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Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data:: A Model Comparison Perspective
Journal of the American Statistical Association
... Tampaknya keyakinan kuat ini juga berakar dari keyakinan saya bahwa "... kebenaran itu akan memerdekakan kamu" (Yohanes 8:32) dan bahwa "...segala yang diciptakanNya itu, sungguh amat baik" (Kejadian 1:31) getis, sumber dari banyak penulis kuantitatif seperti Borsboom (2006). Maxwell, Delaney, and Kelley (2003), Meehl (1978), Rodgers (2010), dan lain-lain. Saya menemukan bahwa saat ini ada cukup banyak tokoh yang mendorong psikologi untuk beralih (atau seharusnya sudah beralih) pada falsafah keilmuan yang berbeda, bukan lagi positivistik. ...
... Namun demikian mengabaikan adanya variabel ketiga ini, kare-kibatkan bias estimasi dari analisis yang dilakukan (Berry, 1993;Maxwell et al., 2003;Santoso, 2014). Selain itu, solusi yang lebih tepat sebenarnya sudah tersedia, yaitu dengan melibatkan interaksi antar variabel independen dan kovarian ke dalam model linear yang dikenal dengan atribute × treatment interaction (Cronbach, 1975;Pedhazur, 1997). ...
... Hingga saat ini, dapat dikatakan bahwa paradigma keilmuan yang dominan dianut oleh arus utama psikologi, dan karenanya psikometri, adalah positivisme. Paradigma ini mempengaruhi psikometri sangat kuat dalam 75 tahun pertama abad 20 (Maxwell et al., 2003) dan pengaruhnya masih terus dirasakan hingga sekarang. ...
Pidato Dies mengenai gagasan mendorong Psikometri di Indonesia untuk membenahi diri dalam dua hal : (1). Pembenahan praktek analisis psikometri / statistik di Psikologi untuk meningkatkan integritas keilmuan dengan aplikasi psikometri yang berkesadaran (mindful psychometric practices) dan (2) Pengembangan Psikometri sebagai kumpulan metodologi, bukan sekedar metode, yang kritis yang dilandasi oleh epistemologi realisme kritis serta semangat untuk berperan terhadap perubahan sosial.
... Random: Subject, Time]. To determine the best fit of each model, we measured the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) of four commonly used covariance models: compound symmetry, scaled identity, AR(1), and unstructured (Magezi, 2015;Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). The scaled identity model, assuming repeated measures may be independent but with equal variance (Magezi, 2015;Maxwell & Delaney, 2004), provided the lowest AIC and BIC scores. ...
... To determine the best fit of each model, we measured the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) of four commonly used covariance models: compound symmetry, scaled identity, AR(1), and unstructured (Magezi, 2015;Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). The scaled identity model, assuming repeated measures may be independent but with equal variance (Magezi, 2015;Maxwell & Delaney, 2004), provided the lowest AIC and BIC scores. We used a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) model with the Satterthwaite approximation in SPSS. ...
The value associated with reward is sensitive to external factors, such as the time between the choice and reward delivery as classically manipulated in temporal discounting tasks. Subjective preference for two reward options is dependent on objective variables of reward magnitude and reward delay. Single neuron correlates of reward value have been observed in regions, including ventral striatum, orbital, and medial prefrontal cortex. Brain imaging studies show cortico-striatal-limbic network activity related to subjective preferences. To explore how oscillatory dynamics represent reward processing across brain regions, we measured local field potentials of rats performing a temporal discounting task. Our goal was to use a data-driven approach to identify an electrophysiological marker that correlates with reward preference. We found that reward-locked oscillations at beta frequencies signaled the magnitude of reward and decayed with longer temporal delays. Electrodes in orbitofrontal/medial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, ventral striatum, and amygdala individually increased power and were functionally connected at beta frequencies during reward outcome. Beta power during reward outcome correlated with subjective value as defined by a computational model fit to the discounting behavior. These data suggest that cortico-striatal beta oscillations are a reward signal correlated, which may represent subjective value and hold potential to serve as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target.
... The results showed that normal distribution was not achieved for all groups with significant levels p > 0.05 (see Appendix E). The data however looks somewhat normally distributed (Appendix E) and since adequate sample size was determined based on G*power (n = 27 per group, see Appendix C) the nonnormality is not considered problematic (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004;Micceri, 1989), especially if sample sizes are large and equal and homogeneity of variance is satisfied (Sawilowsky & Blair, 1992). Outliers were identified with boxplots and QQ-plots in two of the six groups: there were six outliers in the overrepresentation and migration background respondent group, and two outliers in the proportionate representation and white respondent group (Appendix E). ...
... Two assumptions of ANOVA were violated: the normality of assumptions and assumptions of no outliers in the dataset. Outliers were however retained to retain integrity of the data and the non-normality is arguably not problematic for the robustness of the ANOVA considering the equality of variance and adequate sample size (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). ...
This study addresses a research gap in current understanding of symbolic bureaucratic representation in the police force by examining the relationship between trust in the police and representation of migration background in the Dutch police force in metropolitan areas. The study extends earlier findings of symbolic representation in different countries, by attuning earlier studies to a Dutch context. The study is furthermore innovative in varying representation at three levels of representation (underrepresentation, proportionate representation and overrepresentation). The results show that representation of migration background in the Dutch police force does not influence trust in the police for residents in the metropolitan regions and that this effect is not different for people with and without a migration background. Future research is however recommended to confirm these findings by repeating the research in a larger and more representative sample.
... Also, three linear mixed-effects models were built to account for CIT, crossing duration and vehicle delay. The full model of potential predictors based on theoretical reasoning (Maxwell et al. 2017) is proposed in Eq (2.1) which is written using Wilkson notation (Wilkinson and Rogers 1973). (2.1) ...
... Also, only the trials in which the pedestrian crossed first were considered in the models for walking speed and vehicle delay similar to the DSS. The full model of potential predictors based on theoretical reasoning (Maxwell et al., 2017) is proposed in Eq 4.1 which is written using Wilkson notation (Wilkinson & Rogers, 1973). ...
There are some aspects of driver-pedestrian interactions at unsignalised locations that remain poorly understood. Understanding these aspects is vital for promoting road traffic safety in general which involves the interaction of human road users. On the other hand, recent developments in vehicle automation have called for investigating human-robot interactions before the deployment of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) on roads so that they can communicate effectively with pedestrians making them trustworthy and reliable road users. To understand such interactions, one can simulate interactive scenarios studying various factors affecting road user decision-making processes through lab and naturalistic studies. To quantify such scenarios, mathematical models of human behaviour can be useful. One of these mathematical models that is capable of capturing interactions is game theory (GT). GT can provide valuable insights and strategies to help resolve road user interactions by analysing the behaviour of different participants in traffic situations and suggesting optimal decisions for each party. Thus, the current doctoral thesis aimed to investigate vehicle-pedestrian interactions at unsignalised crossings using GT models, applied to both lab-based and naturalistic data. One of the main aims of the current thesis was to understand how two or more human road users can communicate in a safe and controlled manner demonstrating behaviours of a game-theoretic nature. Thus, an experimental paradigm was created in the form of a distributed simulator study (DSS), by connecting a motion-based driving simulator to a CAVE-based pedestrian simulator to achieve this goal. It was found that the DSS could generate scenarios where participants interact actively showing similar communication patterns to those observed in real traffic. Another prominent finding was the stronger role of vehicle kinematics than personality traits for determining interaction outcomes at unmarked crossings, i.e. whether the pedestrian or driver passed first. To quantify the observations made from the DSS, five computational models namely four GT and one logit model were developed, tested and compared using this dataset. The GT models were obtained from both conventional and behavioural GT literature (CGT and BGT, respectively). This was done to bridge a gap in the previous research, specifically the lack of a comparison between these two modelling approaches in the context of vehicle-pedestrian interactions. Overall, the findings showed that: 1) DSS is a reliable source for the testing and development of GT models; 2) there is a high behaviour variability among road users highlighting the value of studying individualised data in such studies; 3) the BGT models showed promising results in predicting interaction outcomes and simulating the whole interaction process, when compared to the conventional models. These findings suggest that future studies should proceed to adopt, test, and develop BGT approaches for future HAV-human road user interaction studies. To validate the findings of the first two studies, a naturalistic study was conducted in the city of Leeds using state-of-the-art sensors. The sensors gathered road user data including their trajectory and speed over time. The findings from observations revealed similar communication patterns between drivers and pedestrians as in the DSS, suggesting a high degree of relative validity of the experimental paradigm. The results for the computational models were similar but the differences among the models were less noticeable compared to when the models tested against the controlled dataset. Overall, this thesis illustrates that the experimental paradigm and BGT models developed as part of the PhD programme have potential applications for HAV decision-making and motion planning algorithms, as well as traffic safety in general.
... Respondents who became research subjects consisted of 24 respondents divided into 12 male respondents and 12 female respondents who were homogeneous. The adequacy of data calculated by the researcher used "effect size d" (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). This value is taken from the dependent variable which has the greatest power consist of power 1 -β = 0,8. ...
... Effect Size d Table(Maxwell & Delaney, 2004) ...
... The use of respondents as many as 24 people is considered sufficient when using the calculation of effect size d as follows (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004 From the results above, it shows a power of d=1.321 which is close to 1.25 so that when viewed in the effect size d table in Table 1, with a power of 0.8 and the number of levels 2, namely the control group and experimental group, the minimum number of respondents is 12. So that the number of 24 respondents is sufficient to measure the minimum number of respondents (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). ...
... The use of respondents as many as 24 people is considered sufficient when using the calculation of effect size d as follows (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004 From the results above, it shows a power of d=1.321 which is close to 1.25 so that when viewed in the effect size d table in Table 1, with a power of 0.8 and the number of levels 2, namely the control group and experimental group, the minimum number of respondents is 12. So that the number of 24 respondents is sufficient to measure the minimum number of respondents (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). ...
... The mathematical model for a completely randomized design can be defined by the following formula: (1,5,8) = + + , ℎ = 1 ,2, … , t & j = 1,2, … , r (1) whereas: ...
... One-way ANOVA [40] was used to analyze the statistical significance of differences in the average number of full seeds per boll among the different G. hirsutum accessions. This analysis tested for statistically significant differences between the mean number of full seeds across the groups. ...
Background/Objectives: The classification and phylogenetic relationships of Gossypium hirsutum L. landraces, despite their proximity to southern Mexico, remain unresolved. This study aimed to clarify these relationships using SSR markers and hybridization methods, focusing on subspecies and race differentiation within G. hirsutum L. Methods: Seventy polymorphic SSR markers (out of 177 tested) were used to analyze 141 alleles and calculate genetic distances among accessions. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using MEGA software (version 11.0.13) and visualized in a phylogenetic tree. ANOVA in NCSS 12 was used for statistical analysis. Over 1000 inter-race crosses were conducted to assess boll-setting rates. Results: Distinct phylogenetic patterns were identified between G. hirsutum subspecies and races, correlating with boll-setting rates. Latifolium, richmondii, and morilli showed no significant increase in boll-setting rates in reciprocal crosses. Cultivars Omad and Bakht, as paternal parents, yielded higher boll-setting rates. Religiosum and yucatanense displayed high boll- and seed-setting rates as maternal parents but low rates as paternal parents. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between cultivars ‘Omad’ and ‘Bakht’ with G. hirsutum race richmondii, indicating their close evolutionary relationship. Conclusions: Reciprocal differentiation characteristics of G. hirsutum subspecies and races, particularly religiosum and yucatanense, should be considered during hybridization for genetic and breeding studies. Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among G. hirsutum taxa is crucial for exploring the genetic diversity of this economically important species.
... Tables 5 and 6 show that regardless of the averaging technique the estimates remain identical, but the p values and R 2 values can change drastically. These discrepancies are likely due to how the variance is being decomposed (see Maxwell et al. (2017)). The grand-averaged analyses on the in-lab sample come closest to replicating the results of Casasanto & Boroditsky (2008), though the magnitude of the effect is smaller. ...
Everything in our environment moves through both space and time, and to effectively act we must be aware of both spatial and temporal elements in relation to our own bodies. Thus, perceptions of space and time have an intimate relationship. Walsh’s a theory of magnitude (ATOM) suggests that space and time perception rely on a general magnitude system and their relationship should be roughly symmetrical. Alternatively, metaphor theory, which is based on the philosophical work of Lakoff and Johnson, argues that we represent time using a spatial metaphor and thus the relationship should be asymmetrical (with space influencing time more than time influences space). A compelling line of evidence for metaphor theory comes from the work of Casasanto & Boroditsky. Cognition, 106(2), 579–593. (2008) who experimentally demonstrated this asymmetric effect. However, in our previous unpublished online replication attempt of this work, we found a roughly symmetrical relationship between space and time, more in line with the theoretical predictions of ATOM. Given this, we performed a registered replication of Casasanto & Boroditsky. Cognition, 106(2), 579–593. (2008) in both an online and laboratory environment.
... Of course, the early abort system is present in cases where the alignment is too extreme to work. In terms of the statistical hypothesis tests used, one may recall that ANOVA testing typically makes three assumptions [51]: a) independent observations, b) normally distributed outcomes, c) and homogeneity of variances. It is clear by examining the figures in Section IX that several measures (e.g., vii)) violate the third assumption. ...
The application of autonomous robotics to close-contact healthcare tasks has a clear role for the future due to its potential to reduce infection risks to staff and improve clinical efficiency. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sample collection for diagnosing upper-respiratory illnesses is one type of close contact task that is interesting for robotics due to the dexterity requirements and the unobservability of the nasal cavity. We propose a control system that performs the test using a collaborative manipulator arm with an instrumented end-effector to take visual and force measurements, under the scenario that the patient is unrestrained and the tools are general enough to be applied to other close contact tasks. The system employs a visual servo controller to align the swab with the nostrils. A compliant joint velocity controller inserts the swab along a trajectory optimized through a simulation environment, that also reacts to measured forces applied to the swab. Additional subsystems include a fuzzy logic system for detecting when the swab reaches the nasopharynx and a method for detaching the swab and aborting the procedure if safety criteria is violated. The system is evaluated using a second robotic arm that holds a nasal cavity phantom and simulates the natural head motions that could occur during the procedure. Through extensive experiments, we identify controller configurations capable of effectively performing the NP swab test even with significant head motion, which demonstrates the safety and reliability of the system.
... The normally distributed data was expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and data not normally distributed was expressed as the median ± interquartile range (IRQ). Rectal temperature, viremia, shedding and antibody response data collected as repeated measures throughout the study were analysed by fitting a mixed model, which used a compound symmetry covariance matrix and was fitted using Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) with Geisser-Greenhouse correction (Maxwell and Delaney, 2004). Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis tests with post hoc Dunn's test with corrections for multiple comparisons were performed to determine differences in groups for viral loads in tissues, lung pathology including PRRSV-specific Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PRRSV-specific cellular immune responses (single measures). ...
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a novel member of the Pestivirus genus detected in association with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II outbreaks and from apparently healthy pigs, both as singular infection and as part of multi-pathogen infections. 'Classical' pestiviruses are known to cause immunosuppression of their host, which can increase susceptibility to secondary infections, severely impacting health, welfare, and production. To investigate APPV's effect on the host's immune system and characterise disease outcomes, 12 piglets from a natural APPV CT type A-II outbreak were experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a significant porcine pathogen. Rectal temperatures indicating febrile responses, viremia and viral-specific humoral and cellular responses were assessed throughout the study. Pathological assessment of the lungs and APPV-PRRSV co-localisation within the lungs was performed at necropsy. Viral co-localisation and pathological assessment of the lungs (Immunohistochemistry, BaseScope in situ hybridisation) were performed post-mortem. APPV status did not impact virological or immunological differences in PRRSV-infected groups. However, significantly higher rectal temperatures were observed in the APPV+ve/PRRSV+ve group over four days, indicating APPV increased the febrile response. Significant differences in the lung consolidation of the apical and intermediate lobes were also present, suggesting that APPV co-infection may augment lung pathology.
... The research methodology relies on the well-known tasks of the scientific method and the experiment design (Montgomery, 2017;Maxwell et al., 2017;Campbell and Stanley, 2015). These tasks define the following: Problem; Hypothesis; Independent variables; Dependent variables; Control variables; Sampling; Experiment procedures; Data Collection; Data analysis. ...
The use of Digital Intelligent Assistants (DIAs) in manufacturing aims to enhance performance and reduce cognitive workload. By leveraging the advanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), the research aims to understand the impact of DIAs on assembly processes, emphasizing human-centric design and operational efficiency. The study is novel in considering the three primary objectives: evaluating the technical robustness of DIAs, assessing their effect on operators' cognitive workload and user experience, and determining the overall performance improvement of the assembly process. Methodologically, the research employs a laboratory experiment, incorporating a controlled setting to meticulously assess the DIA's performance. The experiment used a between-subjects design comparing a group of participants using the DIA against a control group relying on traditional manual methods across a series of assembly tasks. Findings reveal a significant enhancement in the operators' experience, a reduction in cognitive load, and an improvement in the quality of process outputs when the DIA is employed. The article contributes to the study of the DIA's potential and AI integration in manufacturing, offering insights into the design, development, and evaluation of DIAs in industrial settings.
... A priori comparisons between the saline and drug conditions for each stimulus type were conducted regardless of the interaction term results. This approach allowed us to test our specific hypotheses directly without relying on post hoc tests that are dependent on interaction effects (Dean and Voss 1999;Maxwell et al. 2017). By using a 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA and predefining our comparisons, we were able to efficiently analyze the data while maintaining control over Type I error rates and focusing on our primary research questions. ...
Experience plays a pivotal role in determining our food preferences. Consuming food generates odor–taste associations that shape our perceptual judgements of chemosensory stimuli, such as their intensity, familiarity, and pleasantness. The process of making consummatory choices relies on a network of brain regions to integrate and process chemosensory information. The mediodorsal thalamus is a higher-order thalamic nucleus involved in many experience-dependent chemosensory behaviors, including olfactory attention, odor discrimination, and the hedonic perception of flavors. Recent research has shown that neurons in the mediodorsal thalamus represent the sensory and affective properties of experienced odors, tastes, and odor–taste mixtures. However, its role in guiding consummatory choices remains unclear. To investigate the influence of the mediodorsal thalamus in the consummatory choice for experienced odors, tastes, and odor–taste mixtures, we pharmacologically inactivated the mediodorsal thalamus during 2-bottle brief-access tasks. We found that inactivation altered the preference for specific odor–taste mixtures, significantly reduced consumption of the preferred taste and increased within-trial sampling of both chemosensory stimulus options. Our results show that the mediodorsal thalamus plays a crucial role in consummatory decisions related to chemosensory preference and attention.
... Adjustments to fine and coarse aggregate contents were made to maintain a consistent volume fraction, ensuring a workable and technique (ASTM G59-97(2020)) [48], employing a threeelectrode system to measure polarization resistance and calculate corrosion current density. To gain insights into the significance of factors influencing the properties of the concrete mixes, statistical analysis, including "analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis", was conducted [49]. ANOVA was used to evaluate the impact of GO and LC3 on various mechanical and durability properties, while regression analysis was employed to establish correlations between "compressive strength and split tensile strength". ...
This study investigates the synergistic effects of graphene oxide (GO) and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared, including a reference mix, conventional concrete with 0.04% GO, and LC3 mixes with different clinker to calcined clay ratios (50:30, 45:35, and 40:40), both with and without GO. The mechanical properties were evaluated through compressive strength and split tensile strength tests, while durability was assessed using rapid chloride permeability, rapid chloride migration, water absorption, and corrosion rate measurements. The results revealed that the incorporation of GO in conventional concrete significantly improved both mechanical and durability properties. Among the LC3 mixes, the 45:35 clinker to calcined clay ratio exhibited the best performance. The combination of GO and LC3 resulted in remarkable enhancements, with the LC3 mix containing 0.04% GO and a 45:35 clinker to calcined clay ratio demonstrating the highest strength and durability performance. A strong positive correlation between compressive strength and split tensile strength was observed, and a power function equation was derived to predict split tensile strength based on compressive strength. The findings highlight the potential of combining GO and optimized LC3 for the development of sustainable and high-performance concrete with enhanced mechanical properties and durability.
... Two of these questions were focused on the textbook as learning resource, while the other two were open-ended questions designed to collect data on the other resources used by students to learn the course materials before using Osmosis. The last four questions (Post-Osmosis Questions) numbered 9-12 in the survey questionnaire,were designed to collect data about the students' learning experience after receiving access to the Osmosis digital learning platform and the specific features within this multimedia learning tool and posttest-only nonequivalent groups, were used for the analysis of the data collected[13].Data analysis was performed using Excel version 2403 and R Studio 2023.06.2, which is an open-source platform for data analysis. ...
Background
Medical students face the challenge of learning vast amounts of complex information. Existing research suggests improved learning outcomes using multimedia resources but reports on their impact on podiatric education are scarce. To explore the potential of multimedia‐based learning tools in enriching medical education, this study examined the impact of Osmosis, a platform featuring interactive videos, flashcards, and self‐assessment quizzes on podiatric medical student outcomes.
Methods
This quasi‐experimental study examined the impact of Osmosis, a multimedia learning platform with videos, flashcards, and quizzes, on podiatric medical students' learning outcomes. Two cohorts (T = Osmosis access, N = 86; C = no access, N = 87) took Pharmacology and Podiatric Medicine courses consecutively. Final exam scores, final course grades, platform usage metrics (median weekly videos watched, flashcards, and quizzes), and student experience surveys were analyzed.
Results
Analyses revealed no statistically significant differences in final exam scores between the groups in Pharmacology and Podiatric Medicine. While the treatment group exhibited a slight upward trend, further research is required for conclusive evidence. Student perceptions of Osmosis were overwhelmingly positive, with 90.2% of students agreeing that it facilitated concept learning and understanding compared to 54.9% for the textbook. Similarly, 80.4% of the treatment group felt that Osmosis enhanced their test performance, exceeding the 54.9% recorded for the textbook. Correlation analysis indicates a plausible connection between platform usage and academic success, as reflected by moderate positive correlations (r = [0.14, 0.28]) with final grades. Logistic regression analysis revealed that students with Osmosis access were 2.88 times more likely to score 90% or higher on the Pharmacology final exam (p < 0.05) and exhibited increased odds of achieving high (90%+) final course grades in Podiatric Medicine (OR = 2.71).
Conclusions
These findings suggest that Osmosis holds promise as a tool to support podiatric medical student learning. While the lack of statistically significant differences in final exam scores warrants further investigation, the positive student perceptions, high engagement rates, and increased odds of high scores in specific areas indicate the potential for Osmosis to positively impact academic outcomes. Therefore, a multimedia‐based resource like Osmosis appears to show promise as a tool to support podiatric medical education. The limitations inherent in the quasi‐experimental design necessitate further studies to confirm its effectiveness and long‐term impact on podiatric medical education.
... Bonferroni correction was applied in consideration of the experiment-wise error rate caused by the alpha level inflating across multiple tests carried out with the same hypothesis: corrected p = .05/number of comparisons (Cabin and Mitchell 2000;Maxwell and Delaney 2004). This was necessary since the same hypothesis was analyzed repeatedly across the multiple levels of the within-subjects factor (Cabin and Mitchell 2000). ...
Electrochromic (EC) glazing allows modulating the intensity of visual and solar transmission by dynamically switching between bleached (clear) and tinted (colored) states, leading to changes in spectral power distribution (SPD), correlated color temperature (CCT), and illuminance of the incoming daylight. In this experimental study, we investigated the impact of spectral composition of daylight filtered through a 6-pane EC façade on visual task performance and visual perception.
In a semi-controlled test room, 19 subjects were exposed to five setting scenarios of the EC façade (fully bleached, mixed setting after fully bleached, fully tinted, mixed setting after fully tinted, and user-controlled). Test subjects performed a series of visual tasks, and their assessments of the indoor environment and of the outside view were collected along with luminous and spectral measurements under each condition. The analysis provided statistical evidence that the changes in spectral composition of daylight do not have a practically relevant effect on visual task performance in terms of visual acuity and color naming accuracy. However, the daylight filtered through the fully tinted glazing had a substantive impact on visual perception, evoking negative responses to the color rendering of the indoor environment and of the outside view. A mixed settings of the EC façade could improve a natural assessment of the incoming light compared to the fully tinted state, achieving better ratings in terms of perception of the indoor and outdoor environments. When given control of the EC glazing, subjects expressed higher acceptance and satisfaction compared to the tinted and mixed scenarios.
... Besides aligning with Moll and Davies (2021), we considered these analyses more appropriate than analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with pre-manipulation scores as covariate. This is because we wanted to know whether there were significant changes from pre-to post-manipulation within a specific condition and how the average change differed for the two conditions rather than how participants differed at post-manipulation if the two conditions had the same pre-manipulation scoreas tested with the ANCOVA (Maxwell, Delaney, & Kelley, 2004;Kisbu-Sakarya et al., 2013). Effect sizes are reported as Cohen's d with 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 representing small, medium, and large effect sizes respectively (Cohen, 1992). ...
... For Table 10, each column represents a different regression model, and each horizontal panel a different ethnic group. All effects were tested with the Type III sum of squares for the unique contribution of each variable over and above the contribution of all other variables in the model (Maxwell & Delaney, 1990). First, dummy variables were created for ethnicity, one each for American Indians, Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics. ...
... First, the sample size in the remittent PLEs group is small, which raises concerns about insufficient statistical power to detect differences between this group and others. However, the Tukey correction was used in the current pairwise comparisons among different PLEs groups, which is considered to be reliable even for an unequal sample size situation (Maxwell et al., 2017;Jaccard et al., 1984). For example, previous research showed that this approach is applicable even when there is a huge group disparity in sample size (e.g., 40:1) (Keselman et al., 1976). ...
... Whereas the ANCOVA evaluated the data against the hypothesis that the group means of the three populations were identical, we were also interested in specific differences between particular groups. In some cases, post hoc tests can be powerful enough to find significant differences between group means even if the overall ANOVA has a p-value greater than the defined significance level (Hsu, 1996;Maxwell et al., 2017). Post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections while controlling for pretest performance were used to provide a more focused and powerful analysis of whether the Drawing+Hand group performed better than any of the other two groups. ...
Understanding normal probability distributions is a crucial objective in mathematics and statistics education. Drawing upon cognitive psychology research, this study explores the use of drawings and visualizations as effective scaffolds to enhance students' comprehension. Although much research has documented the helpfulness of drawing as a research tool to reveal students’ knowledge states, its direct utility in advancing higher-order cognitive processes remains understudied. In Study 1, qualitative methods were utilized to identify common misunderstandings among students regarding canonical depictions of the normal probability distribution. Building on these insights, Study 2 experimentally compared three instructional videos (static slides, dynamic drawing, and dynamic drawings done by a visible hand). The hand drawing video led to better learning than the other versions. Study 3 examined whether the benefits from observing a hand drawing could be reproduced by a dynamic cursor moving around otherwise static slides (without the presence of a hand). Results showed no significant learning difference between observing a hand drawing and a moving cursor, both outperforming a control. This research links the cognitive process of drawing with its educational role and provides insights into its potential to enhance memory, cognition, and inform instructional methods.
... We expect that there will be no change between baseline and post-intervention measurements in the control group. We did not consider power for the overall and multiple pairwise comparisons between different groups, nor will we correct for multiple comparisons because of the exploratory nature of the pilot study [67][68][69][70][71]. ...
Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is defined as a diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in individuals younger than 50 years of age. While overall CRC rates in the United States (US) decreased between 2001 and 2018, EOCRC rates have increased. This research project aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of Time-Restricted Eating (TRE), Mindfulness, or TRE combined with Mindfulness among young to middle-aged adults at risk of EOCRC. Forty-eight participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: TRE, Mindfulness, TRE and Mindfulness, or Control. Data on feasibility, adherence, and acceptability will be collected. Measures assessed at baseline and post-intervention will include body weight, body composition, dietary intake, physical activity, sleep behavior, circulating biomarkers, hair cortisol, and the gut microbiome. The effects of the intervention on the following will be examined: (1) acceptability and feasibility; (2) body weight, body composition, and adherence to TRE; (3) circulating metabolic, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarkers; (4) intestinal inflammation; and (5) the gut microbiome. TRE, combined with Mindfulness, holds promise for stress reduction and weight management among individuals at risk of EOCRC. The results of this pilot study will inform the design and development of larger trials aimed at preventing risk factors associated with EOCRC.
... Since 2001, the American Psychological Association requires authors to "routinely provide evidence that your study has sufficient power to detect effects of substantive interest" (American Psychological Association 2001, p. 24). In addition, the topic is now covered by many introductory text books at the graduate and undergraduate level (Cohen et al. 2003;Maxwell et al. 2018), and power analysis software (see below) is readily available. ...
... First, the comparatively small sample size limits the interpretability of the results. At the same time, the within subjects-design used is superior to a between-subjects design in terms of power under the assumption of normally distributed data (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004), so preliminary conclusions can certainly be drawn from the results that warrant further research. Nevertheless, a future increase in sample size would be necessary to potentially support the findings of the present study with higher statistical power, which is especially true for the moderating effects. ...
Assessing another person’s intention to flirt and, relatedly, their sexual interest is based on the interpretation and weighting of global (e.g., clothing style) and specific (e.g., facial expression) cues. Since cue incongruency increases the risk of erroneous judgments and thus can entail undesirable outcomes for both parties involved, detection of an individual propensity for overly relying on global (sexual) rather than specific (affective) cues is of social and clinical-forensic importance. Using a purpose-designed and pre-validated stimulus set, we developed a mouse-tracking task as an indirect behavioral measure for males’ overreliance on global cues (OGC) in the context of sexual flirting. In a convenience sample of heterosexual cisgender men (N = 79), experimentally induced sexual arousal was shown to increase the probability of OGC as a function of task difficulty (i.e., congruent or incongruent combinations of global and specific cues displayed by a potential female flirting partner). While error rate and reaction time proved to be indicators of OGC, the spatial measures maximum deviation and area under the curve provided less consistent results. In addition, error rate suggested sex drive and sexual objectification to act as moderators of the relationship between sexual arousal and OGC. Exploratory analysis further revealed a theoretically meaningful pattern of correlations between mouse-tracking measures and self-report measures of problematic (e.g., disinhibited, exploitative) sexuality. Implications of the results are discussed and a framework for differentiating potential causes of OGC (i.e., misperception, lack of self-control, and egocentric hedonism) is proposed.
... A Bonferroni statistical correction was applied to all ANOVAs, resulting in a significance threshold of p < 0.013. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons explored differences in selfharm between DBT-6 and DBT-12 participants at each time point, using the Tukey's HSD adjustment for multiple comparisons (Tukey, 1953), which controls for the experiment-wise error rate, α EW (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). Details pertaining to the construction of GEE models are in Supplementary Material. ...
Background
Recent findings suggest that brief dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder is effective for reducing self-harm, but it remains unknown which patients are likely to improve in brief v. 12 months of DBT. Research is needed to identify patient characteristics that moderate outcomes. Here, we characterized changes in cognition across brief DBT (DBT-6) v. a standard 12-month course (DBT-12) and examined whether cognition predicted self-harm outcomes in each arm.
Methods
In this secondary analysis of 240 participants in the FASTER study (NCT02387736), cognitive measures were administered at pre-treatment, after 6 months, and at 12 months. Self-harm was assessed from pre-treatment to 2-year follow-up. Multilevel models characterized changes in cognition across treatment. Generalized estimating equations examined whether pre-treatment cognitive performance predicted self-harm outcomes in each arm.
Results
Cognitive performance improved in both arms after 6 months of treatment, with no between-arm differences at 12-months. Pre-treatment inhibitory control was associated with different self-harm outcomes in DBT-6 v. DBT-12. For participants with average inhibitory control, self-harm outcomes were significantly better when assigned to DBT-12, relative to DBT-6, at 9–18 months after initiating treatment. In contrast, participants with poor inhibitory control showed better self-harm outcomes when assigned to brief DBT-6 v. DBT-12, at 12–24 months after initiating treatment.
Conclusions
This work represents an initial step toward an improved understanding of patient profiles that are best suited to briefer v. standard 12 months of DBT, but observed effects should be replicated in a waitlist-controlled study to confirm that they were treatment-specific.
... Although the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for fading affect produced large heterogeneity, violation of this parametric assumption for conducting ANOVA is not a problem if the sample sizes are relatively equal, defined by a ratio of largest to smallest sample sizes equal or less than 1.5 (Maxwell et al., 2018). The sample size ratios calculated for initial event valence, event type, and the interaction were all less than 1.5, and, hence, relatively equal. ...
The fading affect bias (FAB) refers to the faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect. The present study investigated various healthy and unhealthy variables as predictors of the FAB across physical symptoms of coronavirus anxiety (PSCA) as well as across events involving and not involving COVID-19. The data were collected in the heart of the pandemic from April 18, 2020 to January 23, 2021. As expected, social distancing, grit, positive positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS), and rehearsals positively predicted the FAB, whereas negative PANAS, depression, generalized anxiety , and stress negatively predicted the FAB. These results supported the mobilization-minimization hypothesis, self-enhancement theories, and the broaden and build theory. Interestingly, PSCA moderated the relations of several variables, such that grit, hypo-chondria, neuroticism, average daily hours thinking and talking about COVID-19, negative PANAS, and anxiety predicted the FAB in the expected ways at low PSCA, but all the variables, except negative PANAS and anxiety, positively predicted the FAB at high PSCA. The negative relations between FAB and both negative PANAS and anxiety diminished from low to medium PSCA, and those negative relations remained small at high PSCA. Rehearsal ratings did not mediate the 3-way interactions. These results emphasize the dramatic effect on emotion regulation, as measured by the FAB, produced by the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Ketika terdapat cacat pada senter, partisipan diminta untuk menunjuk cacat Sebelum dilakukannya eksperimen, terlebih dahulu dilakukan pilot study untuk memastikan eksperimen dapat dijalankan sesuai rencana dan alat-alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Berdasarkan pilot study, juga didapatkan jumlah partisipan yang dihitung menggunakan metode effect size d berdasarkan standardized difference between means (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). Pilot study dilakukan dengan melibatkan 2 orang partisipan yang mengalami semua perlakuan. ...
Eye tracking (ET) banyak digunakan untuk mendeteksi perubahan okular, namun belum banyak penelitian yang menganalisis kemampuan indikator ET dalam mendeteksi kewaspadaan. Padahal indikator okular banyak dikaitkan dengan kelelahan yang dapat menurunkan kewaspadaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan indikator ET yang dapat mendeteksi kewaspadaan pada pembatasan durasi tidur dan waktu pemeriksaan. Penelitian melibatkan 28 pria yang diminta melakukan inspeksi cacat (scratch, dirt, missing part, dan poor assembly) pada 50 senter sambil dilakukan pengukuran Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) dan indikator ET. Durasi tidur dibatasi 4 dan 8 jam, serta waktu pemeriksaan terdiri dari waktu yang dibatasi dan tidak dibatasi. Variabel terikat adalah mean RT (reaction time), % minor lapses, dan mean 1/RT dari PVT. Dari ET diukur durasi fiksasi, diameter pupil, jumlah sakadik, dan kecepatan sakadik. Hasil eksperimen diolah dengan Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA dan Pearson Correlation. Hasil ANOVA dengan signifikansi α=0,05 menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh durasi tidur terhadap mean RT, % minor lapses, dan mean 1/RT. Sedangkan waktu pemeriksaan berpengaruh terhadap durasi fiksasi dan jumlah sakadik. Berdasarkan uji Pearson Correlation, indikator ET dan PVT berkorelasi lemah atau sangat lemah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapatnya indikator ET yang cukup baik untuk mendeteksi kewaspadaan pada pembatasan durasi tidur dan waktu pemeriksaan. Abstract [Analysis of Eye Tracking Indicators to Detect Vigilance Affected by Sleep Duration and Inspection Time Constraints] Eye tracking (ET) is widely used to detect ocular changes. However, few studies analyze the capability of ET indicators for detecting vigilance, albeit ocular indicators are often associated with fatigue which can reduce vigilance. This study aims to determine ET indicators that can detect vigilance on limited sleep and inspection duration. This study involved 28 men who were asked to perform inspection tasks for defects (scratch, dirt, missing parts, and poor assembly) on 50 flashlights while Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and ET indicators were measured. Sleep duration was limited to 4 and 8 hours, while inspection duration consisted of two levels, i.e. limited and not limited. Dependent variables were mean RT (reaction time), % minor lapses, and mean 1/RT of PVT. Furthermore, ET indicators included duration fixation, pupil diameter, number of saccades, and saccades velocity. The data were processed using Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. ANOVA with significance of α=0,05 shows that there was an effect of sleep duration on mean RT, % minor lapses, and mean 1/RT. In addition, inspection duration had an effect on fixation duration and number of saccades. Based on Pearson Correlation test, all ET and PVT indicators had weak or very weak correlation. This research indicates that there is no ET indicator that is adequate to detect vigilance in limited sleep and inspection duration.Keywords: eye tracking; inspection duration; sleep duration; vigilance
... Although the analyses were planned a priori, the number of planned tests was likely to significantly raise the Type I error rate. To reduce this risk while still maintaining acceptable power, we used a two-part strategy to adjust for multiple comparisons (Maxwell & Delaney, 1990). First, planned univariate tests or pairwise comparisons were conducted only when the results of the omnibus test were significant. ...
Two studies tested the specificity of the neurocognitive profile of women with fragile X syndrome (FXS). First, women with an FXS full mutation were compared with women with a premutation and women without FXS who grew up in FXS families. Women with FXS had a significantly lower IQ than the other groups, and analyses of subtest profiles showed they had a relative weakness on Arithmetic and strength on Picture Completion. Women with FXS performed worse than the other groups on executive function, spatial ability, and visual memory. Next, women with FXS were compared with women without FXS matched on age and IQ. A similar IQ profile was found, but women with FXS were worse than controls only on executive function. The authors also examined which neurocognitive indices were related to the underlying biology of the disorder. Overall, the results indicated that executive rather than visuospatial deficits were primary in the neurocognitive profile of FXS.
... Data resulting from the oscillatory analyses (period and peak power forV E , S pO 2 and P ETCO 2 ) were highly positively skewed and were thus (natural) log transformed prior to inferential analyses. Differences between groups and conditions, and potential interaction effects, were assessed using two-way mixed-effects ANOVA (group [preterm, term born] × condition [Nb_Nx, Nb_Hx, Nb_Nx+CO 2 , Nb_Hx+CO 2 , Hb_Nx, Hb_Hx, Hb_Hx+CO 2 ]), irrespective of minor deviations from normality in the underlying data (Maxwell & Delaney, 1990). Significant effects were subsequently investigated using the Bonferroni P-value adjustment. ...
Pre‐term birth is associated with physiological sequelae that persist into adulthood. In particular, modulated ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercapnia has been observed in this population. Whether pre‐term birth per se causes these effects remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to assess pulmonary ventilation and blood gases under various environmental conditions, comparing 17 healthy prematurely born individuals (mean ± SD; gestational age, 28 ± 2 weeks; age, 21 ± 4 years; peak oxygen uptake, 48.1 ± 11.2 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) with 16 well‐matched adults born at term (gestational age, 40 ± 1 weeks; age, 22 ± 2 years; peak oxygen uptake, 51.2 ± 7.7 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹). Participants were exposed to seven combinations of hypoxia/hypobaria (equivalent to ∼3375 m) and/or hypercapnia (3% CO2), at rest for 6 min. Pulmonary ventilation, pulse oxygen saturation and the arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2 were similar in pre‐term and full‐term individuals under all conditions. Higher ventilation in hypoxia compared to normoxia was only observed at terrestrial altitude, despite an equivalent (normobaric) hypoxic stimulus administered at sea level (0.138 FiO2). Assessment of oscillations in key variables revealed that combined hypoxic hypercapnia induced greater underlying fluctuations in ventilation in pre‐term individuals only. In general, higher pulse oxygen saturation fluctuations were observed with hypoxia, and lower fluctuations in end‐tidal CO2 with hypercapnia, despite similar ventilatory oscillations observed between conditions. These findings suggest that healthy prematurely born adults display similar overall ventilation to their term‐born counterparts under various environmental stressors, but that combined ventilatory stimuli could induce an irregular underlying ventilatory pattern. Moreover, barometric pressure may be an important factor when assessing ventilatory responsiveness to moderate hypoxic stimuli. image
Key points
Evidence exists for unique pulmonary and respiratory function under hypoxic conditions in adult survivors of pre‐term birth. Whether pre‐term birth per se causes these differences requires a comparison of conventionally healthy prematurely born adults with an appropriately matched sample of term‐born individuals.
According to the present data, there is no difference between healthy pre‐term and well‐matched term‐born individuals in the magnitude of pulmonary ventilation or arterial blood gases during independent and combined hypobaria, hypoxia and hypercapnia.
Terrestrial altitude (hypobaria) was necessary to induce differences in ventilation between normoxia and a hypoxic stimulus equivalent to ∼3375 m of altitude. Furthermore, peak power in pulse oxygen saturation was similar between hypobaric normoxia and normobaric hypoxia.
The observed similarities between groups suggest that ventilatory regulation under various environmental stimuli is not impaired by pre‐term birth per se. Instead, an integrated combination of neonatal treatment strategies and cardiorespiratory fitness/disease status might underlie previously observed chemosensitivity impairments.
... Also, only the trials in which the pedestrian crossed first were considered in the models for walking speed and vehicle delay similar to the DSS. The full model of potential predictors based on theoretical reasoning (Maxwell et al., 2017) is proposed in Eq 1 which is written using Wilkson notation (Wilkinson & Rogers, 1973). ...
Understanding driver-pedestrian interactions at unsignalized locations has gained additional importance due to recent advancements in vehicle automation. Naturalistic observations can only provide correlational data, of limited value for understanding and modeling the mechanisms underlying road user interaction. Therefore, controlled studies in virtual reality (VR) are an important complement, but conventional methods only accommodate a single human participant. Recently, there has been a surge in interest in studying interactions in VR, by means of distributed simulation, involving multiple human participants. However, there is a lack of validation of this method. Here, we provide a validation study, focusing on a distributed vehicle-pedestrian interaction setup, where pairs of one driver and one pedestrian interacted under various kinematic conditions in a connected virtual environment. To test the validity of the distributed simulation, we used a naturalistic dataset collected in the same UK city, at similar locations, and compared the observed behavior between the two settings. Our results indicate a good relative validity of the simulator study, where road users showed similar non-verbal communication behavior in both datasets. As an additional means of validation, we also leveraged a set of game theoretic models that were developed based on the simulator studies, and found that when applied to the naturalistic dataset, we obtained similar (although not identical) model selection results. This suggests that distributed simulation can also be useful for development of computational models of interaction. Overall, the findings suggest that distributed simulation can be a highly valuable tool for studying and modeling road user interactions.
... What started as primarily a problem of statistical practices and inferences that undermined the reliability of experiments' results (Benjamin et al., 2018;Cassidy, Dimova, Giguère, Spence, & Stanley, 2019;Lakens, Adolfi, et al., 2018;Nuijten, Hartgerink, Assen, Epskamp, & Wicherts, 2016;Open Science Collaboration, 2015) quickly turned in a wider methodological assessment of psychology's theories and overall practices (Chambers, 2017;John, Loewenstein, & Prelec, 2012;McPhetres et al., 2021;Scheel, Tiokhin, Isager, & Lakens, 2021). The term credibility crisis is sometimes adopted to refer to this wider problematic, for which, often, solutions are identified as pertaining to four intertwined categories (Maxwell, Delaney, & Kelley, 2017;Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002;Vazire, Schiavone, & Bottesini, 2022). First, construct validity, which broadly refers to how concept are defined and measured (Scherer, 2005;Shuman & Scherer, 2014). ...
In computer-mediated learning environments, especially in remote conditions, learners often lack the socio-affective cues that are usually available in face-to-face interactions. Socio-affective phenomena are known to play a prominent role at various levels of learning processes and outcomes, spanning high-order cognitive functions, motivation, sense of belonging, and quality of interaction with colleagues. Emotions, in particular, are nowadays considered dynamic and multifaceted phenomena that serve a wide range of adaptive functions. As a result, an interdisciplinary interest has recently emerged on ways by which computer-mediated learning environments may be endowed with emotional awareness, that is, information about one’s own emotions and/or the emotions of colleagues, which is instrumental to the learning task at hand. Emotion Awareness Tools are one such attempt to bestow learners with the possibility to produce and peruse emotional awareness through a dedicated interface that coexists with the overall learning environment. The thesis provides the details of the implementation and empirical assessment of an Emotion Awareness Tool with the following main characteristics. First, it is based on voluntary self-report of emotion. Second, it implements a computational structure of emotion rooted in appraisal theories of emotion, for which emotion elicitation and differentiation is a dynamic and ongoing process driven by a cognitive evaluation of the situation. Third, learners can produce and peruse emotional awareness through the tool on a moment-to-moment basis. Adopting an iterative design process, the implementation and assessment of the tool are guided by evidence gathered through empirical contributions aimed at investigating which factors – intrinsic to the tool, deriving from the interaction between learners and the tool, between learners themselves, as well as between learners and the instructional design – determine whether and how emotional awareness may be
beneficial in computer-mediated learning environments. The main outcomes of the
thesis are a toolbox that allows researchers and practitioners to configure an instance of the tool according to their own scientific or instructional goals, a structural causal
model of the influence of emotional awareness on learning in computer-mediated
environments, and methodological techniques or instruments that may be applied in
similar contexts.
... By assuming a moderate effect size in a three-group repeated measure analysis with = 0.05 and statistical power = 0.80, and (minimum correlation among the variables) = 0.4, the minimum sample size will be 24 for each condition. 18 Thus, a sample size of 72 will be needed. With an attrition rate of 20% is taking into consideration, a final sample size of 90 (i.e., 30 per condition) will be required. ...
Background
This study aimed to investigate clinical effectiveness of a structured eight-week mindfulness-based music therapy (MBMT) program on improving mood regulation in older women with blindness. This investigation compared a MBMT group with a mindfulness intervention (MI) group and a control group.
Methods
Ninety-two older females with blindness from a residential setting in Hong Kong were recruited and randomly allocated to a MBMT (n = 31), MI (n = 30), or control (n = 31) group. Psychological measurements regarding mood regulation and general mood states (namely, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [DERS], Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS], and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21), were taken at pretest and posttest. Outcome assessors were blinded to group assignment.
Results
Data was analyzed based on intention-to-treat basis. At posttest, DERS scores in the MBMT group (mean differences and 95% confidence interval: 12.1, 5.5 to 18.8) and the MI group (7.2, 0.5 to 13.8) were lower than that in the control group. GDS scores in the MBMT group (2.9, 1.7 to 4.0) and the MI group (1.7, 0.6 to 2.9) were lower than those in the control group. Compared with the MI group, the MBMT group improved emotional awareness sub-scores in DERS (2.1, 0.2 to 4.1) and appeared to lower depression in GDS scores (1.1, -0.0 to 2.3; p = 0.053).
Conclusion
MBMT seems more beneficial than MI alone for improving emotional regulation in older women with blindness. The combination of mindfulness and music can generate a synergetic effect by enhancing both attention and appraisal components within the emotional-regulation process.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05583695.
Mathematical problem posing, generally defined as the process of interpreting given situations and formulating meaningful mathematical problems, is academically important, and thus several interventions have been used to enhance this competence among students and teachers. Yet little is known about the interventions’ various components and their relative or combined effectiveness. In this meta-analysis of 26 intervention studies in mathematics, we identified nine intervention components and found that the interventions had a medium, positive, and significant mean weighted effect size. A stepwise meta-regression analysis revealed that intervention efficacy varied by moderators relevant to the research design, sample characteristics, and intervention characteristics. The findings obtained from this meta-analysis are expected to serve as a foundation for future efforts to design and implement (more) effective interventions to improve mathematical problem posing competence.
Communication technology plays a crucial role in facilitating remote collaborative work. This study investigated sex differences in Perceived Participation Equality and User Experience across different communication formats, i.e., face-to-face communication, conventional video conferences, and Virtual Reality (VR). An empirical study was conducted involving 15 groups, each comprising three participants, who engaged in a decision-making task. A research model was developed to evaluate the interplay between perceived participation equality, empathy, and immersion. This model was employed across three communication conditions and included both male and female participants. These findings on sex differences in user experience could help create a connected, cohesive, and productive remote collaborative work environment.
Purpose
This study examined the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among ethnically diverse Black men (BM) with prostate cancer (CaP) in the United States.
Methods
A convergent parallel mixed-methods design, employing both qualitative and quantitative research, involved recruiting Black CaP survivors through multiple channels. The target population was native-born BM (NBBM), African-born BM (ABBM), and Caribbean-born BM (CBBM). QoL for all men was assessed using The Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P) measure, which includes five domains: physical- (PWB), emotional- (EWB), social-(SWB), and functional-wellbeing (FWB), and a CaP subscale (PCS). A subset of men completed qualitative interviews. Demographic and clinical characteristics were also collected.
Results
Black CaP survivors aged 49–85 participated in the study (n = 108), with a subset (n = 31) completing a qualitative interview. Participants were mainly NBBM (72.2%) and treated with radiotherapy (51.9%). The FACT-P scale total mean score (± SD) was 114 ± 24.1 (theoretical range 0–156), with lower scores reported on the SWB, FWB, and EWB domains. The mixed-methods findings approach included meta-inferences derived from integrating the corresponding quantitative and qualitative data, covering all the domains within the FACT-P.
Conclusion
Black CaP survivors experienced significant burdens that impacted their overall HRQoL. The analysis revealed impacts on physical, social, and emotional well-being, with variations among ethnic groups suggesting the need for culturally tailored interventions. EWB was also profoundly impacted by CaP treatment, with universal emotional burdens emphasized across all groups. Healthcare providers must recognize and address these multifaceted needs to promote better outcomes and HRQoL for Black CaP survivors.
This study investigated the relationship between sexuality education in U.S. public schools and women's pornography use. Utilizing quantitative methods, we examined a sample of women attending U.S. public schools who reported regular pornography use. Results revealed that, regardless of the type of sexuality education received, women exhibited similar rates of pornography use, with 60% reporting its use. A substantial portion (69%) of the women began using pornography during childhood or adolescence. Women who received abstinence only sexuality education reported higher frequencies of pornography use compared to their comprehensive sexuality education counterparts. About 79% of women using pornography perceived it as a source of sexuality learning, especially regarding sexual pleasure. However, they expressed reluctance in using pornography for sexual education and did not consider it a preferred method for learning about sexuality. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive sexuality education that addresses essential topics, such as sexual pleasure and sexual script development, to cater to women’s diverse learning needs, ideally taught by parents or primary caregivers, but may be necessary for public education in the absence of parental instruction. Policymakers and educators should bridge these gaps to develop more effective sexuality education curricula. This study contributes valuable insights, highlighting the importance of an inclusive approach to sexuality education in U.S. public schools. Future research should explore the implications of different sexuality education approaches on women's sexual development and well-being, emphasizing comprehensive education to foster healthy sexual behaviors among women.
Latent repeated measures ANOVA (L-RM-ANOVA) has recently been proposed as an alternative to traditional repeated measures ANOVA. L-RM-ANOVA builds upon structural equation modeling and enables researchers to investigate interindividual differences in main/interaction effects, examine custom contrasts, incorporate a measurement model, and account for missing data. However, L-RM-ANOVA uses maximum likelihood and thus cannot incorporate prior information and can have poor statistical properties in small samples. We show how L-RM-ANOVA can be used with Bayesian estimation to resolve the aforementioned issues. We demonstrate how to place informative priors on model parameters that constitute main and interaction effects. We further show how to place weakly informative priors on standardized parameters which can be used when no prior information is available. We conclude that Bayesian estimation can lower Type 1 error and bias, and increase power and efficiency when priors are chosen adequately. We demonstrate the approach using a real empirical example and guide the readers through specification of the model. We argue that ANOVA tables and incomplete descriptive statistics are not sufficient information to specify informative priors, and we identify which parameter estimates should be reported in future research; thereby promoting cumulative research.
Researchers are often interested in comparing predictors, a practice commonly done via informal comparisons of standardized regression slopes. However, formal interval-based approaches offer advantages over informal comparison. Specifically, this article examines a delta-method-based confidence interval for the difference between two standardized regression coefficients, building upon previous work on confidence intervals for single coefficients. Using Monte Carlo simulation studies, the proposed approach is evaluated at finite sample sizes with respect to coverage rate, interval width, Type I error rate, and statistical power under a variety of conditions, and is shown to outperform an alternative approach that uses the standard covariance matrix found in regression textbooks. Additional simulations evaluate current software implementations, small sample performance, and multiple comparison procedures for simultaneously testing multiple differences of interest. Guidance on sample size planning for narrow confidence intervals, an R function to conduct the proposed method, and two empirical demonstrations are provided. The goal is to offer researchers a different tool in their toolbox for when comparisons among standardized coefficients are desired, as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, other potentially useful analyses.
Background
Nesfatin-1 (NESF-1), encoded in the calcium and DNA binding protein (Nucleobindin 2, NUCB2) is an orphan ligand with metabolic effects. Recently, our lab provided evidence for a NESF-1-like peptide (NLP) in a NUCB2-related precursor, NUCB1, in zebrafish and rodents. This research aims to determine whether endogenous NUCB1 is critical for energy homeostasis.
Methods and Main Findings
Global genetic disruption of Nucb1 ( Nucb1 knockout/KO mice) led to increased food intake in chow-fed male and female mice across different points of light and dark phases. A similar increase in water intake was seen in female Nucb1 KO mice but not in males. White adipose tissue weight was significantly increased in male and female Nucb1 KO mice. Dark phase total activity was increased in male Nucb1 KO mice, while it was decreased in female Nucb1 KO mice compared to wildtype littermates. Energy derived from carbohydrates was raised during the dark phase; while energy derived from fat was significantly decreased in both male and female Nucb1 KO mice. Male Nucb1 KO mice were lighter in the early stages, but these differences disappeared as they aged. Meanwhile, no differences in bodyweight were observed in female Nucb1 KO mice. Male Nucb1 KO mice handled glucose better during an oral glucose tolerance test, while the opposite effect was found in an intraperitoneal (IP) glucose tolerance test. The above results from chow-fed mice were largely true in 10% and 60% fat diet-fed mice. A significant two-way interaction between mice group and time was observed on weekly food intake of male and female Nucb1 KO mice fed control fat diet, but not in 60% fat-fed group. Handling of blood glucose during IPGTT was better in male Nucb1 KO mice fed both diets, while such an effect was not observed in female KO mice. A significant two-way interaction of mice group and time on food and water intake value in 24 h was observed for male Nucb1 KO mice fed 10% fat diet. The total physical activity during the dark phase and energy expenditure during the light phase showed a sex-specific pattern in male and female Nucb1 KO mice fed 10% fat diet. Energy expenditure showed a sex-specific pattern in Nucb1 KO mice during the dark phase. Moreover, adiposity increased in male Nucb1 KO mice fed a high fat diet.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that the disruption of Nucb1 leads to metabolic changes in vivo . The phenotype appears to depend on sex, age, diet, and the light-dark cycle. In conclusion, these outcomes furnish important evidence supporting critical roles for endogenous NUCB1 in energy homeostasis.
Pearson’s chi-square goodness-of-fit statistic is very popular in the analysis of contingency tables. Loisel and Takane (Behaviormetrika 50:335–360, 2022), however, argued against its use in multiple comparisons on the ground that in this statistic, hypothesised mean and variance-covariance structures of observed frequencies (proportions) are closely linked, so that rejecting the former necessarily implies rejecting the latter as well. To avoid this undesirable situation, they advocated the use of Neyman’s modified chi-square statistic, in which mean and variance-covariance structures are separate entities. They developed a theory of contrasts specifically tailored to Neyman’s statistic, focussing on the tests of (part) interaction effects in two-way and higher-order contingency tables. In this paper, we elaborate on tests for one-way tables or for one-way marginal tables derived from higher-order tables. These cases are separately treated here, since they present a special need that does not arise in the analysis of higher-order tables.
Background:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) co-occur frequently and have deleterious impact. Seeking Safety (SS) - an evidence-based, present-focused, coping skills model - lends itself to mobile app delivery.
Objectives:
A novel SS mobile app is compared to a control app that lacks the interactivity, social engagement, and feature-richness of the SS app. We hypothesized that the SS app would outperform the control on primary outcome variables (substance use, trauma symptoms) and at least two secondary variables.
Methods:
Outpatients with current PTSD and SUD (n = 116) were randomized to the apps; assessed were pre, post (12 weeks), and 3-month follow-up in this online study.
Results:
The SS app outperformed the control on the primary outcomes, but not on secondary outcomes. Also both conditions evidenced significant change over time from pre to post, with gains sustained at follow-up. External medication and supports during the trial did not differ by condition.
Conclusion:
This first RCT on a SS mobile app had positive results for reduction in substance use and trauma symptoms compared to a control app. This is noteworthy as mental health mobile apps, in general, evidence few positive outcomes. Our substance use finding is also notable as psychosocial interventions in PTSD/SUD populations find it harder to achieve reduction in SUD than trauma symptoms. Our control app may have represented too strong a comparison and weakened our ability to find results on secondary outcomes by condition.
This book examines the phenomenon of knowledge celebrities, an emerging group of social media influencers who produce and sell knowledge products online. Its primary goal is to investigate the reasons and strategies behind their ability to attract users and persuade them to purchase knowledge products on digital platforms.
With the increasing demand for high-quality content from online users, various platforms have emerged as pay-for-knowledge platforms, allowing knowledge celebrities to monetize their expertise. This book draws on theoretical frameworks from information science, communication and management to provide insights into this phenomenon and to examine the practices and individuals involved. Building on existing scholarship and analyzing case studies in China, this book presents the background, basic concepts and understanding of knowledge celebrities. It then explores the three key factors that contribute to the attractiveness of knowledge celebrities, as well as the motivations and mechanisms behind pay-for-knowledge practices. Finally, the book offers a glimpse into the future landscape of knowledge celebrities and pay-for-knowledge platforms.
The book will be valuable to scholars, students, and practitioners in information, communication and media studies. In particular, it will appeal to those interested in topics such as knowledge celebrities, the creator economy and knowledge management.
Chapter 6 describes connections, equivalencies, and relationships relating to multi-sample tests of null hypotheses. First, Fisher’s conventional one-way completely randomized analysis of variance is described. Second, a multi-sample permutation test is presented and the connection linking the two tests is established. An example analysis illustrates the differences in the two approaches and the connection linking the two tests. Third, measures of effect size for multiple independent samples are described and the interconnections among the measures of effect size are detailed. Fourth, the connection linking the analysis of variance and the intraclass correlation coefficient is described. Fifth, the Kruskal–Wallis g-sample rank-sum test is described and illustrated with a small rank-score dataset. A permutation alternative multi-sample rank-sum test is introduced and the connection linking the Kruskal–Wallis H test statistic and the permutation multi-sample test statistic is described and illustrated with an example analysis.
A sentence–priming technique was used to examine whether older women (N = 39) share a more positive view of aging than younger women (N = 35). Situationally specified statements about older and younger persons were presented, followed either by a semantically related word, an unrelated word of the same valence, or a nonword. The accessibility of target words was measured by reaction times in a lexical decision task. Whereas a semantic priming effect for negatively connoted materials emerged for both groups, a priming effect for positively connoted materials was found for older women only. Furthermore, an affective priming effect was found for the older group, i.e., older women tended to respond relatively faster (slower) to semantically unrelated positive (negative) words following a sentence about an older person. The results are discussed within a coping–theoretical framework.
Comments on the contention of T. A. Ryan (see record
1985-21808-001) that the purpose of statistics is to establish new facts that will contribute to the development of theory. It is argued that the primary role of statistical analysis is summarizing the current state of knowledge about scientific questions under study. The present authors do not share the following views expressed by Ryan: (1) Nonsignificant results should not be published; (2) the importance of Type II errors has been overemphasized relative to Type I; and (3) avoiding consideration of importance and interest in the weighting of contrasts is possible. The reasons for the disagreements are discussed. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design New York: McGraw-Hill. Genetic Data Analysis: Methods for Discrete Population Genetic Data
- B J Winer
Winer, B. J. (1971), Statistical Principles in Experimental Design (2nd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill. Genetic Data Analysis: Methods for Discrete Population Genetic Data. Bruce S. Weir. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1990. xiii + 377 pp. $48 (cloth); $27 (paperback).
An Introduction to Probability TheoryBernstein's and Gene-Counting Methods in Gen-eralized ABO-Like Systems
- P A P Moran
- U K Nam
- J Gart
Moran, P. A. P. (1984), An Introduction to Probability Theory, Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press. Nam, J., and Gart, J. J. (1976), "Bernstein's and Gene-Counting Methods in Gen-eralized ABO-Like Systems," Annals of Human Genetics, 39, 361-373. Stochastic Analysis of Computer Storage.