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Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici
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... Elite politics, overall, is the politics of kingship and kinship: it takes place in both ceremonial courts and local communities, generating eventful decisions via everyday interactions. To understand how such politics work, we need to uncover not only the relational substrata undergirding formal institutions and ideologies but also how elite interactions continually redefine their relationships (Elias, 1983;Lachmann, 2000;Padgett & Ansell, 1993). ...
... Our work also makes methodological contributions by extending longitudinal network analysis of an original elite dataset to historical political sociology. Prior studies have used network analysis to examine elite politics in late medieval Italy (Padgett & Ansell, 1993), the English Civil War (Bearman, 1993;Hillmann, 2008), early modern Poland (McLean, 2004(McLean, , 2011, and the 19 th -century Chilean Congress (Bro, 2023). Our work contributes to this literature by elaborating the effects of changing network structure on elite conflicts over time. ...
... This idea was further developed in Padgett and Ansell's (1993) now classical study of the "robust actor," such as Cosimo de' Medici, who controlled and balanced the multiplex network of Renaissance Florence. During China's reform era, Deng Xiaoping is described as one such power broker (Huang, 2000;Torigian, 2022:3;Su, 2023:19). ...
In this article, we explore the micro-foundations of elite politics by focusing on changes in network structures that emerge from informal conversations. Empirically, we offer a novel “situational conflict” explanation to account for the puzzle of why reformist leaders were periodically ousted during China’s reform era (1977–1992), emphasizing the unexpected power collision that catalyzed the violent crackdown on the Tiananmen movement in 1989. To do so, we employ network analysis and narrative to utilize an original dataset of elite conversations and primary sources that have only recently been made available. We find that ideological cleavage and manipulative brokerage produced each conflict to varying degrees but were contingent on the relational structure arising from elite conversational interactions. Furthermore, the actual unfolding of those conflicts often resulted from key actors’ discrepant understandings of the changing relationships via ongoing interactions at vital moments, such as during the Tiananmen movement. Integrating micro-sociological theories and network analysis, our work has methodological and theoretical implications for unpacking the black box of elite politics and its role in macro-historical change.
... Atomists frequently emerge in the literature under different other names. Their focus in practicing individuality upon isolated individual elements is recognized in such notions as "undersocialized" individuals who are innately either gentle (as in Smith's The Wealth of Nation) or brutal (as in Hobbes' Leviathan) in an invariable manner [69]; a workman who knows in advance what is in one's cultural toolkit and uses these cultural tools ingeniously at times of "settled lives" [26]; "boss"-like political leaders who are charged with personal motivations for power domination with little interest in public goods and legitimacy [70]; political challengers who hold interests distinct from those of incumbents and attempt to uproot the whole dominant system for their non-communicable interests [71]; biologists living with "certainty" and no doubt despite unsettling laboratory findings that go against the canonical Mendelian laws of biology [27]. Atomists' single-dimensional fixation to one kind of rationality as the only foundation of individuality is recognized in the notion of individuals who see varieties of rationality as "nothing but" one fundamental rationality (be it material or cultural) [72]. ...
... Collectivists with similar characteristics are called by different names in the literature: "oversocialized" individuals who are readily knowledgeable of and adamantly loyal to collective rules [69]; a workman who "is used" by (not "uses") cultural tools such as ideologies and big ideas at moments of "unsettled lives" [26]; "judge"-like political leaders who are concerned only with public goods and legitimacy and not personal ambitions to be a boss [70]; political incumbents who maintain the current dominant system for their distinct interests against challengers [71]; biologists living with all "certainty" and no doubt about the established Mendelian laws among fellow biologists, without witnessing any laboratory experiments that cast doubts to the laws [27]; individuals who live out various logics of supra-individual "worlds" in a reductionist or confrontational manner [72]; purity-seekers who live only within the system set apart from non-system and disorder [73]. ...
... Dualists are called by different names in the sociological literature, such as "embedded" individuals who are both brutal and gentle, both solitary and relational, and both economic and social [69,74]; a workman who does not only use but is simultaneously used by cultural tools [26,75]; a Sphinx-like "multivocal" political leader who is both a self-interested boss and a public-minded judge at once [70]; "socially skillful" political incumbents who pursue their interests in the current system only to the extent to which they can persuade challengers that the system is congruent also with challengers' interests, and "socially skillful" challengers who cannot overturn the dominant system immediately and yet sustain themselves within the system and their hope for a different future [71]; biologists living with both "doubt and certainty" at the encounters between novel individual findings in experiments and a collective knowledge system of Mendelian biology [27]; "relational/connectionist" [72,76] or "ritualizing" [77] individuals who relate personal intimacy with formal money transactions in tensions; individuals who seek both within-system purity and cross-system pollution at once [73]. ...
South Koreans are susceptible to the medical face mask against the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, their mask practices are intriguingly laden with contradictions and inconsistencies. This study accounts for this puzzle by expanding two sociological frontiers: the sociology of action (i.e., action theory of agency and individuality) and the sociology of the mask. Drawing on action theory, it stresses that contradictions and inconsistencies reveal the nature of individuals as social individuals and develops a typology of social individuals during the current pandemic (i.e., atomists, collectivists, and dualists). For mask sociology, it amplifies that any mask practices are conceptualized as a masquerade involving multiple elements for individuality and proposes a theory of mask multivocality that appreciates the ways in which masquerade the social drama becomes concretized. With this two-pronged conceptual innovation, it first demonstrates a patterned relationship between social individuals and mask multivocality. Dualists take more voices from the mask than atomists or collectivists. Dualists take the most contradictory voices as well. Second, it shows that Koreans who take more meanings from the mask reveal not only more vulnerability but more transformative power amid the current pandemic. Demonstrating the promise of mask sociology for the action theory of individuality, it ultimately argues that individuals as social performers often reveal themselves as mask-wearers who become as transformative as they are vulnerable. While this model is founded upon the recent pandemic, it ramifies in political and cultural events that various face coverings accompany.
... Quantitative estimates of upperclass familial persistence have tended to follow the paradigmatic father-son class transmission model, taking a group of upper-class men and estimating how many of them were represented by elite male descendants at a later time. Families are measured patrilineally, by surname (Baltzell, 1958;Padgett and Ansell, 1993;Padgett and McLean, 2006;Clark, 2014; Barone and Mocetti, 2021;Cummins, 2022;Dupraz and Simson, 2023), father-son ties and chains (Pessen, 1973;Wiener 1978;Campbell, 1982;Stone and Stone, 1984;Song et al., 2015;Dupont and Rosebloom, 2016), or some combination of the two (Jaher, 1982;Rishel, 1990;Padgett, 2010;Ager et al., 2021). 2 But elites do not always have sons, and in most settings, they do not pass their wealth, status, and power exclusively to sons. Further, upper-class families tend to intermarry, compounding advantages in their mutual descendants, meaning that it is not only more urgent but also more feasible to compile information on elite kin beyond the patrilineage: in an endogamous upper-class world, the grandparents of one elite are likely to be the siblings, great-aunts, and second cousins of many others. ...
... Endogamy is ubiquitous in elite populations, showing up in settings as various as Florence during the Renaissance (Padgett and Ansell, 1993;Padgett, 2010), elite business families in contemporary Taiwan (Chung et al., 2021), the US Black elite since the nineteenth century (Gatewood, 1990;Bodenhorn, 2015), the business elites of early twentieth century Mexico City (Lomnitz and Perez-Lizaur, 1987), the twelfth-century French aristocracy (Ermakoff, 1997), centuries of the Central American ruling class (Stone, 1990), the contemporary Norwegian upper class (Toft and Jarness, 2021) and the white elite of New York (Beckert, 2001), Boston (Farrell, 1993), Philadelphia (Baltzell, 1958), Pittsburgh (Rishel, 1990), and Virginia (Gordon-Reed, 2008) throughout their histories. The phenomenon is consistent with the general principle of class-based homophily (McPherson et al., 2001). ...
... Elite endogamy helps upper-class families preserve and augment their wealth, status, and power (Padgett and Ansell, 1993;Chung et al., 2021;Goñi, 2022). Over time, endogamy tangles lineages. ...
This article introduces the first-ever full kinship network of an upper-class population in a US city (n = 12 273). Multigenerational class transmission models tend to conceptualize families as father–son chains, especially for the upper class, but I systematically include women, finding that nearly 70% of Dallas high society from 1895 to 1945 was related in a single web encompassing most of the city’s wealthy, powerful, and high-status people. Because elites did not always have sons, nearly three times more families persisted over the 50-year period than patrilineal measures would suggest. Almost all persistent families connected to the web, and they connected more deeply than non-persistent families. Three case studies demonstrate that women and kin ties beyond the patrilineage frequently drove elite family persistence. Upper-class populations are best understood not as collections of distinct dynasties that live or die with the success of sons, but as complex, durable family webs.
... "Aims to deliberately design solutions that can be taken in new directions and serve new purposes depending on situational analyses of demands, barriers, and emerging opportunities (41)." ...
... Integrated care pathway performance analysis and measurement framework(41) ...
Background: In 2015, the Government of Quebec undertook a vast reorganization of its health and social services network. This reform mainly aimed to promote and simplify access to services for the population, contributing to the improvement of the quality and safety of care, and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the network. Since 2016, several health care organizations (HCOs) have pushed reform even further by developing management through care and service pathways (MCSP). This study aims to identify, in a processual manner, the different factors involved in implementing MCSP in different HCOs, in the turbulent context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method: The methodology of this research project is based on developmental evaluation. The objective of developmental evaluation is to guide organizations and actors in the adaptation and development of innovations in complex and turbulent environments. Data will be collected over a three-year period using five strategies: i) organizational questionnaires; ii) analysis of clinical-administrative databases; iii) documentary analysis (grey and scientific literatures); iv) participant observations and v) semi-structured interviews with key actors involved in the implementation of MCSP.
Discussion: In addition to the operationalization of pathways, the implementation of MCSP i) involves transforming the governance of the health care organization both at the strategic and operational levels and ii) is a demanding process that requires changes in practices, modifications in the allocation and configuration of resources and the development of new collaborations between the different actors in the organization, the partners and the users involved in this transformation. Several studies claim that governance innovations can create conditions that are favourable to the emergence of innovations in terms of available services and responding to the needs of populations. This research will develop knowledge of the factors involved in implementing MCSP in complex and turbulent contexts and propose scale-up across the province.
... 6 In short, Roa had virtually as many political attitudes as he had people to discuss them with. The result was a "shroud of multiple identities" (to steal a phrase from Padgett andAnsell 1993: 1310) which neither the people who knew him nor, later, the police and the press could cut through. ...
... On this point, our evidence suggests that social skill has less to do with personal ingeniousness than with connectivity. Like Padgett and Ansell's (1993) portrait of Cosimo de Medici, the actors of the Bogotazo did not need to be exceptionally shrewd or manipulative to adopt courses of action displaying high tactical ambiguity. The impostures that Roa contrived, the repertoire of collective violence that protesters adopted, the diplomatic indirections that political elites employed were not particularly inventive. ...
This article rethinks the dynamics of collective contention by emphasizing the role of tactical ambiguity. In the face of high political uncertainty, contentious mobilizations work best when they avoid explicit claim-making and engage instead in what I call equivocal challenges—i.e. provocative actions whose meaning will be defined by the response they elicit from specific targets. I provide detailed illustrative support for this argument through a study of the 1948 Bogotazo, by analyzing network data and repertoires of action extracted from archival sources. I conclude that rushed claim-making in contexts of political uncertainty may very well be a losing tactic and that conversely collective equivocation has significant political payoffs.
... Over time, the concept of ambiguity has been progressively disentangled from related terms such as uncertainty (Townsend et al., 2018), paradox , multivocality (Padgett & Ansell, 1993), and polyphony (Belova, King, & Sliwa, 2008). However, despite long-standing interest in ambiguity in organization theory, we lack integrative and systematic analyses of the various types, dimensions, and uses of ambiguity in and around organizations. ...
... Indeed, reference to studies in political science are also present in subsequent studies (e.g., Gioia, Nag, & Corley, 2012;Sillince, Jarzabkowski, & Shaw, 2012). These papers explicitly draw parallels between how political candidates (Glazer, 1990;Page, 1976;Shepsle, 1972) or political actors (Padgett & Ansell, 1993;Ring & Perry, 1985) maintain ambiguity around their goals and actions in order to win elections or build alliances and how managers ambiguously communicate their vision of organizational change or of a new strategy to employees. ...
This Element presents and discusses the main trajectories in the evolution of the concept of ambiguity and the most relevant theoretical contributions developed around it. It specifically elaborates on both the intrinsic perspectives on ambiguity as an inherent part of organizational decision-making processes and the more recent strategic perspectives on discursively constructed strategic ambiguity. It helps illuminate the path ahead of organizational scholars and offers new avenues for future research. This is important given the ever more pervasive presence of ambiguity in and around organizations and societies.
... Dabei handelt es sich um den Fluss von Informationen und den daran gebundenen zeitnahen Zugriff auf kulturelles Kapital zur Formulierung von Strategien und zur Ergreifung von Handlungsmöglichkeiten (Granovetter 1973(Granovetter , 1983(Granovetter , 1985, den Zugriff auf Statusressourcen Dritter bzw. deren Aushandlung (Grow et al. 2015), auf ökonomische Ressourcen, oder die Möglichkeit zur Machtausübung (Padgett und Ansell 1993;Padgett und McLean 2006). Ferner kann Sozialkapital als Ressource verstanden werden, welche die Konstruktion und Verbreitung von Bedeutungen (Fuhse 2009) oder emotionale Absicherung ermöglicht (Cainelli et al. 2015). ...
... Zudem bietet sich die Möglichkeit an, Konzepte zu entwickeln, um die Möglichkeit, für andere Akteure zu sprechen und damit symbolische Herrschaft auszuüben besser zu operationalisieren. Das könnte durch das Konzept der Multivokalität (Padgett und Ansell 1993;Padgett und McLean 2006) geschehen, das innerhalb von Machtnetzwerken verwendet wurde, um nachzuzeichnen, auf welchen Verbindungstypen der Einfluss koordinierter, mächtiger Akteure mit hohen Kapitalvolumina beruht und dazu führt, dass Verbindungen weniger mächtiger Akteure aufgelöst werden oder gar nicht erst Zustandekommen. Anders ausgedrückt, kann man im vorliegenden Fall bestimmte Personenkonstellationen oder Koalitionen mundtot machen und innerhalb des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses, Expertendiskurses oder politischen Diskurses ausgrenzen, aus dem Feld der Macht verbannen und die Positionen, die mit den jeweiligen Akteuren assoziiert sind, qua Grenzziehung des Nomos delegitimieren. ...
Der Band hat zum Ziel, den Zugang wissenschaftlicher Experten zum Feld der Macht in theoretischer wie methodischer Sicht greifbar zu machen. Die USA als weltweit führender Wissenschaftsstandort mit zahlreichen Verflechtungen zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik, Ministerien, Wirtschaft, Stiftungen, Medien und Militär dient dabei als Anwendungsfall. Basierend auf einer Kombination aus Habitus-Feldtheorie und Netzwerktheorie wird ein Zugangsmaß entwickelt, das zugleich die Konkurrenz der Forschenden und Universitäten um Aufmerksamkeit sowie das Potential erfasst, Expertise in politische Entscheidungsprozesse einfließen zu lassen. Mittels eines Mixed-Methods-Forschungsdesigns, das die materiellen und symbolischen Ressourcen der Universitäten, deren strategische Ausrichtung und feldüberspannende Netzwerke erfasst und miteinander kombiniert wird deutlich, dass eine hohe Konzentration des Zugangs auf wenige Eliteuniversitäten vorliegt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass das Zugangsmaß ein sehr guter Prädiktor dafür ist, dass Expert*innen der jeweiligen Universitäten zu Kongress- und Senatsanhörungen vorgeladen werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich das entwickelte Zugangsmaß und die unterliegende theoretische Fundierung als Grundlage dar, den allgemeinen Zugang von Akteuren zu Schaltstellen der Macht zu untersuchen.
... Yet, SAFs can define a field through forms other than markets, for example, community economies or post-growth models (Steffestun & Ötsch 2023). Strategic action is about control in a given context (White 1992;Padgett & Ansell 1993) to create and sustain social worlds by elevating human capacity to secure the cooperation of others through shared meanings and identities (Fligstein & McAdam 2012, p. 17). This particular SAF element assumes rules and resources not to be static but rather "produced, reproduced and altered by socially skilled actors in relation to collective interests" (Moulton & Sandfort 2017, p. 145). ...
We employ field theory as an approach to analysing sustainable regional development by reconciling funding needs and funding procurement. Initial expectations that private capital would bridge the financial gap to decarbonize our economies and societies have not materialized. Instead, state-led coalitions increasingly introduce spatialized decarbonization strategies in which public development banks are pivotal, yet underappreciated, actors. Field theory provides a fresh perspective for mapping the particular context in which regional industrial policies intersect with broader national and supra-national investment programmes and funding needs for these long-term initiatives. Transitions are typically directed but open-ended social processes, necessitating agency to both alter context and institutions and stabilize the emerging new structures. Field theory can surpass limitations in approaches like transition studies and integrate change mechanisms across scales.
... We benefitted from Feldmann and Morgan's (2022) businesses' responses to populist governments through exit, voice, and implicit or explicit loyalty. First, firms which followed diversified 'multivocal' (Padgett and Ansell 1993) political positions mostly sustained their ranking. Secondly, fast performance growth was also attained by those with strong, homogenous, 'univocal' ties to incumbents, but these became a liability when conditions changed. ...
This article examines business-politics ties during a shift from multi-party politics to competitive-authoritarian rule in Turkey. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of the political ties and performance ranking of top manufacturing firms in a provincial industrial centre, Gaziantep. The analysis demonstrates that major power transitions in centre politics elicited variegated local responses and intra-group contestations. The leading business elites sustained political capital through a multi-scalar diversification of political ties. Using an agent, network, and institutions framework, we highlight the political dynamics behind sub-national growth trajectories, and contribute to scholarship on urban party politics and elite localism in economic geography.
... Later, a series of papers had appeared, in which the authors showed that various social structures can be treated in a uniform way using the mathematical apparatus of graph theory. Let us also mention the dissertation by Sampson (1969), which described the relationship between monks in a cloister, the paper by Padgett and Ansell (1993) that gave a network representation of marriage relations between noble families of Florence during the period of Medici's rise. Both these networks have become classical by now. ...
In this paper, we apply the methods of graph theory to reveal hidden relations within the corpus of the Hebrew Bible texts. The structure of relations between different texts was studied based upon their interpretation of the otherworld and the afterlife. We have identified 43 most relevant texts that contained concepts related to the notion of the otherworld and constructed a graph representing the relations between the considered texts. The obtained graph was decomposed into 3 densely connected subgraphs using the Louvain method. An initial interpretation has been given to the results of the decomposition. Furthermore, we used different ranking methods to determine the most important texts forming the network structure of the intertextual connections. It turned out that there is an invariant set of texts that can be interpreted as having the larger influence or importance on the development of the idea of the otherworld. These texts are Proto-Isaiah, Qoheleth, Job, Psalms, and Proverbs as well as 1 Samuel, Ezekiel, and Book of Genesis. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the notions, associated with these texts, reveals that there are several concepts that are likely to be associated with the most influential texts.
... Document analysis can also have a critical role in enriching data for more comprehensive SNA analysis (Alfani & Gourdon, 2012;McLean, 2007;Padgett & Ansell, 1993). Researchers, by selecting documents that are pertinent to the social network they are studying, can approach and check the existing data through different sources such as social media or any other documents. ...
This article argues for a new paradigm in understanding social behavior through the application of a mixed methods design within social network analysis (SNA). By understanding SNA as a field of study and integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies within it, the article proposes a comprehensive research design capable of constructing social mechanisms that has the potential to elucidate explanations at micro, meso, and macro levels. The article thoroughly examines SNA as a field of study where both methodological traditions are equally valued and needed. The implications offer a robust approach for scholarly pursuits investigating social phenomena in sociology. Key words: social network analysis, mixed methods design. Aproveitando a análise de redes sociais para uma fusão de metodologias em sociologia Resumo Este artigo defende um novo paradigma na compreensão do comportamento social através da aplicação de um design de métodos mistos na análise de redes sociais (ARS). Ao compreender a ARS como um campo de estudo e integrar nele metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas, o artigo propõe um desenho de pesquisa abrangente capaz de construir mecanismos sociais que tenham o potencial de elucidar explicações nos níveis micro, meso e macro. O artigo examina minuciosamente a SNA como um campo de estudo onde ambas as tradições metodológicas são igualmente valorizadas e necessárias. As implicações oferecem uma abordagem robusta para atividades acadêmicas que investigam fenômenos sociais em sociologia. Palavras-chave: análise de redes sociais, abordagem de métodos mistos Tirer parti de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux pour une fusion de méthodologies en sociologie Résumé Cet article plaide en faveur d'un nouveau paradigme dans la compréhension du comportement social à travers l'application d'une conception de méthodes mixtes au sein de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux ZHGHENTI, Nino (2023),"Leveraging Social Network Analysis for a Fusion of Methodologies in Sociology", Sociologia: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Vol. XLVII, pp. 129-147 130 (SNA). En comprenant le SNA comme un domaine d'étude et en y intégrant des méthodologies quantitatives et qualitatives, l'article propose un modèle de recherche complet capable de construire des mécanismes sociaux susceptibles d'élucider des explications aux niveaux micro, méso et macro. L'article examine en profondeur le SNA en tant que domaine d'étude où les deux traditions méthodologiques sont également valorisées et nécessaires. Les implications offrent une approche solide pour les recherches scientifiques étudiant les phénomènes sociaux en sociologie. Mots clés: analyse des réseaux sociaux, approche méthodes mixtes Aprovechar el análisis de redes sociales para una fusión de metodologías en sociología Resumen Este artículo aboga por un nuevo paradigma en la comprensión del comportamiento social mediante la aplicación de un diseño de métodos mixtos dentro del análisis de redes sociales (SNA). Al entender el SCN como un campo de estudio e integrar dentro de él metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas, el artículo propone un diseño de investigación integral capaz de construir mecanismos sociales que tiene el potencial de dilucidar explicaciones a niveles micro, meso y macro. El artículo examina exhaustivamente el SCN como un campo de estudio donde ambas tradiciones metodológicas son igualmente valoradas y necesarias. Las implicaciones ofrecen un enfoque sólido para las actividades académicas que investigan los fenómenos sociales en sociología. Palabras clave: Análisis de redes sociales, enfoque de métodos mixtos.
... Duxbury and Haynie (2020) examined how suspension can decrease school achievement by driving students into academically underperforming peer groups. Padgett and Ansell (1993) classically showed that the Medicis' navigation into advantageous network positions enabled them to consolidate political power in fifteenth-century Florence. Each of these studies imply an indirect network selection effect on an individual or group outcome via network structure. ...
Mediation analysis is increasingly used in the social sciences. Extension to social network data, however, has proved difficult because statistical network models are formulated at a lower level of analysis (the dyad) than many outcomes of interest. This study introduces a general approach for micro-macro mediation analysis in social networks. The author defines the average mediated micro effect (AMME) as the indirect effect of a network selection process on an individual, group, or organizational outcome through its effect on an intervening network variable. The author shows that the AMME can be nonparametrically identified using a wide range of common statistical network and regression modeling strategies under the assumption of conditional independence among multiple mediators. Nonparametric and parametric algorithms are introduced to generically estimate the AMME in a multitude of research designs. The author illustrates the utility of the method with an applied example using cross-sectional National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data to examine the friendship selection mechanisms that indirectly shape adolescent school performance through their effect on network structure.
... Marriage and kinship networks are an interesting source of insights into the social, economic, and political dynamics of polities below a certain size, where families are strongly linked by mechanisms of economic or social inheritance. After Padgett and Ansell's pioneering analysis of marriage networks in the Grand Duchy of Florence [19], they have been explored in many different cultures and historical periods: marriages in medieval Venice have been studied to shed light on the pattern of longdistance trade [20] and on the careers of politicians [21]. In the Republic of Venice, access to power was restricted to aristocrats and nobility was hereditary. ...
Marriage networks, which represent the matrimonial connections between different families in a given historical and geographical milieu, rarely take into account one aspect of internal family dynamics, namely the existence of intra-family marriages. The inclusion of such marriages, represented in the graph by self-loops, is essential to compute more accurate measures of centrality. In this paper, we discuss various procedures for incorporating these links into the analysis, with the requirement that they be compatible with the use of already available social network analysis software. We then apply them to two historical marriage networks, one from the Republic of Venice and the other from Taiwan. By comparing centrality measures for the baseline and modified networks, we found that the most satisfactory of the proposed methods is the one that duplicate nodes of families with intra-family marriages and adds new edges that link these duplicated nodes to all the families to which the original node was connected. This procedure is computationally simple and conceptually sound, making it a useful tool for analyzing marital networks.
... Multivocality is facilitated through the provision of safe spaces (e.g., anonymous entry of contributions), through consideration of stakeholder inclusion (potentially through devices such as CATWOE 5 -a part of SSM) and through the management of complexity (provided by causal maps, rich pictures, decision graphs). As such it attends to "the fact that single actions can be interpreted coherently from multiple perspectives simultaneously, the fact that single actions can be moves in many games at once, and the fact that public and private motivations cannot be parsed" (Padgett & Ansell, 1993: 1263. Multivocality requires understanding the different criteria being brought to the table, each of which is informed by the perspectiveor world viewof the stakeholderresonating closely with SSMs notion of Weltanschauung (Checkland, 1981). ...
... The position of each node (vertex) in the network is not random (El-Khatib et al. 2015). Individuals are more central and in an advantageous position if they (1) have more ties, (2) are close to other individuals, (3) have the shortest path (geodesic path) to others, and (4) are tied to more-highly connected nodes (Padgett and Ansell 1993). Social networks are a broad construct consisting of numerous dimensions, and no single indicator can effectively and completely capture all dimensions of the concept of a social network. ...
We investigate the role of external social networks in corporate tax strategies. Using data on Taiwan-listed nonfinancial firms from 2004 to 2022, we construct executives’ external social networks by measuring their ties with the directors or executives of other listed firms with the similar characteristics of educational backgrounds and working experiences as well as other activities such as training courses, business forums, and meetings. Our empirical analyses show that firms whose CEOs and CFOs have stronger network ties are more likely to aggressively avoid taxes, and such a phenomenon is robust to different regression models. With more insightful depth, the network-tax relations are significant only for subsamples of firms whose executives have a financial or accounting background. We contribute to the literature on tax avoidance by demonstrating how an external social network is another crucial characteristic of executives that influences corporate tax avoidance.
... Organizational members often have discretion over whether to participate in or abstain from evaluating a peer. While it is plausible that members who are (about to be) evaluated would abstain from evaluating peers to avoid taking a clear position that peers disagree with (Padgett and Ansell 1993), we suggest that organizational members participate in the evaluation of more peers when they themselves are (about to be) evaluated. ...
Peer evaluations place organizational members in a dual role: they evaluate their peers and are being evaluated by their peers. We theorize that when evaluating their peers, they anticipate how their evaluations will be perceived and adjust their evaluations strategically to be evaluated more positively themselves when their peers assess them. Building on this overarching claim of role duality resulting in strategic peer evaluations, we focus on a dilemma that evaluating members face: they want to leverage their evaluations of peers to portray themselves as engaged and having high standards, but at the same time, they must be careful not to offend anyone as doing so may cause retaliation. We suggest that organizational members about to be evaluated resolve this dilemma by participating in more peer evaluations but carefully targeting which evaluations they participate in. We test our theory by analyzing peer evaluations on Wikipedia, supplemented by in-depth semistructured interviews. Our study informs research on peer evaluation and organizational design by revealing how being an evaluator and evaluated can make evaluations more strategic.
Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15302 .
... Während insgesamt die Sensibilität hinsichtlich des intervenierenden Charakters von Sozialforschung tendenziell steigt, zeigt sich hier ein scheinbar weitgehend nicht reflektiertes Forschungsverhalten, dass weder die eigenen wissenschaftlichen Werkzeuge noch seine Intervention im Feld thematisiert, geschweige denn kritisch hinterfragt. Padgett und Ansell (1993). So hat Britt Großmann (2017)freilich mit einem gänzlich anderen Vorgehenin ihrer historische Arbeit versucht, das Werk der in der Freideutschen Jugend engagierten Historikerin Elisabeth Busse-Wilson auch anhand deren sich wandelnden Netzwerkes nachzuzeichnen und zu analysieren. ...
... During their sociological research, Padgett and Ansell used statistical methods to examine the relationships of different families according to aspects such as financial situation, friendships, employment and residential relationships, and based on these, they showed how the families formed different types of clusters. (Padgett & Ansell, 1993). Many historians have researched the history of the Medici family. ...
In Florence in the 15th century, several families competed for power, during which they developed complicated business and family relationships. These families can be considered the big companies of the age. The results of network science have shown that a company's market power is determined not only by its financial and market positions, but also by its network position in the business network. The purpose of the research is to present the role of 15th-century Florentine families in their network of relationships and the resulting power position using quantitative methods. The research considers the business and family relationships of families as a multi-layered, complex network and examines them using network science methods. The research shows which families occupied the various positions of power in the complex network of relationships, and which families formed close groups within the network. One of the new areas of 21st century management is the network management, which focuses on examining the internal and external network of companies. The research examines the business positions of 15th-century Florentine families using the network management approach.
... Central to our argument at Byblos is that these processes started in a heterarchical way and predominantly reflected in monumental (temple) architecture but had the potential to spearhead one neighborhood faction or lineage group having foremost relevant external exchange contacts. The role of 'networking' in advancing one's social position has been argued convincingly for the Medici (Padgett and Ansell 1993). The roots of these social developments focused on temples can be traced at least to the Early Bronze Age in the Levant. ...
This article will discuss the role of monuments in the construction of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) landscape on the Lebanese coast. The discussion focuses on Byblos, where an extensively excavated EBA town plan shows evidence of at least seven temples and a monumental town wall. Nearby contemporary sites that followed markedly similar building activity phases during the period will also be examined. Finally, we will argue that the construction of these buildings and the communal activities they facilitated were integral to the social organization of groups along this part of the Lebanese coast. Temples and related monumental architecture were the nexus of labor and social ties, integrating both the hinterland and participants in overseas and overland exchange networks, most visible in Egypt but also likely including Syrian, Mesopotamian, and Anatolian communities. We show that Byblos was composed of several neighborhoods built around temples, where people participated in events that served to integrate local communities while simultaneously providing a stage for competitive display. Further, we will present evidence that the temples served as venues for these social acts and stimulated contact with emerging powers such as Egypt, which delivered prestige and status to local elites fostering the development of political hierarchies apparent in the following periods.
... These types of organizations are, to a certain extent, self-directing entities, providing a frame of reference informed by past experiences that has notable prescriptive implications for member agents' legitimate behavior (Kraatz & Block, 2008;Schreyögg & Sydow, 2010). As a "site of causation" (Abbott, 1995: 873), a highly institutionalized organization both integrates and transcends its individual members, to the extent that such an organization legitimates its own actions (Goodstein, Blair-Loy, & Wharton, 2009;Padgett & Ansell, 1993). In such an organization, actions are "locked-in" for either cognitive, normative, or resource-related reasons and individuals enact known behavioral patterns (Giddens, 1984;Sydow, Schreyögg, & Koch, 2009). ...
Trust represents a key social mechanism facilitating collaboration in interorganizational relationships. Yet, the concept of interorganizational trust is surrounded by substantial ambiguity, especially as it pertains to the levels of analysis at which it is located. Some scholars maintain that trust is an inherently individual-level phenomenon, whereas others insist that organizations constitute the central sources and referents of trust in interorganizational relationships. Our article addresses this controversy, aiming to reduce conceptual ambiguity and foster cumulative progress. Using a micro-sociological approach, we advance knowledge of the meaning and context-specific relevance of individual- vs. organizational-level trust. Specifically, we apply the notion of organizational actorhood to both the trustor and the trustee in an interorganizational relationship. We then build on micro-institutional and entitativity theory to offer a model of the antecedents of organizational actorhood that identifies a set of contextual conditions explaining the degree to which an organization rather than individuals within it constitutes the focal origin and target of trust. The contingent account we propose here helps bridge disparate traditions of scholarship on interorganizational trust by highlighting that trust can, but need not always, reside to a substantial extent at a supraindividual level of analysis.
... A pointed argument has been made that methods of structural analysis could be caught up to structural determinism (EMIRBAYER & GOODWIN, 1994) and that they are based on a formal conception of the network in which the cultural embeddedness of actors and their interpretations and agency involved in producing and reproducing relational structures are neglected (DIAZ-BONE, 2006;FUHSE, 2015;FUHSE & MÜTZEL, 2011;KNOX, SAVAGE & HARVEY, 2006;MISCHE, 2003MISCHE, , 2011PACHUCKI & BREIGER, 2010). Debates of this kind have provided the starting point for linking formal-structural network analyses with the study of meanings, culture, and agency (e.g., PADGETT & ANSELL, 1993) or employing mixedmethod designs (BELLOTTI, 2014;DOMÍNGUEZ & HOLLSTEIN, 2014). Moreover, network researchers in the context of relational sociology in particular (MISCHE, 2011;WHITE, 2008) have suggested ontological and methodological concepts to incorporate culturalist perspectives in network research. ...
In network research, qualitative approaches have increasingly become established for the study of social relationships and social networks. What is lacking so far, however, is a specification of a genuinely qualitative perspective on the network as an object of research as well as a consistent research practice in the sense of a methodical holism. In this contribution, we discuss which theoretical and methodological perspectives in line with symbolic interactionism in the tradition of Herbert BLUMER are implied in the qualitative study of social networks. The point of departure of an interactionist understanding of reality are the interpretations of actors and which meanings they create in interaction and via symbols in situations. In accordance with this perspective, we understand social networks at the theoretical level as meaningfully structured, interactively negotiated, and situated processes of ordering. The key thrust of an interactionist-empirical approach to social networks is to extrapolate from situations and their linkages how social networks become visible and exert an effect. With our situation generator, we introduce a way of empirically addressing situations and discuss method(olog)ical consequences for an interpretive and reflexive analysis of social networks.
... Knowledge Graph (11,12), Knowledge Graphs for Covid-Research (13)(14)(15) and many others (16)(17)(18). Graph databases are already used in several other applications, e.g., social networks (19)(20)(21)(22), recommendation systems (23,24) and fraud detection (25,26). Several different graph database management systems (DBMSs) have been proposed, e.g., Neo4J (27), NebulaGraph (28), TigerGraph (29), DGraph (30), ArangoDB (31) and many more (32). ...
The increasing amount and complexity of clinical data require an appropriate way of storing and analyzing those data. Traditional approaches use a tabular structure (relational databases) for storing data and thereby complicate storing and retrieving interlinked data from the clinical domain. Graph databases provide a great solution for this by storing data in a graph as nodes (vertices) that are connected by edges (links). The underlying graph structure can be used for the subsequent data analysis (graph learning). Graph learning consists of two parts: graph representation learning and graph analytics. Graph representation learning aims to reduce high-dimensional input graphs to low-dimensional representations. Then, graph analytics uses the obtained representations for analytical tasks like visualization, classification, link prediction and clustering which can be used to solve domain-specific problems. In this survey, we review current state-of-the-art graph database management systems, graph learning algorithms and a variety of graph applications in the clinical domain. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive use case for a clearer understanding of complex graph learning algorithms.
Graphical abstract
... There is a long tradition of analysing multiplex networks (Mitchell, 1974;Davis, 1968;Wasserman and Faust, 1994), with many of the classic network datasets (Sampson, 1969;Kapferer, 1972;Padgett and Ansell, 1993) specifically designed to investigate the interrelation of different types of ties. For a multiplex network, represents different relations on . ...
... Medici, exploited network disjunctures to increase family power and control (Padgett & Ansell 1993). ...
This Element synthesizes the current state of research on organizational social networks from its early foundations to contemporary debates. It highlights the characteristics that make the social network perspective distinctive in the organizational research landscape, including its emphasis on structure and outcomes. It covers the main theoretical developments and summarizes the research design questions that organizational researchers face when collecting and analyzing network data. Then, it discusses current debates ranging from agency and structure to network volatility and personality. Finally, the Element envisages future research directions on the role of brokerage for individuals and communities, network cognition, and the importance of past ties. Overall, the Element provides an innovative angle for understanding organizational social networks, engaging in empirical network research, and nurturing further theoretical development on the role of social interactions and connectedness in modern organizations.
... The relatively under-theorized nature of the networks field is a weakness (Erikson 2016), which prevents insights developed from working with network data from permeating other subfields in sociology, and it leaves some key assumptions and imageries in networks research unexamined for critical reflection. The structuralist focus in networks thinking prevents us from addressing agency: after attempts to conceptualize robust action in network terms in the 1980s and 1990s (Leifer 1988(Leifer , 1991Padgett & Ansell 1993), there were few publications devoted to developing a networks-oriented rethinking of agency (for one exception see Stevenson & Greenberg 2000). The structuralist focus also prevents us from properly appreciating the analytical autonomy of the cultural dimension. ...
... Now, when relevant and affected actors are brought together in collaborative governance arenas, the alignment of their expectations, ideas and interests is crucial to be able to construct a common ground for joint problem-solving. Mapping the motivation and discourse of the participating actors may help to construct a storyline that aligns the actors (Bryson, Cunningham & Lokkesmoe, 2002), perhaps through multivocality, whereby different actors agree on a certain formulation of common goals but interpret the key terms in different ways (Padgett & Ansell, 1993). In Etorkizuna Eraikiz, stakeholders sometimes come to the table to get money, but proactive efforts to frame the collaborative process often help to change expectations and facilitate alignment. ...
Etorkizuna Eraikiz (referred to as EE sometimes in this book) is an initiative led by the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa (PCG), in the Basque Country, northern Spain, capital San Sebastián (or Donostia in Basque). It is aimed at fostering the community capacity to collaboratively understand and address current challenges. Through listening and experimentation, the programme comprises different projects in which public authorities and citizens (represented in entities such as business, societal, educational and civic organisations) co-participate to define and implement the province’s agenda, and contribute to making sustainable policies. Throughout the book references to the characteristics of this programme will be made, and further information about the projects and activities is provided in the appendices.
... 78-79). The multi-dimensional composition of patient agency (i.e., shifting and embedding in multiple bases of life) is reminiscent of the rich meanings that are layered upon one another in individual action in economic transactions (Granovetter, 1985) and political mobilization (Padgett & Ansell, 1993). The notion of human agency lying both in active and passive intentionality, and both in control of and submission to one's circumstances (Joas, 1996) finds its specifications in patient agency revealed in unidimensional rescaling and submission in this paper. ...
This paper conducts a critical review of qualitative studies of the life experiences of people with health problems and proposes the notion of patient agency. It highlights that discontinuous continuity in life is the key category of life experiences around which individuals reveal agency. In particular, the paper first discovers multiple dimensions of life that individuals with illness engage in. It subsequently identifies four different manners in which discontinuous continuity in life is manifested along the multiple dimensions, such as single-dimensional rescaling, multi-dimensional shift, multi-dimensional embedding, and submission. These achievements and the remaining limitations in the medical sociology of patient agency are on a par with those in general sociological theories of individual agency. The paper proposes a set of future research agendas to expand these limits. This theory of patient agency is expected to renew approaches to how people lead their life in illness. It also suggests that patience should be a valid category of agency for general sociological imagination.
... Such research and evidence would suggest a more sophisticated combination of political practices and articulation of legal and illegal networks. The idea of a robust action is a promising framework to interpret it (Padgett & Ansell, 1993) as Uribe was able to mean different things to different sectors of the population, to craft multivocal action. 33 A two-round system was stablished by the 1991 Constitution for terms of four years. ...
This article develops a framework to analyze how political actors adopt social media in systems characterized by clientelism and populism, tracing the consequences and disruptive capabilities of the forms of social media adoption. The framework proceeds in two analytical stages. The first locates actors’ structural positions in the political system (internal/external) and their relationship with the mainstream media (allied/antagonistic). The second builds on pragmatism focusing on iterative problem situations actors face that explain forms of social media adoption. In examining the structural positions and problem-solving stages of Colombian political actors, this article articulates three paths of adoption: habit preservation, internal innovation, and external innovation. Preservationists understand the new technology in old terms, projecting their understandings of old media onto the new one. Internal innovators combine clientelist practices and communication ones, upholding core routines while integrating new ones; they show a potential to reshape the system internally, making viable part of it, but changing the balance of power between existing elites. External innovators develop practices that integrate physical spaces and online communication, displaying a disruptive potential for existing core practices and the political system. In this way, the framework and empirical case link and develop the literatures on clientelism and political communication.
... Our second measure is a metric of time-varying elite status based on the interfamily marriage network. Throughout history, intra-elite marriages have been employed strategically to strengthen interfamily alliances and reproduce elite status (Padgett and Ansell 1993;Van Leeuwen and Maas 2005). We leverage this insight to measure social elite status from each family's connectedness to other families through marriages. ...
Michels’ iron law of oligarchy states that political organizations tend inexorably towards oligarchy, to the likely detriment of the organizations themselves and, by extension, to the detriment of society more broadly. We suggest focal randomization as a historically proven countermeasure: a lottery decides who wins promotion from a preselected pool of highly qualified candidates. We draw on a historical case to assess the efficacy of focal randomization in eroding power monopolization and elite closure in 18th-century Basel, Switzerland. To combat widespread nepotism, starting in 1688, the city implemented a series of partly randomized selection regimes that were routinely applied in executive appointments to the city’s administration until 1798. Using data on all 2,587 appointments to the main governing body of the city between 1650 and 1798, we analyse how each selection regime affected elite closure. Our findings indicate that the targeted use of elements of chance in executive appointments eroded the elite’s ability to monopolize access to the highest political positions. Before the introduction of focal randomization, candidates from Basel’s elite were 4 times more likely to be appointed to top positions than candidates from non-elite families. After the introduction of focal randomization, the elites’ advantages declined, and members of non-elite families tripled their chances of advancing to the highest office. However, our study also cautions that this effect depended on several design choices. Focal randomization is effective in settings in which a surplus of qualified candidates competes for a limited number of coveted positions.
... En respectant cette double condition, il est alors possible d'analyser le réseau complet d'une population. Ces groupes peuvent prendre des formes relativement diverses, il peut s'agir d'analyser les relations de conseil au sein d'un cabinet d'avocat (Lazega, 1992), de comprendre l'arrivée au pouvoir des Médicis dans l'état de Florence (Padgett and Ansell, 1993), ou encore d'analyser la fabrication d'une politique en étudiant les réseaux politiques inter-organisationnels . ...
Cette thèse se propose d’étudier le développement des systèmes de protection sociale enAfrique subsaharienne. Nous considérons les systèmes de protection sociale comme des ensembles multi-niveaux (transnational, national, local) et multi-acteurs. Nous appréhendons ces différents niveaux de protection sociale en mobilisant une approche socio-économique qui utilise l’analyse des réseaux sociaux. Cette approche nous permet de tenir compte du caractère réticulaire et négocié des différents niveaux de protection sociale. Nous proposons ainsi d’étudier le niveau transnational en identifiant les trois principaux régimes de protection sociale en Afrique subsaharienne et en analysant le rôle des rapports de force nationaux et internationaux. À l’échelle nationale, nous étudions la mise en place de la politique publique de protection sociale à Madagascar. Pour ce faire, en combinant les méthodes des policy network et de l’advocacy coalition framework nous analysons l’influence des coalitions transnationales dans la mise en place d’une politique publique de protection sociale en Afrique subsaharienne. Et enfin, au niveau local, nous étudions la place des normes de réciprocité dans les pratiques de protection sociale des ménages. Dans cette perspective, nous analysons les réseaux égocentrés de gestion des chocs développés par les ménages. Nous caractérisons trois formes de réciprocité (symétrique, asymétrique et absence réciprocité) selon les conditions de vie des ménages et les réseaux d’entraide.
... For a more detailed example, consider the network representation of the frequently analyzed Florentine Families data set shown in Fig. 3 (DuBois, 2008;Breiger and Pattison, 1986;Padgett and Ansell, 1993). The vertices in the network represent prominent 15th century Florentine families; the edges represent marriages and business ties between the families. ...
This paper introduces flowthrough centrality, a node centrality measure determined from the hierarchical maximum concurrent flow problem (HMCFP). Based upon the extent to which a node is acting as a hub within a network, this centrality measure is defined to be the fraction of the flow passing through the node to the total flow capacity of the node. Flowthrough centrality is compared to the commonly-used centralities of closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, and flow betweenness centrality, as well as to stable betweenness centrality to measure the stability (i.e., accuracy) of the centralities when knowledge of the network topology is incomplete or in transition. Perturbations do not alter the flowthrough centrality values of nodes that are based upon flow as much as they do other types of centrality values that are based upon geodesics. The flowthrough centrality measure overcomes the problem of overstating or understating the roles that significant actors play in social networks. The flowthrough centrality is canonical in that it is determined from a natural, realized flow universally applicable to all networks.
... However, these rhetorical strategies fail when the audiences and experts are caught in a debate that relies on the conceptual framework of the experts, but the terms are multivocal. The concept of multivocality was initially developed to explain the characteristics of 'robust action' (Leifer, 1991;Padgett and Ansell, 1993). Such actions can be interpreted coherently from multiple perspectives, which is usually advantageous. ...
This article shows how the proliferation of economic language can undermine the political authority of economists. The argument emerges from a comparative case study of two early experiments with electricity market design. Relying on archival materials and 30 in-depth interviews, I examine why political actors ignored the advice of economists in California, while they deferred to the experts in the Pennsylvania, Jersey, Maryland (PJM) region. The debates were framed in economic language, but stakeholders interpreted central concepts differently without recognizing the resulting ambiguities. This ‘discursive multivocality’ undermined economists’ authority as experts. It challenged economists’ monopoly on the interpretation of economic concepts and undercut rhetorical strategies to reassert the superiority of their understanding. At the PJM Interconnect, the experts overcame this problem by switching to a different conceptual apparatus. Ironically, economists could establish their authoritative understanding of economics by appealing to a shared understanding of engineering problems.
... Moreover, although Rudnyckyj (2019: 78) cited a compendium of fatwas published in 2010 to support his explanation for the interim nature of the use of bay' al-'inah, fatwas are issued in a particular context, and the rationales of contemporary fatwas are not necessarily identical with those of the fatwas issued in the past, including those in the 1980s. The contemporary perception of the causes of the formation of an institution can sometimes be obtained in hindsight and differ from the actors' thoughts during the formation process (see Granovetter and McGuire 1998;Padgett and Ansell 1993). Institutions are forged from contingent concrete 3. The fatwa merely constrained the use of bay' al-'inah to narrower applications; the contract itself remained permissible. ...
Regional differences in religious opinions are a major issue in Islamic banking. The Islamic contract of bay' al-'inah (a sale and repurchase agreement), which was commonly practiced in Malaysia but unacceptable in the Middle East, represents these differences well. This study traces the process by which the legitimacy of bay' al-'inah was constituted in Malaysia and examines how actors related the local practice to Islamic tradition. Through interviews and archival research, this study reveals that first adopters of bay' al-'inah selected it as an exceptional means for house financing with some ambivalence; however, the choice consequently enabled this contract to prevail through a long-term reproduction process, which obscured the religious dilemma of the first adopters. This study demonstrates the usefulness of process-tracing analysis for anthropological studies of the institutional formation of local Islamic practices to identify their causal configuration and trace the changes of religious normativity and everyday practices.
... En este sentido, la representación de Padgett y Ansell sobre la estructura de poder en la Florencia renacentista de los Médici fue un estudio pionero a la hora de aplicar a la historia, los organigramas y los gráficos para ilustrar la distribución clientelar del poder, la lealtad y la solidaridad (Padgett & Ansell, 1993: 1259-1319. ...
El presente volumen de la colección HisMundI: Redes y relaciones Europa-América tiene como objetivo presentar al público especializado y al general, investigaciones centradas en la utilización del paradigma relacional. Su propósito ha sido el de adentrarnos en la propia construcción de estas investigaciones realzando así el objeto y su problemática. Hemos querido, de este modo, concentrar esfuerzos en la discusión de la aplicabilidad de esta matriz teórico-analítica para repensar las interrelaciones al interior de los grupos sociales complejos en la Modernidad. Más que un simple manual o recetario, se ofrece al posible lector un abanico variopinto de abordajes concretos, y reflexiones sobre una diversidad de problemas y temporalidades, abarcando el espacio Atlántico y sus estrechas conexiones.
Cita sugerida: Imízcoz Beunza, J. M. y Pereyra, O. V. (Eds.). (2022). Redes y relaciones Europa-América. La Plata : Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación ; Ensenada: IdIHCS. (HisMundI ; 3). https://doi.org/10.24215/978-950-34-2151-2
Online games are dynamic environments where players interact with each other, which offers a rich setting for understanding how players negotiate their way through the game to an ultimate victory. This work studies online player interactions during the turn-based strategy game, Diplomacy. We annotated a dataset of over 10,000 chat messages for different negotiation strategies and empirically examined their importance in predicting long- and short-term game outcomes. Although negotiation strategies can be predicted reasonably accurately through the linguistic modeling of the chat messages, more is needed for predicting short-term outcomes such as trustworthiness. On the other hand, they are essential in graph-aware reinforcement learning approaches to predict long-term outcomes, such as a player's success, based on their prior negotiation history. We close with a discussion of the implications and impact of our work.
Aile şirketleri ve çoğunlukla aile şirketi niteliğinde olan KOBİ'ler, dünya genelinde neredeyse tüm ülkelerde ekonomilerin büyük çoğunluğu oluşturmakla beraber bu şirketlerin çok az bir kısmı, uzun yıllar varlığını sürdürmeyi başarabilmektedir. Aile şirketleri ve KOBİ'lerin yaşadığı sorunların çoğunun yönetsel kaynaklı olması da bu alanda yapılacak uygulamalar ve araştır-malara olan ihtiyacı artırmaktadır. Modern aile şirketleri ve KOBİ'ler, bugünün ve geleceğin gereklerine ayak uydurabilmek için başta yönetim, teknoloji ve insan kaynakları olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda dönüşüme uğramaktadır. Söz konusu dönüşüm de işletme içi yönetim süreçle-rindeki değişimi beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, bu dönüşümler bağlamın-da aile şirketleri ve KOBİ'lerde yönetimin geleceğini tartışmak ve araştırmacılar, şirketler ve politika yapıcılara öneriler sunmaktır.
После распада Советского Союза страны бывшего социалистического лагеря вступили в новую историческую эпоху. Эйфория от краха тоталитарных режимов побудила исследователей 1990-х годов описывать будущую траекторию развития этих стран в терминах либеральной демократии, но вскоре выяснилось, что политическая реальность не оправдала всеобщих надежд на ускоренную демократизацию региона. Ситуация транзита породила режимы, которые невозможно однозначно категоризировать с помощью традиционного либерального дискурса. Балинт Мадьяр и Балинт Мадлович поставили перед собой задачу найти работающую аналитическую модель и актуальный язык описания посткоммунистических режимов. Так появилась данная книга, предлагающая обновленный теоретический инструментарий для анализа акторов, институтов и динамики современных политических систем стран Центральной Европы, постсоветского региона и Китая.
Как в автократиях нейтрализуются институты демократического публичного обсуждения? Почему Китай можно назвать «диктатурой, использующей рынок»? В чем разница между западными популистами и популистами из посткоммунистических стран? Вот лишь небольшой список вопросов, на которые дает ответы эта книга. Балинт Мадьяр – венгерский социолог, политик, бывший министр образования и культуры Венгрии. Балинт Мадлович – венгерский политолог, экономист и социолог, MA in political science Центрально-Европейского университета.
This article aims to provide a novel East India Company perspective on affairs in Persia and the Arabian Gulf during the years 1722-1735 by examining the private papers of Sir Robert Cowan, Governor of Bombay (1729-1734), as a means of networked information remittance and a barometer for trade in the region. The study focuses on epistolary sources related to the disruption caused to the Persian markets by the wars and political disturbances in the region begun by the Afghan invasion in 1722, culminating in the fall of the Safavid dynasty. The particular interest of the Company in Persia, demonstrated through Cowan's papers, underlines the importance of Persia and the Arabian Gulf to the broader Company trade in the Western Indian Ocean. As such, this study contributes to the wider scholarship regarding the operation of the company state in the Indian Ocean, in terms of governance and trade, through both the public and private activity of Company servants such as Cowan.
What makes bureaucracy work for the least advantaged? Across the world, countries have adopted policies for universal primary education. Yet, policy implementation is uneven and not well understood. Making Bureaucracy Work investigates when and how public agencies deliver primary education across rural India. Through a multi-level comparative analysis and more than two years of ethnographic field research, Mangla opens the 'black box' of Indian bureaucracy to demonstrate how differences in bureaucratic norms - informal rules that guide public officials and their everyday relations with citizens - generate divergent implementation patterns and outcomes. While some public agencies operate in a legalistic manner and promote compliance with policy rules, others engage in deliberation and encourage flexible problem-solving with local communities, thereby enhancing the quality of education services. This book reveals the complex ways bureaucratic norms interact with socioeconomic inequalities on the ground, illuminating the possibilities and obstacles for bureaucracy to promote inclusive development.
Models of Society and Complex Systems introduces readers to a variety of different mathematical tools used for modelling human behaviour and interactions, and the complex social dynamics that drive institutions, conflict, and coordination. What laws govern human affairs? How can we make sense of the complexity of societies and how do individual actions, characteristics, and beliefs interact?
Social systems follow regularities which allow us to answer these questions using different mathematical approaches.This book emphasises both theory and application. It systematically introduces mathematical approaches, such as evolutionary and spatial game theory, social network analysis, agent-based modelling, and chaos theory. It provides readers with the necessary theoretical background of each toolset as well as the underlying intuition, while each chapter includes exercises and applications to real-world phenomena. By looking behind the surface of various social occurrences, the reader uncovers the reasons why social systems exhibit both cultural universals and at the same time a diversity of practices and norms to a degree that even surpasses biological variety, or why some riots turn into revolutions while others do not even make it into the news.
This book is written for any scholar in the social sciences interested in studying and under-standing human behaviour, social dynamics, and the complex systems of society. It does not expect readers to have a particular background apart from some elementary knowledge and affinity for mathematics.
Ante Bećir: Između političkog i kaznenog egzila-prisilne migracije u kasnosrednjovjekovnim dalmatinskim gradovima ANTE BEĆIR Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište, Zagreb Izvorni znanstveni članak UDK 314.151.3-054.74(497.58)"12/13"(091) Između političkog i kaznenog egzila-prisilne migracije u kasnosrednjovjekovnim dalmatinskim gradovima Rad istražuje primjere političkih i kaznenih egzila u kasnosrednjovjekovnim dal-matinskim gradovima, prvenstveno one iz Trogira, Zadra i Dubrovnika. Pola-zeći od saznanja svjetske historiografije o egzilima u srednjem vijeku, predlaže se uspostava jasnije distinkcije između različitih tipova prisilnih migracija, i to uvidom u konkretne dalmatinske slučajeve. Dalmatinski se kontekst uspoređuje s vrlo srodnim talijanskim, radi postavljanja šireg kulturalnog konteksta, odno-sno radi iznošenja određenih zaključaka o kasnosrednjovjekovnoj kulturi vlasti u gradskim zajednicama. Ključne riječi: politički egzil, kazneni egzil, političke frakcije, kultura vlasti, srednjovjekovne dalmatinske i talijanske komune Uvod Permanentna značajka političkog života većine talijanskih srednjovjekovnih komu-na bila je politička nestabilnost, koja je za posljedicu imala pojavu frakcijskih suko-ba među suprotstavljenim političkim grupacijama, a naposljetku je pobjeda jedne frakcije uvjetovala progonstvo ili marginalizaciju protivničke frakcije. Pritom je razina kohabitacije ovisila o konkretnom političkom kontekstu, dok su mehanizmi prijenosa i korištenja političke moći nerijetko bili nedovoljno definirani i često u sta-nju promjene, zbog čega su frakcijski sukobi predstavljali sasvim očekivani scenarij.
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