No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Using Linked Patent and R&D Data to Measure Interindustry Technology Flows
... Esse problema de mensuração da inovação de processo sobre a produtividade já havia sido percebido por Scherer (1984) em um contexto de fluxo de tecnologia intersetorial. O autor chamava a atenção que a maior parte dos esforços inovativos de uma empresa são orientados para a criação e melhorias de novos produtos a serem vendido para outras empresas, o que distingue dos esforços de melhorias de processo de produção usados internamente. ...
... O autor chamava a atenção que a maior parte dos esforços inovativos de uma empresa são orientados para a criação e melhorias de novos produtos a serem vendido para outras empresas, o que distingue dos esforços de melhorias de processo de produção usados internamente. Os estudos empíricos entre inovação e produtividade focavam e continuam em sua maioria se especializando no impacto da introdução de uma inovação por uma empresa i sobre a produtividade desta mesma empresa i, enquanto o importante a ser testado é o impacto da inovação desta firma i para o desempenho da produtividade de uma firma j (SCHERER, 1984). ...
... Paralelamente ao trabalho de Scherer (1982), Momigliano e Siniscalco (1982, 1984 sugeriram um processo mais sofisticado e rigoroso na construção da matriz de fluxos tecnológicos. Os autores se basearam no conceito de setores verticalmente integrado de Pasinetti (1973). ...
... Bu bağlamda, bilginin korunmasına ilişkin mekanizmalardaki aksaklıkların söz konusu taşmalara zemin hazırladığı söylenebilir (Kaiser, 2002a: 126). Bilgi taşmalarına ilişkin literatürdeki ilk çalışmalar (Griliches, 1979(Griliches, , 1991Scherer, 1984) belirli bir ülke sınırı içindeki firmalar veya endüstriler arası bilgi ya da başka bir deyişle AR-GE taşmaları ekseninde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, küreselleşmenin beraberinde getirdiği artan uluslararası ekonomik bağımlılıklar bilgi taşmalarının etkilerini ulusal sınırların ötesine taşımıştır. ...
... Buradan hareketle farklı çalışmalar, bilgi taşmalarıyla etkileşimde bulunan genel dengeye bağlı etkilerin, yeni ve bazen mevcut olanlardan radikal bir biçimde ayrılan politikaları ortaya çıkardığını göstermektedir (Aghion ve Jaravel, 2015: 536-538). Diğer yandan, bilgi düzeyinin, AR-GE'ye yönelik yatırımlardan elde edilen getirileri de kritik bir seviyede etkilediği (Cozzi, 1999) ve uluslararası ortaklıklar yoluyla gerçekleşen öğrenme faaliyetlerini önemli ölçüde artırdığı da (Lane vd., 2001) (Griliches, 1979(Griliches, , 1991Scherer, 1984;Griliches ve Lichtenberg, 1984), ulusal düzeyde ortaya çıktığı ve ölçüm çerçevesi olarak AR-GE ve patent verilerinden yararlandığı görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda Griliches (1979), bir üretim faktörü olarak ele aldığı "bilgi sermayesinin" ölçülmesi zor ve çok geniş bir kavram olduğunu belirtmekte ve bu sermayeyi "AR-GE sermayesi" ile ilişkilendirmektedir. Griliches (Griliches, 1979: 100-102). ...
... Dolayısıyla bilgi taşmalarını doğrudan ölçümleyebilmek için ya belirli bir endüstride veya bir ürün grubu üzerine odaklanmalı, ya da mevcut verilerden ilgili taşma kanallarını tanımlamanın başka yolları aranmalıdır (Griliches, 1991: 3). Buna karşılık Scherer (1984), endüstri içi ve endüstriler arası bilgi akışlarını gözlemleyebilmek amacıyla kapsamlı bir patent sınıflamasına gitmektedir. Scherer (1984) elde ettiği bu patent istatistiklerini, endüstri içi ve endüstri dışı (ithal) olarak ayırdığı AR-GE verilerini ağırlıklandırmada kullanmıştır. ...
Today, along with remarkable advances in communication technologies and information networks across the world, the widespread effect of globalization has reached a tremendous stage. These advances not only move the localized knowledge beyond the national boundaries, but also bring about considerable differences in distribution of global knowledge. As part of explaining the differences in spatial distribution of knowledge, some channels play an important role through spillover effects. In the literature, there is much debate about implications of such channels on economic sphere.
This study aims to investigate the effect of international knowledge spillovers on productivity and economic growth in a sample of 16 developing countries for the 1990-2014 period. The analysis takes into account the interdependencies that global knowledge reveals, as well as the country-specific effects of knowledge spillovers by applying second-generation tests and estimation methods. Firstly, results of the study demonstrate that high-tech imports are an important source of international knowledge spillovers and the effect of such spillovers make a significant contribution to both productivity and economic growth in developing countries. However, there is no clear evidence regarding to significantly positive effect of FDI spillovers in the findings. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine FDI flows in a technology-intensive framework. Thirdly, it is concluded that knowledge spillovers occurring through R&D collaborations do not explain the increases in productivity and economic growth alone. In this respect, results also show that the knowledge absorption capacity at the national level may enable the beneficial use of foreign knowledge stock via collaborative R&D activities.
... A maioria das inovações produzidas e incorporadas em novos produtos por um setor são utilizadas como melhorias no processo produtivo de outros setores, que resultam em ganhos de produtividade (e.g. SCHMOOKLER, 1966;SCHERER, 1982;PAVITT;1984), bem como as relações de compra e venda entre setores produtores e usuários de inovação são determinantes para o próprio desenvolvimento da tecnologia (e.g. ROSENBERG, 2006;DAHMÉN, 1988;LUNDVAL, 1988, DOSI, 2006). ...
... O autor destacou a importância da análise de insumo-produto para o estudo da mudança tecnológica, pois a técnica permite verificar as mudanças nos requerimentos intermediários entre os setores produtivos. Em sua análise histórica, chamava atenção de Rosenberg (2006a) de como a redução de custo através de melhorias e inovações de alguns setores 3 As fontes da mudança tecnológica na visão de Schumpeter (1982;1984) é comumente associada pela literatura a dois marcos diferentes: no marco 1, de Teoria do desenvolvimento econômico, o foco sobre o surgimento de inovações recai na figura do empreendedor "visionário", enquanto que no marco 2, de Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia, o foco passa a ser a grande empresa e seus departamento de P&D. Uma revisão detalhada dos desenvolvimentos teóricos das fontes da mudança tecnológica fogem do escopo dessa tese. ...
... A hipótese de demand-pull frequentemente é atribuída a Schmookler (DOSI, 2006), que ressaltava não só a demanda final, como também, e principalmente, os setores usuários ou compradores de novos produtos. 5 Schmookler (1966) faleceu antes de executar de forma empírica a sua abordagem, que foi utilizada e citada posteriormente por Terleckyj (1980) e Scherer (1982) (SCHERER, 1984). ...
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the sectoral technological interdependence and the impact of
intersectoral technological flows on productivity in Brazil during the period from 2000 to 2014.
The analysis is done at the sectoral level and uses the methodological approach of input-output for
the construction of technological flows matrices between the sectors of the economy. These
matrices incorporate R&D and other innovative activities data as estimates of innovative efforts
incorporated in the acquisition of intermediate consumer goods and capital goods from the
economic sectors. Specifically, it aims to answer three research questions: i) What is the structure
of sectoral technological interdependence of the Brazilian economy?; ii) What would be the key
sectors from the point of view of technology for the Brazilian economy; and iii) What is the impact
of the intersectoral flow of technology on productivity in Brazil? The main findings highlight that
the sectoral technological interdependence structure of the Brazilian economy remained stable
between 2000 and 2014. It has been found that the less technology-intensive sectors, especially the
traditional industry and the agricultural commodity sectors, have absorbed more technology
incorporated in the purchase of their intermediate and capital goods than the more technologyintensive
sectors such as the innovative industry and knowledge-intensive services. More
specifically, the chemical industry emerges as a key sector in terms of technological spillovers
incorporated in intermediate consumer goods for user sectors, while the machinery and equipment
industry emerges as a key sector in the technological spillovers incorporated in capital goods.
Through econometric estimations, it has also been found that the innovative efforts incorporated in
goods transacted by the economic sectors are more important to explain labor productivity growth
than the innovative efforts of the sectors themselves. This shows that much of the productivity
growth of some sectors in Brazil was due to innovations generated in other sectors. It is concluded
that technological flows are an important mechanism of productivity growth in the context of low
productivity growth in the Brazilian economy, mainly in the industrial sectors.
... 4 We focus on the R&D content of trade, or the R&D stock embodied in intermediate and final goods used in production and consumption (Trefler and Zhu, 2010;Nishioka and Ripoll, 2012). 5 The use of input-output data to study inter-industry R&D spillovers in a single economy dates back to Schmookler Schmookler (1966), whose work is followed upon by Terleckyj Terleckyj (1980), Scherer Scherer (1982); Scherer (1984), Griliches and Lichtenberg Griliches and Lichtenberg (1984), and Griliches Griliches (1998a), among others. In recent years, Keller Keller (2002b), Nishioka andRipoll Nishioka andRipoll (2012), andFoster-McGregor et al. ...
... Much of this early work is concerned with understanding the direction of inter-industry R&D spillovers. Scherer's Scherer (1982); Scherer (1984) technology flow matrix, for instance, relies on the sorting of all available R&D data into industries' "own" R&D and "used" R&D sourced from other industries. To construct the latter component, other-industry R&D data is redistributed using the proportion of source industry's patents that are classified, ex ante, as being intended for use in recipient industries. ...
The diffusion of knowledge is an important determinant of economic development. International trade has been established as a key mechanism in facilitating diffusion. The rise of global value chains (GVCs) has transformed trade in recent years. Yet the role of GVCs in giving rise to knowledge spillovers remains under-explored. In this paper, we study the elasticity of industry-level total factor productivity (TFP) to technology that is imported through intermediate trade in GVCs. To do so, we combine novel input–output decomposition methods with recent insights from the literature on the factor content of trade. We focus on a panel of 32 countries and 39 sectors over the 2000–2014 period using WIOD and OECD data. We find that domestic TFP is elastic to knowledge flows arising from GVCs and that the magnitude of this effect is larger relative to all other knowledge flows. We also find that GVC participation is particularly conducive to technology upgrading in countries that are far away from the technology frontier, and that GVC-related spillovers persist over large geographical distances.
... The literature on knowledge diffusion points to different channels of spillovers. In this sense, some part of the knowledge may be specific to a spatial unit (firm, industry, region, etc.) at a national level (Griliches, 1979(Griliches, , 1992Scherer, 1984), while the rest is transmitted by sources from abroad (Grossman & Helpman, 1990;Coe & Helpman, 1995). Based on the fact that economic agents cannot unconditionally succeed with internal sources, the level of domestic knowledge and technology also enables the efficient transmission of external knowledge as a form of absorptive capacity ( Jaffe, 1986;Cohen & Levinthal, 1989;Lane, Salk, & Lyles, 2001). ...
... Earlier research in the literature (Griliches, 1979;Scherer, 1984;Griliches & Lichtenberg, 1984) demonstrates the promising role of knowledge diffusion in firm/industry performance, from a productivity-oriented perspective at a national level. Griliches (1992) emphasizes that apart from technological progress driven by accurate investments and strategic decisions, economic growth is unlikely to be sustained in the absence of R&D externalities, knowledge spillovers, and other inputs necessary for welfare. ...
The diffusion of knowledge is an essential triggering factor in the
phase of economic growth through externalities mostly based
on R&D and innovations embodied in technological products or
services. As a form of transmission, knowledge spillovers arising
from an external source can emerge through various channels.
This study investigates the effect of knowledge spillovers via
high-tech imports and international R&D cooperation on longrun economic growth, in a panel of selected emerging and
developing economies for the 1995-2019 period. Based on
the results of second-generation econometric methods that
take into account cross-section dependence and parameter
heterogeneity, it is concluded that knowledge spillovers via
high-tech imports are a prominent determinant of economic
growth. The results also confirm the growth-enhancing effect
of domestic knowledge stock as a measure of knowledge
absorption capacity. However, it is deduced that knowledge
spillovers via R&D cooperation have a weak and somewhat
insignificant positive impact on economic growth, when ignoring
the complementary relationship between incoming knowledge
and the absorptive capacity of countries. Accordingly, the results
indicate the essential role of increasing absorptive capacity in
gains from R&D spillovers. Lastly, human capital seems to be
decisive in the growth process.
... Notes: Both knowledge spillovers and R&D are in logarithms and measured in dollars. Knowledge spillovers from one county to another includes the information from the technology-flow matrix constructed by Scherer (2007). The detailed procedure for constructing the measure can be found in the technical notes in Appendix B. The regressions are weighted by the total geographic areas of paired counties. ...
... To compute α k←l , or R&D across industries, we follow Scherer(2007) and construct an R&D matrix. This matrix indicates how R&D in industry l flows to (is used in) other industry k. ...
This paper examines the impact of culture on industrial similarity during the trade liberalization process between 1998 and 2007. The identification strategy relies on the regional variation in exposure to trade and compares the industrial structures of pairs of adjacent counties that do or do not share the same dialect. The results show that trade accelerates industrial similarity for all neighboring counties. However, the development of similarity is asymmetrical across regions and over time. In particular, industries in neighboring counties belonging to different dialect regions become more similar and connected than those within the same dialect region. The rise in industrial similarity is being fueled by the emergence of high-skill-intensive businesses as a result of trade-related technology spillovers. Adjacent counties of different dialects have greater skill endowments, which facilitate information transfer.
... The financing of innovation has also been considered under incomplete financial markets. First, the influences of financing constraints for innovative firms have been examined in quite a few papers, such as Benabou (1996), Scherer (1984), Rajan and Zingales (1996), Beck (2008), and so on. These studies claim that credit constraints impede this process, and are thus detrimental to growth. ...
... This paper is related to two strands of studies. The first is about the role of financing innovation in affecting economic growth, such as Aghion et al. (2005), Benabou (1996), Scherer (1984), Rajan and Zingales (1996), and Beck (2008). Our contribution is to introduce the asymmetric information between banks and innovative firms. ...
... As a matter of fact, theoretical and a fortiori empirical studies almost always rely on some sort of grouping -or aim at defining one. Historically, the interest in technology classifications has been mostly driven by the need to match technological and industrial activities (Schmookler 1966, Scherer 1984, Verspagen 1997. Since patented technologies are classified according to their function, not their industry of use or origin, this problem is particularly difficult. ...
Almost by definition, radical innovations create a need to revise existing classification systems. In this paper, we argue that classification system changes and patent reclassification are common and reveal interesting information about technological evolution. To support our argument, we present three sets of findings regarding classification volatility in the U.S. patent classification system. First, we study the evolution of the number of distinct classes. Reconstructed time series based on the current classification scheme are very different from historical data. This suggests that using the current classification to analyze the past produces a distorted view of the evolution of the system. Second, we study the relative sizes of classes. The size distribution is exponential so classes are of quite different sizes, but the largest classes are not necessarily the oldest. To explain this pattern with a simple stochastic growth model, we introduce the assumption that classes have a regular chance to be split. Third, we study reclassification. The share of patents that are in a different class now than they were at birth can be quite high. Reclassification mostly occurs across classes belonging to the same 1-digit NBER category, but not always. We also document that reclassified patents tend to be more cited than non-reclassified ones, even after controlling for grant year and class of origin.
... e quantitative input-output analysis (QIOA) was developed to capture linkages related to flow of goods and services, departing from the study of Input-Output matrices (Oosterhaven et al., 2001;Titze et al., 2011). Similarly, the cross-industry patent citations measures and technology-flow matrices were developed to identify agglomeration patterns for knowledge linkages among industries (Ellison et al., 2010;Scherer, 1984). ese tools are commonly limited for the availability of the data and the disaggregation level of it. ...
This paper presents a quantitative cluster mapping methodology for traded industries, adapted for the Spanish case; also explores the correlation between the existence of clusters and regional performance. The study is made at NUTS-2 level, and a total of forty-seven out of eighty-eight 2-digits codes for CNAE-2009 are analyzed; ICT Index and Industry 4.0 Index are also designed and computed. A six-step methodology is applied departing from cross-industry linkages and implementing clustering algorithms; one set of clusters is elected and mapped over territory. The correlation analysis shows that a high number of clusters based on absolute employment data is positively correlated with variables associated with
competitiveness, education, ICT adoption, and Industry 4.0, while no significant correlation is found for GDP per capita nor earning per worker.
-----
Esta investigación presenta una metodología cuantitativa para el mapeo de clústers en España; también explora la correlación entre la existencia de dichos clústers y el desempeño regional. El estudio se realiza a nivel NUTS-2, y se analizan un total de cuarenta y siete códigos CNAE-2009; asimismo se diseñan y calculan el índice TIC y el índice Industria 4.0. Se aplica una metodología de seis pasos basada en vínculos
interindustriales y en un análisis clúster; se selecciona un grupo de clústers y se mapea sobre el territorio. El análisis de correlación muestra que un alto número de clústers basado en datos absolutos de empleo está positivamente relacionado con variables asociadas a la competitividad, educación, adopción de las TIC e Industria 4.0, mientras que no se encuentra correlación significativa con el PIB per cápita ni con las ganancias por trabajador.
... Most of the studies related to innovation and firm performance were carried out in the USA, France, Spain, and other European countries. A number of studies have also explored strategies linked with increased or decreased business R&D expenditure, owing to the fact that investments in new goods, processes, or technologies frequently lead to competitive advantages and greater productivity (Ettlie, 1998;Scherer, 1984). But the nexus between outside Directors and innovation, which is a critical determinant of long-run performance, remains largely unexplored so far (Balsmeier et al., 2014). ...
This article presents the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) results on the empirical association between innovation and corporate governance for a panel data set of 88 manufacturing companies in India listed on the NSE 200 Index from 2014 to 2020. GMM approach controls the potential sources of endogeneity inherent in the innovation—corporate governance relationship which mainly arises due to unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity bias. We empirically analyze corporate governance and innovation to understand the market value of research and development practices of manufacturing companies in India. Our results indicate that Board size, Board meetings, and CEO duality support the “value creation” hypothesis of corporate governance of manufacturing companies in India. However, ownership concentration and Board meeting contradict “value creation hypotheses.” Therefore, this study identifies various factors of corporate governance that can help manufacturing companies in India in innovation and growth options. Further, this study recommends that ownership concentration and Board meetings should be properly assessed, as the concentrated owners should not merely act as expropriates, but rather should enable the long-term sustainability of the firm by taking the initiative, which enhances growth.
... The mining industry is often considered a slow innovator (Scherer 1984). Nevertheless, Bartos (2007) shows that its rate of innovation is comparable with general manufacturing, even if it is still lower than so-called high-tech manufacturing (Dunbara et al. 2016). ...
This paper analyses the evolution of innovation in the mining sector and how this innovation responds to the economic environment, in particular to changes in commodity prices. For this purpose, we combine commodity price data with innovation data as proxied by patent filings extracted from a novel unit record database containing comprehensive patent and firm-level data for the mining sector from 1970 to 2015. We include patents registered both by mining companies and mining equipment, technology, and service (METS) firms. With a multi-country panel analysis, we find that innovation in the mining sector is cyclical. Innovation increases in periods of high commodity prices while decreasing during commodity price recessions. Our results suggest that innovation increases mostly with long price cycle variations, while mostly unaffected by medium and short cycles. METS-related innovation seem the driving force of this mechanism. In contrast, countries specializing in mining industries are found to be slower in reacting to price changes.
... 48 For the latter, the authors use the estimation of spillover effects proposed by Scherer (1984), which captures the R&D effort made in one industry that is then used as an input in another. ...
After a large devaluation in January of 2002, Argentina experienced six years of a stable and undervalued exchange rate (2003-2008), where the relative prices between tradable and non-tradable goods markedly changed. This six-year period shows the highest number of sectors with export surges from 1980 to 2015. What do we learn about RER undervaluation and export performance from this event? What are the main characteristics of the sectors that took advantage of the exchange rate stimulus? This paper proposes a series of hypotheses to answer these questions and test them empirically by analyzing sectoral export surges in Argentina. The main hypothesis is that labor-intensive sectors are more responsive to exchange rate movements because non-tradable costs prevail in their production function. We test this hypothesis by running a series of linear probability econometric models using the 4-digit disaggregation classification of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 2. Our results are summarized as follows. First, we find that the probability of export surge episodes increased 2.5% by each standard deviation of higher labor intensity index during 2003-2008. Second, we show that export surges are more likely to occur in sectors related to already competitive sectors. Third, when assessing the cross-industry kinds of linkages, we find evidence that the probability of an export surge episode is higher in the upstream sector of those already competitive. Finally, the new export volumes in sectors with export surge episodes show persistent dynamics after the end of the undervalued period, being a signal of hysteresis in trade.
JEL Classification: F43, F14, O11.
... The mining industry is often considered a slow innovator (Scherer 1984). Nevertheless, Bartos (2007) shows that its rate of innovation is comparable with general manufacturing, even if it is still lower than so-called high-tech manufacturing (Dunbara et al. 2016). ...
People have been digging in the ground for useful minerals for thousands of years. Mineral materials are the foundation of modern industrial society. As the global population grows and standards of living in emerging and developing countries rises, the demand for mineral products is increasing. Mining ensures that we have an adequate supply of the raw materials to produce all the components of modern life, and at competitive prices. Innovation is central to meeting the diverse challenges faced by the mining industry. It is critical for developing techniques for finding new deposits of minerals, enabling us to recover increasing amounts of minerals from the ground in a cost-effective manner, and ensuring it this is done in a way that is as environmentally responsible. This book provides the first in-depth global analysis of the innovation ecosystem in the mining sector. This book is Open Access.
... As noted earlier, measuring innovation is challenging (see Griliches (1990), Scherer (1984), ...
We investigate the relation between commercial real estate (CRE) returns and regional innovativeness and find that regions with more innovation exhibit higher total returns on commercial property. And, when we investigate the extent to which income return and capital return on commercial properties are related to local innovativeness, we report a positive relation between innovativeness and income return but little to no association between innovativeness and capital return. Our paper also provides some initial evidence, suggesting that local innovativeness is related to better future CRE performance. Overall, this paper suggests that innovativeness of a region is economically and statistically positively related to CRE returns, adding to a budding literature investigating CRE returns, as well as a large literature researching innovation. JEL Classification: R11, R33, O30
... Furthermore, measures related to technology such as R&D, patents, and (total factor) productivity are comparatively noisy, which makes econometric identification particularly hard. In the case of Coe and 5 The approach of applying weights to external R&D has a long tradition in research on identifying domestic knowledge spillovers, see Terleckyj (1974), Griliches (1979), and Scherer (1984). ...
... Review of Economics and Statistics Just Accepted MS. rest by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to their industry of use (Schmookler, 1966;Scherer, 1984), but their approach is infeasible given our large sample size. Instead, we rely on a rare case where a patent office has provided information on the link of patents to industries. ...
We provide a new measure of automation based on patents and study its employment effects. Classifying all U.S. patents granted between 1976 and 2014 as automation or nonautomation patents, we document a strong rise in the number and share of automation patents. We link patents to their industries of use and to commuting zones. To estimate the effect of automation, we use an instrumental variables strategy that relies on innovations developed independently from U.S. labor market trends. We find that automation technology has a positive effect on employment in local labor markets, driven by job growth in the service sector.
... For example, Nelson, Peck and Kalacek (1968) found that up to the 1000 employee level, there was a disproportionate increase in R&D spending with increases in firm size, but this advantage did not extend above the 1000 employee level. While Scherer (1983Scherer ( , 1984 showed that in most manufacturing industries, firm size and R&D are positively correlated, Acs and Audretsch (1988) showed that small firms tend to be more innovative. According to Hansen (1992), small firms usually have no formal R&D departments and their innovative activities often escape official R&D statistics even though they contribute disproportionally to industrial innovation. ...
This paper explores the dynamic complementary interaction between investment in technological capability and investment in specific innovation projects based on a decision model of innovation, using Vietnamese MSME data. The empirical results show that firm size, technological capability and current specific R&D investment have a positive impact on innovation. Firm age was positive but not significant, implying that conscious technological effort may be more important for innovation than passive learning by doing. The combination of significant economies of scale and technological capability imply that government assistance for firms with low technological capability maybe important, but government assistance is shown to be either insufficient or ineffective. Results from this paper suggest that government policy aimed at facilitating increases in firm size and providing technical extension services would be more constructive than merely providing R&D subsidies to MSMEs.
... While scholars in the energy field have recently started to move from the "how much" to the "how" (Acemoglu et al., 2016;Anadon et al., 2016a;Chan, 2015;Howell, 2017; National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine, 2017), the role of external knowledge, i.e., spillovers, for technological innovation has typically been overlooked. This is surprising given the fact that spillovers can substantially advance technological innovation (Mowery and Rosenberg, 1998;Scherer, 1982aScherer, , 1982bScherer, , 1984Schmookler, 1966) has been shown empirically for innovations in the fields of clean energy (Huenteler et al., 2016a;Nemet, 2012), energy storage (Noailly and Shestalova, 2017), and (lithium-ion) ...
Innovation in clean-energy technologies is central towards a net-zero energy system. One key determinant of technological innovation is the integration of external knowledge, i.e., knowledge spillovers. However, extant work does not explain how individual spillovers come about: the mechanisms and enablers of these spillovers. We ask how knowledge from other technologies, sectors, or scientific disciplines is integrated into the innovation process in an important technology for a net-zero future: lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), based on a qualitative case study based on extant literature and an elite interview campaign with key inventors in the LIB field and R&D/industry experts. We identify the breakthrough innovations in LIBs, discuss the extent to which breakthrough innovations—plus a few others—have resulted from spillovers, and identify different mechanisms and enablers underlying these spillovers, which can be leveraged by policymakers and R&D managers who are interested in facilitating spillovers in LIBs and other clean-energy technologies.
... However, in the case of innovation such an assumption is likely violated. Managers and other employees with research responsibilities often have substantial information advantage when compared to corporate executives (Scherer, 1984), and these individuals and corporate executives only interact infrequently because they are only rarely involved in joint production. As such, non-executive employees involved in innovation could exploit their informational advantages to tilt resource allocation in their favor (Seru, 2014), Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3562030 ...
We find that social capital in U.S. counties, as captured by strength of social norms and density of social networks, is positively associated with innovation of firms headquartered in the county, as captured by patents and citations. This relation is robust in fixed-effect regressions, instrumental variable regressions with a Bartik instrument, propensity score matching regressions, and a difference-in-differences design that isolates the effects of over time variations in social capital due to corporate headquarter relocations. Strength of social norms plays a more dominant role than density of social networks in producing these empirical regularities. Cross-sectional evidence indicates the prominence of the contracting channel through which social capital relates to innovation. Additionally, we find that social capital is also positively associated with trademarks and effectiveness of corporate R&D expenditures.
... Remote problem sources-such as national and supranational agencies-lie outside firms' direct geographic and institutional environments; in parallel, proximate problem sources-such as state and county agencies-lie within firms' direct range of geographic and institutional environments (Alcácer & Chung, 2014;Delmas & Toffel, 2008;Miller et al., 2007;Nachum et al., 2008;Sine et al., 2005). In turn, differences in the geographic and institutional closeness (i.e., remote vs. proximate) to the problem source influence two processes: first, how much knowledge focal firms possess about the problem and/or problem source (Alcácer & Zhao, 2016;Mahmood, Chung, & Mitchell, 2013;Ody-Brasier, 2018;Scherer, 1984;Zhao & Islam, 2017); and, second, how likely it is that firms expect to be able to influence the source after the problem emerges (Bonardi et al., 2006;Dorobantu et al., 2017). Together, these two processes relate to the breadth of knowledge search in response to proximate and remote problem sources. ...
Research Summary
We consider how different problem sources—proximate versus remote—relate to heterogeneity in search breadth. While studies of search have established the importance of search breadth, and argued that problems trigger search, they have focused on a single problem source instigating search. We extend prior research by considering how search breadth differs in the presence of proximate and remote problem sources. Because of differences in familiarity with each type of problem, and in expectations of their ability to influence the problem source, problems triggered by remote sources associate with greater breadth. Firms’ technological capabilities, meanwhile, temper these findings; capable firms exhibit broader search when facing problems raised by proximate sources. Using data describing the U.S. renewable electricity sector, we generate theoretical and empirical implications.
Managerial Summary
When facing new problems, firms tend to seek knowledge from various sources to better understand the problem and identify relevant solutions. The source of the problem may be an important trigger to the breadth of search activities, particularly whether the source is proximate or remote. To test this notion, we compare U.S. utility firms’ search breadth when facing regulations emphasizing increased renewable generation, from both the federal and the state government. We find that firms tend to search for knowledge about renewable technologies more broadly following federal regulatory actions. However, firms that have previously generated renewable electricity search more broadly following state regulatory actions. By exploring firms’ chioces in the U.S. renewable electricity sector, our research generates important managerial and public policy implications.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... dalgo, 2011; Hidalgo et al., 2007;Boschma and Capone, 2015), a sub-national region (e.g., Ellison and Glaeser, 1997;Neffke et al., 2011;Delgado et al., 2016;Balland et al., 2018) or even a firm (e.g., Breschi et al., 2003;Fan and Lang, 2000). Papers also explore linkages based on traditional channels discussed by Marshall (1920): similarity in technologies (e.g., Scherer, 1984;Boschma and Capone, 2015;Breschi et al., 2003), similarity in workers and labor skills (e.g., Farjoun, 1994;Neffke and Henning, 2013;Neffke et al., 2017), or input-output relations (e.g., Fan and Lang, 2000). 4 While this literature explores various measures of relatedness across industries, its contributions tend to focus on studying one channel at the time. ...
The transition into non-traditional export activities attracts important policy and academic attention. Using international trade data, we explore how alternative linkages relate to the take-off and acceleration of export industries. Concretely, we run a horse-race among alternative Marshallian linkages across sectors: input-output relations, technology and labor. Technology has a predictive power depending on the specification used. We consistently find, however, that export take-offs are more likely to occur in sectors that are upstream to already competitive export industries. Our findings, which are mostly driven by developing economies, are consistent with Albert Hirschman’s 60-year-old view that the forces behind upstream linkages fueled the growth of new competitive industries in the developing world.
... Historically, the interest in technology classifications has been mostly driven by the need to match technological and industrial activities (Schmookler 1966;Scherer 1984;Verspagen 1997). Since patented technologies are classified according to their function, not their industry of use or origin, this problem is particularly difficult. ...
Almost by definition, radical innovations create a need to revise existing classification systems. In this paper, we argue that classification system changes and patent reclassification are common and reveal interesting information about technological evolution. To support our argument, we present three sets of findings regarding classification volatility in the U.S. patent classification system. First, we study the evolution of the number of distinct classes. Reconstructed time series based on the current classification scheme are very different from historical data. This suggests that using the current classification to analyze the past produces a distorted view of the evolution of the system. Second, we study the relative sizes of classes. The size distribution is exponential so classes are of quite different sizes, but the largest classes are not necessarily the oldest. To explain this pattern with a simple stochastic growth model, we introduce the assumption that classes have a regular chance to be split. Third, we study reclassification. The share of patents that are in a different class now than they were at birth can be quite high. Reclassification mostly occurs across classes belonging to the same 1-digit NBER category, but not always. We also document that reclassified patents tend to be more cited than non-reclassified ones, even after controlling for grant year and class of origin.
... We focus on externally embedded relationships with partners operating in the manufacturing sector for three main reasons. First, complementarity between service and manufacturing inputs results in intense knowledge spillovers, information flows, and mutual dependence (Baptista and Swann, 1998;Chi, 1994;Scherer, 1984;Teece, 1986). Second, feedback from local manufacturing partners is critical for the use of locally provided service inputs for the final product (Von Hippel, 1998), particularly for foreign affiliates which lack market-specific knowledge (Johanson and Vahlne, 2009). ...
We investigate institutional antecedents to subsidiary external embeddedness and relate regulation constraining competition in local service sectors to subsidiary embeddedness with local partners in complementary sectors. Combining research on business networks with arguments derived from transaction cost economics, we argue that subsidiary external embeddedness depends on the extent of transaction costs originating from small numbers bargaining, which regulatory competitive constraints in local service sectors are a source of. Based on this logic, we suggest that low and high levels of regulatory competitive constraints are associated with greater subsidiary external embeddedness. We also suggest that this U-shaped relationship is more pronounced for subsidiaries that are centers of excellence within the multinational enterprise because these subsidiaries heavily depend on the local context as a source of their competitive advantage over their sister subsidiaries.
... EGK estimate inter-industry technological similarity using cross-industry patent citations and the technology-flow matrix constructed in Scherer (1984). The latter yields the, conceptually, most attractive metric. ...
The fact that firms benefit from close proximity to other firms with which they can exchange inputs, skilled labor or know-how helps explain why many industrial clusters are so successful. Studying the evolution of coagglomeration patterns, we show that the type of agglomeration that benefits firms has drastically changed over the course of a century and differs markedly across industries. Whereas, at the beginning of the twentieth century, industries tended to colocate with their value chain partners, in more recent decades the importance of this channel has declined and colocation seems to be driven more by similarities in industries’ skill requirements. By calculating industry-specific Marshallian agglomeration forces, we are able to show that, today, skill-sharing is the most salient motive behind the location choices of services, whereas value chain linkages still explain much of the colocation patterns in manufacturing. Moreover, the estimated degrees to which labor and input-output linkages are reflected in an industry's coagglomeration patterns help improve predictions of city-industry employment growth.
... This generates two distinct results. First, since efficiency is only one of several goals of regulation, the equilibrium allocation al. (1988), Griliches (1979Griliches ( ,1986, Grilliches and Lichtenberg (1984), Griliches and Mairesse (1990), Mansfield (1988), Mohnen (1990a,c), Mohnen, et al. (1986), Nadiri (1980), Nadiri andBitros (1980), Nadiri and Prucha (1990), Nadiri and Schankerman (1981), Patel and Soete (1988), Scherer (1984), Terleckyj (1974). ...
Our chapter will discuss the empirical and theoretical issues related to identifying and estimating the sources of productivity growth. There is a voluminous literature on the subject and there exists a vast amount of empirical evidence based on aggregate, industry, and firm data for the US, OECD, and developing countries. The pioneering work of Dale Jorgenson and his associates1 and Zvi Griliches and his associates2 and many others in US universities and research institutions, the World Bank, and research institutes in Europe and other countries is not discussed here. Our objectives are much narrower. We discuss only two approaches to productivity analysis: the index number approach and use of factor demand models. Both static and dynamic versions are used to specify the underlying technology and then estimate the factors that contribute positively or negatively to productivity growth. To illustrate the theoretical and empirical issues involved, we have presented a number of models and studies that we have been engaged in over the years. These studies are used as illustrations of the considerable progress achieved by the many researchers who have devoted their efforts to this general class of problems. The examples we have provided cannot represent or replicate all of other researchers' work but rather are intended to provide an illustration of the general class of studies on the subject.
In the framework of the European Green Deal, which aims to steer research and innovation toward climate neutrality, this article studies the extent to which different types of policies (direct and/or indirect) supporting renewable sources of energy can guide research and development (R&D) efforts toward process or product innovations. To this end, it proposes a new method for automatically analyzing whether a patent is a product or a process. More precisely, it proposes a semantic analysis of patent documents that generates a continuous measure of the patent’s relative position between product and process. This allows several limitations of the economic literature to be overcome, and provides insights into the mechanisms at work, notably how the use of these new techniques can help optimize environmental policies. This methodology is applied to the wind power industry, emphasizing the non-neutrality of renewable support policies in driving innovation.JEL classification: O31, C81, C89.
We investigate the relation between commercial real estate (CRE) returns and regional innovativeness and find that regions with more innovation exhibit higher total returns on commercial property. And, when we investigate the extent to which income return and capital return on commercial properties are related to local innovativeness, we report a positive relation between innovativeness and income return but little to no association between innovativeness and capital return. Our paper also provides some initial evidence suggesting that local innovativeness is related to better future CRE performance. Overall, this paper suggests that the innovativeness of a region is economically and statistically positively related to CRE returns, adding to a budding literature investigating CRE returns and extensive literature researching innovation.
The geography of innovation refers to the spatial clustering of innovative activity and the advantages conferred by co-location. Economic actors realize gains when located to places with abundant resources, well-developed social networks and the chance for serendipitous encounters: all factors that increase the probability of recognizing opportunity and easily solving problems. Location can lower search costs through localized knowledge spillovers and provide access to external scale and scope economies. Firms are one mechanism for organizing economic activity and social networks are another; geography provides an alternative platform that easily brings together resources external to firm and augments social networks through face-to-face interaction.
We investigate the impact of product innovation on labour productivity through a unique panel dataset of roughly 2,000 publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms from 1980-2003 with patent filings over the same time period. OLS and IV estimates of citation-weighted patent stocks with respect to firm specific labour productivity are positive and statistically significant. Mergers are significantly correlated with a rise in citation-weighted patent stocks and research and development (R&D) spending. In tandem, our findings suggest that larger firms resulted from mergers spend more on innovation, which results in higher quality patents, and increased labour productivity.
People have been digging in the ground for useful minerals for thousands of years. Mineral materials are the foundation of modern industrial society. As the global population grows and standards of living in emerging and developing countries rises, the demand for mineral products is increasing. Mining ensures that we have an adequate supply of the raw materials to produce all the components of modern life, and at competitive prices. Innovation is central to meeting the diverse challenges faced by the mining industry. It is critical for developing techniques for finding new deposits of minerals, enabling us to recover increasing amounts of minerals from the ground in a cost-effective manner, and ensuring it this is done in a way that is as environmentally responsible. This book provides the first in-depth global analysis of the innovation ecosystem in the mining sector. This book is Open Access.
People have been digging in the ground for useful minerals for thousands of years. Mineral materials are the foundation of modern industrial society. As the global population grows and standards of living in emerging and developing countries rises, the demand for mineral products is increasing. Mining ensures that we have an adequate supply of the raw materials to produce all the components of modern life, and at competitive prices. Innovation is central to meeting the diverse challenges faced by the mining industry. It is critical for developing techniques for finding new deposits of minerals, enabling us to recover increasing amounts of minerals from the ground in a cost-effective manner, and ensuring it this is done in a way that is as environmentally responsible. This book provides the first in-depth global analysis of the innovation ecosystem in the mining sector. This book is Open Access.
Using inventions with a high degree of recombinant novelty as proxy for radical technologies, this work provides a long-run quantitative analysis of the relationship between radical technologies and productivity growth. The empirical analysis is based on a cliometric approach and relies on Granger’s causality to test the sign and direction of causality between the flow of radical technologies and productivity levels, in the USA between 1920 and 2000. At the aggregate level, results show that radical technologies cause a temporary acceleration of productivity growth and explain a considerable part of productivity variations. At technology-field level, the analysis indicates that productivity growth is driven by a few technological fields, mainly concentrated in science based sectors and in the sectors of specialized suppliers of capital equipment. Finally, with respect to the controversial issue of the endogeneity of radical technologies, at the aggregate level we find no causal relationship running from productivity to radical technologies, suggesting that these are exogenous. However, at technology-field level, we find a few endogenous technologies. Most of these are “demand-driven” as their flow increases when productivity grows, but they have no impact on productivity. Only in one technological field, the flow of radical technologies increases when productivity decreases and, at the same time, has a positive impact on productivity. This latter case may explain why technological revolutions and the whole process of long-run economic development are partly endogenous.
In this paper, we empirically investigate how staggered boards, a prevailing governance structure of high-tech firms, influence firms’ product innovations in the United States. We explore a quasi-natural experiment of a legislation change in Massachusetts that forced the adoption of staggered boards in 1990 for the causal effect of staggered boards. We find that, when compared with firms in other states, Massachusetts-incorporated firms without staggered boards before 1990 perform better with respect to product innovations once they adopt staggered boards after 1990. The positive effect of staggered boards on product innovations is stronger for firms with higher takeover vulnerability, with higher institutional ownership, and in industries with higher advertising expenditures. Such a positive effect is consistent with staggered boards’ long-term orientation and is further confirmed by treated firms’ better product quality after 1990.
This article examines the empirical literature on technology spillovers and the mechanisms or channels through which it diffuses in emerging market economies. This article delves into conceptual and measurement challenges concerning technology spillovers. International trade, foreign direct investment, and human capital are the main mechanisms or channels through which technology spillovers and diffusion takes place. In so doing, limitations are also brought out concerning measurement and methodological issues. Finally, this article summarizes the issues and challenges with regards to technology spillovers and its mechanisms of diffusion in emerging market economies and provides pointers for future research.
Following state-level legal changes that increase labor dismissal costs, firms increase their innovation in new processes that facilitate the adoption of cost-saving production methods, especially in industries with a large share of labor costs in total costs. Firms with high innovation ability exhibit larger increases in process innovation and capital-labor ratios - an effect driven by both increases in capital investment and decreases in employment. By facilitating the adjustment of the input mix when conditions in input markets change, innovation ability allows firms to mitigate value losses and is a key driver of their performance.
Against the pressing challenges of climate change and fossil fuel depletion, renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) are considered a clean and sustainable alternative. PV technologies have grown into a substantial field of research and development through large stocks of scientific publications and patents. Besides cell technologies, the balance of system (BoS) components such as panels, electronics and energy storage form an important research area. The present article studies the development of the PV technological system using patent indicators. It is composed of three parts: First, it defines the system by thoroughly reviewing the various cell and BoS technologies. Second, it introduces a novel methodical approach for identifying its relevant patents. In that sense, the paper contributes with an accurate inventory of international patent classes for PV system. Finally, the geographical, organizational and technical trends over the past six decades are analysed along with a review of the most influential inventions. The analysis shows that 95% of the PV patent applications were filed by inventors from seven countries: Japan, Korea, China, USA, Germany, Taiwan, and France. Most patents were filed by companies and related to thin-film and crystalline-silicon cells as well as panel encapsulation and supporting structures. The analysis reviews the quantity, quality and technological specialization within countries’ patent profiles. It further provides an overview of the technological landscape and freedom-spaces available for manufacturers.
The fields of entrepreneurship, innovation and regional development are inextricably linked, with people, organisations, and the environment or their location, forming the main building blocks in an integrated model of value creation.. This second edition of a key textbook draws on the diversity of approaches in these areas to produce a unified understanding of this important subject and its sub-sets.
The author connects theory and practice using references to academic studies as well as industry sources. The importance of technology is highlighted throughout to demonstrate the value of new technology-based ventures and the role of technology for innovation in both organizational and spatial contexts., The economic and social contexts of entrepreneurship are covered in dedicated chapters offering an appreciation of multiple perspectives on key themes of growth and development.
Drawing on insights and concepts from a wide range of disciplines such as business, sociology, economics, geography and management, this unique textbook introduces entrepreneurship to students from different backgrounds and varied interests. With a range of new case studies and coverage of emerging themes such as smart cities, ecosystems, female entrepreneurship and social and human capital, the book provides an expert exposition of the elaborate empire of entrepreneurship.
This paper illustrates the essence, types, and features of intellectual product and method of assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise with intellectual product. Until now, there have been many discussions on knowledge-intensive economy, knowledge intensity of goods and service, and intellectual property and knowledge capital as intangible product. In other words, while many authors have discussed the influences of knowledge on the economy in macroeconomic level, others have discussed the side of managing intellectual properties and role of knowledge in technological market competitions in microeconomic level. However, our view is that we cannot find the meaning of goods and service which knowledge is embodied and the view on competitiveness assessment of enterprise with intellectual goods and services. In the era of knowledge economy, on the one hand, knowledge is an input as production resource, and on the other hand, it yields output as intellectual product. In order to reveal the essence and features of intellectual product and to solve the method of assessing the competitiveness of enterprise with intellectual products, we investigated the structure of product and features of its evolvement, revealed the essence of intellectual product based on structure of product capacity, and showed the feature of intellectual product through mutual comparison between traditional and intellectual product. After that, we suggested the methodology for assessing the competitiveness of enterprise, using the various indicators related to intellectual product and standard transformation techniques. The major conclusions are that there are intangibles and tangibles in the intellectual product, and in the era of knowledge economy, enterprises with intellectual product (IP) have competitive advantage, and structure and feature of IPs significantly and differently affect the competitiveness of enterprises.
The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, is the world's highest-energy particle accelerator. Its construction (1995–2008) required frontier technologies and close collaboration between CERN scientists and contracting firms. The literature on “Big Science” projects suggests that this collaboration generated economic spillovers, particularly through technological learning. CERN granted us access to its procurement database, including suppliers of LHC from 35 countries for orders over 10,000 Swiss Francs. We gathered balance-sheet data for more than 350 of these companies from 1991 to 2014, which include the years before and after that of the first order received. The study assesses, in quantitative terms, whether becoming a CERN supplier induced greater R&D effort and innovative capacity, thus enhancing productivity and profitability. The findings – which controlled for firms’ observable characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and unobserved time, country, industry and firm-level fixed effects – indicate a statistically significant correlation between procurement events and company R&D, knowledge creation and economic performance. The correlation is chiefly driven by high-tech orders; for companies receiving non-high-tech orders, it is weaker, or even statistically not significant.
It is well known that there are incentives for cooperation and collaboration along the supply chain, as the performance of any one firm is dependent on that of its suppliers. However, R&D by any firm or sector may affect the performance of other firms and sectors that it supplies irrespective of whether collaboration takes place or not, as reflected in endogenous growth models where positive spillovers play a major role. This paper studies the impact of R&D spillovers on productivity performance in British firms, focusing on spillovers in a supply chain. The results show that R&D spillovers along the supply chain has the largest positive and most significant impact on labour productivity, followed by own-sector spillovers, then by own-internal R&D and own purchases of external R&D. Moreover, R&D spillovers tend to stimulate firms’ R&D and innovation spending and these, in turn, increase labour productivity.
This paper builds a simple general equilibrium model that sheds new light on the mechanism of intersectoral flows of technology. It explicitly models the production of technology using diverse technology components as inputs. The model shows that demand shocks do not cause innovation while technology shocks as deviations from a balanced growth path induce asymmetric productivity changes across sectors. We also conduct a simple quantitative analysis using recent Japanese R&D data, which shows that most productivity effects remain within the bounds of the sector. We find some important exceptions to this rule, however, in particular for shocks occurring in information technology and precision instruments.
Although economists and policy makers have devoted considerable attention to the transfer of technology by U. S.-based multinational
firms to their overseas subsidiaries, very little is known about the nature of the technology that is being transferred overseas
in this way, the extent to which it leaks out to non-U. S. competitors, the size of the benefits it confers on the host (and
other non-U. S.) countries, and the sorts of non-U. S. firms that receive the largest benefits of this sort. This paper presents
findings that shed new light on each of these topics.
This article outlines the production function approach to the estimation of the returns to R&D and then proceeds to discuss in turn two very difficult problems: the measurement of output in R&D intensive industries and the definition and measurement of the stock R&D "capital." The latter concept leads to a discussion of modeling of the spillover effects of R&D and to suggestions for possible measurement of such effects via the concept of technological distance between firms and industries. Somewhat more familiar econometric problems (multicollinearity and simultaneity) are taken up in the next section and another section is devoted to estimation and inference problems arising more specifically in the R&D context. Several recent studies of returns to R&D are then surveyed, and the paper concludes with a plea for a lowering of expectations as to what the available data can tell us and with suggestions for ways of expanding the current data base in this field.
It has long been recognised that the costs of imitating new products have an important effect on the incentives for innovation in a market economy.' As Arrow (I962) and others have pointed out, if firms can imitate an innovation at a cost that is substantially below the cost to the innovator of developing the innovation, there may be little or no incentive for the innovator to carry out the innovation. In their discussions of the innovation process, economists frequently have called attention to the major role played by the costs of imitation, but there has been little or no attempt to measure these costs, to test various hypotheses concerning the factors influencing them, or to estimate their effects. In this paper, we report some findings of what seems to be the first study of this topic. In addition, we present data regarding the effects of patents on imitation costs and on the rate of innovation.
New structures and equipment by using industries
- Peter E Coughlin
Coughlin, Peter E., et al. 1980. New structures and equipment by using
industries, 1972. Survey of Current Business 60:45-54.
Department of Economics. 1978. 23rd annual McGraw-Hill survey of business' plans for research and development expenditures
- Mcgraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill Department of Economics. 1978. 23rd annual McGraw-Hill survey of business' plans for research and development expenditures, 1978-81.
Speedy entry of patented inventions into commercial use
- Barkev Sanders
Sanders, Barkev. 1962a. Speedy entry of patented inventions into commercial use. Patent, Trademark, and Copyright Journal 6:87-116.
---. 1962b. Some difficulties in measuring inventive activity. In The
rate and direction of inventive activity, ed. R. R. Nelson. Princeton:
Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Patents and the corporation, rev
- F M Scherer
Scherer, F. M., et al. 1959. Patents and the corporation, rev. ed. Boston:
James Galvin and Associates.
Interim progress report: Research and development, patenting, and the microstructure of productivity growth
- F M Scherer
Scherer, F. M. 1979. The causes and consequences of rising industrial
concentration. Journal of Law and Economics 22: 191-208.
---. 1980a. Industrial market structure and economic performance. 2d
ed. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
---. 1980b. Interim progress report: Research and development,
patenting, and the microstructure of productivity growth. Northwestern University.
The Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast concordance as a means of identifying industry technology origins
---. 1982a. Inter-industry technology flows and productivity growth.
Review of Economics and Statistics 64:627-34.
---. 1982b. The Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast concordance as a means of identifying industry technology origins. World
Patent Information 4, no. 1:12-17.
The propensity to patent
---. 1983. The propensity to patent. International Journal of Industrial Organization 1:107-28.