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Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
... Lexicostatistics provides a simple means of comparing the speech of different communities. The method relies on counting percentages of apparent cognates, i.e. related forms meaning the same thing (Romaine, 2000). Matthews (2007) described it as the statistical study of vocabulary, especially in comparing languages that are, or may be historically related. ...
... Lexicostatistics is applied using Romaine's (2000) method. This model says that lexical items compared must share between 81 to 100 percent cognates before they could be considered as mutually intelligible varieties, and could be considered as mutually unintelligible varieties and varieties within a language family, if they share between 28 and 81 percent cognates. ...
... whether it functions as a unique and independent language system (Stewart, 1968). Problems arise where two varieties are structurally similar; a concept of heteronomy (Romaine, 2000). A heteronomous language depends on another standard or dominant language for its norms, and would normally be classified as a dialect, whereas an autonomous variety is regarded as a language. ...
This thesis compared Olùkùmi with Ọwọ̀ dialect and Standard Yoruba. The comparison is at phonological, morphological, lexical and syntactic linguistic levels. The Olùkùmi speakers claim that they migrated from Ọ̀wọ̀ town in Ondo State, Nigeria where a dialect of Yoruba language known as Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect is spoken; hence, there is a need to compare Olùkùmi with Ọwọ̀ dialect of Yoruba and the standard form of the dialect. This is to linguistically authenticate their claim and to establish that Olùkùmi is a variety of Yoruba language. It adopted comparative approach for the phonological, morphological, syntactical linguistic levels, and used Romaine’s (2000) model to present general lexicostatistic analysis of the three varieties. Language variations in our comparison are based on sociolinguistic factors resulted from language change. Our findings show that Olùkùmi is mutually intelligible with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect of Yorùbá language and it is a variety of Yorùbá language. The claim that the Olùkùmis migrated from Ọ̀wọ̀ in Ondo State is linguistically authentic.
... This paper intends to linguistically authenticate this claim and establish that Olùkùmi is mutually intelligible with Yorùbá language. It adopted comparative method for the lexical items and used Romaine's (2000) model to present general lexical analysis of the three language varieties. The numerals were compared by looking at their formations and mathematical derivations, while other lexical items were calculated by dividing the total number of similar and different cognates with total number of the items compared, multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentages of similar and different cognates Olùkùmi shares with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect and SY. ...
... This paper adopts comparative method as its analytical framework and used Romaine's (2000) model to present general lexical analysis of the three language varieties. It calculated percentages of apparent cognates, i.e. related forms meaning the same thing (Romaine, 2000). ...
... This paper adopts comparative method as its analytical framework and used Romaine's (2000) model to present general lexical analysis of the three language varieties. It calculated percentages of apparent cognates, i.e. related forms meaning the same thing (Romaine, 2000). It applies mathematics to linguistic analysis. ...
This paper did a comparative analysis of general lexical items of Olùkùmi, Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect and Standard Yorùbá. The Olùkùmi speakers who are located in the southern region of Nigeria claimed that they migrated from Ọ̀wọ̀ town in Ondo state, western region of the country where a dialect of Yorùbá language known as Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect is spoken. This paper intends to linguistically authenticate this claim and establish that Olùkùmi is mutually intelligible with Yorùbá language. It adopted comparative method for the lexical items and used Romaine's (2000) model to present general lexical analysis of the three language varieties. The numerals were compared by looking at their formations and mathematical derivations, while other lexical items were calculated by dividing the total number of similar and different cognates with total number of the items compared, multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentages of similar and different cognates Olùkùmi shares with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect and SY. The percentage of similar cognates Olùkùmi shares with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect stands at 64% and 65.7% with SY. The percentage of different cognates Olùkùmi shares with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect stands at 36% and 34.2% for SY. The findings show that Olùkùmi is mutually intelligible with Ọ̀wọ̀ dialect of Yorùbá language and it is considered a variety of Yorùbá language. Differences in cognates is based on sociolinguistic factor of language contact. The claim that the Olùkùmis migrated from Ọ̀wọ̀ in Ondo state, Nigeria is linguistically authentic.
... Sociolinguistics -whose reading packet, compiled by a print shop near campus, I still possess -I was exposed to the idea that the differentiation between a "language" and a "dialect" is not precise and technical, but a construction of society and politics (Romaine, 2000), to codeswitching (Myers-Scotton, 1988), and to a range of perspectives on societal ideas about which languages and language acts are valid and in what contexts. ...
... 506). Similarly, delineation between languages is difficult, because it is influenced by political and national agendas (Romaine, 2000). This can be demonstrated by the high mutual intelligibility of certain Scandinavian languages, which are considered as separate, while varieties of Chinese with little or no (spoken) mutual intelligibility have been popularly accepted as dialects of the same language. ...
This research was designed to provide insight into the learning strategies of plurilingual students in an undergraduate business program in Western Canada, with a specific focus on how the students draw on their plurilingual and pluricultural competences. To investigate relevant phenomena, a qualitative methodology was used; data was collected primarily through interviews, with supplementary sources being follow-up communications and the collection of relevant documents (such as course notes) which participants shared. In addition to lines of inquiry related to students' plurilingual practices while navigating learning, the role of discourse was also explored and analyzed. Participants shared a wide variety of learning strategies in which not only their L1, but also their greater plurilingual and pluricultural repertoires played an important role. Additionally, participants shared the ways in which discourse shaped their practices; this included discourses around such topics as linguistic purity, English-only policies, and deficit perspectives toward English as an Additional Language students. Notably, participants also shared instances in which they resisted their positioning into harmful discourses or were open to revisiting beliefs held about language.
... To begin, this article's point of departure is an acknowledgement that language is not a neutral medium of communication; instead, it is deeply intertwined with power, identity, and social stratification (see, e.g., Spivak 1988;Lakoff 2000). Scholarship in sociology (Foucault 1969;Bourdieu 1978), sociolinguistics (Heller 1995;Blommaert 1999;Romaine 2001;Joseph 2004;Flores 2013), anthropology (Geertz 1973;Hymes 2001), political science (Anderson 1976;Scott 1992), and translation and interpreting studies (Venuti 1986;Baker 2006) has established that language functions as a key ideological tool that obscures and naturalizes the underlying power relations at play, shaping our perception of reality while maintaining social structures that privilege certain groups over others (Žižek 1989). Through language, ideological constructs embed themselves in everyday discourse and interactions, becoming unconscious fantasies (ibid., 27) that present social hierarchies as seemingly natural or inevitable rather than as products of specific historical, economic, and political forces. ...
... Aquest monogràfic se centra en el paper de les normes jurídiques, de la promulgació i la implementació o el qüestionament de les lleis per part de les institucions i la població general en la nostra evolució col·lectiva cap a societats més Per començar, el punt de partida de l'article és el reconeixement que la llengua no és un mitjà de comunicació neutre, sinó que es troba profundament entrellaçada amb el poder, la identitat i l'estratificació social (vg., p. ex., Spivak 1988;Lakoff 2000). Des de la sociologia (Foucault 1969;Bourdieu 1978), la sociolingüística (Heller 1995;Blommaert 1999;Romaine 2001;Joseph 2004;Flores 2013), l'antropologia (Geertz 1973;Hymes 2001), les ciències polítiques (Anderson 1976;Scott 1992) i els estudis de traducció i interpretació (Venuti 1986;Baker 2006), ha quedat establert que la llengua funciona com una eina ideològica clau que oculta i naturalitza les relacions de poder subjacents, que configura la nostra percepció de la realitat alhora que manté estructures socials que beneficien determinats grups sobre d'altres (Žižek 1989). Mitjançant el llenguatge que emprem, les construccions ideològiques s'incorporen en el discurs i en les interaccions quotidianes, convertint-se en fantasies inconscients (íbid., 27) que presenten les jerarquies socials com a aparentment naturals o inevitables més que no com a productes de forces històriques, econòmiques i polítiques específiques. ...
This article treats the concept of lawfare in relation to gender and ethnolinguistic identities, examining how legal systems are employed to perpetuate power imbalances and suppress marginalized communities. By focusing on various case studies and theoretical frameworks, the study explores the role of ideologies and how moral panic and moral injury manifest in legal responses to gender nonconforming individuals, women, and ethnolinguistic minorities. The article critiques how the law is weaponized as a tool of oppression, particularizing in areas such as language rights, gender equality, and access to justice. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the authors demonstrate how legal frameworks and institutional actions often reinforce societal norms that exclude vulnerable groups, rather than protecting them. As a framework to the special issue Gender and Ethnolinguistic Lawfare, this article offers a critical perspective on the relationship between law, identity, and power, contributing to a deeper understanding of how the rule of law perpetuates or challenges social hierarchies.
... Elicitation Techniques: Elicitation techniques involve systematically eliciting linguistic data from speakers of a target language through structured interviews, language tasks, and stimulus-based exercises. [18] Common elicitation methods include word-list elicitation, where speakers provide translations or descriptions of words in their language, and sentence elicitation, where speakers generate sentences based on specific grammatical structures or semantic contexts. Elicitation techniques help researchers collect systematic data on phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, facilitating the analysis and description of linguistic structures and patterns. ...
... Researchers must obtain informed consent from language speakers and communities before collecting, recording, or sharing linguistic data, ensuring that participants are fully aware of the purpose, scope, and potential risks associated with the research. [18] Additionally, researchers must implement robust data protection measures to safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of language speakers, particularly in sensitive or vulnerable contexts. ...
This paper explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and language preservation efforts, focusing on the documentation and preservation of endangered languages. With over 40% of the world's languages facing extinction, the need for innovative approaches to language documentation and preservation is urgent. Recent advancements in AI, including machine learning, natural language processing, and speech recognition, offer promising solutions to address the challenges faced by linguists and communities in preserving linguistic diversity. Through a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this paper examines the role of AI in automating data collection, linguistic analysis, transcription, and even language revitalization efforts. Additionally, it discusses ethical considerations such as data bias, privacy, and cultural sensitivity in the application of AI technologies for language preservation. By highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of AI in this context, this paper aims to inform future research and practice in the field of endangered language preservation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v45.i02.6122
... Language attrition is a product of language contact where the individual bilingual/multilingual belonging to minority language groups choose one of the languages that they can speak to use in their day-to-day affairs based on its effectiveness and instrumentality for jobs and other social affairs (Cholakova, 2015;Austin & Sallabank, 2011;Romaine, 2010;Miyaoka, Sakiyama, & Krauss, 2007;Mufwene, 2002). Abandoning a language in this way results in language attrition and then language shift (Romaine, 2000;Crystal, 2014;Fishman, 2001). In the process of language attrition, the weaker language erodes continually till it is either very much restricted to a few informal settings or domains of use in the native society or it slowly and gradually ceases to exist at all, which is termed as language shift (Nettle & Romaine, 2000;Kedrebeogo, 1998). ...
... If the local languages are not made a part of education system, electronic media and social media, they may not survive in the near future (Fishman, 2001). Furthermore, unless the natives are sensitized and start associating their identity and prestige with these languages, the revival of their languages seems impossible (Romaine, 2000). ...
The study examines potential threats and prospects for the linguistic ecosystem of Balti and other local languages spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The researchers employ a mixed-methods approach in the study and the data is collected from 305 respondents through a survey questionnaire developed on Google forms. The respondents are either native Balti speakers or use Balti as their second or link language. The questionnaire used in the study contains both close-ended and open-ended questions. The findings of the study show that the linguistic ecosystem of Balti and other local languages is highly endangered and has been severely contaminated. These languages are losing their domains of use at an increased pace mainly due to the arrival of digital media in the region. Language attrition, mediated by relexification, is at its peak, and the future prospects for Balti and other minority languages of Gilgit-Baltistan seem quite bleak due to the growing influence of linguistic imperialism in the region which is being facilitated mainly through the system of education and the digital media.
... Noteworthy, while the unequal representation of the gender per se is either explicitly acknowledged or at least assumed to be reprehensible in all research on gender in corpora, very few studies approach the issue of the overall sentiment of the language used to describe the different genders. Romaine (2000), pp. 109-110 claims that "words with negative overtones are still more frequently used together with girl/woman than with man/boy", supporting the claim with the frequencies of occurrences in the 3 mln (sub) corpus of BNC for such adjectives as hysterical, silly, loose and ugly vs. honest and intelligent. ...
... For example, a pretty woman can be perceived positively in a heteronormative culture, but a pretty man may not. Moreover, as Romaine (2000), p. 109 observes, even seemingly gender-neutral terms have different connotations when applied to men and women. For example, to call a man a professional is a compliment, but in some languages, such as English, Japanese or French, if a woman is called a professional, this may be a euphemism for a prostitute. ...
Our study contributes to the less explored domain of lexical typology, focusing on semantic prosody and connotation. Semantic derogation, or pejoration of nouns referring to women, whereby such words acquire connotations and further denotations of social pejoration, immorality and/or loose sexuality, has been a very prominent question in studies on gender and language (change). It has been argued that pejoration emerges due to the general derogatory attitudes toward female referents. However, the evidence for systematic differences in connotations of female- vs. male-related words is fragmentary and often fairly impressionistic; moreover, many researchers argue that expressed sentiments toward women (as well as men) often are ambivalent. One should also expect gender differences in connotations to have decreased in the recent years, thanks to the advances of feminism and social progress. We test these ideas in a study of positive and negative connotations of feminine and masculine term pairs such as woman - man, girl - boy, wife - husband, etc. Sentences containing these words were sampled from diachronic corpora of English, Chinese and Russian, and sentiment scores for every word were obtained using two systems for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis: PyABSA, and OpenAI’s large language model GPT-3.5. The Generalized Linear Mixed Models of our data provide no indications of significantly more negative sentiment toward female referents in comparison with their male counterparts. However, some of the models suggest that female referents are more infrequently associated with neutral sentiment than male ones. Neither do our data support the hypothesis of the diachronic convergence between the genders. In sum, results suggest that pejoration is unlikely to be explained simply by negative attitudes to female referents in general.
... Their speakers could involve in educated conversations and engage in diplomatic negotiations across borders. Romaine (1994) argues that the most powerful groups in any society are those who can force their language and thoughts upon the less powerful ones. She uses the known example of Britain where English speakers do not need to learn Welsh or Panjabi, but those speakers are demanded to learn and use English. ...
This research is concerned with analysing pragmatically the power of language upon people. The analysis focuses on the British novel, 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell. This study aims at analysing the language used in the novel and showing how it can be used as an oppressive device that can be manipulated to lead to a totalitarian state. The model of analysis that is used in the current study is Grice's theory of implicature and the cooperative principles (1975). The researcher employs qualitative method to have deep understanding and examination to the data of the present study. The results of this research reveal that pragmatic analysis shows that language can be used as a tool to spread power and authority. It can lead to a whole totalitarianism when those in power imply their aims and intuitions in the words they use. The implied meaning occurs when the speaker violates the relevance, the manner, the quality and the quantity maxims and being uncooperative. The study also shows the role and power that the language has upon the thought and behaviour of people
... Considering indigenous cultures and languages inferior, the colonizers imposed their languages on the Indigenous populations and employed them actively in education, politics, administration, and other key domains as a strategy of exerting socioeconomic control. This practice, accompanied by contempt for Indigenous languages, caused the neglect of Indigenous languages significantly, leading to a linguistic hierarchy that placed a colonial language-English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese-at the top, followed by Indigenous languages (Romaine, 2000). Post-colonization in Asia and Africa, the colonizers' languages have stayed and are being actively used in key domains such as politics, law, education, and media (Ayres, 2009;Philipson, 1992). ...
... Their speakers could involve in educated conversations and engage in diplomatic negotiations across borders. Romaine (1994) argues that the most powerful groups in any society are those who can force their language and thoughts upon the less powerful ones. She uses the known example of Britain where English speakers do not need to learn Welsh or Panjabi, but those speakers are demanded to learn and use English. ...
This research is concerned with analysing pragmatically the power of language upon people. The analysis focuses on the British novel, 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell. This study aims at analysing the language used in the novel and showing how it can be used as an oppressive device that can be manipulated to lead to a totalitarian state. The model of analysis that is used in the current study is Grice's theory of implicature and the cooperative principles (1975). The researcher employs qualitative method to have deep understanding and examination to the data of the present study. The results of this research reveal that pragmatic analysis shows that language can be used as a tool to spread power and authority. It can lead to a whole totalitarianism when those in power imply their aims and intuitions in the words they use. The implied meaning occurs when the speaker violates the relevance, the manner, the quality and the quantity maxims and being uncooperative. The study also shows the role and power that the language has upon the thought and behaviour of people
... Language for Romaine [11] is believed to be the focal agent for the transmission of culture. It goes without saying that language and culture are intertwined in the same sense that they have a kind of a deep and symbolic relationship; they are inseparable because any language is embedded in a particular culture and therefore, one affects the other. ...
The teaching of intercultural aspects of English Language Education (ELT) has gained a scholarly attention in intercultural language education studies. This study seeks to explore Moroccan teachers and students’ perceptions towards the teaching of the target culture(s) in Moroccan EFL classrooms, which are essentially marked by diversity in terms of cultures, languages and identities. The study starts from the hypothesis that there is an under-representation of the target language culture and its deep features in Moroccan EFL curricular and the focus is likely to be on the incorporation of surface elements of other foreign cultures. It also assumes that both students and teachers encounter many challenges in target culture teaching and learning due to students’ low linguistic level in English and due to the types of cultural contents included in textbooks. Based on data collected through quantitative and qualitative research, the findings reveal that there is a common preference among teachers and students toward the Anglophone cultures; however, given the outdated contents of textbooks and the ministry’s official guidelines emphasis on students’ language proficiency, there is a need for the integration of recent cultural capitals of the target culture in textbooks and teaching practices. The research recommends equal consideration of world cultures and realities in Moroccan EFL textbooks and discourses as well as further critical research engagement with EFL discourse that holds accountable for social justice and equity in language education.
... Considering that language is used as a "conduit of tradition, culture, and shared narrative" (Edwards, 2013, p. 19) and serves as a marker of personal and collective identities, it also undoubtedly shapes how individuals perceive themselves and others within their cultural, gender, or group affiliations (Romaine, 2000). The language and the culture that is associated with it are not only individuals' perceptions of language use or attitudes toward language users but are also related to collective perceptions and cultural hegemonies (Lanza & Woldemariam, 2008;Gal, 2005). ...
This study examines the relationship between the gender status of spoken languages and attitudes toward gender equality. Studies show that gendered languages subconsciously contribute to a masculine–feminine dichotomy, favoring men, while genderless languages minimize the reinforcement of gender stereotypes. Using data from the World Value Survey Wave 7, we analyzed if speaking a genderless language at home and living in a predominantly genderless-language-speaking country is associated with gender ideologies across four subcultural groups. Ordered logistic regression results show that genderless languages have mixed relationships with gender ideology. Whereas the use and exposure to genderless languages most significantly increase the odds of opposing domestic violence in Orthodox Europe, West, and South Asia, and the African Islamic subgroups, genderless language has the highest positive association with support for income equality in marriage in Latin America. Our findings highlight the relationship between genderless languages and gender ideology, particularly as the importance of gendered pronouns gains visibility.
... In general terms, language shift, loss and revitalisation have become matters of increasingly urgent political attention internationally (Nettle and Romaine 2000;Romaine 2000Romaine , 2008Romaine , 2013García 2010, 2011;Costa 2017). Efforts to stem the decline of minoritised languages have turned increasingly to second language acquisition -and especially bilingual, 'revitalisation immersion education' (García 2009) -as a strategy for increasing numbers of speakers. ...
... The study of relations between language and gender has been strongly developed since the feminist movements in the 1970s. Realizing the power of language as not only a reflection of society but also a tool to construct it, sociolinguistic researchers considered language as a key to challenge and change male dominance (Romaine, 2000). The purposes of the study of language and gender varied. ...
Aims: to explore how English swearwords were used by Vietnamese female and male English learners (i) to find if there were any differences or similarities in the way both genders use English swearwords in particular circumstances; (ii) to investigate the attitude of each gender towards the use of English swearwords and their senses of politeness; (iii) to suggest the inclusion of linguistic manners and cultural perspectives regarding swearing into English teaching to prepare students for cross-cultural communication among English users in Vietnam and worldwide; (iv) to add to existing research on language education that moved beyond the gender-binary approach. Study Design: Qualitative study using questionnaires and introspection of authors’ own speech and that of their acquaintances following Lakoff’s theoretical framework on gender differences in English. Place and Duration of Study: Hanoi, Vietnam, in 5 years. Methodology: Survey and introspection. 318 Vietnamese English learners (18-26 years old) participated in the survey (159 males and 159 females). Introspection included the authors’ own observations in English classes within Vietnam and abroad experience of using English in Japan. Results: Responses revealed slight differences between male and female participants in the use of English swearwords and perceptions towards swearwords. Although participants did swear quite frequently, most of them (including male and female) preferred using indirect rather than direct swearwords for politeness, to avoid hurting other feelings, or because it’s just a habit that they have developed themselves through social experiences and that they had been taught by the seniors to not use direct swearwords. Either the users of indirect or direct swearwords, even in an emotional state, a number of male and female participants would first consider the surroundings and the relationship with the listeners before making decisions on their choice of swearwords. The majority of participants, regardless of gender, seemed to share the same fear of being judged for swearing socially which seemed to restrain themselves from swearing in public. Only a minority, disregarded the judgment from the surroundings and still used swearwords to express their emotions. This was also the only gender difference trait that correlated to previous research on gender differences in the use of English swearwords by Lakoff. Conclusion: Male and female Vietnamese English learners had similar ways in the use and attitudes towards English swearwords and swearing culture which were different from previous studies of gender differences in English by Lakoff. This suggests a different approach to English teaching in Vietnam which emphasizes a need to include cultural studies and language manners regarding swearing for cross-cultural communication.
... In recent years, the study of variant sociolinguistics with the help of corpora has enhanced the validity and credibility of results related to gender discourse. The feasibility of corpus linguistics in the construction of gender discourse identities (male and female, female scholars) has been explored by scholars such as Holmes, Romaine, Pearce, Duan, and Guo and Guan [8][9][10][11][12] . ...
Identity construction and recognition have long been important areas of academic research. This study compares the lexical collocations and contextual usage of the terms god and goddess, which represent gender identity discourse, using the Sketch Engine retrieval tool within the enTenTen21 corpus. It analyzes similarities and differences between these terms in terms of self and society, drawing on both mythology and reality from the perspective of identity recognition. Additionally, it examines variations in gender identity discourse construction and gender discourse consciousness, thereby uncovering the cultural significance and practical impact of shifts in goddess discourse. The analysis reveals that gender discourse within the corpus highlights distinct identity constructions of gods and goddesses in mythology and reality, showcasing differences in image, temperament, power, and prestige. Furthermore, these discourse identities reflect and project broader trends in the construction and recognition of male and female identities in contemporary society.
... The relatively recent push for the adoption of a monolingual society in human history is due to the creation of the Western nation-state (Bell, 2013;Zentella, 1995), which assumes that a unified nation should speak one language. However, bilingualism and multilingualism are the norm in societies around the globe, with some estimates showing that more than 60 percent of the world's population is multilingual (e.g., Ansaldo et al., 2008;de Bot, 1992;Romaine, 1994;Silva-Corvalán, 2014). Bell (2013) suggests that large-scale bilingualism can result from sociopolitical constructs such as immigration or the imposition of new borders around a speaker group. ...
Bilingualism and the study of speech sounds are two of the largest areas of inquiry in linguistics. This Handbook sits at the intersection of these fields, providing a comprehensive overview of the most recent, cutting-edge work on the sound systems of adult and child bilinguals. Bringing together contributions from an international team of world-leading experts, it covers all aspects of the speech perception, production and processing of bilingual individuals, as well as surveying cross-linguistic influences on the phonetics and phonology of bilingualism. The thirty-five chapters are divided into thematic areas covering the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches employed to investigate bilingual speech, overviews of major findings and developments in child and adult bilingual phonology and phonetics, descriptions of the major areas of research within the speech perception, production and processing of the bilingual individual, and examinations of various predictors of cross-linguistic influence and variables affecting the outcomes of bilingual speech.
... The address terms demonstrate how social connections are regulated within a particular culture [3,24] . They have been the center of research in disciplines such as sociolinguistics [3,[24][25][26][27][28] , pragmatics [29] , socio-pragmatics [30] , and cognitive pragmatics [31,32] . Address terms constitute a complex system of social hierarchy [33] , cultural values [34] , and interpersonal communication [30] . ...
Many studies have investigated terms of address, primarily focusing on Western languages. However, few studies have explored this topic in varieties of the Arabic language. This study examines the use of terms of address in Saudi Arabic, investigating the terms used by Saudi men and women, the effect of the addressees’ age and gender on the selection of address terms, and the linguistic patterns employed by Saudis when addressing each other. Twelve participants from two large cities in Saudi Arabia took part in the study. A semi-structured interview featuring 12 different social situations was conducted to answer the research questions. The interviews were conducted in the Saudi Arabic dialect to elicit authentic and realistic responses. The data were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and trends in the use of address terms. Seven categories of address terms were identified. Furthermore, the age and gender of the addressees were found to influence the choice of terms. Moreover, five linguistic patterns were used by the participants to address each other. These findings provide important insights into professional settings where understanding suitable address terms can lead to more productive and culturally acceptable communication.
... Ta asimetri~na raba naslavljanja je nekak{na podlaga kasnej{emu neenakemu razmerju mo~i med sogovorcema. 7 Pomembnej{e ugotovitve preu~evanja vpliva spola na rabo jezikovnih oblik so v svojih prispevkih objavile NessaWolfson (1989), JenniferCoates (1993), SuzanneRomaine (1994), DeborahTannen (1994) in JanetHolmes (1995). ...
Forms of address are defined as part of the grammar of social status, foregrounding the study of social relations based on either power or solidarity, which is expressed through certain linguistic means: forms of address. The main objective was to study forms of address between nine literary characters (three women and six men), and the influence of linguistic and other social factors available, as well as the use of these linguistic means. Three Slovene novels were analysed: Lepa Vida (Beautiful Vida) by Josip Jurčič, V krvi (In Blood) by Fran Govekar, and Gospa Judit (Madam Judith) by Ivan Cankar. The combining of sociolinguistics and literary studies, or addressing and analysing dialogues, results in the social and stylistic portrayal of female and male characters in Slovene novels at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
... This can include corpus linguistics, psycholinguistic experiments, and sociolinguistic studies. Moreover, empirical data is crucial for validating theoretical models in linguistics and understanding language dynamics (Romaine, 1994). These methods help to test theoretical models and provide insights into the dynamic processes of language change and development. ...
Ця стаття представляє лінгвосинергетику як нову міждисциплінарну парадигму, що поєднує синергетику та лінгвістику для вивчення динамічних процесів, що лежать в основі мовних систем. Основною метою є обговорення теоретичних основ лінгвосинергетики, дослідження її методологічних підходів та демонстрація її ефективності шляхом емпіричного дослідження. Основні результати підкреслюють, як синергетичні принципи, такі як самоорганізація, емерджентність і нелінійність, розкривають самоорганізаційну природу лінгвістичних явищ, надаючи розуміння функціонування мови. Висновки дослідження підтверджують потенціал лінгвосинергетики запропонувати цілісне розуміння мови як складної адаптивної системи, збагачуючи тим самим поле вивчення дискурсу та відкриваючи нові шляхи для майбутніх досліджень. Інтегруючи синергетичні принципи, лінгвосинергетика пропонує нові погляди на еволюцію, розвиток, зміни та функціонування мови, прогнозуючи значні успіхи в лінгвістичних дослідженнях і застосуваннях. Майбутні дослідження мають бути зосереджені на розвитку передової міждисциплінарної співпраці та емпіричному підтвердженні теоретичних моделей для подальшого покращення нашого розуміння лінгвістичних явищ.
... Society plays a crucial role in defining the norms and use of language, both in its spoken and written forms. In other words, language is fundamental to the construction of culture and thought (Romaine, 2000;Trudgill, 2000). Registers in languages of different societies arise from the need to communicate, to transmit values and to express feelings. ...
Language is the main means of human expression and, as such, is an essential component of culture that evolves in parallel with societies. It is in this context that our study was born, in which we propose to analyse the discourse in Spanish used by Spanish speakers in the United States, specifically in the states of California and New York, from a phraseological perspective. In this way, through the Hispanic press, we explore the linguistic diversity, the influence of English and the situation of diglossia that characterises Spanish in North America today. Given the vastness of the phraseological field, the analysis focuses on a specific set of phraseological units: verbal idioms. In addition, the present study incorporates perspectives from sociology of language and sociolinguistics to consider the relationship between discourse and social structure, and from cognition to analyse the pragmatic component that is fundamental to linguistic evolution within a given society. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of how Spanish discourse adapts and transforms in a bilingual and multicultural context, reflecting the underlying socio-cultural dynamics.
... The next crucial factor is the political factor, in this case the use of Indonesian in the school. As Romaine (2000) said, many factors are responsible for language shift, for example government policies concerning language and education. Most of the subjects in the second and third generation said that they used Indonesian at school because friends, teacher used it too. ...
The Karo language is gradually no longer used in the family domain among Karonese in Medan. The Karonese begins to entirely use Indonesian for their communication needs. This phenomenon signaled language shift among the Karonese. This study aims to (1) describe the factors influencing language shift among Karonese family in Kwala Bekala Village, (2) the pattern of the language shift and (3) the reason for shifting to Indonesian. It employs qualitative research design with a single case study which is conducted descriptively. The subjects of the study are 10 parents and 10 children of Karonese family in Kwala Bekala Village of Medan Johor District. The data were collected by using questionnaire and interview. Miles & Hubersman’s and Spradley’s data analysis is used to analyze the data. The result of study showed that the factors of the language shift among the Karonese are bilingualism, migration, economic factors, social factors, political factors, demographic factors and value and attitude. The types of the language shift that occurs among the Karonese family are the first generation become bilinguals and about 50% of the Karonese have been shifted to Indonesian in family domain and the second generation almost become monolingual and about 90% have been shift to Indonesian. The Karonese shifted from Karo language to Indonesian because of habitual language use, easy interacting and the status of Indonesian.
... It is prudent to acknowledge that bilingualism potentially provides more than social, cultural and economic advantages (e.g., Romaine 2000;King and Mackey 2007). Bilingual cognitive science research suggests active bilingualism over the life span also results in gains in so-called cognitive reserve. ...
The present paper aims to examine the sociolinguistic aspects of Bundeli language particularly language use and language identification among native speakers of the language. Bundeli language, which is widely spoken in the central states of India particularly Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, is found to be gradually diminishing from formal and informal spaces due to the constant rise and influence of Hindi as a dominating official language. The present study intends to examine the level of disappearance of Bundeli from formal and informal discourses. It also aims to identify the mother tongue of Bundeli speakers and their proficiency in the mother tongue, along with Hindi and English being the official languages. The study adopted the Questionnaire Method, Interview Method and Observation Method to collect primary data. One Questionnaire was prepared and used as the main tool to obtain primary data. Data is collected from the native speakers of the Bundeli language of four districts namely Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur and Sagar from Madhya Pradesh and Jhansi from Uttar Pradesh. A total of 480 respondents were taken into consideration for the study which were further divided on the basis of age, gender, and academic qualification. The analysis result shows that the native speakers of Bundeli have identified Bundeli as their mother tongue and the language is their social as well as cultural identity. The study reveals that Bundeli has an alternative name i.e. Bundelkhandi, which is popular in many parts of SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF BUNDELI LANGUAGE 57 Bundelkhand. Both these names are used by the natives irrespective of age, gender and academic qualification. While Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in all schools and colleges of the area under study, Bundeli, as the first language of all participants, has preserved a well-defined space in the academic field informally. The native speakers of Bundeli prefer to use the language in all formal spaces.
The present study explores the realization of triphthongs in Pakistani English. The main purpose of this research is to highlight how Pakistani English speakers pronounce English triphthongs, which sounds are used as a replacement of English triphthongs and what sociolinguistic factors affect the pronunciation of Pakistani English speakers. It is a descriptive study and has a mixed-methods approach. Sociophonetics (Foulkes & Docherty, 2006) is used as a theoretical framework along with Uriel Weinreich’s Language Contact Theory (1950s). Random sampling technique is used to select the participants. A total of 60 participants (30 females and 30 males) are selected from different private colleges of Sialkot, Pakistan. However, only those students are selected who are enrolled in BS Honors in English Literature because the main focus of the study is English language. The participants are between the age of 18 to 25 and students of 1st and 2nd, and 7th and 8th semesters. The word list for the research purpose contains20 words and each word has a triphthong in it. The data is recorded in a calm and peaceful environment at a sampling rate of 48000 Hz using mobile phone and then carefully analyzed through speech analyzer software PRAAT (Boersma &Weenink, n.d.). The recorded responses are then compared to Standard British English. Moreover, sociolinguistic interviews are conducted to highlight the impact of sociolinguistic factors on the speech production of Pakistani speakers.The findings reveal that Pakistani English has its own distinct pronunciation patterns and phonological implications.The influence of regional languages, gender, educational variations, and geographical differences are the cause of pronunciation differences. Future studies may involve a wider range of participants from various regions, cities, different age groups and educational backgrounds in order to broaden the area of phonological analysis in Pakistani English.
A Sociolinguistic Introduction to Slang Abbreviations used by Polish Truckers is a monographic portraying drivers’ imaginativeness in giving names to stranger drivers (also calling them names) operating other vehicles only after reading the serial coding of Powiat of their cars’ license plates. Truckers’ slang features the local and often mutual animosity between/among drives (“us” and “the others”) in everyday communication, especially when it comes to an unavoidable tension or even road collisions on the road. The only authentic material I have collected during countless hours of conversations with other drivers (also over the CB radio), gave me a chance to sociolinguisticly investigate it to answer few fundamental questions on this slang’s communicational nature. The above text answers them all in details.
This study aims to analyze the styles and registers used in Pondok Pesantren Nahdlatul Wathan, a prominent Islamic boarding school in Indonesia, to understand the linguistic dynamics within this unique cultural setting. Grounded in sociolinguistic theories, particularly those by William Labov and John J. Gumperz, the research explores how language variations reflect social roles, settings, and purposes. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive method, the study involves observations and interviews to document and categorize language use. Findings reveal significant variations in language styles, with formal registers employed in academic and administrative contexts and informal styles preval_ent in casual interactions. These linguistic practices are influenced by cultural and religious factors, emphasizing respect, communication effectiveness, and community cohesion. This research contributes to sociolinguistic scholarship by highlighting the interplay between language, identity, and social dynamics in educational and religious environments.
Social (extralinguistic) and associated linguistic patterns from data from the 56 speaker sample in the Northeast Georgia Hispanic community are noted. Again, the models from Chapter 1 are used to describe and to explain the data. Age and gender correlate with language type use in that children of either gender and females of either age group use English and Spanish influenced by English (English-influenced types) more than the older group of informants of either gender or males of either age group. More speakers in the Hispanic community of non-Mexican origin are observed to use more English than speakers of Mexican origin. More non-Mexican as compared to Mexican English interaction may therefore be related to higher convergence rates, especially among South Americans and Guatemalans who showed the highest grammatical convergence rates of all regional groups. On the other hand, usage of code-switching was significantly greater by Mexicans as a group, younger informants, and by those informants who reported more preference for English. Correlations of the language data to the other social factors presented in Chapter 2 are also noted.
This study looked into Sarah Sechan's use of Indonesian-English code-switching on the private-run Net TV talk show host. The study looked at the different kinds of code-switching, its purposes, and the social encouragement provided by code-switching that took place during the conversation. After obtaining the data from the downloaded videos, the theories of Poplack (1980), Gumperz (1982), and Myers-Scotton (1998) were used to analyze the data. The discoveries uncovered that the three sorts of code-switching, the intra-sentential code-switching, the between sentential code-switching and the extra-sentential code-switching existed. The intra-sentential code-switching, which is thought to be the more complex of the three, was used the most frequently in verbal communication. Quote marking, addressee specification, interjections, reiteration, message qualification, personalization versus objectivization, topic switch, affective function, expressive, phatic, metalinguist, and directive were also identified as twelve functions of code-switching. Predominant was the reiteration function. In the meantime, the social triggers of code-switching were identified as the sequence unmarked choice maxim and the deference choice maxim.
Despite the dramatic shifts language teaching approaches have undergone over the globe in the recent past, pedagogy of second and foreign languages in Sri Lanka have largely remained resorted to traditional immersion education which accommodate limited consciousness towards the socio-linguistic and cultural dimensions of non-native learners and teachers. The present study is an evaluation of the prospects of employing translanguaging for teaching Chinese to Sri Lankan learners. The study is supported by empirical data of both qualitative and quantitative nature obtained from 65 informants in a higher education context in Sri Lanka. Findings of the study indicate that conservative monolingual approaches, largely triggered by hegemonic colonial ideologies and practices, are proven futile in modern-day Sri Lankan multilingual setting. The discrepancies of global textbooks coupled with absence of localized textbooks, minimal learner engagement triggered by total immersion and alienation within distant dominant cultural ideology of target language, have resulted in an indifference towards the dynamics of leaners' native language repertoire. Based on existing literature on similar settings, the study perceives that the potentials of tranglanguaging extends beyond mere linguistic competence and has the aptitude to promote learner autonomy, harmonious existence, inclusive learning and decolonized mindset.
English is an international language used by many people in various countries. The ability to use English well can open up international standard educational and employment opportunities, because all companies need employees with a certain level of English skills to reach top positions. Currently there is a phenomenon of people who like to mix Indonesian and English in everyday conversations. This happens because it is influenced by the environment, society, education and trends. People who usually speak one language and then switch to another language, either at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of their speech, are called Bilingual. This research aims to identify the most common types of code switching used by Cinta Laura when creating YouTube content with Sandiaga Uno in the Ruang Sandi Podcast on YouTube. This research uses observation techniques, especially non-participatory, and data collection is carried out by watching one of the contents of the Ruang Sandi Podcast in collaboration with Cinta Laura and only focusing on what she said. The research results show that there are 2 speech data from Tag Code Switching, 10 speech data from Intrasentential Code Switching and 8 speech data from Intersentential Code Switching. The resulting percentage is 10% Tag Code Exchange data, 50% Intrasentential Code Exchange data and 40% Intersentential Code Exchange data.
The aim of this chapter is to expand the discussion on the language of the ‘élite’ classes in Britain by providing some original insights on the fictional audiovisual representation of public figures whose individual upper-class voices can be considered as socially ‘enregistered’ and thus potentially problematic to render in shows with naturalistic intents.
After an overview of the comparatively few studies on the topic of upper-class speech, the chapter provides a revisited list of linguistic features that can be considered typical of this sociolinguistic variety, with a focus on phonological traits; a section is, then, dedicated to the representation of the ‘upper-class character’ in telecinematic fiction. Both the linguistic description and the account on the traditional, often stereotypical rendition of this sociolect are useful for the ensuing discussion of the examples from the case studies. In particular, two figures were selected to provide insights on the topic: first, Lady Diana Spencer, an upper-class English speaker who showed a tendency to use ‘non-U’ features in specific contexts; second, former Prime Minister Boris Johnson, whose idiolect is typical in terms of pronunciation features, but showing signs of ‘creative’ twists in terms of speech elements and mannerisms. Excerpts taken from a few audiovisual products featuring fictional characterisations of these two public figures are analysed in order to show how their distinctive voices were carefully studied by the respective authors.
This article presents a typological survey of verbal numeral classifiers (VNCs) in languages of Eastern Eurasia. As classifiers of occurrence (e.g., to V once, to V twice), VNCs are prevalent in languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia, yet the phenomenon has been largely overlooked in typological studies that have overwhelmingly focused on the adnominal use of numeral classifiers. Analyzing a sample of 543 linguistic varieties, the study categorizes the language families of Eastern Eurasia into three groups based on their use of VNCs: 1) VNCs consistently present in all languages (e.g., Tai-Kadai); 2) VNCs present in some languages (e.g., Sino-Tibetan); and 3) VNCs consistently absent (e.g., Yukaghir). Additionally, the meanings of VNCs are shown to follow a non-random distribution by centering on certain semantic fields, such as quantifying hits with ‘verbs of violence’. The study aims to offer the first step toward an areal typological study of VNCs, highlighting the importance of including this phenomenon in future descriptive work.
The research entitled "Analysis of the Use of Code Mix by English Teachers in Classroom Interaction" aims to identify the types of code mixing used by English teacher as well as the reasons behind their use in the teaching process. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, with the research subject being an English teacher at Mts Anak Bangsa. Data were gathered through observation, documentation, and interviews, and then analyzed using techniques for data reduction, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions, as outlined by Sugiyono. The research findings show that there are three types of code mix used by teachers in classroom interactions, namely intra-sentential code mixing (77.16%), intra-lexical code mixing (12.34%), and involving change of pronunciation (10.50%). Among the three types, intra-sentential code-mixing is the most frequently used. English teachers use code-mixing due to situational factors, intrinsic messages and language attitudes which include dominance and security. The study concludes that teachers' use of code-mixing helps bridge language gaps between teachers and students, thereby enhancing students' comprehension of the subject matter.
This introductory book covers almost all the major areas, domains, issues and aspects of general descriptive linguistics in a very lucid and simplified manner so that anyone interested in language and linguistics can easily gather some ideas about the discipline. The importance of the book lies in its elaborate presentation of information and data for general academic and referential purposes. The book is the first of its kind that tries to furnish new information and findings that are hardly presented before the students and scholars willing to know more about the general aspects of natural languages and linguistics. Since the level of the book is a general one, it does not include the findings of research and investigation, which are more complex in nature and which ask for specialized knowledge of the discipline as traced among the scholars baptized in the discipline called Linguistics. Rather, in simple term, this book includes simple descriptions and analyses of some notable findings and studies on the general areas of linguistics which can easily be liked by students of linguistics and general readers.
In the present global scenario, there is hardly any book on general and descriptive linguistics which can be greatly useful for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Linguistics of colleges and universities of India and other countries. This book is primarily written to address the needs of these learners. Thus, the target readers of this book are undergraduate and postgraduate students of Linguistics in India and similar countries. This book will also be useful for general readers who are interested in various aspects and properties of natural languages and linguistics. It can be referential for scholars and researchers working in various fields of general linguistics (e.g., descriptive linguistics, features of language, origin of language, branches of linguistics, functions of language, human and non-human communication, etc.). The students and teachers of Linguistics can use this book as a reference-cum-text book in classroom teaching.
This study sets out to investigate on language choice and attitudes in public institutions. The study intends to scrutinize the factors that account for the language choice made by some language users at the University of Maroua, i.e., to choose any other languages different from the two official languages. To do this, a random sampling of 250 participants was used. The instrument used is a questionnaire with a purely sociolinguistic undertone. Spolsky’s (2009) Language Management and Fishman’s (1972) Domain Analysis backed up the study as frames. At the end of the analyses, it has been shown that, students, the teaching staff (involving some university Administrators) and the support staff have some positive and negative attitudes following the language choices made in relation with where the communication takes place as well as the language situations such as enabling mutual intelligibility, social inclusion/exclusion, intimacy and showing identity, solidarity and work coordination.
Studying CS in ESL classrooms is significant as it can enhance understanding and facilitate communication between teachers and students. This study aims to analyze the types, functions, and students’ perception of code-switching (hereafter, CS) used by an English teacher at a private school in Pekanbaru, Riau to seek whether it is important to use CS in learning process for ESL students. The subjects of this study were an English teacher of ESL classes and 72 ESL students in the academic year of 2023/2024. This research employs a mixed-method approach with a qualitative descriptive design combined with the use of a questionnaire, which is suitable for capturing both the depth and breadth of the phenomenon. To identify the types and functions of CS, the researcher recorded the teacher’s utterances and distributed the questionnaire to get the students’ perception. The data were analyzed using Poplack’s (1980) three types of CS and Cahyani et al.’s (2016) four functions of CS. The results showed that the teacher’s most frequently used type of CS is intra-sentential CS. Additionally, the teacher employed CS to ensure students understand the instructions given. The students showed a positive perception of the teacher’s CS since it helped them understand and comprehend the classroom activities. These results highlight the importance of strategic CS in enhancing student comprehension and participation in ESL classrooms, suggesting broader implications for teaching practices in multilingual settings.
This study aimed to investigate code-switching patterns in political and law articles in Kompas newspaper, one of the leading national newspapers in Indonesia with the highest editorial quality from an Indonesian perspective. This study is limited to political and law articles by conducting an in-depth descriptive analysis to clarify the types of code-switching using Gumperz's (1977) theory. Data were randomly selected for 4 months, from January 1, 2010, to April 30, 2010, for 16 editions. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The results show that there are 4 types of code-switching in political and law articles in Kompas newspaper, i.e., (1) metaphorical code-switching, (2) conversational code-switching, (3) interstitial code-switching, and (4) intrasentential code-switching. Situational code-switching and tag-switching were not found in this study. Four out of six sub-types of conversational code-switching were found, i.e., (i) interjection, (ii) reiteration, (iii) message qualification, and (iv) personalization vs objectivizations. On the other hand, two sub-types of conversational code-switching, namely quotations and address specifications, were not found. Keywords: Code_Switching; Kompas_ Newspaper; Political and Law Articles
This study addresses variation in the realization of intervocalic /b/ in the Spanish of Rivera, Uruguay, a border community that is bilingual in Portuguese and Spanish. While Spanish has one phoneme that corresponds to the graphemes ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which is normally realized as an approximant or deleted intervocalically, Portuguese contrasts a voiced bilabial stop phoneme /b/ with a voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /v/. Sociolinguistic interviews from 40 native speakers of Riverense Spanish were analyzed acoustically using a consonant-vowel intensity ratio as a correlate of the degree of constriction in the realization of intervocalic /b/. Results indicate that speakers that use more Portuguese are more likely to contrast degree of constriction in words with Portuguese /b/ and /v/ cognates. Speakers that primarily use Spanish, on the other hand, contrast constriction based on orthography, a phenomenon that has been called “pedantic v” and “orthographic loyalty” in other Spanish varieties.
La présente étude est dédiée à un aspect spécifique de la variation pragmatique: le marquage évidentiel en français camerounais. Basée sur des interviews conduites pendant la pandémie de Covid19, elle s’intéresse au balisage de rumeurs et aux pratiques épistémiques qui les accompagnent. D’un point de vue linguistique, les rumeurs que l’on peut qualifier comme de courtes narrations aux contenus controversés et non légitimés par les instances officielles, ont un double visage: s’y amalgament information incertaine et reprise de paroles d’autrui à l’origine obscure. Alors que la source inconnue est fréquemment signalée à l’aide d’un marquage évidentiel, le statut contesté de l’information engendre souvent des négociations épistémiques. Notre étude pilote est consacrée à une exploration de ces deux facettes de la rumeur. L’analyse empirique se focalise sur une forme régionale de français fortement influencée par les langues de contact présentes dans son milieu. Par ce fait, elle vise à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la variation diatopique du marquage évidentiel et, de manière globale, de l’épistémicité, encore peu étudiée jusqu’ici.
En este libro presento una etnografía virtual cuyo objetivo es describir las formas en
que residentes bilingües de Tijuana usan el inglés con el español en sus prácticas translingües. Analizo cómo esta tendencia está relacionada con sus prácticas de consumo comercial y mediático, con sus prácticas de cruce fronterizo y con sus adscripciones identitarias. Argumento que existe una fuerte relación entre el uso del inglés, la expresión de las emociones y el consumo de entretenimiento estadounidense en inglés. Este consumo ha influido sobre la idealización de formas de vida de los sujetos porque divulga subjetividad capitalística en la que el inglés se asume como un capital simbólicom que posibilita la participación en una comunidad cosmopolita.
The study focuses on the impact of the non-standard isiZulu on standard isiZulu. The attention is on non-standard language and its impact on scholarly composition and learning. The focus is on third-year students doing isiZulu as a home language at the University of Johannesburg. The observation of assessments: written essays, and oral presentation results influenced this study. The findings suggest that the environment students reside could be the contributing factor. As a result, they continue with this disarray even in a learning environment, when writing essays and doing oral presentations. Research implies that reading, writing, listening, and speaking are language skills that a learner should master. Therefore, every learner must master these skills at the receptive level of learning. Failure to do so is likely to affect the academic writing and learning.
The paper is an attempt to reflect on various aspects of a reversible binomial form of address, a Georgian equivalent of the English formula for addressing an audience Ladies and Gentlemen. The discussions of its constituent terms within the system of Georgian forms of address, of their etymology and semantic development, of some aspects related to its combinability with other terms lay a foundation for establishing explications of both its individual constituent terms and the reversible binomial form of address (including its both feminine-first and masculine-first variants, the ordering principles of which hardly pertaining to a speaker’s gender preferences) based on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. All of these aspects of the investigation
facilitate identification of various, normally both language- and culture-specific peculiarities of the form and terms in point.
This chapter investigates how the South African Broadcasting Corporation’s (SABC) television channel, SABC 1, uses an ecological understanding of polyglossia to maintain and create ethnolinguistic dominance. Key arguments this chapter will make are as follows: (1) polyglossia is a language ideology masquerading as ethnolinguistic pluralism, (2) there is a loss of ethnolinguistic pluralism in SABC 1 because of the polyglot culture and its transmission, and (3) isiZulu is emerging as a language and cultural flare of the channel. This chapter concluded that isiZulu’s presence is rising in a soap initially meant to be a Sepedi show. Moreover, this has negative consequences for language equality in the SABC.
Linguistics is conspicuously absent from language teaching in UK schools. A‐level cultural topics cover a range of themes such as cyber‐society, cultural heritage and multiculturalism, but the approach taken to these topics is not informed by linguistics. In previous work, we have argued that this is an unfortunate omission not only because linguistics is appealing to many language students and perceived by them to be useful, but also because the existing cultural topics could be significantly enriched by the inclusion of the critical/analytical study of language itself. In this paper, we provide concrete examples of how linguistics can be integrated into the existing A‐level curriculum for Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) in England and Wales. Reporting on a project in which teachers trialled linguistics materials co‐created by us (a group of academics) and experienced languages teachers, we present evidence that linguistics materials are perceived to be both highly novel and nonetheless compatible with the existing A‐level curriculum. Data from questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews with participating teachers also show that: (i) these new materials can be taught with little or no prior experience of linguistics; and (ii) adding linguistics materials to the curriculum leads to significant impacts on teacher and pupil attitudes towards language(s). Despite some challenges, which we also discuss, the results highlight again the great potential of linguistics as a component of language teaching and the contribution that it can make to the enrichment of the discipline.
This research aimed at finding out the types and influencing factors of Code Switching in Bilingual Children Found in Suka Damai Play Group of Kotakeo. It was conducted in Kotakeo village, Nangaroro sub-district of Nagekeo regency. This study used descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the Code Switching Found in suka Damai Play Group. The theory of Wardaugh (2002) was used to discuss the types of code switching and the Holmes’ theory (2001) used to discuss the influencing factors. The result of this study indicates that were two types of code switching: situational code switching and intra-sentential code switching. The influencing factors of code switching were status and topic. The uniqueness of this research were found one of the two types of code switching which very dominant was situational code switching that influenced by topic in bilingual children found in Suka Damai Play Group of Kotakeo.
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