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LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications
... Next, the results of CFA indicated good construct validity of the latent factors underlying the items on surveys (χ 2 = 701.951; df = 237; χ 2 /df = 2.962 < 3 [103]; GFI = 0.827 > 0.8 [104]; RMR = 0.028 < 0.05 [105]; RMSEA = 0.088 (90% C.I.) < 0.1 [106]; PGFI = 0.653 > 0.5 [107]; PNFI = 0.594 > 0.5 [108]). The mean (M) values ranged between 3.574 and 4.500, and the standard deviation (SD) values were between 0.496 and 0.818 (Table 7), showing moderate spread and variability of the data [109]. ...
... Finally, SEM was conducted to test the hypothesized relations among the latent variables. Firstly, the results indicated that our hypothesized SEM model fit the data well (x 2 /df = 2.972 < 3 [103]; RMSEA = 0.088 (90% C.I.) < 0.1 [106]; RMR = 0.028 < 0.05 [105]; PGFI = 0.657 > 0.5 [107]; PNFI = 0.597 > 0.5 [108]). Secondly, the hypothesis test ( Figure 2) shows that hypotheses 1, 2, 5, and 6 were empirically supported while hypotheses 3, 4, and 7 were rejected. ...
... Finally, SEM was conducted to test the hypothesized relations among the laten iables. Firstly, the results indicated that our hypothesized SEM model fit the data (x 2 /df = 2.972 < 3 [103]; RMSEA = 0.088 (90% C.I.) < 0.1 [106]; RMR = 0.028 < 0.05 [105]; = 0.657 > 0.5 [107]; PNFI = 0.597 > 0.5 [108]). Secondly, the hypothesis test ( Figure 2) s that hypotheses 1, 2, 5, and 6 were empirically supported while hypotheses 3, 4, were rejected. ...
This study investigates how different types of incentives impact the performance of rail transit PPPs, focusing on their construction and operational phases. By surveying 121 practitioners working in the Chinese rail transit industry, we propose a new classification of incentives (i.e., control-oriented, neutrality-oriented, and recognition-oriented incentives) based on psychological theories to broaden the categorization of “positive” (rewards) and “negative” (punishment) incentives. We further explore how these multi-dimensional incentives influence project performance by surveying another 256 industry professionals. Our findings reveal that (1) in addition to punishments, performance-based payment/bonus, credit ratings, and reputation mechanisms are newly recognized as control-oriented incentives, which can restrain the autonomy of the private sector; (2) control-oriented incentives positively influence project performance in the construction phase where clear, measurable goals are available, but their impact diminishes in the operational phase; (3) recognition-oriented incentives enhance project performance in both construction and operational phases (especially the latter), fostering long-term sustainability; and (4) neutrality-oriented incentives focus on risk allocation and collaboration between public and private sectors, showing a modestly positive effect in the operational phase. As such, the study provides decision-makers in the rail transit industry with valuable insights to enhance project performance effectively when implementing incentive policies.
... The RMSEA value was 0.075, which is below the commonly accepted threshold of 0.08 [45], indicating model fit. Additionally, the GFI value was 0.983, which further supports the model's good fit to the data and indicates excellent model fit [46]. Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI) was also used, with a value of (0.856), and the Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI) with a value of (0.855). ...
... The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the second subscale was calculated to be 0.832, and the Omega reliability coefficient for the second subscale was 0.828. These are high values exceeding the required threshold of 0.70 [46], indicating that the scale demonstrates good reliability. Figure 1 shows the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model for measuring general attitudes towards AI, consisting of two subscales. ...
The study aims to investigate the factorial structure (FS) and measurement invariance (MI) of the General Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS) on a sample of students from Taif University. The instrument used was the GAAIS developed by [1] and translated by the researcher. The scale was administered to a sample of 461 university students. The study results indicated that the scale's structure aligned with the confirmatory factor analysis model, with fit indices demonstrating good fit: (χ^2⁄df=611.77⁄169=3.62), Good of fit Index (GFI) = 0.855, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.837, and Root Mean square of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.075. These results confirm the construct validity and the scale's suitability for the data. The composite reliability coefficients were 0.828 and 0.869, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients were 0.832 and 0.869 for the positive sub-dimensions (opportunities, benefits, societal and personal utility, and positive emotions) and the negative sub-dimensions (fears and negative emotions), respectively. Additionally, the study confirms configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across the male and female study groups. The results confirmed that the scale has high reliability and validity and is unbiased regarding the gender variable. The study also confirms the suitability of the instrument for measuring general attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) among university students.
... This is also known as a modification index in the LISREL program (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1988). For Equations (3) and (4), r is the number of nondependent constraints, and the matrices H and L ′ have dimensions q × q and q × r, respectively: ...
... In this section, we aim to assess the stability of the improved LM test-suggested model fit over repeated samples of different sample sizes. A model that fits the data well should follow a standard 2 distribution, T ML ℒ → 2 df , as N grows larger, demonstrating asymptotic properties (Browne, 1984;Bentler and Dijkstra, 1985;Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1988). Based on this reasoning, we fit the improved LM test-suggested model to the simulated data drawn from the population model (Figure 2). ...
Covariance structure analysis or structural equation modeling is critical for political scientists measuring latent structural relationships, allowing for the simultaneous assessment of both latent and observed variables, alongside measurement error. Well-specified models are essential for theoretical support, balancing simplicity with optimal model fit. However, current approaches to improving model specification searches remain limited, making it challenging to capture all meaningful parameters and leaving models vulnerable to chance-based specification risks. To address this, we propose an improved Lagrange multiplier (LM) test incorporating stepwise bootstrapping in LM and Wald tests to detect omitted parameters. Monte Carlo simulations and empirical applications underscore its effectiveness, particularly in small samples and models with high degrees of freedom, thereby enhancing statistical fit.
... An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the test-retest sample, and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the sample for convergent and discriminant validity. Model fit was evaluated by the model χ 2 [24], the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) [25], the comparative fit index (CFI) [26], and the standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) [27]. Chi-square (χ 2 ) values with p > 0.05 and CFI > 0.90 indicate a better fit [24,26]. ...
... Chi-square (χ 2 ) values with p > 0.05 and CFI > 0.90 indicate a better fit [24,26]. For the RMSEA, values < 0.08 indicate an adequate fit, and for the SRMR, values < 0.05 indicate a very good fit [25,27]. Differences in FNQ scores by sex, race and ethnicity, and weight status were examined using ANOVA. ...
Objective
Food noise has received attention in the media, although no validated questionnaires exist to measure it. This study developed and tested the reliability and validity of the Food Noise Questionnaire (FNQ).
Methods
Participants ( N = 400) successfully completed, the FNQ and a demographic questionnaire and self‐reported weight and height. A subsample ( n = 150) completed the FNQ 7 days later for test–retest reliability, and this subsample's first FNQ data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. The remaining subsample ( n = 250) completed two preoccupation with food questionnaires to test convergent validity, along with mood, anxiety, and stress questionnaires to test for discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using this subsample's FNQ data.
Results
Data from 396 participants were analyzed (4 participants did not complete all FNQ items). The FNQ had excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α = 0.93) and high test–retest reliability ( r = 0.79; p < 0.001; mean [SD] = 7.4 [1.0] days between administration). Factor analyses found that the five FNQ items loaded onto a single factor, with good fit indices ( χ ² [5] = 52.87, p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.20; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.95; standardized root mean squared residual [SRMR] = 0.03). The FNQ showed good convergent (all r > 0.78; p < 0.001) and discriminant (all r < 0.39; p < 0.001) validity.
Conclusions
The FNQ provides a psychometrically reliable and valid measure of food noise, although further research is needed to evaluate its clinical utility.
... From Table 2, the results of examining the goodness of fit between the conceptual framework and empirical information reveals a model that demonstrates a good fit with the empirical data. (Hair et al., 2010;Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989;Jovanovic, 1982;Lomax & Schumacker, 2012). From the results of analyzing the standardized regression coefficients, it is found that organizational survival is positively influenced by factors such as the external general environment, transformational change management, economic conditions, corporate governance policy, and marketing innovations with statistical significance. ...
... From Table 2, the results of examining the goodness of fit between the conceptual framework model and empirical data reveal that the model demonstrates a good fit with the empirical data. (Hair et al., 2010;Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989;Jovanovic, 1982;Lomax & Schumacker, 2012). ...
Retail food businesses are important contributors to the economic stability of nations, contributing to the economy in different ways, including providing jobs in the supply chain pipeline. Global events like the pandemic arising from the spread of COVID-19 threatened the aptitude of retail food outlets to operate due to the restrictions put in place to mitigate the spread of the virus. The objective of this research is to investigate the determinants that impact the longevity of organizations in the food retail industry and construct a survival model that accounts for these characteristics considering the COVID-19 pandemic, and examining the roles of variables such as organizational survival, external general environment, corporate governance policy, transformational change management, economic condition, and marketing innovation. The study utilized quantitative methodology, employing a survey questionnaire to gather data from a sample of 360 entrepreneurs. Subsequently, the data was analyzed using statistical analysis and the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The research findings reveal that the external general environment, transformational change management, economic conditions, corporate governance policies, and marketing innovation have statistically significant positive impacts on organizational survival. Consequently, food retail businesses must adapt within the COVID-19 context, under evolving external conditions, to strategize for enhanced competitive capabilities. This includes managing change and economic conditions for survival in a COVID-19 pandemic characterized by rapid economic shifts, human behavioral changes, and adaptive governance policies that align with situations. These findings can be applied to organizational structures, addressing weaknesses and further enhancing organizational strengths to create innovative marketing approaches that align appropriately with current circumstances for organizational survival. An important limitation of the study is that data were collected from only 360 food retailers in Thailand, representing a partial population of the food retail business in Thailand, hence limiting the generalizability of the results beyond the context of the study and other countries.
... All the AVE values were greater than 0.50, while all the composite reliability (CR) values were greater than 0.60. Thus, all values met the suggested criteria (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1989). ...
Purpose: To better understand the role of novelty satisfaction in distance physical education (PE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the relationships among students' novelty satisfaction, basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, effort, and enjoyment and to examine the mediating effects of autonomous motivation in the relationships between novelty satisfaction and effort and enjoyment. Methods: The participants were 332 undergraduate students from 10 PE classes. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. Results: Satisfaction of students' need for novelty and the three basic needs positively predicted autonomous motivation, which in turn positively predicted effort and enjoyment. The relationships between students' novelty satisfaction and their effort and enjoyment were mediated by autonomous motivation. Conclusion: This study provides important insights into needs satisfaction and motivational
... We estimated the CFA model with the R lavaan package [28] treating the seven items of AQoLS-Brief as ordinal variables [29]). It uses the diagonally weighted least squares method for the estimation which is encouraged when the sample is small and data violates normality [30]. To assess the fit of the CFA model, the chi-square test, root mean square error of approximation, standardized root mean square residual, Tucker-Lewis Index, and Comparative Fit Index were examined. ...
Background
Short versions of health-related quality of life measures are essential for the development of preference-based measures used to obtain the quality-adjustment weights needed to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in health economic evaluations. Using data from the randomized TRAIN study, which compared the efficacy of two cognitive training programs in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) recently detoxified at five centers in France from 2019 to 2023 (n=227), we report the development and psychometrics of the AQoLS-Brief, a short version of the initial 34-item Alcohol Quality of Life Scale (AQoLS).
Methods
Baseline data on, age, sex, AUD severity, drinking characteristics and consequences of alcohol including the AQoLS were collected. One item per dimension of the AQoLS was chosen following predefined rules. Construct validity of the AQoLS-brief was documented: internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and external validity was assessed with external drinking and non-drinking variables via univariate analyses, a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) and a multivariate linear regression.
Results
The 7-item AQoLS-Brief demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha= 0.80) and very high correlation with the long version AQoLS (rho=0.95). The CFA confirmed the unidimensionality of the AQoLS-Brief. Severity of AUD, as measured by the number of DSM-5 alcohol criteria and the number of heavy drinking days, and the dimension Sadness of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales were the heaviest contributors to the AQoLS-Brief score.
Conclusions
The AQoLS-Brief is a short version of the AQoLS with good psychometrics, enhancing its use in clinical practice and research, and representing a significant step toward establishing a relevant and specific preference-based measures for calculating QALYs in AUD populations.
... The correlation structure was then employed and fed into a structural equation model (SEM), in order to discover the strength of the relations existing between the BFC questionnaire, representing the exogeneous dimensions of the model, and the SARCQ dimensions, as the endogenous variables. The parametric solution of the tested model was generated using LisRel 8.8 (see Joreskög, K.G., Sörbom, D. (1988) for details) [38]. The implemented model is shown in Figure 3, whereas the estimated parameters and fit indices are shown, respectively, in Tables 8 and 9 below. ...
Background: Smartphone usage in school-aged children has increased over the last two decades. This overuse interferes with emotion regulation and interpersonal relationships. The purpose of this work was to analyze the relationship between smartphone addiction risk and personality dimensions in primary school children. Methods: The aim of this research is to verify the percentage of Smartphone Addiction (SA) in a sample of primary school children and to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and SA. The Smartphone Addiction Risk Children Questionnaire (SARCQ) and the Big Five Children (BFC) questionnaire were administered to a sample (N = 94) of children. Results: We found that, in our sample, the percentage of children matching the definition of emotional addiction to smartphones was 16% and that a subgroup of children using smartphones as a transitional object represented 15% of the sample. The correlations between the SARCQ and BFC questionnaire factors showed a significant negative correlation between the “I’m not afraid with you” (INAWY) factor and Friendliness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, showing that children with low socialization capacities are prone to use smartphones as a means to handle negative internal states. In contrast, a positive correlation between the INAWY and the Emotional Instability factors has been observed. For the “Linus’s Blanket” (LB) factor, a significant negative correlation with the Friendliness and Conscientiousness factors was observed. Conclusions: The risk of SA, with the use of smartphones as “emotion-handling tools” or as “transitional objects”, was observed in children with personality dimensions associated with higher risk.
... Data were resampled 1,000 times using bootstrapping to obtain percentile-based and bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals [48]. Overall model fit was evaluated using the model-based chi-square value [49], a comparative fit index (CFI) ≥ 0.95 [50], Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) ≥ 0.95 [51], root mean square error of ...
Background
Firearms are the primary method by which US military personnel die by suicide, and those at highest risk tend to store firearms unsafely. Promoting secure firearm storage practices is a major component of the Department of Defense’s suicide prevention strategy, but perceptions about firearms being associated with suicide risk may impact such efforts.
Purpose
This study examined perceptions that (1) firearm ownership and (2) storage practices are associated with suicide risk and whether key sociopsychological factors (e.g., entrapment, threat perceptions, honor ideology) were associated with these beliefs in a sample of Active Duty (AD) enlisted Army personnel. We then examined if associations varied as a function of firearm ownership or a lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors (STBs).
Methods
Survey data about sociopsychological factors and ownership-suicide risk beliefs and storage-suicide risk beliefs were collected from 399 AD Army personnel. Multiple regression and multigroup path analyses were used.
Results
Greater intolerance of uncertainty and entrapment, and weaker honor ideology, were associated with greater ownership-suicide risk beliefs, whereas being a parent of a minor child was linked with weaker ownership-suicide risk beliefs. None of the variables examined were associated with storage-suicide risk beliefs. Participants with a lifetime history of STBs who had higher threat perceptions endorsed weaker ownership-suicide risk beliefs.
Conclusions
AD Army personnel may tend to believe that firearm ownership and storage practices are largely unrelated to suicide risk. More tailored messaging and suicide-gun violence prevention efforts are likely needed. Findings have important implications for military suicide prevention efforts.
... The standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) is 0.059, which falls below the recommended threshold of 0.08, indicating a good model fit (Hu and Bentler, 1999). The goodness of fit index (GFI) stands at 0.917, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 0.9, suggesting a strong overall fit (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1989). However, the normed fit index (NFI) is slightly below the ideal value of 0.9, with a value of 0.833, though still within an acceptable range for model fit (Bentler and Bonett, 1980). ...
The study involves the impact of Instagram food vloggers on
customer intentions to visit restaurants, aiming on the part of credibility, attractiveness, homophily, and parasocial relationships. The research employs a quantitative survey methodology, targeting Instagram users who follow food vloggers. It analyses the collected data using PLS-SEM and SPSS to comprehend relationships between influencer characteristics and restaurant
visit intentions. Findings reveal that credibility and parasocial relationships have a significant influence on restaurant visit intentions. Attractiveness, while influential on credibility, does not directly affect visit intentions, highlighting the importance of vlogger-subscriber relationships over superficial traits. The study involves the emerging sector of influencer marketing research by focusing on the food industry and highlighting the paramount importance of credibility and parasocial relationships in influencing consumer behaviour, offering valuable insights for marketers and vloggers alike.
Keywords: Instagram; food vloggers; restaurant; influencer marketing; credibility; homophily
... The standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) is 0.059, which falls below the recommended threshold of 0.08, indicating a good model fit (Hu and Bentler, 1999). The goodness of fit index (GFI) stands at 0.917, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 0.9, suggesting a strong overall fit (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1989). However, the normed fit index (NFI) is slightly below the ideal value of 0.9, with a value of 0.833, though still within an acceptable range for model fit (Bentler and Bonett, 1980). ...
... Due to the contributions of these investigations, recommendations for estimation methods are now available to researchers who need to estimate factor or structural models using data collected using Likert-type response scales. That is, unweighted least squares and diagonally weighted least squares have been commonly recommended (Bandalos, 2014;DiStefano & Morgan, 2014;Forero et al., 2009;Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1988;Muthén, 1993;Muthén et al., 1997;Savalei & Rhemtulla, 2013;Shi et al., 2018). Despite these advances, a growing research area involves using Bayesian methods to estimate latent variable models with categorical indicators. ...
Using instruments comprising ordered responses to items is ubiquitous for studying many constructs of interest. However, using such an item response format may lead to items with response categories infrequently endorsed or unendorsed completely. In maximum likelihood estimation, this results in nonexisting estimates for thresholds. This work focuses on a Bayesian estimation approach to counter this issue. The issue changes from the existence of an estimate to how to effectively construct threshold priors. The proposed prior specification reconceptualizes the threshold prior as prior to the probability of each response category, which is an easier metric to manipulate while maintaining the necessary ordering constraints on the thresholds. The resulting induced-prior is more communicable, and we demonstrate comparable statistical efficiency with existing threshold priors. Evidence is provided using a simulated data set, a Monte Carlo simulation study, and an example multigroup item-factor model analysis. All analyses demonstrate how at least a relatively informative threshold prior is necessary to avoid inefficient posterior sampling and increase confidence in the coverage rates of posterior credible intervals.
... Discriminant validity is a crucial measurement for identifying the uniqueness of the constructs (Henseler et al., 2015). Jöreskog and Sörbom (1989) and Segars (1997) suggested the chi-square difference test method for testing discriminant validity. The aforementioned method was to compare the unconstrained model (in which the covariance of all constructs was freely correlated) and the constrained model (in which the covariance between two constructs was fixed at 1). ...
Digital payment is an alternative payment system in the global trend as well as in Thailand. The objectives of the study were (i) to investigate the relationship of generation Z toward digital payment in Thailand; (ii) to study the effect of factors affecting the intention of generation Z to use digital payment services and their use behavior; (iii) to provide the depth and meaningful analysis of factors affecting digital payment intention and behavior; and (iv) to suggest the stakeholders of digital payment service go in the right path with current circumstances. The research was integrating the constructs from the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the factors from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with perceived trust, and perceived risk to further understand and explain the factors that potentially affect customer intention and behavior. Generation Z in Thailand was the interested sample group in which the multistage sampling method was used, according to the Thai geographical regions. The study investigated the relationship among proposed variables including perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence expectancy, facilitating conditions, attitude, perceived trust, perceived risk, behavioral intention, and use behavior, which resulted in fifteen hypotheses being supported while another four hypotheses were rejected. The research paper contributed to saturated TAM and UTAUT models, digital payment service providers, click-and-mortar businesses, and SMEs.
... In addition, Cronbach's alpha values were higher than 0.7 (from 0.786 to 0.942). Thus, all constructs in this study show sufficient reliability [55]. Convergent validity measures the extent to which the items measuring a variable are correlated to each other. ...
Ensuring workplace safety in high-risk sectors is critical to achieving sustainable productivity and occupational health, particularly in industries prone to unsafe practices. Drawing on social exchange theory (SET), this study examines the impact of empowerment leadership (EL) on electricity workers’ unsafe behaviors (EWUBs) in Jordan, focusing on the mediating roles of safety motivation (SM) and work engagement (WE), as well as the moderating role of the error management climate (EMC). A quantitative approach was employed, collecting data from 409 electricity workers across various regions of Jordan. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) employing SmartPLS 4 to assess the relationships of these variables and AMOS 24.0 to compute the study measurement model’s internal consistency and construct validity. The results demonstrate that empowerment leadership significantly reduces electricity workers’ unsafe behaviors through increased safety motivation and work engagement. Furthermore, the error management climate moderates the relationship between empowerment leadership and work engagement (Estimate = 0.238, t = 7.783, <0.001) is stronger when the error management climate is high and weaker but also insignificant when the error management climate is low (Estimate = 0.045, t = 1.015, >0.05). The research highlights the crucial role of empowerment leadership in promoting safety motivation and work engagement, which (Estimate = 0.238, t = 7.783, <0.001) is stronger and essential for minimizing unsafe behavior in high-risk industries like electricity. The findings highlight the pivotal role of shaping employees’ unsafe behavior and offers practical implications for policymakers and institutions aiming to promote employees’ safety behavior. Future studies also emphasize fostering an error management climate to reinforce these effects and organizations should focus on leadership development and creating a supportive error management climate to maximize safety outcomes.
... According to recommendations for path analysis, an appropriate sample size should range between 100 and 400 participants when fewer than 12 variables are being observed [20]. Additionally, in bootstrap analysis, a sufficient sample size is required to ensure high reliability, with a sample size of over 300 generally considered adequate [21]. ...
Purpose: As women in middle age undergo the menopausal transition, they may encounter alterations in sexual function concomitantly with physical and emotional manifestations. The present research investigated the relationships between menopausal symptoms, depression, marital intimacy, and sexual function. Additionally, it aimed to identify the mediating influences of depression and marital intimacy in the relationship between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in naturally post-menopausal women with hypertension. Methods: The study included post-menopausal women aged between 45 and 60 years with hypertension who were not undergoing hormone replacement therapy. A total of 308 post-menopausal women were recruited from three provinces in Korea. Path analysis was conducted by AMOS employing maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapping with 2000 samples. Results: The theoretical pathway model demonstrated strong alignment with empirical findings obtained from a cohort of postmenopausal women. The association between menopausal symptoms and sexual function was mediated by depression and marital intimacy. Ultimately, menopausal symptoms, depression, and marital intimacy collectively explained 64% of the overall variance in sexual function. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of individualized interventions targeting sexual health in middle-aged women with hypertension undergoing menopause. Counseling and intervention programs focused on alleviating menopausal symptoms and improving sexual function should be integrated into clinical practice. Furthermore, a multidimensional approach is needed to address the various factors influencing sexual function in postmenopausal women.
... model's fit, a process bolstered by the utilization of several indices that serve as indicators. Specifically, the chi-square fit index, the Goodness-of-Fit (GFI) index (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1989;Hadziahmetovic & Dinc, 2020), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) introduced by Bentler (1990), the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) as established by Bollen (1989) and confirmed by Hadziahmetovic and Dinc (2020), the Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) as supported by Hadziahmetovic and Dinc (2020) and initially proposed by Tucker and Lewis (1973), and further metrics like the Incremental Fit Index (IFI) and the Normed Fit Index (NFI) (Hooper & Coughlan, 2008;Hadziahmetovic & Dinc, 2020;Hadziahmetovic & Dinc, 2023) were employed to gauge the model's alignment. The outcomes of the assessment yielded model fit values that fell within an acceptable range. ...
Organizations worldwide, including universities, have been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which required swift adaptations in human resource management practices to maintain employee performance. This research examined the relationships between HRM practices, job performance, and the mediation of emotional exhaustion among university employees in the Western Balkans, reflecting on COVID-19 experiences. An online survey was conducted across public and private universities in the region, collecting 1,020 responses. The results showed a significant positive relationship between HRM practices and job performance. Furthermore, a significant negative relationship was found between HRM practices and emotional exhaustion. Despite predictions, the study did not confirm that emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between HRM practices and job performance. This study emphasized how important HRM practices are to preserving job performance and reducing emotional exhaustion among university staff members during the COVID19 epidemic. The results highlighted the necessity of specialized HRM approaches that tackle the difficulties encountered by university staff, guaranteeing their welfare and continued productivity in times of emergency.
... The results in Table 4 show that the confidence intervals of the correlations for the constructs exclude 1.0, which implies the discriminant validity of the interconstructs. In addition, discriminant validity is assessed by comparing the unconstrained model (free model) to the constrained model in which the correlation between the two constructs is constrained to 1.0 (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988;Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1989). The results suggest that unconstrained models fit the data better than constrained models and show that each pair of constructs shows a significant difference. ...
This study draws on a comprehensive framework that integrates various social network theories to investigate how entrepreneurial orientation serves as a foundational factor influencing firm performance through an integrated moderated mediation mechanism. Specifically, it examines the critical roles of social networks and creativity. Entrepreneurial orientation positively impacts firm performance by fostering creativity, with business and political ties playing distinct buffering roles in the creativity development process. These network ties mediate and moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and creativity, ultimately enhancing firm performance. In a sample of 237 managers from the cultural and creative industries surveyed via a well-designed questionnaire, our findings reveal a significant relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and managerial creativity. Specifically, this relationship is moderated by managerial ties, such as business and political connections. Furthermore, it is not surprising that numerous business ties would facilitate creativity more; in addition, firm performance is mediated by creativity when obtained through more business ties. Another finding of this study is a negative and significant moderating relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and political ties and creativity, which, in turn, influences firm performance. We discuss how this intriguing pattern of moderated mediation could be explained using entrepreneurial orientation and social network theory as well as research on creativity.
... Second, commonly used fit indices are quite different across the two frameworks. Whereas in SEM there are many indices that reflect the overall quality of the model (e.g., Goodness of Fit Index, Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1988; root mean square error of approximation, Steiger and Lind, 1980, though as noted above, none of these seem to detect time binning), in MLM most indices are geared toward the comparison of alternative models (e.g., Akaike Information Criterion, AIC Akaike, 1973; Bayesian information criterion, Schwarz, 1978), in which case they are not informative about the overall adjustment of a model (Cantoni et al., 2021 reviewed existing MLM fit indices and found that only 6 of 25 allow evaluating the overall quality of a model, without comparing it to an alternative one). Thus, any work aimed at studying how goodness of fit indices are affected by STV, and whether they detect that time binning was unacceptably imprecise, will be for the most part specific to either framework. ...
Longitudinal research methods have brought the idea of change over time into social science research, but time itself is often paid little attention in the construction of analytical models. In this chapter, we look at how longitudinal data are analyzed in latent growth curve models. We focus on the real-world problem of sampling-time variation, when individuals do not have exactly equal intervals between measurements, its consequences, and how to handle it.
... df = 144, P = 0.212, χ2/df = 1.092, rmsea = 0.018, rmr = 0.031, GFi = 0.955, aGFi = 0.915, cFi = 0.998, iFi = 0.998). convergent validity was further examined through standardized loadings and squared multiple correlations as additional evidence (Bollen, 1989;Jöreskog & sörbom, 1989). ...
COVID-19 has completely impacted the worldwide tourism industry. However, several tourism stakeholders have adopted technology and innovation approaches such as virtual tours in the digital platform paradigm. This study aimed to examine the perceived risk influencing Generation Z’s subjective norms, attitudes, perceived behavior control (PBC), and intention to use virtual tours. The findings showed a significant impact of perceived risk affecting attitude change, subjective norms, and PBC; though attitude and PBC led to a behavioral intention to use a virtual tour. The findings suggested that perceived risk was critical to changing attitudes and PBC with behavioral intentions traveling by virtual tour post the pandemic. Therefore, this study demonstrated that behavioral intention to use virtual tours played a crucial role in helping Generation Z access tourism destinations. This study extends the empirical knowledge of perceived risk and behavioral intention to use virtual tours by investigating Generation Z’s behavior. It can shed light on the travel intention of Generation Z to use virtual tours post a crisis in the future.
... y el estimador mínimo cuadrados ponderados robusto (DWLS robusto o WLSMV), usando la matriz de correlaciones policóricas. Este estimador se recomienda para analizar muestras con un número pequeño-moderado de observaciones con datos ordinales, como el que arrojan los ítems tipo Likert (Asún et al., 2016;Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1989;Rigo & Donolo, 2018). Para la evaluación del ajuste de los modelos se utilizaron los siguientes índices: (a) 2, que permite evaluar en qué medida el modelo predice, a partir de los parámetros estimados, la matriz de covarianza observada; (b) χ2/gl; (c) el error cuadrático medio de aproximación (RMSEA); (d) la raíz cuadrada media residual estandarizada (SRMR); (e) el índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI); y (f) el índice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI). ...
En el presente estudio se adaptó al español la Escala Multidimensional de Ética (MES-30) y se evaluó su estructura factorial. Participaron 594 empleados en organizaciones (públicas, privadas, con o sin fines de lucro) de distintos sectores económicos, con edades entre 22 y 71 años, predominantemente residentes en Ecuador. Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio evidenciaron que el modelo bifactor tuvo un ajuste significativamente superior a los de los otros dos modelos probados: (a) cinco factores (uno por cada orientación filosófica) correlacionados y (b) unidimensional. El factor general del modelo bifactor explicó el 86% de la varianza común y el 93% cuando se controlaban los demás factores. Además, el porcentaje de correlaciones no contaminadas fue 80%. Esto, sumado a lo observado al analizar las cargas factoriales obtenidas, permiten concluir que la adaptación al español de la MES-30 realizada en el presente estudio presenta unidimensionalidad esencial. Se discuten implicaciones tanto académicas como prácticas del estudio.
... for both the CFI and the TLI respectively. Joreskog and Sorbom (1989) and Bentler (1990) warned Table 1. The IPDT correlated to the BCT significantly (r = .51, ...
This study illustrates that Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) provides a more accurate representation of the latent variables as assessed by the structure coefficients than Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). A heuristic data set of five independent variables representing the Piagetian tasks measured by The Inventory of Piaget’s Developmental Tasks (IPDT) and three dependent variables assessed by the Alabama Basic Competency Tests (BCT) were analyzed with both statistical methods. Although the relationship between IPDT and BCT was invariant, the corresponding latent variable structures differed for the two methods.
... We chose candidate models using comparative fit index (CFI), 26 Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), 27 Akaike information criteria (AIC), 28 Bayesian information criteria (BIC), 29 and sample size adjusted BIC (aBIC). 30 In addition, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), 31 standardized root mean square residual within (SRMRwithin), 32 and SRMR-between were used to judge the fit of the final model to the data. The data analysis was performed on Mplus 8.8. ...
INTRODUCTION
Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are dynamic phenomena with a high amount of intraindividual variability. We applied a multilevel framework to identify subsyndromes (between‐person factors) that represent clinically relevant profiles of BPSD and identify symptom clusters (within‐person factors) that represent contextually driven daily symptom experiences.
METHODS
This study used an intensive longitudinal design in which 68 co‐residing family caregivers to persons living with dementia were recruited to proxy report on their care recipient's daily symptom experiences of 23 different BPSD for eight consecutive days (n = 443 diaries). A multilevel exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis was used to account for nested data and separate within‐person variances from between‐level factor estimates.
RESULTS
Exploratory factor analysis identified a 4‐between 3‐within factor structure based on fit statistics and clinical interpretability.
DISCUSSION
This study offers major methodological and conceptual advancements for management of BPSD within Alzheimer's disease and related dementias by introducing two related but distinct concepts of subsyndromes and symptom clusters.
Highlights
Because behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are dynamic temporal phenomenon, this introduces measurement error into aggregate group‐level estimates when trying to create subsyndromes. We propose a multilevel analysis to provide a more valid and reliable estimation by separating out variance due to within‐person daily fluctuations.
Using a multilevel exploratory factor analysis with intensive longitudinal data, we identified distinct and meaningful groups of BPSD. The four factors at the between‐person level represented subsyndromes that are based on how BPSD co‐occurred among persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These subsyndromes are clinically relevant because they share features of established clinical phenomena and may have similar neurobiological etiologies.
We also found three within‐person factors representing distinct symptom clusters. They are based on how BPSD clustered together on a given day for an individual with AD and related dementias. These clusters may have shared environmental triggers.
... A ratio below 3 is considered satisfactory, as suggested by Jöreskog and Sörbom [60]. Moreover, the RMSEA index, registering at 0.038, indicates an acceptable fit as it converges towards zero [61]. ...
This study assesses the role of psychological safety as a mediating factor in the association between procedural justice and turnover intention within the context of a banking institution situated in Tunisia, specifically ABCD Bank, which has its headquarters and a few branches dispersed across Tunis, the capital, and adjacent towns. Despite the burgeoning body of literature individually exploring these three constructs, there exists a notable dearth of research that concurrently integrates them. Consequently, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 613 employees spanning various grades and genders, employed at both the headquarters and branches of ABCD Bank. The analysis of the structural equation modelling data was conducted using AMOS software. The findings of the study reveal a statistically significant and positive relationship between procedural justice and psychological safety. Moreover, procedural justice exhibits a statistically significant and negative association with turnover intention. Conversely, psychological safety demonstrates a statistically significant and negative impact on turnover intention. The study concludes that psychological safety partially mediates the connection between procedural justice and turnover intention. Beyond its theoretical implications, the outcomes of this research are anticipated to yield managerial and methodological recommendations tailored for human resources practitioners and academics, underscoring the substantive role of both psychological safety and procedural justice in fostering employee retention. Aliane N et al / Arch Clin Psychiatry. 2024;51(1): 9-20.
... Before evaluating the structural model, it is necessary to examine the measurement model, and the selection of variables in the CFA model follows the one-stage model correction proposed by Jöreskog and Sörbom (1989). If the fit of the measurement model meets the standard, an overall structural equation model report is then conducted. ...
Using convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods, data from 432 Chinese international students in 10 countries, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, and the United States, were collected to construct a multivariate sequential-mediated mixed model for cross-cultural adaptation. SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were employed for aggregated validity, discriminant validity, and sequential-mediated effects analysis. The study found that: Cultural adaptation stress is negatively correlated with positive coping and positively correlated with negative coping, with negative coping having a significant negative impact during the cross-cultural adaptation process. Positive coping is positively correlated with sports participation, while negative coping is negatively correlated with sports participation. Sports participation is positively associated with in-group identification and negatively associated with out-group bias. In-group identification has a positive impact on cross-cultural adaptation, whereas out-group bias cannot effectively predict cross-cultural adaptation.
... In terms of confirmatory factor analysis, several criteria were applied to assess the model fit. First, items with factor loadings below 0.45 were deleted as they did not meet the requirement for adequate fit [79,80]. Additionally, items with close error covariances were removed based on modification indices (MI), following the evaluation criteria proposed by Jackson et al. [81] and other scholars. ...
Does social media alleviate or exacerbate loneliness? Past research has shown mixed results regarding the relationship between social media usage and loneliness among younger and older adults. Unlike younger individuals, older adults may decrease their loneliness through social media interactions. Additionally, previous research has indicated that the link between social media use and loneliness can vary depending on one’s shy tendency. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between individuals’ social media use and loneliness while considering age and shyness tendency as moderating variables. The study employed a questionnaire survey conducted through convenience sampling, resulting in 234 valid responses from participants in Northern Taiwan. Among them, 113 were college students (aged 18 to 25, average age 19.40), and 121 were older adults (aged 50 to 82, average age 60.81). Using hierarchical regression analysis, results indicated that (1) age moderates the relationship between personal social media use and loneliness. Minimal differences were observed among younger individuals, but among older adults, increased social media usage time was associated with a significant reduction in loneliness. (2) Shyness tendency moderate the relationship between personal social media use and loneliness. Individuals with higher shyness tendency experience an increase in loneliness as their social media usage time lengthens.
... The comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and goodness-of-fit index (GFI) were requested to obtain the score equal to/beyond 0.9 (Schumacker and Lomax, 2004). The rootmean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) was proposed to be equal to/under 0.05 (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1989). The measurement and structural models in Table 4 were in line with the collected data in a flawless manner. ...
This article sets its sight to allot an intelligible picture of how to optimize accounting information system (AIS) in public sector organization (PSO) for sustainable risk management (SRM) under the big data analytics (BDA) and offers in-depth understandings concerning to the role of forensic accountants’ skill (FAS) on these aforementioned interconnections. The structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group SEM were wielded to testify the hypothesized model rested on cross-sectional data formulated by a closed-ended questionnaire survey distributed to convenience and snowball sample of 683 respondents in PSOs. All the proffered hypotheses in the theoretical model were authenticated by the soundly statistical evidences. The observations of the current study also generated the numerous practical implications for the practitioners in organizational management and policymakers in building up the strategies and promulgating rules in relation to digital initiatives adoption, accounting practices and risk management toward sustainable development within PSOs.
This study examined the effects of transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and leader feedback on job satisfaction through the mediating effects of reward fairness and organizational citizenship behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the study discussed factors that positively influence leader feedback, along with the differing effects of transactional and transformational leadership. The results of analyzing the Public Service Life Survey indicated that while transactional leadership positively affected reward fairness, it did not significantly impact organization citizenship behavior. On the other hand, transformational leadership positively affected organizational citizenship behavior, it did not significantly impact reward fairness. Transactional leadership negatively affected job satisfaction, whereas transformational leadership had a positive impact. Leader feedback significantly enhanced the mediating variables and job satisfaction. This study analyzed the differences in the influence of leadership, and provided the direction of more appropriate human resource management policy. This study provided selection method of leadership for strengthening organization citizenship behavior and reward fairness.
Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have been established as a transdiagnostic correlate of anxiety and depression in adults and are considered a central mechanism of persistent emotional distress according to the metacognitive model of psychological disorders. However, the importance of metacognitions for distress and emotional disorder in adolescence is far less researched, and to investigate this further there is a need for reliable and valid assessment tools. The Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) might be a suitable and valid assessment tool in adolescents with the implication that it can be used to research the role of metacognitions in youth mental health and track how metacognitions change and relate to outcomes over time from adolescence to adulthood. We therefore aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the MCQ-30 in an Upper Secondary School-sample of 494 Norwegian adolescents, aged 16- to 18-years old. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the proposed five-factor structure and evidence for measurement invariance was supported across sex and groups of anxiety severity. The factors showed acceptable to good internal consistency and there was support for convergent validity. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the adult version of the MCQ-30 can be applied in Norwegian adolescents from 16-years old.
This paper aims to study whether tourists' participation in leisure activities in the cramped space of hotel rooms can improve their conscious health status. This paper, taking Taiwan tourists entering China as an example, explores the relationship between the degree of perceived freedom of tourists' participation in leisure activities in hotel rooms and their conscious health state through empirical research and constructs a model of leisure and conscious health state in confined space. The main results show that: (1) when the degree of leisure perceived freedom is the same, the effect of tourists' Leisure Involvement on the degree of conscious health is better; (2) Tourists' leisure perceived freedom is significantly positively correlated with leisure involvement, but it is significantly negatively correlated with leisure adjustment strategies; (3) Tourists' leisure involvement is significantly positively correlated with leisure adjustment strategies and self-perceived health status, and significantly positively mediates the relationship between leisure perceived freedom and leisure adjustment strategies; (4) There was no significant correlation between leisure adjustment strategies and self-perceived health status, and it could not significantly mediate the relationship between leisure involvement and self-perceived health status. The research results can be used as a reference for constructing the theoretical framework of tourists' leisure behavior patterns in narrow space.
This research investigates the factors that affect the decision of international students when choosing Tunisia as a higher education destination. Despite Tunisia’s growing appeal to international students, particularly those from sub-Saharan Africa, its progress in attracting international students remains modest. Through a survey administered to 284 international students currently studying in Tunisia, this study examines three key determinants: social media, advertising, and brand image. Using structural equation modelling via AMOS, we analysed how these factors vary between public and private universities, as well as across different student nationalities. Our findings reveal that while all three determinants significantly influence destination choice, the effect of brand image is moderated by the public/private nature of the institution. Interestingly, nationality did not have any moderation role in the link between these determinants and destination choice. These findings provide valuable insights for higher education administrators and policymakers in developing effective strategies to enhance Tunisia's position as an emerging higher education hub.
Since the 21st century, educators have realized the essential role of mathematics in the education of teenagers. Government and many of them have made great efforts to improve students’ abilities to solve mathematics problems, but many students in secondary school still feel stressful and fearful because of their poor mathematics grades. Many mathematics scholars blame to the mathematics itself, like mathematical symbols and special language, which they think cannot be well-acquired by less talented mathematics learners. When the mathematics problems become complicated, some students will lose confidence, interest and finally the motivation to learn.
This research investigates the factors that affect the decision of international students when choosing Tunisia as a higher education destination. Despite Tunisia’s growing appeal to international students, particularly those from sub-Saharan Africa, its progress in attracting international students remains modest. Through a survey administered to 284 international students currently studying in Tunisia, this study examines three key determinants: social media, advertising, and brand image. Using structural equation modelling via AMOS, we analysed how these factors vary between public and private universities, as well as across different student nationalities. Our findings reveal that while all three determinants significantly influence destination choice, the effect of brand image is moderated by the public/private nature of the institution. Interestingly, nationality did not have any moderation role in the link between these determinants and destination choice. These findings provide valuable insights for higher education administrators and policymakers in developing effective strategies to enhance Tunisia's position as an emerging higher education hub.
Bu kitapta, marka denkliği ve unsurlarının marka aşkı ile ilişkisini ve bu
ilişkide pozitif ağızdan ağıza pazarlamanın aracılık rolü ele alınmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilkokul üçüncü sınıf seviyesi öğrencilerinin günlük hayata dair görsellerle sunulan içerikler temelinde işlem yapma beceri düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu amaca yönelik açık uçlu formatta hazırlanan on sorunun yer aldığı ölçeğin uygulamaları 200 ilkokul öğrencisinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin güvenirlik ve geçerliğini ortaya koymak amacıyla SPSS ve LISREL paket programları kullanılarak veri analizler yürütülmüştür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi varsayımlarının sağlanması üzerine işlem yapma becerisinin baskın olarak ölçüldüğü görülen yapıda, tek faktörün özdeğer yükü 4.076 olarak ve toplam varyansın %40.756’sını açıkladığı elde edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, model uyumu için gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ki-kare/sd oranı 1.91, RMSEA değeri 0.067, SRMR değeri 0.044, CFI değeri 0.98, NFI değeri 0.96, GFI değeri 0.94, AGFI değeri 0.90 olarak elde edilmiştir. Tüm bu indeks değerleri toplanan verilerin önerilen modele uyumunun sağlandığına yönelik bilgiler vermektedir. 0.83 olarak hesaplanan Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı değeri de kabul edilebilir düzeyde bir güvenirlik değeridir.
Various bibliometric indicators have been used to assess the researchers’ impact, but composites of such indicators, namely a metric that combines various individual indicators to describe a complex construct, have received a strong critique thus far. We employ concepts from psychometrics to revisit a composite proposed by Ioannidis et al. (2020) that aimed to represent researcher impact. Based on a selected sample of highly cited researchers, our proof-of-concept study presents a psychometrically principled composite formation. Specifically, by relying on the congeneric measurement model (and related models) rooted in classical test theory, we found that one of the proposed indicators clearly violated the congeneric model’s fundamental assumption of unidimensionality, and two other indicators were excluded for redundancy. The resulting composite based on only three bibliometric indicators was found to display excellent reliability. Importantly, the reliability approached that of the composite based on five indicators, and it was clearly better than the original six-indicator composite. Further, we found rather homogeneous effective weights (i.e., relative contributions of each indicator to composite variance) for simple sum scores, and these weights were close to those calculated using an algorithm for equally effective weights. While the congeneric measurement model also showed strong measurement invariance across sexes, this model’s loadings and intercepts were not measurement invariant across scientific fields and academic age groups. Notably, we found that various derived composites correlate positively with academic age, hinting at a lack of fairness of the composites.
This study evaluates how FinTech might affect the millennial consumer response towards Fintech product, concentrating on technology acceptance model. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the impact of Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness and Behavioral Intention on actual use using multiple regressions. The result from the study revealed that the there is a significant impact found of Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness and Behavioral Intention on actual use.
Ergonomic risk factors are a prominent cause of fatality and severe injuries in building constructions. Hence, this study applies a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach to analyze ergonomics risk factors and occupational injuries among building construction workers in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. The results indicate significant relationships between ergonomics risk factors and the prevalence of occupational injuries. This study's findings contribute to the understanding of occupational health and safety in the construction industry, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. A cross-sectional study has been carried out, where data was collected through direct observations and standardized pretested questionnaires. The study recruited 220 participants in the construction industry. The data was analyzed using AMOS to study the direct and indirect effects of the identified variable. SEM has shown that the magnitude of the prevalence of occupational injury was 65.2 %. The results also revealed that the mostly affected body parts were lower arm, lower leg, hand, toe, and knee. Carpenter & roofers, plasterer and daily labors & other helpers were highly injury subjected occupations in respective order. The six leading significant risk factors were, do not tie belt at scaffold, falling stairways & ladders, exposure hazardous substances, tools & machinery, electricity (electric power accidents), repetitive tasks, the layout didn't consider health & safety aspects in the site, and do not provide safety orientation for new workers engaging the job. Employees are mostly affected on their lower body parts which needs more focus to prevent it, especially carpenter & roofers, plasterer and daily labors. Also the findings show that 50 % of respondents agree that the higher priority for safety and health management practices should be given to finishing part of the construction followed by excavation and earth work, masonry, and electrical installations. Therefore, it is recommended that the contractors must focus more on the finishing phase.
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