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The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View From Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology
... In Daniel Stern's (1985) terms, in those years of counselling and psychotherapy training, an emergent sense of self was coming into being for me. Stern describes that from birth to 2 months, a sense of the world and of self is emergent for the infant. ...
... The lack of relatedness between separate experience is not noticed and many separate experiences can exist with "exquisite clarity and vividness" for the infant (46). This sense of something emerging remains a fundamental domain throughout human life (Stern 1985) and it is often present in the face of new experiences, transitions, and changes ( Johnsen, Sundet and Torsteinsson 2018). ...
... Parallel to Stern's model of self-development, a new sense of personal and professional self was emerging in me at this stage. This emergent self preceded the sense of verbal self (Stern 1985). When I was asked to represent this experience of becoming in a coherent narrative, the global experience was inevitably fractured and poorly represented (Stern 1985), which led me to the feeling that something whole was torn apart and some of my experiences were betrayed by my words. ...
... Similar to a "good-enough" mother (Winnicott, 1960) who holds and protects the infant, a "good-enough" therapist can facilitate this process through emotional attunement and by providing a safe environment of holding. This type of psychedelic experience can help a person feel the "sense of a core self" (Fischman, 2023;Stern, 1985), out of which emerges what Winnicott (1960) called the "True Self." Without adequate psychological holding, the psychedelic subject can become overwhelmed with terror and annihilation anxiety (Winnicott, 1962). ...
... During these psychedelic states, Winnicott's concept of the "limiting membrane" (Winnicott, 1960), the barrier usually experienced at the skin that develops to delineate the position between "me" and "not-me," has partially or completely dissolved. Winnicott also describes the infant's experience of timelessness, where time is experienced solely based on the infant's physical and psychological rhythms, rather than by some objectively agreed upon reality (Stern, 1985;Winnicott, 1962). Psychedelics create a similar experience of time, where it can be distorted, condensed, stretched, traveled through, or disintegrated completely (Grof, 1979). ...
There is a developing dialogue between the psychoanalytic and psychedelic fields of psychotherapy. This paper contributes to this emerging collaboration by applying Winnicott's concept of transitional experience to psychedelic clinical work. By analyzing two Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) cases, we explore in depth how transitional experience facilitates psychedelic transformation. We review clinical touch and introduce hand-holding as a transformational experience that can occur in the amplified relational field of the psychedelic space. Applying these ideas will deepen clinicians' theoretical understanding and experiential practice of KAP.
... Children will adjust their understanding and conversations based on the stage of their development and their interpretation of the world. In agreement, Stern (1998) alludes to the notion that stories are altered by what is told and what is heard, which make up the 'historical truth'. ...
... It is worrying when the infant experiences such episodes, as significant developmental changes occur before age two, Stern (1998). When parts of the self are "severely impaired, [it] would disrupt normal social functioning and likely lead to madness or great social deficit" Stern (1998, p. 45). ...
This research paper is significant as it aims to fill a crucial gap in our understanding of parental migration and its psychological and emotional impact on second-generation children of African-Caribbean Windrush mothers. By examining the experiences of children who arrived in Britain with their parents and those left behind in their homeland with kin, this exploration sheds light on how they processed and realigned their whole 'being' post-separation, with particular interest in their environment, kin, and mother, drawing on Bowlby's Attachment Theory (1960). The secondary literature search used qualitative analysis to focus on the participants' lived experiences. The study, framed within 'Attachment Hermeneutic Phenomenology' (AHP), explores the multi-lenses of two groups. First, African-Caribbean adult participants recalled their childhood experiences, vividly demonstrating the emotional impact. The second group of papers considered comparison studies of African-Caribbean children and young people fifty years later. Therefore, looking through the lens of this theory, the findings from the adult participants' lived experiences showed multiple losses, abandonment, grief, and broken attachments as a child. Fifty years later, the effects on children mirrored the same emotional difficulties. Counselling can be beneficial for joint parent-child relationships to discuss pre-and post-migration. Parent-child counselling can help prevent repeated cycles of broken relationships and mental health issues in later life. These findings are particularly relevant as there is an increase in transnational migration.
... However, the ability to transmit tenderness, affection and warmth with the gaze, voice, sensitive touch, and shared enjoyment are also characteristics of parent-child communication that have a positive effect on the construction of the affective relationship and child development (Feldman, 2007). The intersubjective process described by Trevarthen & Aiken (2001), the synchronous adjustment of the mother-child dyad observed by Stern (1987), to cite some of the classic studies, among others, give rise to the idea that attachment security and the quality of parent-child affective communication are intrinsically related, despite the fact that there is not much research that relates both aspects. ...
The adult's sensitivity to the child's communicative signals, their prompt and appropriate response to the child's needs for security, protection, and comfort, along with their ability to regulate emotions in the face of childhood stress, are parenting skills associated with attachment quality. Various instruments and observation scales code these constructs. Furthermore, developmental psychology has made significant contributions regarding the affective and communicative exchanges between parents and children during early stages of life and their implications for the formation of emotional bonds. The objective of this study is to describe the development and preliminary analysis of a new observation scale called: Quality of Interaction and Secure Attachment Potential (CIPAS), which aims to simply integrate the different parameters of the interactive relationship between attachment figures and children in early childhood. The construction process and initial psychometric analyses from a pilot sample are presented. The results showed very high inter-rater reliability, with an overall kappa value of κ=0.88. The relevance of CIPAS is discussed not only as a valuable tool for developmental psychology research but also as an effective instrument to guide educational practices in promoting secure attachment and quality interaction in young children.
... Greater importance given to the transtheoretical concept of therapeutic alliance was acknowledged [6] as an essential element across different orientations, as well as the increased focus on interpersonal/object-relational basis of personality functioning and for treatment planning [7]. Systematic infant observation research opened up new ways to understand developmental needs for relatedness [8]. New mixed-model theories, research and treatment models were beginning to be formulated for persons with more severe developmental problems, e.g. ...
... I submit that these two developments, i.e., the emergence of a stable grasp of reality and the ability to scaffold one's experiential life, are inextricably bound together: one cannot develop without the other. The basic premise here is that infantile experiencing is regularly accentuated by feelings of undifferentiation, which means that the neonate is still unable to (consistently and clearly) distinguish between its environment and itself (for discussion, see, e.g., Winnicott 1971;Stern 1985;Pine 2004;Taipale 2014). If that is indeed so, how is the necessary transition to a world of independently existing things initiated and accomplished? ...
In contemporary philosophy of mind, scaffolding designates the various ways in which our cognitions and affects are enabled, regulated, and modified by environmental factors that range from material artifacts and other people to architectural designs and cultural practices (Clark 2008; Sterelny 2010; Colombetti & Krueger 2015; Coninx & Stephan 2021). In this article, I expand the scope of scaffolding theory by applying it to a previously unexamined type of phenomenon: existential transformations. In short, these are processes where an individual's basic sense of reality undergoes profound and relatively long-lasting alterations. My main claim is that the use of external scaffolding can play a crucial role in such periods of extensive existential change. To unpack this claim, I proceed as follows. First, based on phenomenological theorization on the structure of experience in general (Heidegger 1927; Køster & Fernandez 2023), and then on the experience of grieving in particular (Køster 2022; Ratcliffe 2023; Higgins 2024), I specify what I mean by an existential transformation and the shifts in one's sense of reality that it entails. I then draw on psychoanalytical thinking (Winnicott 1971; Bollas 2018) to introduce the notion of transformative scaffolds, i.e., environmental resources that can in various ways be used to enable, support, and regulate a marked shift from one experiential world into another. To exemplify this kind of scaffolded transformation, I return to the topic of grief and discuss how the practice of painting can beneficially shape post-bereavement mourning. To conclude, I recap my main theses and consider how they might inform future research on the scaffolded mind.
... 19 It is shown that people who experience emotional maltreatment may fail to learn how to recognize and differentiate their own and others' emotions and how to manage difficult emotions. 56 This situation can also affect people's responses to stressful events. Children who have been exposed to emotional trauma, especially by a caregiver or close family member, are likely to experience relationships as rejecting or insecure, and to think that others and the world are unsafe. ...
Purpose
Depression is one of the most common public health problems. Considering the frequency of childhood trauma in people with depressive symptoms, determining mediating factors is important in understanding the relationship between them. Our study aimed to evaluate the mediating effect of anxiety sensitivity, one of the cognitive structures that plays a role in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathologies, on depression symptoms of childhood traumas.
Patients and Methods
The study included 110 participants aged between 18 and 65, diagnosed with depression, and applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic. Of the participants, 35 were male and 75 were female. The majority of participants were in the 18–25 age group (39.1%), followed by a smaller percentage in the 25–35 age group (32.7%). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-3) were administered to participants between 15 February and 15 April 2024.
Results
When the sample was examined according to the history of depressive symptoms, it was found that the score of the cognitive subscale of ASI-3 and the scores of the physical neglect, emotional neglect, and emotional abuse subscales of the CTQ were significantly higher in the group with depressive symptoms. When the mediating effect of the scores of “Emotional neglect”, “Physical neglect”, and “Emotional abuse” subscales of CTQ, and the score of “Cognitive” subscale of ASI-3 score was examined with regression models, it was found that the history of emotional neglect and abuse in childhood predicted depressive symptoms through the cognitive sub-group of AS.
Conclusion
In our study, it was shown that childhood trauma, which could cause a person to evaluate stressful life events as more depressogenic and the formation of negative cognitions about themselves and the world, predicted the severity and occurrence of depressive symptoms through fear of cognitive dysfunction.
... The inferred negative attention and learning sequelae of preterm birth call for attention. Theoretical frameworks suggest that the primary platform for learning in infancy is the child's relationship with primary caregivers (Bowlby, 1988;Stern, 1985;Welch, 2016). Clinical research has substantiated encouraging conduits for improving parental sensitivity, attunement, and mindfulness in ways that scaffold the cognitive and psychological development of children with attention, emotion, and psychophysiological regulation deficits (Burgdorf et al., 2019;Meppelink et al., 2016). ...
This comprehensive longitudinal study explored for the first time the interrelations between neonatal brainstem abnormalities, focused attention (FA), and learning—following a preterm cohort ( N = 175; 46.3% female; predominantly White) from birth (2003–2006) to 17 years. The findings indicated that FA during early childhood was associated with language outcomes in toddlerhood ( n = 131) and academic and attention self‐report indices in late adolescence ( n = 44). Pilot assessments indicated that FA at 17 years ( n = 25) was also associated with concurrent academic and attention functioning. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that neonatal brainstem functioning, manifested in auditory brainstem response patterns, was associated with early‐life FA competence, which affected learning development. Implications underscore the essential role of early brainstem function and FA in shaping childhood learning trajectories.
... During music-based activities, children and parents get to enjoy time together, which strengthens and fosters healthy and mutual relationships. Trevarthen and Malloch (2000) study identified what they termed 'communicative musicality' in the reciprocal interactions between parents and infants, in which infants and adults negotiate a 'dance of reciprocity' (Stern, 1985). This occurs during musical play and involves their joint participation in pitched and rhythmically structured turn-taking interactions that seem to be mutually affective and reciprocal (Schaffer et al., 1977). ...
Coronavirus disease 2019-necessitated lockdowns were difficult for everyone, but especially so for preschoolers. The adversities caused by the pandemic, isolation, and lack of opportunities to socialize with peers greatly affected well-being and education in this age group. Therefore, during this period, many parents had to assume the role of preschool teachers to keep their children in good spirits and up-to-date with their education. Based on outcomes determined by preschool teachers, parents planned and organized various activities for their children. To ensure that, in addition to development and learning, children enjoyed this time, a considerable number of these activities were music-based. This study aims to present parents’ perceptions regarding music-based educational activities and their impact on the development, education, and well-being of children aged 3–6 years during the period of isolation. This qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Data from 35 parents were collected from May to July 2020 and analyzed thematically. The results showed that most parents perceived the inclusion of music in their children’s education as having positive effects on development and learning. These parents reported having observed a positive effect on the emotional, physical, and social aspects of their children’s lives, as well as on memory. These findings can help educators and researchers increase parental involvement in preschoolers’ education, allowing them to be seen as partners and supporters.
... Freud was the first to describe the phenomenon of the erotic transference, a theory that he initially developed from an analysis of Breuer's therapy with "Anna O". (The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1953-1957, Basic Books) Ernest Jones, M.D. 58), Over time, Freud formulated a theory about the relationship between the erotic transference and the experience of love, recognizing that feelings of love draw on earlier life experiences, typically the maternal relationship[59]. ...
The nature of the therapeutic relationship has been consistently recognised as a key factor that influences outcomes of psychological and psychotherapeutic practices. However, a significant proportion of therapeutic interventions designed to address the causes of violence and harmfulness have adopted a tendency towards manualised and short-term practice, resulting in a lack of opportunity to explore live dynamics. This chapter presents an overview of intervention practices in forensic settings, alongside research evaluating such interventions. Drawing on various studies, the chapter proposes a more relational and trauma sensitive approach to forensic psychological interventions and highlights range of key areas that may benefit from a relational and process focused approach.
... DD consists mainly of a "feeling for the loss of feelings" [46] relating to oneself, one's body, and the others, in which one loses the ability to imbue perceptions with emotional feelings [47][48][49][50][51][52]. Fuchs refers to such "chromatic transformation" of the body [53] as "corporealization" or "reification" [54,55]: the body becomes rigid, and thus, far from being a vehicle, a medium, a "permeable" [56] and responsive [57,58] resonant body (or "sounding board" [33,59,60]). From this point of view, depression is conceived as a disruption of normal embodiment [61][62][63][64][65][66], in particular as an experience of hyperembodiment [32,45,54,55,62], where the patient feels trapped in armour or shell [32] that does not allow to grasp affective affordances and attune to the shared emotionally charged space [33,[67][68][69]. ...
Introduction: Dissociative experiences are considered undesirable ketamine’s adverse events. However, they might be crucial for ketamine’s antidepressant effects, at least in some depression subtypes. Current understandings of ketamine’s therapeutic potentials converge on the so-called “relaxed prior hypothesis,” suggesting that glutamatergic blockage up-weights bottom-up surprising somatosensory/affective states. As a result, ketamine improves short-term plasticity in depression by enhancing sensitivity to interoceptive signals. Methods: We selected 2 case studies for their paradigmatic description of “depersonalized depression” (Entfremdungsdepression) symptoms. Patients were included in a 6-month-long esketamine program for treatment resistant depression, during which we collected their spontaneous experience with esketamine. According to a neurophenomenological approach, we combined subjective reports from unstructured clinical interviews and the review of previous objective neuroimaging results and neurocomputational models to unveil the relation between esketamine antidepressant effects and interoceptive sensitivity. Results: According to our clinical observations, esketamine-induced dissociation might be particularly effective in the depersonalized depression subtype, in which interoceptive awareness and interaffectivity are particularly compromised. Ketamine and esketamine’s dissociative effects and particularly disembodiment might suspend previously acquired patterns of feeling, sensing, and behaving. Conclusions: Coherently with previous research, we suggest that esketamine-induced disembodiment allows for a transient window of psychological plasticity and enhanced sensitivity, where the body recovers its permeability to affective affordances.
... While many of these people who performed collective action do not know one another, what transpired was "imagine collectives" which is characterized by individuals who "will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion" (Anderson, 1983). Affective attunement represents not only the desire and ability to understand and respect another's inner world but also the matching of the other's emotional state with affective expressions to achieve a level of intersubjectivity where emotions are perceived as shared (Stern, 1985). ...
... [1][2][3]). Multisensory-motor contingencies, such as the experience of seeing and feeling your own body move [4,5], or the physical interactions that accompany emotionally attuned caregiver responses to infants [1,6], provide the basis for developing an authentic sense of self (e.g. [7]; see also [8]). ...
We present novel research on the cortical dynamics of atypical perceptual and emotional processing in people with symptoms of depersonalization–derealization disorder (DP-DR). We used electroencephalography (EEG)/event-related potentials (ERPs) to delineate the early perceptual mechanisms underlying emotional face recognition and mirror touch in adults with low and high levels of DP-DR symptoms (low-DP and high-DP groups). Face-sensitive visual N170 showed markedly less differentiation for emotional versus neutral face–voice stimuli in the high- than in the low-DP group. This effect was related to self-reported bodily symptoms like disembodiment. Emotional face–voice primes altered mirror touch at somatosensory cortical components P45 and P100 differently in the two groups. In the high-DP group, mirror touch occurred only when seeing touch after being confronted with angry face–voice primes. Mirror touch in the low-DP group, however, was unaffected by preceding emotions. Modulation of mirror touch following angry others was related to symptoms of self–other confusion. Results suggest that others’ negative emotions affect somatosensory processes in those with an altered sense of bodily self. Our findings are in line with the idea that disconnecting from one's body and self (core symptom of DP-DR) may be a defence mechanism to protect from the threat of negative feelings, which may be exacerbated through self–other confusion.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience’.
... , Erskine et al. (1999), Erskine (2015), developed a model of relational needs rooted in attachment theory, object relations theory, transactional analysis, and self-psychology. These theories highlight the importance of relationships as a primary human motivation (Fairbairn, 1954;Berne, 1961;Bowlby, 1969;Kohut, 1971Kohut, , 1977Kohut, , 1984Ainsworth et al., 1978;Stern, 1985;Fairbairn, 1986Fairbairn, /1941Winnicot, 1986Winnicot, /1960Guntrip, 1992Guntrip, /1968). Erskine (2015, p. 46) defines relational needs as those "unique to personal contact" which can only be satisfied within a responsive human relationship. ...
While inadequate relationships in the workplace pose a significant psychosocial risk, quality interpersonal relationships can contribute to positive effects and prevent negative outcomes. Erskine’s model of relational needs, not yet studied in the work environment, can provide a more detailed understanding of the needs employees experience in their workplace relationships. We adapted the general Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (RNSS) for coworker relationships and examined the factor structure of relational needs in the workplace and their connections to various work aspects. The sample comprised 273 participants, including both employees and students, in a workplace setting with coworkers. The results show that the Workplace Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (W-RNSS) is a valid and reliable instrument (α = 0.93 for the total scale and 0.77 < α < 0.89 for the subscales) for measuring relational needs in coworker relationships. A bi-factor model was the most suitable for describing the data (χ²/df = 1.94, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, NNFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.04, AIC = 13289.27, BIC = 13506.29), confirming the previously supported 5-factor structure and the general factor. Satisfaction of relational needs was associated with higher work satisfaction, increased work engagement, greater motivation and lower burnout, underscoring the importance of quality interpersonal relationships among employees. W-RNSS shows potential for researching connections with other work aspects and practical applications in prevention and intervention strategies.
... This concept refers to a nuanced form of interaction where the responses of one person to another are not just imitative but are marked with signs that indicate they are intentional, reflective responses rather than simply replication. This concept is further conceptualised in psychotherapies as intersubjectivities (Stern, 2000) co-creating a clarity of edging (Bogue, 2003). Harrison and Tronick also state that the body-mind intra and inter-actions between people produce a non-linear narrative resulting in the emergence of intersubjective moments: ...
Una cuestión de des/corporización no/relacionada en prácticas de arte terapia Una qüestió de des/corporització no/relacionada en les pràctiques d'art teràpia Dominik Havsteen-Franklin (0000-0003-1309-3528) The texts published in this journal are-unless otherwise indicated-covered by the Creative Commons Spain Attribution 4.0 International licence. The full text of the licence can be consulted here:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 2024, Dominik Havsteen-Franklin et al. Abstract Embodied practices in arts therapies are frequently constructed upon the premise of developmental psychotherapies. This paper problematises some of the key concepts commonly used in arts therapies and explores a new intra-active framework for becoming. Relationality, boundaries and the context of change processes are revisited to investigate modelling an approach that decentres human subjectivity and considers the relevance of embodiment and the environment in relation to therapeutic change. Intersections between art, developmental psychotherapies, arts therapies and aesthetics form the basis of retheorising the dynamic relations of art-therapist-patient. Resumen Las prácticas encarnadas en la terapia artística se construyen sobre la premisa de las psicoterapias del desarrollo. Este artículo problematiza algunos de los conceptos clave comúnmente utilizados en la terapia artística para teorizar un nuevo marco intraactivo del devenir. La relacionalidad, los límites y el contexto de los procesos de cambio se revisan para investigar el modelado de un enfoque que descentra la subjetividad humana y considera la relevancia de la encarnación y el entorno en relación con el cambio terapéutico. Las intersecciones entre el arte, las psicoterapias del desarrollo, la terapia artística y la estética forman la base de la deconstrucción de una triangulación de arte-terapeuta-paciente. Palabras clave Arteterapia; nuevo materialismo; encarnación; Relacionalidad; Espejado Resum Les pràctiques encarnades en art teràpia es construeixen sobre la premissa de les psicoteràpies del desenvolupament. Aquest treball problematitza alguns dels conceptes clau comunament utilitzats en artteràpia per teoritzar un nou marc intraactiu de l'esdevenir. La relacionalitat, els límits i el context dels processos de canvi es revisen per investigar la modelització d'un enfocament que descentra la subjectivitat humana i considera la rellevància de l'encarnació i l'entorn en relació amb el canvi terapèutic. Les interseccions entre l'art, les psicoteràpies del desenvolupament, l'artteràpia i l'estètica formen la base de la deconstrucció d'una triangulació art-terapeuta-pacient. Paraules clau Art teràpia; nou materialisme; Encarnació; relacionalitat; Reflectint 2 2024, Dominik Havsteen-Franklin et al.
... This concept refers to a nuanced form of interaction where the responses of one person to another are not just imitative but are marked with signs that indicate they are intentional, reflective responses rather than simply replication. This concept is further conceptualised in psychotherapies as intersubjectivities (Stern, 2000) co-creating a clarity of edging (Bogue, 2003). Harrison and Tronick also state that the body-mind intra and inter-actions between people produce a non-linear narrative resulting in the emergence of intersubjective moments: ...
Embodied practices in arts therapies are frequently constructed upon the premise of developmental psychotherapies. This paper problematises some of the key concepts commonly used in arts therapies and explores a new intra-active framework for becoming. Relationality, boundaries and the context of change processes are revisited to investigate modelling an approach that decentres human subjectivity and considers the relevance of embodiment and the environment in relation to therapeutic change. Intersections between art, developmental psychotherapies, arts therapies and aesthetics form the basis of retheorising the dynamic relations of art-therapist-patient.
... -Motor, emotional and social skills in childhood are integrated into implicit affective-interactive schemas (see Stern [34]-"schemes of being with)". -Those schemas influence the formation of relational styles and individual personality, which are reflected in habitual bodily posture in specific contexts/situations. ...
Over the past twenty years, scientific research on body representations has grown significantly, with Body Memory (BM) emerging as a prominent area of interest in neurorehabilitation. Compared to other body representations, BM stands out as one of the most obscure due to the multifaceted nature of the concept of “memory” itself, which includes various aspects (such as implicit vs. explicit, conscious vs. unconscious). The concept of body memory originates from the field of phenomenology and has been developed by research groups studying embodied cognition. In this narrative review, we aim to present compelling evidence from recent studies that explore various definitions and explanatory models of BM. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the empirical settings used to examine BM. The results can be categorized into two main areas: (i) how the body influences our memories, and (ii) how memories, in their broadest sense, could generate and/or influence metarepresentations—the ability to reflect on or make inferences about one’s own cognitive representations or those of others. We present studies that emphasize the significance of BM in experimental settings involving patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, ultimately analyzing these findings from an ontogenic perspective.
Dieser Beitrag basiert auf einem Vortrag anlässlich einer Tagung zum 40-jährigen Bestehen des Ärztlich-Psychologischen Weiterbildungskreises für Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse in München im Januar 2024. Das Tagungsthema lautete: analog I digital I komplex – Einladung zum Generationendialog. Geschildert werden Erfahrungen und Überlegungen aus der Sicht der älteren Generation, den Wandel von der virtuellen Realität zur realen Virtualität, die Auswirkung der »generational gap«, »digital native vs. digital immigrant« mit Rollenumkehr und Gefahr der Parentifizierung, die digitale Kommunikation (SMS, E-Mail, Online-Therapie) mit ihren Vorteilen und Nachteilen, die Besonderheiten während der Covid-19-Pandemie. Diskutiert werden auch die Rolle des Körpers und der Sexualität in der digitalen Kommunikation, insbesondere in Abhängigkeit vom Strukturniveau unterschiedlicher Krankheitsbilder.
Vitality Forms (VFs) constitute the dynamic essence of human actions, providing insights into how individuals engage in activities. The ability to perceive and express VFs during interpersonal interactions is pivotal for understanding others’ intentions, behaviors, and fostering effective social communication. Despite their ubiquity in all actions, research exploring the role of VFs in neurodivergent conditions related to social and communicative skills, particularly in autism, remains limited. This study aims to investigate the expression of different VFs during the execution of both social and non-social actions in children with an Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) in comparison to neurotypical children (NT). ASC children and NT children were asked to move a small bottle either towards a target point (non-social context) or moving it towards a receiver (social context) with different VFs specifically neutral, gentle, or rude. Videotaped tasks were subsequently analyzed to study kinematic parameters characterizing VFs. Our results highlighted three main findings: (1) overall, ASC children are able to tune the motor profile of their actions, effectively conveying both gentle and rude VFs; (2) distinct kinematic parameters in the execution of VFs are able to distinguish autistic children from NT children; (3) the social context significantly influences the child’s ability to express positive and negative VFs in autism. Taken together, these findings provide new insights to understand how VFs contribute to the complex dynamics of social communication in neurodivergent autistic children, providing a valuable contribution for future interventions and support strategies.
This chapter deals with the styles, ambients, and metaphors of robot-themed and space-set animated series; the homages to the work of some 19th- and 20th-century European composers, such as Richard Wagner, Modest Mussorgskij, Gustav Holst, and Ennio Morricone, as an inspiration for Japanese composers of the time; and the role of classical music for the creation of atmospheres and dramatic moods, as also revealed through the words of the late manga creator Leiji Matsumoto, whom the author had the privilege to interview back in 2018; passages focussing on music from that interview are included in the chapter. The chapter’s overall argument highlights the concepts of mimetism, syncretism, machinism, synaesthesia, and “citationist obsession” as the key categories/strategies that we can observe. The chapter is in tight dialogue with Chapters 40 and 41, which readers will find in Part IV. The Chapter is in direct or indirect connection with further chapters in the Handbook: for a complete account of the connections, see the boxed text at the end of this chapter, right after the Conclusion and before the Bibliography.
Статья предлагает феноменолого-герменевтическую реконструкцию интерперсонального (интерсубъективного) интенционального горизонта в речи Горгия о Елене Прекрасной. Эта реконструкция опирается на модель интенциональности, в структуре которой выделяется три параметра: цель, предмет и адресат речи. Статья рассматривает смещение интенционального горизонта в речи по этим трем параметрам, выявляя скрытый уровень интенциональности текста, который прочитывается в этих смещениях. Для этого мы обращаемся к хайдеггеровской концепции как-структуры речи, в которой выделяются апофантическое «как», отражающее явный уровень интенциональности, и экзистенциально-герменевтическое «как», указывающее на скрытую интенциональность. На этом основании мы выделили интерсубъективную интенцию речи, которая, наряду с объектной интенцией, регулирует и направляет развитие события речи. Мы показали, что эта интенция заключается в достижении особой (телесно-аффективной) сонастройки, равновесия между собеседниками, взаимопонимания по поводу определенного положения-дел. Мы пришли к выводу, что Горгий проясняет интерсубъективную интенциональную конституцию речи эксплицитно, когда обсуждает природу логоса, и имплицитно,что видно из анализа скрытого уровня интенциональности текста: выбор языковых средств, использование категорий и понятий, вписывающих в онтологию софистического субъекта как агента речи. В качестве основ феноменолого-герменевтического метода реконструкции используются положения экзистенциальной диалектики М. Хайдеггера и теории текста Г.-Г. Гадамера. Так статья встраивает софистическую сборку взгляда в исследовательское пространство современной эпистемологии, демонстрируя ее актуальность и востребованность в вопросе об интерперсональной интенциональности.
The paper offers a phenomenological-hermeneutical reconstruction of the interpersonal (intersubjective) intentional horizon of Gorgias’ speech on Helen of Troy. The reconstruction is based on the intentionality model which has three main parameters, i.e. the goal, the subject, and the recipient of the speech. The paper deals with the shifts of the intentional horizon of the speech according to these parameters, attempting to reveal a hidden intentional tier in the text. For this, we employ the Heideggerian conception of how-structure of speech, where two kinds of “how” are ditinguished, the apophantic “how” reflecting the explicit level of intentionality, and the existential-hermeneutical “how” indicating an implicit intentionality. Accordingly, we have accentuated an intersubjective intention of speech, which on a par with the objective intention regulates and directs the development of the event of speaking. This intention consists in the process of achieving a special (bodily-affective) attunement, equilibrium, or mutual understanding between interlocutors about a certain state ofaffairs. We conclude that Gorgias elucidates the intersubjective intentional constitution of speech both explicitly, when he explicates the nature of logos, and implicitly, which can be seen from the analysis of the implicit level of intentionality of the text, including the choice of linguistic means, the use of categories and concepts that fit intothe ontology of the Sophistic subject as an agent of speech. The phenomenological-hermeneutical method of reconstruction derives from both Hedeggerian existential analytics and H.-G. Gadamer’s theory of text. Thus, the article inscribes the Sophisticoptics into the contemporary epistemology, demonstrating its actuality and exigencyin the question of interpersonal intentionality.
By positing the unconscious as essential to human mentation, we critique prevailing theorization on affective scaffolding, i.e., on how our feelings are supported, regulated, and shaped by the environments where they occur. We question the implicit assumptions (1) that scaffolding acts are explainable by a single, overriding affective aim, (2) that this aim is easily discernible/accessible, (3) that the purpose of scaffolding is to elicit rather than inhibit feeling, and (4) that scaffolding either works or it doesn't, and the emergence of unintended feelings is irrelevant. Respectively, we argue that scaffolding (1*) can have multiple affective aims and functions, some of which (2*) are not necessarily known or fully knowable, and that scaffolding acts can (3*) simultaneously serve both inhibitive and evocative purposes and (4*) produce both intended and unintended effects standing in complex mutual relations-which also complicates the question of their success.
The dynamics of marital relationships are profoundly influenced by the legacy of the family in which individuals are raised. From early childhood, the interactions and behaviors modeled by parents serve as templates for how individuals navigate their own relationships in adulthood. The patterns of attachment, communication, and emotional expression that are formed within the family of origin play a crucial role in shaping expectations and behaviors in marriage. This paper explores the intricate ways in which parental influence impacts marital stability, satisfaction, and dynamics. By examining key psychological theories such as attachment theory, psychodynamic perspectives, and transgenerational transmission, we delve into the enduring effects of family on marital relationships. Understanding these influences is essential for individuals seeking to cultivate healthier marriages, as well as for therapists and counselors working to support couples in overcoming inherited relational patterns. Through this exploration, we highlight the potential for personal growth and the transformative power of conscious, intentional relationship building.
Keywords: parental influence, family of origin, marital relationships, attachment theory, psychodynamic perspectives, transgenerational transmission, relationship dynamics, marital stability, emotional expression, marital satisfaction. 36 pages.
Die Autor*innen arbeiten in Band 19 der Internationalen Psychoanalyse einen Schwerpunkt auf das Sein und die Bedingungen des Lebendig-Werdens heraus und bringen eine Vielfalt an Themen zusammen, die unter einem ontologischen Gesichtspunkt neu gedacht werden können. In Arbeiten zu Winnicotts Konzeption des Leibseelischen und der Bedeutung von »Unintegriertheit« ebenso wie in Berichten von klinischer Arbeit mit autistischen Patient*innen und mit einem psychotischen Adoleszenten während der Covid-19-Pandemie wird diese früheste leibseelische Ebene des going on being deutlich. Weitere Arbeiten befassen sich mit der Entstehung eines Kern-Selbst aus dem primären Masochismus, mit weiblicher Subjektivität und mit dem Thema des »verlorenen« Selbstanteils bei trans Patient*innen. Auch bei dem Blick auf gesellschaftliche Themen wie Rassismus, Traumatisierung durch ein autoritäres Regime oder die psychoanalytische Identität zwischen den Kulturen geht es weniger um das Erkennen und Deuten als darum, durch genaue Beschreibungen die Wahrnehmungsfähigkeiten für die Dimension des Seins und Werdens zu erweitern. Das International Journal of Psychoanalysis gilt als weltweit wichtigste Fachzeitschrift der Psychoanalyse. Aus diesem reichen Fundus versammelt Internationale Psychoanalyse jährlich ausgewählte Beiträge in deutscher Übersetzung. Mit Beiträgen von Lisa Baraitser, Dominique Bourdin, Eugênio Canesin Dal Molin, Nelson Ernesto Coelho Junior, Louise Gyler, Alessandra Lemma, Anat Tzur Mahalel, Sharon Numa, Thomas H. Ogden, Michael Parsons, Tami Pollak, Luca Quagelli, Joona Taipale und Renata Udler Cromberg
The sense of agency, our felt sense of authorship for our actions, is a difficult concept to define, yet its faltering stands at the heart of psychopathology. Historically undertheorized by psychoanalysis and typically positioned opposite relatedness by clinical psychology, Jeremy Safran conceived of agency and relatedness as paradoxically related. This paper pays tribute to Safran’s ideas by taking his writings on agency as a starting point to elaborate how agency forms, and goes awry, in the relational crucible of early life. In doing so, the paper draws on the developmental theory of Winnicott, empirical research on embodied agency from adjacent fields of study, and Safran’s clinical phenomenology.
The intricate interplay between early childhood experiences and adult spirituality is a fascinating domain in psychoanalytic theory. This paper, "From Oedipus and Electra to Jesus and Mary: A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Transference in Religious Devotion," delves into the potential for psychological transference from the Oedipus and Electra complexes to central religious figures in Christianity, namely Jesus and Mother Mary. Sigmund Freud’s concepts of the Oedipus and Electra complexes highlight unresolved childhood conflicts and desires centered on parental figures. We propose that these unresolved feelings can be transferred onto religious figures, providing emotional and spiritual fulfillment. By examining case studies, personal narratives, and integrating Jungian archetypes, we explore how such transference facilitates psychological healing, moral development, and spiritual growth. This interdisciplinary approach enriches both psychoanalytic theory and religious counseling, offering insights into the holistic development of individuals through the integration of psychological and spiritual dimensions.
Keywords: Oedipus complex, Electra complex, transference, psychoanalysis, religious devotion, Jesus Christ, Mother Mary, Freud, Jung, archetypes, individuation, psychological healing, spiritual growth, moral development, case studies, personal narratives, religious counseling.
Thirty years ago, we proposed the similarity between the functioning of artificial intelligence and the human psyche, suggesting multiple parallels between the Freudian model proposed in the “Project for Psychology for Neurologists” and the connectionist theories applied in the generation of parallel distributed processing systems (PDP), also known as connectionist models. These models have been and continue to be the foundation of general artificial intelligences like ChatGPT, evolving and gaining prominence in everyday life. From the earliest applications in psychiatry, recreating computationally simulated modes of illnesses, to the use of deep learning models, especially in the field of computer vision for tasks such as image recognition, segmentation, and classification. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are employed for tasks involving sequences of data, such as natural language processing, or models based on the Transformer architecture, like BERT and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which have revolutionized natural language processing. In this present work, we analyze the significance of the emergence and exponential growth of these types of tools in the field of healthcare, from medical diagnosis and patient care to psychological attention and psychotherapeutic treatment, exploring the changes and transformations in the forms of subjective expression that are arising. We also examine and argue for the importance and validity of the relational dimension proposed by our psychoanalytic approach in contrast to the potential use of these tools as treatment models.
We argue that the main difference between humans and other animals lies in humans’ unique form of sociality: their shared intentionality. Instead of conceiving of shared intentionality as a special skill humans have in addition to the skills they share with nonhuman animals (the additive account), we propose to think of shared intentionality as transforming human cognition in its entirety (the transformative account, as in the thesis of Kern and Moll). We discuss the relevance of the evolution of the human face for shared intentionality, and we argue that the development of shared intentionality proceeds in the following three steps: 1) newborns’ tendency to engage in preverbal, face-to-face dialogue, 2) 1-year-olds’ drive to jointly attend to the world with others as plural subjects, and 3) preschoolers’ appreciation of individuals’ different perspectives. The shared intentionality thesis defended here can be viewed as an extension of Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural account of human development.
The film adaptation of The Wall (2012) by Austrian director Julian Pölsner, starring Martina Gedeck, is based on the 1963 novel by Marlen Haushofer an author who was underestimated for a long time. Although Julian Pölsler strictly adheres to the original novel, he nevertheless adds his own film plot:
A woman, together with a dog, a pregnant cow and a cat, survives a surrealistic catastrophe in a hunting lodge in the Austrian mountains separated by a wall from the destroyed outside world. Cut off from civilization, the townswoman is forced to learn to survive, to grow fruits and vegetables, shoot wild animals, make firewood and hay. In the second summer they spend on the mountain pasture she comes across a man unknown to her, who has already killed the young bull with an axe and also kills her dog, who attacks him. The woman is beside herself with pain, dispair and rage over the loss of her animal friends. She shoots the man impulsively.
In order “not to lose her mind” the woman begins to write down an account of her life in the third year of isolation until all the paper has gone.
The writing self-analysis can be understood as an attempt to process the extreme traumatic experience combined with an existential struggle for survival. In the first summer on the alm the woman discovers: “For the first time in my life I was calm, not content or happy, but calm. … But then she experiences another severe trauma: Her still fragile self-healing process collapses. The whole film inexorably moves towards this trauma, in which she herself plays a decisive, active role: the murder of the intruder. After this, the woman is no longer just a victim of fate, of the cold wall that has come between her and the rest of the world, and of the catastrophe that has extinguished all life: She has become a perpetrator herself. Her self disappears in an extreme state of depressive paralysis.
The Wall appeared a year after the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), which had brought the world to the brink of nuclear catastrophe. Marlen Haushofer captures the mood of an entire generation of that decade in her novel. Against this background, the murder of the intruder to the survival utopia, the harmony of man, animals and nature, takes on a profound meaning: The brutal killing of the bull becomes a symbol of a male-dominated destruction of life and nature and thus the eradication of the transgenerational perspective on our planet. The Wall can thus be considered as a roman à clef about the second wave of the women’s movement as well as a pioneering novel of ecofeminism and be assigned to the third wave of feminism.
This chapter examines how the capacity for empathy or sympathy is formed in settings where affective communication takes place. To intuit the essence of human relationships, it is necessary to elucidate not only the emergence of linguistic communication but also that of affective communication. The chapter focuses on the sensory world of infants and young children, particularly phenomena such as contagious crying, where distinctions between self and others’ bodies are not yet clear, and practices like co-sleeping between mothers and babies. It explains the generation of shared experiences, termed entrainment, through phenomena such as synchronization of breathing rhythms and differentiation between short and long breaths, occurring between mothers and babies. Furthermore, it delves into the formation of pre-linguistic affective communication through the imitation of babbling between infants and caregivers, elucidating the generation of a sense of voluntary movement felt in one’s own body by becoming aware of the zero kinesthetic.
The theme of this chapter is intercorporeality. In phenomenology, the transmission of pleasant or unpleasant affects between one’s own body and another’s is referred to as intercorporeal affective transmission, signifying what occurs between bodies. The characteristic that arises within such bodily interactions is termed intercorporeality. The alignment of pleasant or unpleasant affects constantly exchanged between mother and child is also known as exchange of affect, enabling the foundation of affective communication that underpins human relationships. Infants who become aware of their kinesthetic sensation through imitating babbling with their mothers often show great interest in the connection between their kinesthetic sensation and auditory sensation, as they attentively observe their moving hands and realize, Move like this, see like this. This linkage occurs naturally and unconsciously, established through passive synthesis driven by passive intentionality related to the sense and value of movement and vision. This connection is termed association, which not only unites kinesthetic and visual sensation but also interconnects all sensation in a network-like manner, forming a horizon with breadth and depth, associating as a horizon of sense and value.
In this chapter, the process of how the Five Senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch) are generated from the undifferentiated fundamental synesthesia of infants, who cannot distinguish between external senses like vision and hearing and internal senses like touch and kinesthetic sensation, is explained through an analysis of passive synthesis (association and affection). The conscious perception of zero kinesthetic in infants occurs through the imitation of maternal babbling. During this process, the auditory perception of the mother’s babbling is paired with no accompanying kinesthetic sensation, understood through the Gestalt psychological concept of figure and ground, as the audible voice (figure) and the insensible zero kinesthetic (ground). In the case of babbling imitation, the relationship between auditory perception and kinesthetic sensation represents the figure–ground relationship. Starting from fundamental synesthesia, the boundaries between various senses are drawn through experiences of sensory fulfillment (figure) and non-fulfillment (ground), resulting in the differentiation of individual sensory area.
A total of 100 3–4 mo old infants in 2 experiments were assigned to 1 of 2 groups: one group was first presented with temporally synchronous auditory and visual signals during habituation trials and then nonsynchronous signals during recovery; the other groups received the opposite sequence. The auditory and visual signals were spatially congruous in Exp I, but were separated in Exp II. Since the pulse rate of the visual stimuli was changed for the nonsynchronous trials, a control group was tested that received only the light during habituation and recovery trials. The groups initially presented synchronous signals showed habituation and recovery. Neither group presented nonsynchronous stimuli showed recovery. The group with the spatially separated sources habituated, while the group with the spatially congruous signals did not. Results suggest that infants coordinate the temporal relations. (French abstract) (12 ref)
40 3-year-olds participated in a short-term longitudinal study assessing the relationship between peer competence and 2 antecedent variables, the security of the attachment relationship with the mother and the amount of experience with peers. Security of attachment was assessed through a home visit, the laboratory-based "strange situation," and a standardized maternal-attitude scale. The mother's report was used to estimate amount of experience with peers. Peer competence was assessed from the subjects' behavior in a familiar laboratory playroom with an unfamiliar same-age, same-sex playmate. Security of attachment as assessed at home was highly positively correlated with peer experience. Partial correlations showed that security of attachment was correlated only with nonverbal measures of peer competence, whereas peer experience was correlated only with verbal measures. It was concluded that security of attachment and peer experience were related to different aspects of peer competence. A separate analysis showed that maternal attitudes toward the child's expression of aggression and freedom to explore were significantly correlated with the measures of peer competence.