dangerous in this cohort. Each participant had to perform a general warm-up, that consisted of 5 min on a treadmill at a preferred walking speed. ...
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A range of balance between flexor and extensor muscles is fundamental in order to prevent pathologies caused by bad postures or to ensure health of the joint as a measure of prevention of overtraining in specific muscle groups. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the ratio between “pulling” and “pushing” strength in sedentary individuals. 212 healthy participants, of both genders (139 male and 73 female; age 32 ± 13.3 years, weight 70.2 ± 14.1 kg, height 173 ± 9 cm) were retained for investigation. Strength was assessed through a new methodology: Pulling through a lat-pulldown test while pushing strength through a chest-press test. Both tests were performed to exhaustion with an overload of 30 % of each participants bodyweight. Such method aims to prevent excessive overloads in sedentary individuals. Pearson’s correlations and a t test to assess differences were analyzed. Subsequently, the ratio for both genders of pulling and pushing local endurance strength was assessed by means. A mean number of 57 repetitions was shown with the lat-pulldown while 34 repetition with the chest press. A correlation of 0.42 has been found between the number of repetitions of the two tests. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between such performances. No correlation was found between the strength measures and the anthropometric parameters of the participants. The lat machine to chest press ratio was 1.36:1 for male while 2.69:1 for female. The results indicate that sedentary participants have higher pulling rather than pushing local endurance strength. Such ratio should be considered as a normative value when starting to perform exercise protocols. Resistance training should be performed in order to improve strength measures of the weaker muscles and reduce such ratio.
... The continuous and uniform increase in exercise intensity in T FR and T SR is preserved up to the maximal running speed, enabling estimation of the anaerobic endurance. The range of running speed from the anaerobic threshold (hr dP and/or vt) to maximal velocity (v an ) depends primarily on anaerobic capacity of the subjects 43,44 , and the short duration of T FR increases the significance of the anaerobic capacity for success in the test. ...
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The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. Forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank (ten sprinters, fifteen 400-m runners, ten middle distance runners and thirteen long distance runners), mean age 21.7±5.1 years, participated in the study. They performed two graded maximal exercise tests on a treadmill, a standard ramp treadmill test (TSR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 60 seconds) and a fast ramp treadmill test (TFR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 30 seconds) to determine and compare the parameters at peak values and at heart rate at the deflection point (HR DP) and ventilation threshold (VT ). There were no significant differences between protocols (p>0.05) for peak values of oxygen uptake (VO2max, 4.48±0.43 and 4.44±0.45 L•min-1), weight related VO2max (62.5±6.2 and 62.0±6.0 mL•kg-1•min-1), pulmonary ventilation (VE max, 163.1±18.7 and 161.3±19.9 L•min-1) and heart rate (HR max, 192.3±8.5 and 194.4±8.7 bpm) (TFR and TSR, respectively). Moreover, no significant differences between TFR and TSR where found for VT and HR DP when expressed as VO2 and HR . However, there was a significant effect of ramp slope on running speed at VO2max and at the anaerobic threshold (AnT) , independent of the method used (VT : 16.0±2.2 vs 14.9±2.2 km•h-1;HR DP: 16.5±1.9 vs 14.9±2.0 km•h-1 for TFR and TSR respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed high between-test and between-method correlations for VO2, HR and running speed parameters (r=0.78-0.89, p<0.01). The present study has indicated that the VT and HR DP for running (VO2, ventilation, and heart rate at VT /HR DP) are independent of test protocol, while there is a significant effect of ramp slope on VT and HR DP when expressed as running speed. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate may be an accurate predictor of the anaerobic threshold in trained runners, independently of the protocol used. Key words: Exercise test; Anaerobic threshold; Treadmill test; Heart rate; Pulmonary ventilation
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To establish the capacity of absolute maximum strength and relative to body mass (BM) in deadlift (DL) and squat (SQ) exercises to estimate the maximum anaerobic running performance (MART) and maximum aerobic power (VPeak), among individuals stratified into high (HS) vs. low strength score (LS). The sum of workloads (DL+SQ) was also analyzed and cross-validation was tested. Thirty-four students performed five visits in the first phase. In the first three visits the following were performed: sample characterization and consistency analysis of the maximum repetition (RM) for DL and SQ. Participants were stratified based on DL and SQ relativized by BM (DL/BM and SQ/BM). In the last two visits, MART and VPeak were tested. Linear regression for HS participants did not predict MART for all strength measures. In contrast, the regressive model was significant for DL (R2 = 0.482; p = 0.002), DL/BM (R2 = 0.764; p < 0.001), SQ (R2 = 0.357; p = 0.011) and SQ/BM (R2 = 0.644; p < 0.001) in LS participants, compared to MART performance. For VPeak, linear regression also did not demonstrate an association for all strength measures in HS participants. However, SQ (R2 = 0.309; p = 0.021), DL/BM (R2 = 0.343; p = 0.013) and SQ/BM (R2 = 0.618; p < 0.001) were able to predict VPeak. The prediction from the sum of the DL+SQ produced an association for MART (R2 = 0.451; p = 0.003) and VPeak (R2 = 0.273; p = 0.031) in LS participants. In the second phase of the study, 17 participants performed cross-validation by testing the prediction equations. The same methodological procedures were performed for this phase, but only LS participants were tested. The Wilcoxon test compared real MART vs. predicted for DL (p = 0.02) and SQ (p = 0.043), showing differences, but not for DL/BM (p = 0.051) and SQ/BM (p = 0.093). The Wilcoxon test also showed differences for real VPeak vs. predicted for DL/BM (p = 0.002), SQ (p = 0.019) and SQ/BM (p = 0.05). The MART predictive equation based on DL+SQ did not show differences (p = 0.148), but the same did not occur for VPeak based on DL+SQ (p = 0.008). Maximum strength did not show predictive capacity in HS participants. However, it was significant for LS participants. DL showed greater predictive prominence for MART. In contrast, for VPeak, SQ/BM satisfactorily explained the variations in running performance (61%). The predictive equations of MART by DL/BM and SQ/BM were shown to be accurate, as well as DL+SQ to predict MART.
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The standard critical power test protocol on the cycle ergometer prescribes a series of trials to exhaustion, each at a different but constant power setting. Recently the protocol has been modified and applied to a series of trials to exhaustion each at a different ramp incremental rate. This study was undertaken to compare critical power and anaerobic work capacity estimates in the same group of subjects when derived from the two protocols. Ten male subjects of mixed athletic ability cycled to exhaustion on eight occasions in randomized order over a 3-wk period. Four trials were performed at differing constant power settings and four trials on differing ramp incremental rates. Both critical power and anaerobic work capacity were estimated for each subject by curve fitting of the ramp model and of three versions of the constant power model. After adjusting for inter-subject variability, no significant differences were detected between critical power estimates or between anaerobic work capacity estimates from any model formulation or from the two protocols. It is concluded that both the ramp and constant power protocols produce equivalent estimates for critical power and anaerobic work capacity.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on strength, endurance, endocrine status and muscle fibre properties. A total of 45 male and female subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups; strength training only (S), endurance training only (E), concurrent strength and endurance training (SE), or a control group (C). Groups S and E trained 3 days a week and the SE group trained 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Tests were made before and after 6 and 12 weeks of training. There was a similar increase in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in both groups E and SE (P < 0.05). Leg press and knee extension one repetition maximum (1 RM) was increased in groups S and SE (P < 0.05) but the gains in knee extension 1 RM were greater for group S compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). Types I and II muscle fibre area increased after 6 and 12 weeks of strength training and after 12 weeks of combined training in type II fibres only (P < 0.05). Groups SE and E had an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity and group E had a decrease in adenosine triphosphatase after 12 weeks of training (P < 0.05). A significant increase in capillary per fibre ratio was noted after 12 weeks of training in group SE. No changes were observed in testosterone, human growth hormone or sex hormone binding globulin concentrations for any group but there was a greater urinary cortisol concentration in the women of group SE and decrease in the men of group E after 12 weeks of training (P < 0.05). These findings would support the contention that combined strength and endurance training can suppress some of the adaptations to strength training and augment some aspects of capillarization in skeletal muscle.
Article
The aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of maximal strength training with emphasis on neural adaptations on strength- and endurance-performance for endurance trained athletes. Nineteen male cross-country skiers about 19.7 +/- 4.0 years of age and a maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2 max)) of 69.4 +/- 2.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) were randomly assigned to a training group (n = 9) or a control group (n = 10). Strength training was performed, three times a week for 8 weeks, using a cable pulley simulating the movements in double poling in cross-country skiing, and consisted of three sets of six repetitions at a workload of 85% of one repetition maximum emphasizing maximal mobilization of force in the concentric movement. One repetition maximum improved significantly from 40.3 +/- 4.5 to 44.3 +/- 4.9 kg. Time to peak force (TPF) was reduced by 50 and 60% on two different submaximal workloads. Endurance performance measured as time to exhaustion (TTE) on a double poling ski ergometer at maximum aerobic velocity, improved from 6.49 to 10.18 min; 20.5% over the control group. Work economy changed significantly from 1.02 +/- 0.14 to 0.74 +/- 0.10 mL x kg(-0.67) x min(-1). Maximal strength training with emphasis on neural adaptations improves strength, particularly rate of force development, and improves aerobic endurance performance by improved work economy.
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Increased fat mass, particularly abdominal fat mass, is associated with poor metabolic profiles and an increase in cardiovascular risk factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year combined aerobic and strength training regimen, compared to aerobic training only, on body composition in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Thirty-six males with CAD were assigned to 3 groups: 13 to weight training plus aerobic training (combined training group [CT]), 13 to aerobic training only (aerobic training group [AT]), and 10 to a control group (no exercise [CG]). Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Differences were observed between groups at the end of the study, controlling for prevalues. The total and trunk percent fat mass (%FM) were lower in CT compared with AT and CG (P<.05). The total %FM in AT was significantly (P<.05) lower than in CG, but the %FM of the trunk did not differ between the 2 groups. Fat-free mass (FFM) was significantly higher in CT than in AT and CG (P<.05). The results suggest that a long-term CT program is more effective than an AT program alone in producing changes in body composition. The percentage changes in total and trunk fat mass were higher in CT (-11% and -12%, respectively) than in AT (-2.4% and -0.7%, respectively). Future studies need to investigate the specific health effects of trunkal fat mass loss in patients with CAD.
Article
We investigated whether postexercise consumption of a supplement containing whey protein, amino acids, creatine, and carbohydrate combined with a strength training program promotes greater gains in fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength and endurance, and anaerobic performance compared with an isocaloric, carbohydrate-only control drink combined with strength training. The study was double blind and randomized, and the experimental supplement was compared with a carbohydrate-only control. Forty-one males (n = 20 in control group, n = 21 in the supplement group; mean age, 22.2 y) participated in a 4 d/wk, 10-wk periodized strength training program. Subjects had to complete at least 70% of the workouts. Before and after 10 wk of strength training, subjects were tested for body composition by using hydrostatic weighing and skinfold thicknesses, one repetition maximum strength and muscular endurance for the bench press and 45-degree leg press, and anaerobic performance using a 30-s Wingate test. Thirty-three subjects (80.5%) completed the training program (n = 15 in control group, n = 18 in the supplement); these 33 subjects also completed all post-training test procedures. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures on time. P <== 0.05 was set as statistically significant. All statistical analyses, including calculation of effect size and power, were completed with SPSS 11.0. Across groups, FFM increased during 10 wk of strength training. Although there was no statistically significant time x group interaction for FFM, there was a trend toward a greater increase in FFM for the supplement group (+3.4 kg) compared with the control group (+1.5 kg; P = 0.077). The effect size (eta(2) = 0.100) was moderately large. Percentage of body fat declined and fat mass was unchanged; there were no differences between groups. One repetition maximum strength for the bench press and 45-degree leg press increased, but there were no differences between groups. Muscular endurance expressed as the number of repetitions completed with 85% of the one repetition maximum was unchanged; external work, which was estimated as repetitions completed x resistance used, increased for the 45-degree leg press but not for the bench press over the 10-wk training period; there were no time x group interactions for either measurement. Anaerobic power and capacity improved, but there were no differences between groups for these variables or for fatigue rate. Consumption of a recovery drink after strength training workouts did not promote greater gains in FFM compared with consumption of a carbohydrate-only drink; however, a trend toward a greater increase in FFM in the supplement group suggests the need for longer-term studies. Performance variables such as muscle strength and endurance and anaerobic performance were not improved when compared with the carbohydrate-only group.