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Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies
Abstract
In this book, the author presents original observations and fundamental
data on quasars and galaxies to defend his controversial views on
astrophysics and cosmology. In particular, he argues that far from being
the most distant objects in the universe, quasars are associated in
space with relatively nearby galaxies, that the enormous redshift of
quasars do not arise from the expansion of the universe but rather are
intrinsic properties of the quasars themselves, that many galaxies show
redshift anomalies related to quasar redshifts, and that quasars and
galaxies have an origin far different from that assumed in the
'standard' big-bang model of the universe.
... One of the most famous examples of a quasar-like object apparently connected to a lower redshift galaxy is Mark 205, situated 40 arc sec south of the disrupted spiral galaxy NGC4319. Following the verification of the optical connection [14], however, further progress was made very slowly. Jack Sulentic eventually managed to obtain time on the VLA radio telescope. ...
... First, at a given galaxy redshift the associated quasars cannot be accidental (because the area in which accidental discoveries can occur increases as the square of the angular separation but the observed quasars only occur close to the galaxy). Secondly, the observed separation of quasar from galaxy becomes larger as the redshift of the galaxy becomes smaller -that is, as the pair is closer to us in distance the apparent separation on the sky becomes larger, (see reference [14] for the most nearby associations which subtend large angles on the sky). Figure 5 also illustrates why gravitational lensing is not a viable explanation of the observations. ...
... Astonishingly a line of 8 to 10 more quasars were revealed coming again NE and SW out of the disrupted galaxy! [14] In 1983 I ferreted out the fact that NGC 520 had been observed under the category of "normal galaxies" by the Einstein X-ray telescope. The X-ray map in Fig. 9 shows that the X-ray emission around NGC 520 breaks up into clouds and pieces many of which are identified with the quasars discovered in the complete quasar search around the galaxy. ...
A large number of observations have accumulated which represent baffling mysteries from the standpoint of current astronomy. A sample of the most crucial of these cases is reviewed and updated. Evidence has slowly built up to the point where often each individual object is a formidable challenge to conventional theory. But, most importantly, it is now possible to appreciate the common pattern which mutually reinforces all the separate results.
These empirical discordances point directly at known weaknesses in the Big Bane theory of the origin of the universe. New data is used to introduce a proposal which accounts for both the data which gave rise to the Big Bang interpretation and which also satisfies the discordant results which have accumulated over the last quarter of a century. Though perhaps only a primitive beginning, the new interpretation demonstrates that observations need not be discarded because they disagree with current theory. The major conclusion from the cases discussed here is that the present observational paradoxes represent spectacular opportunities to make new and fundamental discoveries about the universe.
... To his surprise many of his galaxies had radio sources associated close by the galaxies. He then found that many of the radio sources turned out to be quasars (Arp, 1987;Ferris, 1983). The thing which caught Arp's eye was the close proximity between galaxies and quasars. ...
... This gave Arp a problem disseminating his findings. In Arp's own words, "It is clear that when scientific results are prevented from appearing or being discussed in standard journals, the only alternative is to publish a book" (Arp, 1987). This is exactly what many people do, and Arp followed this practice by authoring several books. ...
... One incident Arp mentions is when he was talking to his friend Allen Sandage, a much respected astronomer he worked with at Caltech. In 1961, Sandage authored the Hubble Atlas of Galaxies in which was featured the spiral galaxy NGC1073 (Arp, 1987). As Arp remarked: ...
This thesis investigates, as case studies, three little-known scientific concepts, each put
forth by a well-known, respected scientist. In each case the concept suggested challenges
an established scientific paradigm and, if correct, would significantly alter our current
view of the universe. All three concepts seem to be ripe to invoke a paradigm shift yet
none has yet occurred. This study looks at these cases through the lens of (1) the
rhetorical arguments used by these scientists and their followers to advance their
proposed concepts, and (2) the paradigm shift model as put forth by Thomas Kuhn. A
detailed, largely non-technical, discussion is given for each concept to enable readers to
understand the nature of what is being proposed and the continuing research in each of
these scientific fields. Even though the original three scientists are deceased, their
concepts still have an active, albeit small, following in today’s scientific community.
... A modified Hubble law is stated in article [17] which may be important to explain the high redshift of quasars without the assumption of dark energy. The existence of nearby quasars and galaxies with quite different redshifts is already stated by Arp [18]. This is also in agreement with the modified Hubble law in article [17]. ...
... (3) Quasars and galaxies with nearly the same distance can have quite different redshifts depending on the medium in which light is emitted (see e.g. Arp [18]). (4) Quasars may be nearer than by the standard Hubble law. ...
A theory of gravitation in flat space-time is applied to homogeneous, isotropic cosmological models. There are non-singular cosmological models. A natural interpretation is a non-expanding universe. The redshift is an intrinsic effect and not a Doppler effect. The universe contains only energy in the beginning, i.e. no matter exists. In the course of time matter and radiation are created from energy where the whole energy is conserved. Matter increases with time but a certain time after the beginning of the universe the creation of matter is finished and the universe appears like a static one. A modified Hubble law is considered which may explain the high redshifts of objects in the universe without the assumption of dark energy.
... [1] Arp's colleagues at Mt. Wilson and Palomar were so troubled by his results that they petitioned the observatories directors to take away all of Arp's observing time. Arp protested when the recommendation was implemented and after his appeals to the trustees were turned down he retired and relocated to the Max Planck Institute in Munich [1,9]. ...
... The Cosmological Principle generally suggests that the clocks of all observers are synchronized throughout all space because of the inherent homogeneity and isotropy. Because of this synchronization of clocks for the same world time t, for commoving observers the line element in (7) (9) which is represented by the set of points (x, y, z, w) at a fixed distance R from the origin: ...
A growing number of conflicts within the Standard Model call into question the fundamental interpretation of the Doppler component of the Hubble Expansion Law and the nature of events in spacetime associated with conventional coordinates of the line element attached to the observer. We postulate that nonlinear effects associated with the propagation of light in a gravitational field can produce shock waves at cosmological distances approaching the limit of observation. These gravitational shock waves are manifest observationally in the spectrum of QSO's and Supernova as a continuous array of light booms' produced by superluminal boosts associated with continuous coordinate transformations relative to a distant observer. This model suggests that QSOS are most likely a form of Seifert spiral galaxies with active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the vicinity of the observational limit of the Hubble radiius.
... [1] Arp's colleagues at Mt. Wilson and Palomar were so troubled by his results that they petitioned the observatories directors to take away all of Arp's observing time. Arp protested when the recommendation was implemented and after his appeals to the trustees were turned down he retired and relocated to the Max Planck Institute in Munich [1,9]. ...
Newton claimed the influence of gravity is instantaneous; Einstein
insisted no influence could propagate faster than the speed of light.
Recent experiments to test the speed of gravity have been controversial
and inconclusive on technical grounds. Considerable effort is currently
expended in the search for a Quantum Gravity; but there is no a priori
reason there should be one. We propose that is not the regime of
integration which instead occurs in the arena of the Unified Field, UF;
further that a completed model of Geometrodynamics inherently includes a
Newton/Einstein duality which introduces shock effects in certain
arenas. The unified theory predicts that there is no graviton of the
usual phenomenal form (an artifact of the incompleteness of Gauge
Theory, i.e. gauge theory is only an approximation suggesting new
physics). A new Large Scale Additional Dimensional (LSXD) M-Theoretic
topological charge alternative is presented. We also attempt to show how
the Titius-Bode Law for solar and exoplanetary configurations appears to
provide indicia of this multiverse gravitational model. Applications of
the dual geometrodynamics formulation include an interpretation of
quasar luminosity as the result of gravitational shock waves in a manner
countering explanations of large redshift, Z in Big Bang cosmology
putatively based on Doppler recession. Instead redshift occurs as the
result of a periodic minute photon mass anisotropy caused by periodic
coupling to a covariant polarized Dirac vacuum.
... A completely diierent point of view can be taken by investigating the over-or underdensity of low-redshift AGNi around galaxies and/or clusters for which the redshift is not determined. In that case, the associated galaxies are assumed to be at the same redshift as the AGN and are thus physically associated (e.g., Yee & Green 1984, 1987). This approach then yields information on the eeect of the environment of AGNi on their nuclear activity. ...
In a recent paper by Rodrigues-Williams \& Hogan (RH94), a correlation
between high-redshift, optically-selected QSOs and Zwicky clusters was reported
at a very high significance level. Due to the fairly bright flux threshold of
the cluster sample, these correlations cannot be interpreted as being due to an
environmental effect of the clusters on the quasar activity. The most likely
interpretation employed in RH94 was the effect of gravitational lensing by the
foreground clusters, though the required magnification to explain the observed
correlations has to be considerably higher than obtained from simple mass
models for the clusters. We have repeated the analysis of RH94 using a
different QSO sample, namely radio quasars and radio galaxies from the 1-Jy
sample. In accordance with RH, we detect a statistically significant
correlation between Zwicky clusters and 1-Jy sources with intermediate redshift
(), but fail to detect significant effects for higher-redshift
sources. In addition, we detect a highly significant underdensity of
low-redshift radio sources around Zwicky clusters, for which an environmental
interpretation seems to be most reasonable. Our result for the overdensity of
sources is in good agreement with previous results and can possibly
be interpreted as a lensing effect, though we have not tried to quantitatively
investigate a lensing model. Other interpretations, such as patchy dust
obscuration, can not explain the observed effect and its tendency with
redshift.
In the 1960s, Halton Arp's observations and fundamental data on quasars and galaxies were not compatible with the Big Bang theory. Scientists found Arp's data incorrect and rejected them. Halton Arp published his book "Quasars, Redshifts, and Controversies" in 1987 and never did give up form his claiming. In fact, Halton claimed the universe is eternal. Also, there is different approach and theories about the universe such as cyclic models of the universe. According to Big Bang theory, the universe began from a singularity (a point of infinite density and gravity). Space and time did not exist before the Big Bang. All these theories are based on incorrect principles and assumptions. This article by using CPH Theory explains what and why is wrong and how to be corrected. After the correction, Halton's approach has been reviewed, and then we will see that the universe is eternal or not.
As any astronomer will tell you, if you want to know about the past you need only look a long way off. Since it takes light a full second to travel 300,000 kilometers, it is often quite some time before the light from a distant source travels the length of the cosmos and reaches a terrestrial telescope. This means that the light from the more remote sources comes to us from an earlier cosmic epoch. The most distant and thus oldest object of astronomical observation cannot actually be localized — it is an “event” and happened everywhere: the Big Bang. The waves that reach us from this earliest event have been familiar since 1965 as cosmic background radiation. They have been on their way to us for about twenty billion years.
Parts of this could logically be included in Chap. 3 under Ideas. However, the story of ideas underlying current theories of cosmology are too complex to reduce to a few names and dates, although I will start with one. For most modern astronomers, the logical starting point of modern cosmology was Vesto Slipher’s discovery (1912) of the “red shift” (Z) of the in absorption lines for hydrogen (and other elements) in starlight from distant galaxies. The red shift, toward the infra-red part of the spectrum, indicates slightly lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). It can be explained in terms of relative motion, like the “Doppler effect”. (The Doppler effect is what makes the sound of an approaching siren a little higher in pitch than the sound of a siren moving away). By 1920, 36 of 41 galaxies for which data had been obtained, were seen to be moving away from our galaxy, the Milky Way. Current data puts the fraction much higher.
In the present investigation, the possible effects of the expansion of the Universe on systems bonded either by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, are reconsidered. It will be shown that the acceleration (positive or negative) of the expanding background, is the determinant factor affecting planetary orbits and atomic sizes. In the presently accepted cosmology (ΛCDM) all bonded systems are expanding at a decreasing rate that tends to be zero as the universe enters in a de Sitter phase. It is worth mentioning that the estimated expansion rates are rather small and they can be neglected for all practical purposes.
An attempt is made to explain time non-dilation allegedly observed in quasar light curves. The explanation is based on the assumption that quasar black holes are, in some sense, foreign for our Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe and do not participate in the Hubble flow. Although at first sight such a weird explanation requires unreasonably fine-tuned Big Bang initial conditions, we find a natural justification for it using the Milne cosmological model as an inspiration.
This Essay is one of a series of invited contributions appearing in the
PASP throughout the years 2000 and 2001 to mark the new millennium.
(Eds.)
We are approaching the 50th anniversary of the discovery of quasars.
Those old enough to have been cognizant of astronomy in 1962-1963 can
remember the sense of excitement connected with this finding. There was
talk of a major new constituent of the universe. The excitement of the
discovery was palpable even to one of us (the most senior of the
editors) who was then a high school teenager.
Since Nelson's stochastic derivation of the linear Schrödinger equation necessarily implies a real stochastic subquantum level (i.e. a real covariant physical Dirac-type “aether” representing the quantum vacuum), Nelson's assumption of zero friction may be an approximate ideal limit. We investigate here the consequences of a more realistic situation in which the subquantum level possesses Langevin-type frictional dissipative forces. On this basis and applying ideas introduced by Kanai and Caldirola to describe friction in a quantum mechanical system, we derive, stochastically, a non-linear frictional Schrödinger equation.
Tifft (1980, 1982) claimed that observations of double galaxies reveal a 72 km/s periodicity. Sharp showed that the periodicities in the observations are completely consistent with the statistics of small numbers. Here it is shown that Tifft's statistical procedure would ascribe a periodicity to small sets of Gaussian random noise. Satisfying the null hypothesis that the observations are not samples drawn from a normal population would require the acquisition of at least an order of magnitude more data. 10 refs.
Probably the biggest problem in cosmology is one that many people don’t even think about or want to think about. It has to do with the nature of the redshifts of astronomical bodies.
Infrared observations have shown interacting galaxies to be sites of enhanced star formation. The most extreme starbursting galaxies, however, tend to be smaller companions or isolated galaxies. It is argued that it is the recent formation of stars and newer galaxies from the internal activity of older galaxies, not the collision of previously separate galaxies, which is responsible for the current starbursts. It is proposed that material outflowing from active nuclei cools and condenses under the constraint of jets. The strong correlation between the intensity of non thermal radio emission and the infrared emission from star formation supports this model. Multi-wavelength observations of specific galaxies such as NGC 2777 are used to illustrate a recent ejection origin for starburst companions.
The general hypothesis of collision/mergers is considered. It is argued that collisional interaction generally inhibits rather than promotes star formation. It is pointed out that real peculiar velocities of galaxies are not sufficient to produce appreciable collisions and moreover that the necessary reservoir of potential inieractors in groups is observationally absent.
Dynamically-disturbed star-forming galaxies, as illustrated by the case of NGC 2777, tend to be the small companions of larger nearby galaxies belonging to older stellar populations. In the presence of arguments against a basis for their activity in tidal encounters, the only possibility left is that they are recently-created galaxies in which star formation is stimulated by recent ejection from the parent galaxy; some older stars, together with stellar material, are suggested to be taken out of the larger galaxy in the course of this ejection.
A review of observational contradictions to the conventional interpretation of redshifts as velocities includes new discrepancies in nearby galaxies and also in the young stars they contain. It is established that the strongest empirical relation is between the redshift and age of an object, and that velocities are not significant factors in cosmic redshifts. Expanding universes are, therefore, excluded.
The main hypothesis. In this paper we study the cosmological quasar redshift and their internal redshifts and blueshifts via a new geometry, called isominkowskian geometrY, which is constructed as a covering of the Minkowskian geometry for the representation of electromagnetic waves and extended particles propagating within inhomogeneous and anisotropic physical media. The complementary isoeuclidean and isoriemannian geometries are also indicated.
This review takes a critical look at the cosmological scenario at the turn of the century by examining the available cosmological models in the light of the present observational evidence. The center stage is held by the big bang models, which are collectively referred to here as standard cosmology (SC) and its extensions. SC itself is characterized by a seven parameter set of models based on Einstein's general theory of relativity. The seven parameters are H0, OmegaB, OmegaDM, OmegaLambda, OmegaR (describing the background universe, and A, n (specifying the amplitude and power law index of initial fluctuation spectrum). The extended SC includes extrapolations of the SC to earlier epochs when the mean energies of the particles were greater than about 100 GeV. The strength of the SC is seen to lie in its successful prediction of the expansion of the universe, the abundance of light nuclei, and the spectrum and anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMBR). The SC has led to a whole class of theories of structure formation, which are, in principle, testable observationally. The subject of twentieth century cosmology gained considerably from occasional ideas different from the SC; some of these are briefly outlined and placed in historical perspective. Currently there is only one alternative cosmology, the quasi steady state cosmology (QSSC), that has been developed to a stage where it can be compared with observations and also with the SC. Although the SC does appear quite successful, there are still many unresolved issues that keep the cosmological scene fairly open.
A statistical analysis of galaxies and the quasars forming pairs with them shows that at least a fairly large share of the
quasars lie at cosmological distances and are not physical neighbors of nearby galaxies.
The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding. However examination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favors a static universe. This is the first part (of a three part report) which investigates the topics:Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar distributions, radio source distributions, quasar variability in time and the Butcher-Oemler effect. An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution such that the effects of expansion are cancelled. Whereas the conclusions in Part 1 would be valid for any reasonable static cosmology the analysis of the topics in Part 2 require specific characteristics of curvature cosmology, which is a tiredlight cosmology that predicts a well defined static and stable universe. A complete description of curvature cosmology is provided in Part 3.
One of the greatest challenges facing astrophysics is derivation of remoteness in cosmological objects. At large scales, it is almost entirely dependent upon the Hubble relationship between apparent brightness and spectral redshift for large luminous objects. The comparison of galaxian redshifts with distances estimated by other means has yielded a useable curve, but unfortunately to a not yet entirely satisfactory confidence level. The assumption of scale invariance and universality of the Hubble law allowed the adoption of redshift as a standard calibration of cosmological distance. However, there have been several fields of study in observational astronomy that consistently give apparently anomalous results from ever-larger statistical samples, and would thus seem to require further careful investigation. This paper presents a summary of model-independent observational results that at first pass qualify as anomalous in terms of the Standard Model of Cosmology. The evidence is presented here per se without additional theoretical conclusions beyond those given by the authors of cited papers. The aim is to stimulate ongoing, robust debate from both sides of the theoretical divide.
Scientific inference offers a way to help organize and clarify our thinking about controversial areas of science such as the redshift problem. Scientists typically devote considerable effort to evaluating the probability that data relevant to a controversial area may be due to the ``null hypothesis'' (i.e. that there is no new phenomenon). However, it is usually not clear whether a small probability for the null hypothesis can be interpreted as a high probability for some other hypothesis, if only for the reason that the alternative hypothesis may not be specified, and it is not clear how strong a case is required to establish the new hypothesis. Thinking about such topics can be clarified by a simple procedure based on the methods of scientific inference. This procedure is referred to as ``ZOOM'' for ``Zero-Order Organizing Model''. This article proposes a ZOOM for the redshift problem, and presents the results of a preliminary trial.
A number of independent observations now violate the assumptions and predictions of the big bang model. Analyses of this contradictory evidence suggests alternative theoretical interpretations which satisfy all the observations in a coherent way.
Quasars are very bright star-like objects with large redshifts and large variations in luminosity on timescales of months to days and even hours. Many quasars indicate association to galaxies which do not have large redshifts. Some astronomers thus question whether the large quasar redshift is truly related to distance (cosmological redshift). The inference of large distances creates a number of contradictory conclusions, including massive luminosity, excessively rapid rotation, and expansion of jets at greater than the speed of light. The standard interpretation of a black hole source for quasars does not provide a satisfactory explanation. However, the measured redshift data for quasars, found close to spiral galaxies, exhibit a quantized structure, seen in their redshifts, which includes an intrinsic component. It has been suggested by some that the intrinsic redshift component is the result of the initial zero inertial-mass of newly created matter that has been ejected from the cores of active galactic nuclei. Existing naturalistic models, big bang or steady state, cannot reconcile this low inertial-mass with laboratory observations of electron-positron pair creation. Only within a creationist model can these observations be reconciled. This is further evidence in support of a creationist cosmology, in which we are now observing, in the cosmos, the creation of the galaxies on Day 4 of Creation Week. In an invited paper of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (2001), Geoffrey Burbidge wrote that: 'underlying all of the topics [in] the extraga-lactic universe and the physics of active galaxies are two basic beliefs which are widely held today: (1) cosmological evidence strongly suggests that the hot big bang cosmological model is generally correct and (2) redshifts of all objects outside our Galaxy are, apart from small velocity shifts due to local motions, cosmological in origin. In my view the general acceptance of these ideas and the sub-sequent edifice of models which has been erected around these ideas is a fundamental mistake. The direction that research will take in the 21 st century, however, may well lead to a compounding of the mistake, and I predict no immediate return to real-ity.' 1 I will show evidence that contradicts both of these beliefs and provides compelling evidence for a specially created universe.
The claim by Tifft and colleagues that extragalactic redshifts are periodic in ranges around 24.2, 36.3 or 72.5 km s–1 was investigated for an independent sample of 89 nearby spirals, in the general field, with accurately determined heliocentric
redshifts. Corrections were applied for a range of solar vectors encompassing various derivations of the solar motion relative
to the Galactic Centre and the centroid of the Local Group, and power spectrum analyses were carried out on the sets of corrected
redshifts. A strong periodicity of emerged, against a white noise background, for an assumed solar vector coincidental, within the uncertainties, with that
corresponding to the Sun's probable motion around the Galactic Centre. Comparison with sets of synthetic data simulating the
overall characteristics of the real data showed the periodicity to be present at a high confidence level. As an independent
test, the sample was divided into two groups of 40 and 49 galaxies with more and less accurately determined redshifts respectively.
The measured strength of the periodicity appears to be significantly greater for the group of 40 galaxies. The overall probability
that the periodicity of 37.2 km s–1 arises by chance is in the range .
At IAU Symposium No. 168 the presentation was divided into two parts:
I.
Theoretical Foundations and
II.
Observational Facts and Consequences
Observations of the neutral hydrogen on four quasar-galaxy pairs are
reported. In three of the pairs H I is detected in emission from the
galaxy and in absorption toward the radio quasar. In each case the
absorption arises in extended neutral hydrogen associated with the
galaxy, and the gas morphology indicates a recent gravitational
disturbance. It is concluded that the parent galaxies of low-redshift
absorption-line systems are gravitationally disturbed galaxies, and that
the extended gas seen in absorption toward these quasars results
directly from these tidal disturbances. It is found that Ca II and Na I
are good tracers of H I 21 cm absorption, which is unlike the Mg II
systems but is similar to the damped Lyman-alpha systems. Upper limits
to the spin temperatures in the absorbing clouds of a few hundred
degrees are derived.
PG 1211+143 is a bright apparent magnitude (V=14.63mag.) quasar/Seyfert
1 of redshift z=0.085. VLA maps show a line of radio sources passing
through this active object. ROSAT X-ray observations show a line of
X-ray sources co-aligned with the radio line. All of the bright X-ray
sources are QSO's or BSO's.
Large-scale correlations between Lick galaxies and radio-loud, distant
QSOs have been observed and interpreted in terms of gravitational
lensing (Fugmann 1990). We argue that, if gravitational lensing is
indeed responsible for such correlations, this is a most remarkable
observation, and try to understand whether lensing may account for it.
To do so, we use the lensing properties of a model for dark matter
inhomogeneities on large scales, based on the adhesion approximation, to
construct artificial QSO samples. (Model) galaxy counts in the vicinity
of the (synthetic) sample QSOs are then subjected to rank-order
statistical analyses. We find that statistically significant large-scale
correlations between QSOs and galaxies can indeed be caused by
gravitational lensing, but the amplitude of this effect depends
sensitively on the assumed intrinsic luminosity function of the QSOs,
the flux threshold of the (synthetic) sample, and the source redshift.
We conclude that gravitational lensing can indeed account for QSO-galaxy
associations on angular scales as large as some ten arc minutes. We also
find that this effect can only be understood in terms of lensing by dark
matter inhomogeneities.
Gravitational microlensing due to an ensemble of compact objects with
different masses is investigated by means of numerical simulations.
Amplification diagrams and light-curves are shown and compared with the
results of previous simulations using equal masses. It is found that
different length scales are induced by the different masses and that the
large scale structures of the caustics/anticaustics are enhanced. If the
compact source of the quasar continuum is small enough, low mass objects
like brown dwarfs and even jupiters should lead to detectable variations
in the brightness of quasars.
We consider a Doppler model to account for (1) abnormal concentration of
quasars in a given part of the sky and (2) the presence of two quasars
with very nearly equal redshifts lying close to each other. The ejection
parameters are explicitly determined and are shown to be reasonable for
the nine quasars in the 1146+111 field. This example illustrates both
(1) and (2). It is suggested that these calculations be carried out for
quasars usually believed to be gravitationally lensed, as well as to
other fields containing anomalously high concentration of quasars.
NGC 2777 is shown to be typical of a class of galaxies that are composed
predominantly of recently formed stars and that are companions to larger
galaxies. It is argued that star formation acativity is not stimulated
by gravitational or collisional encounter with the main galaxy. Evidence
is discussed which suggests that these kinds of companions are formed in
ejection events from older galaxies and that they are more recently
created galaxies. Star formation in jets is proposed as the explanation
for the strong, general correlation between nonthermal and infrared
emission in galaxies.
We answer criticisms made by Wright of the quasi-steady-state cosmology
(QSSC). It is shown that none of his criticisms is valid, and the QSSC
remains a viable cosmological theory.
The results of long-slit near-IR CCD spectroscopy of the gravitationally
lensed QSO 2237 + 0305 are reported. The findings confirm that at least
three of the four starlike images in the central region of the z =
0.0394 galaxy are QSOs with redshift 1.696 + or - 0.001. A relative
velocity definitely smaller than 150 km/s and possibly less than about
50 km/s is found for the components A and B. Evidence is found for
slight differences in the profiles of Mg II 2798 A in these components.
The intrinsic variability timescale of typical QSOs is much longer than
the maximum relative time delay between A and B. Hence, the most likely
explanation is that the two images sample different portions of the
QSO's broad-line region.
A model scatter is introduced, whose dielectric response funtion is a
random function of space and time and which produces frequency shifts of
spectral lines that imitate the Doppler effect in its main features. The
possible relevance of this effect to the origin of discrepancies
observed in some quasar spectra is discussed.
An analysis is conducted that is free of assumptions concerning the
spatial distribution of galaxies, using only the absence of selection on
flux down to its limiting value at each redshift. While the rms error in
the Lundmark law prediction for log flux at the observed redshift is
noted to be less than the observed dispersion in log flux by about 9
percent, the corresponding rms error in the Hubble law predictions
exceeds the observed dispersion by about 4 percent for the cited sample
of 2551 galaxies.
A large number of observations have accumulated which represent baffling mysteries from the standpoint of current astronomy. A sample of the most crucial of these cases is reviewed and updated. Evidence has slowly built up to the point where often each individual object is a formidable challenge to conventional theory. But, most importantly, it is now possible to appreciate the common pattern which mutually reinforces all the separate results.
These empirical discordances point directly at known weaknesses in the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. New data is used to introduce a proposal which accounts for both the data which gave rise to the Big Bang interpretation and which also satisfies the discordant results which have accumulated over the last quarter of a century. Though perhaps only a primitive beginning, the new interpretation demonstrates that observations need not be discarded because they disagree with current theory. The major conclusion from the cases discussed here is that the present observational paradoxes represent spectacular opportunities to make new and fundamental discoveries about the universe.
Optical observations of a new case of a close angular association
between a quasar and a galaxy system are presented. A tidal arm of the
disturbed galaxy system is found to be situated in front of the quasar
which is 15 arcsec away from the brighter nucleus. Whether the
foreground galaxy system is capable of causing significant gravitational
microlens or macrolens effects on observable properties of GC0248 + 430
is discussed. To search for microlensing variability, optical
photometric monitoring of the quasar has been performed since October
1988. Variations were detected with two different time scales
corresponding to those in the radio, thus both time scales can be
interpreted in terms of microlensing.
The Sc spiral, NGC 450 (v0 = 1863 km/s) has conspicuously
brighter H II regions at just the point of projected contact with the
spiral UGC 807 (v0 = 11,600 km/s). New spectra and photometry
are reported which show the following: (1) The rotation curve of the
low-redshift spiral has asymmetries and large discontinuities. (2) The
brightest H II regions show differences between them of the order of 100
km/s, and one knot shows a discrepancy of 400 km/s, well in excess of
escape velocity. (3) The distribution of neutral hydrogen in NGC 450 is
heavily overbalanced to the side of the bright knots and the position of
UGC 807. (4) The rotation curve of the high-redshift spiral shows a
shallow increase to maximum rotational velocity vmax = 171
km/s which is characteristic of lower luminosity spirals. The rotation
curve is also asymmetric and shows irregularities. (5) The relative
hydrogen alpha surface brightness, a distance-independent quantity,
signifies currently enhanced star formation in UGC 807. The hydrogen
alpha luminosity of the higher redshift spiral is unprecedentedly large
if placed at its redshift distance. (6) The morphology of the higher
redshift is more extended on the side toward NGC 450 than on the side
away and the color index isocontour lines indicate a discontinuity where
the UGC 807 image merges well that of NGC 450. The conclusion from the
extensive analysis is that one would have to invoke an enormous
conspiracy of accidents in order to avoid the conclusion that UGC 807 is
a moderatlely low luminosity galaxy interacting with NGC 450.
I summarize the observational evidence which suggests: (1) that many of
the compact radio sources associated with QSOs and related objects have
been ejected from active galaxies so that their redshifts are not
measures of their distances, and (2), that the energy emitted by compact
sources is not gravitational in origin, but arises through creation
processes in regions of galaxies with very strong gravitational fields
We have used the GHRS aboard HST to search for interstellar Mg II 2796,
2803 absorption from the disks and halos of 17 low-redshift galaxies,
using as probes QSOs and extragalactic supernovae whose sight lines pass
close to, or through, intervening galaxies. The galaxies studied are of
diverse morphological type, reside in different environments, and lie at
separations of p' ≃ 2-113 h-1 kpc from a QSO line of
sight. Ten of 11 galaxies at separations 31-113 h-1 kpc show
no absorption to equivalent width limits of W(λ2796) <40-90
mÅ, which corresponds to N(Mg II) ≃1-4 ×
1012 cm-2. Six galaxies lie at p' ≤ 9 kpc, and
of these, four (NGC 4319, the LMC, M81, and the Milky Way) show
absorption. Two early-type galaxies (NGC 1380 and Leo I) show no
absorption at p' < 9 kpc: these nondetections are surprising because
the separations are small and point to the possibility that the
existence of extended absorbing halos may be a function of galaxy type.
All of the galaxies which produce absorption are plausibly members of
interacting systems. For absorbing galaxies probed below 9 kpc, the
sight line passes within the optical radius of the galaxy, where the
interstellar medium (ISM) is expected to have a high covering factor,
and we do not attribute the absorption to the interactions. However, we
do find that the environment of the absorbing galaxies affects the
characteristics of the absorption detected the strength of lines, the
complexity of line components, the ionization state of the gas and we
warn of the dangers inherent in constructing models of generic halos
based on statistical properties of QSO absorption-line surveys.
Our data suggest that the covering factor of Mg II absorption is high
for galaxies within ≍10 kpc, but very small beyond ≍30
h-1 kpc, a result consistent with the size found of Mg II
halos deduced for galaxies at redshifts z > 0.2. The low-redshift
galaxies observed in this study which show Mg II absorption are probably
drawn from the same population as the higher redshift absorbers,
although the sample is too small to permit a definitive analysis. There
is some evidence for a sharp cutoff in equivalent width as p' increases,
suggesting that low-redshift galaxies may be sharply bounded beyond
˜30 h-1 kpc. The luminosities of most of the absorbers
in our program are such that the source sight lines pass through the
predicted (Holmberg) optical radii of the galaxies. Hence the region
between the optical radius and the gas radius of the z > 0.2 Mg II
absorbers, ≍10 kpc to 30 h-1 kpc, remains unexplored at
low redshift.
Although our data do not enable us to determine whether the outer
regions of galaxy disks are responsible for Mg II absorption systems, we
note that 21 cm measurements currently available show that H I disks of
the brightest spiral galaxies are already close to the sizes of higher
redshift Mg II absorbers. We have found a correlation between the
absolute blue magnitude of spiral galaxies and their H I radii measured
at the N(H I) = 1019 and 1020 cm-2
level, and there is evidence that the correlation tends to that of the
intermediate-redshift Mg II absorbing galaxies at lower N(H I) limits.
Hence the outer regions of galaxy disks may well have sufficient column
densities to produce Mg II absorption lines.
This pair of apparently interacting galaxies of redshift cz = 1700 and
4500 km/s has recently been judged to be an optical superposition of
background and foreground galaxies. The probability, from their
separation on the sky, was calculated to be p = 0.006. A corrected
calculation, however, yields p = 0.001. Moreover, if observed features
of the pair which would be expected on the basis of physical
interaction, and not expected on the basis of chance, are taken into
account, the probability of accidental superposition becomes p less than
about 10 to the -6th. It is further noted that the distribution of H II
regions in NGC 4496A, B fits the peculiar pattern established previously
for other physically interacting pairs of both similar and discordant
redshift. Finally, comments on the possible supernova in the
high-redshift member are made.
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