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The Science of Soccer
... We answer this question via an extensive statistical survey of game results in five major sports. Previous studies have separately characterized parity (Fort 1995) and predictability , Wesson 2002, Lundh 2006) of sports competitions. In this investigation, we relate parity with predictability using a novel theoretical model in which the underdog wins with a fixed upset probability. ...
... In this investigation, we relate parity with predictability using a novel theoretical model in which the underdog wins with a fixed upset probability. Our results provide further evidence that the likelihood of upsets is a useful measure of competitiveness in a given sport (Wesson 2002, Lundh 2006. This characterization complements the myriad of available statistics on the outcomes of sports events (Albert 2005, Stern 1991, Gembris 2002. ...
... We note that a similar methodology was utilized by Wesson who focused on the upset likelihood as a function of the final point spread in soccer (Wesson 2002). Also, an equivalent definition of the upset frequency was very recently employed by Lundh to characterize how competitive tournaments are in a variety of team sports (Lundh 2006). ...
We present an extensive statistical analysis of the results of all sports competitions in five major sports leagues in England and the United States. We characterize the parity among teams by the variance in the winning fraction from season-end standings data and quantify the predictability of games by the frequency of upsets from game results data. We introduce a novel mathematical model in which the underdog team wins with a fixed upset probability. This model quantitatively relates the parity among teams with the predictability of the games, and it can be used to estimate the upset frequency from standings data.
... 3 To achieve a fast and accurate kick, the performer must swing the thigh, shank and foot of the kicking leg as an open kinetic chain to strike the moving or stationary ball so that the most distal endpoint (i.e. the foot): a) reaches maximal velocity at the moment of impact (Lees et al., 2010aa;Putnam, 1991Putnam, , 1993Nunome, Ikegami, Kozakai, Apriantono & Sano, 2006a), and b) is oriented in such a way to impart as much force in the intended direction of ball travel (Andersen, Dorge & Thomsen, 1999;Wesson, 2002). To date, the majority of biomechanical enquiry has subsequently attempted to identify the kinematic variables associated with production of fast foot and ball velocities (De Witt & Hinrichs, 2012, Sinclair et al., 2014a. ...
... The current sample may have 'kicked through' the ball into the follow through, as has been advocated within coaching (Wesson, 2002) and scientific literature . ...
... For example, previous research has recognised deceleration of the distal segments of the kicking lower leg (before BCS) as an accuracy enhancing strategy (Barfield et al., 2002;Dorge et al, 2002;Teixeira, 1999). However, since this phenomenon may also be the result of erroneous data processing (Chapter 4; Nunome et al., 2006b;Shinkai et al., 2009), and subsequent analyses have verified skilled players can accelerate the foot and knee into ball contact when performing fast and accurate kicks (Chapter 4; Nunome et al., 2006b), empirical evidence tends to support the common coaching advice of 'kicking through the ball' Wesson, 2002). While this advice seems sensible, a limitation of the two studies was the simplicity of the accuracy constraints imposed on the participants (i.e. ...
Enhancing instep kicking performance represents an advantage for a footballer. However, research has tended to consider the kicking limb independent from the rest of the body, despite evidence the support leg, pelvis and torso function to enable a successful (i.e. fast yet accurate) kick. The aim of this thesis was therefore to identify whole-body mechanical strategies used by experienced players to perform fast and accurate instep kicks. A laboratory-based three-dimensional motion analysis (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK; 1000Hz) was undertaken to answer a series of research questions. First, since kick leg kinematics and joint kinetics near the time of foot-to-ball impact have been difficult to accurately represent, Chapter 4 showed an advanced time-frequency, low-pass filter performed better than conventional filter methods for deriving common parameters used to define kicking performance, and the method was used for subsequent experimental chapters. Next, Chapter 5 showed experienced players used the support leg to regulate whole-body deceleration and create ideal conditions for sequencing of the pelvis and kick leg during the downswing phase. Interestingly, two distinct pelvic transverse rotation strategies were observed. Some players 'reversed' forward transverse rotation of the kick side hip before ball contact, and some 'maintained' this velocity. Chapter 6 then noted successful kicking was reliant on efficient formation and release of a 'tension arc' between the torso, pelvis and kick leg thigh. The first phase of arc release (thigh rotation towards the ball) was characterised by a trade-off between concentric kicking hip flexion and lumbo-pelvic (L-P) transverse rotations, whereas the latter phase (shank rotation towards the ball) was dominated by L-P flexion (and peak power generation) and passive angular extension of the knee towards the ball. Finally, Chapter 7 affirmed it is important to passively redistribute energy gained during the approach to the pelvis during the kicking stride and these mechanisms must complement the muscular work which governs proximal to distal sequencing of the kick leg. Skilled instep kicking is ultimately the consequence of coordinated whole-body action, and failure to account for contributions from the torso, pelvis and support leg will confound attempts to quantify and explain kicking performance. By summarising the key features which contribute to performance of fast yet accurate kicks, this thesis can help inform strategies for developing effective kicking motions. Generally, eccentric pre-stretching the anterior kick side hip and L-P muscles should precede explosive concentric work of these muscle groups during the downswing phase, and the support leg should optimise whole-body deceleration and provide a stable base for these rotations to occur. Fast and precise kicking knee extension and foot trajectories at the instance of ball contact are achieved through a complex combination of concentric quadriceps work, and passive (motion-dependent) forces owing to pelvis and kicking thigh deceleration, concentric support knee extension and torso flexion. However, since distinctly different (but equally functional) strategies were evident, practitioners should be aware of an individual's preferred and compensatory movement strategies. Some players favour a more planar hip flexor or knee extensor dominant pattern, whereas others prefer using a combination of active (i.e. from muscular sources) and passive (i.e. from non-muscular sources) L-P transverse rotations to ensure a successful kick. Strategy dependent training should therefore: a) be tailored to the individual's preferred strategy, and b) ensure players can develop movement patterns that are robust to common perturbations experienced during match play situations.
... The forces on projectiles moving through the air have been discussed in many articles [De Mestre, 1990;Mehta, 1985;Myers & Mitchell, 2013;Wesson, 2002;White, 2010). The trajectory of a soccer ball is governed by three different forces: gravity, drag and Magnus force. ...
... The system doesn't include wind, so we had to add the wind component. This has been done according to the method described in (Wesson, 2002). ...
... The typical parameter values used in our model are shown in Table 1 (see (Myers & Mitchell, 2013;Wesson, 2002)). ...
A 3D computer simulator to examine the effect of wind and altitude on a soccer ball trajectory A szél és a magasság futball labda röppályájára gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata három dimenziós számítógépes szimulációval Abstract-It is well known that wind, altitude and air resistance can affect the trajectory of a soccer ball and cannot be neglected by players and coaches. The theoretical model of our ball kicking simulator is based on a system of differential equations and describes the complex effect of wind, altitude, temperature and Magnus force on a soccer ball trajectory. Our program together with calculated diagrams is supposed to help coaches and players to predict the necessary velocity vector to kick the ball into the goal. The main features of our simulator are its simplicity, the intuitive graphical design, the three-dimensionality, the possibility of adding virtual players and to view shots in the real-time regime. The program's interface represents a first-person's point of view where a virtual football player can move in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the opponent's goal. Simply by pressing the keyboard buttons, the user can easily change parameters and generate three-dimensional trajectories of a soccer ball. Our program allows us to calculate a soccer ball trajectory for different wind speeds and different altitudes and make rough approximations. Knowing the strength of their kicks, the players will be able to select the best angle for a kick taking into account the wind and altitude.
... Finalmente, expresan que no existe una capacidad específi ca de un equipo para jugar de local (la ventaja de ser local es similar para todos los equipos) y que no existe una signifi cancia estadística en las rachas de victorias, pero si en los eventos de sucesivas derrotas. Wesson (2002) propone una forma de cuantifi car la probabilidad de que el equipo que obtiene el campeonato sea el mejor equipo aplicando un modelo de distribución de puntos en la Premier League inglesa. También, discute los resultados de un modelo nulo que asume que todos los equipos del campeonato tienen la misma probabilidad de ganar un partido, y a partir de esta premisa construye una tabla fi nal de puntos por azar para un número concreto de equipos participantes y la compara con datos reales. ...
... En este caso el modelo nulo aplicado es el propuesto en Wesson (2002). Este asigna a todos los equipos igual probabilidad de ganar o perder un partido (3/8) y por empate una probabilidad igual a 1/4. ...
... Se testeó la frecuencia de empate para la liga de nuestro interés, el fútbol uruguayo, y se registró una frecuencia de empate igual a 0,274 a lo largo de toda su historia, por lo que la probabilidad de ganar o perder es igual a 0,363. Estas probabilidades fueron asignadas a las otras 3 ligas analizadas por ser valores muy cercanos a los utilizados por Wesson (2002). Se asignaron 2 puntos a la victoria, 1 al empate y 0 a la derrota (se optó por esta puntuación debido a que es la que rige para la mayor parte de los datos, que corresponden al período anterior a 1994, cuando cambió la reglamentación internacional en cuanto a la asignación de puntos otorgando 3 puntos a la victoria). ...
Aim: In this work we study the Uruguayan football league history using a statistical indicator that estimates the differences between the ideal (all teams are equal) and actual league data. Method: This indicator is based on the spread of points in the final league tables. Results: There are several historical stages during amateur and professional periods.
Particularly, is notorious the evenness between teams of the championships during 1980’s. In this period, the traditional loser teams won the league in consecutive way. Conclusion:
We propose some explanations based on historical facts, sociology and motivational psychology. The history of Uruguayan league is dominated for two teams of Montevideo, that implies a peculiarity of Uruguayan football.
KEY WORDS: Uruguayan football, spread of points, probability, variance, motivation.
... The motion of a ball through the air is one of the most complex problems in sports science, and it is still not completely understood to this day. One of the reasons why this problem is so challenging is that, in general, there are many different forces acting on the ball, including: gravity, drag and Magnus force, which in their turn depend on the ball's mass, cross-sectional area, form and shape, as well as on the external factors such as air density and the air velocity [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] . Since there are many football kick simulators for modeling how the same kick behaves under different external conditions, it is often difficult to decide which one to choose. ...
... where is the air density, A is the cross-sectional area of the ball, m is the mass of the ball and CD, CS, CL are aerodynamical coefficients which depend on the air density, wind, ball's velocity V, spin, form and shape. The typical parameter values used in our model are shown in Table 1 [5,6] . Here we assume that the ball has no spin and CS = CL =0. ...
... At the next step, we studied how the kick's range through the still air depends on altitude H. Using our program, we have calculated how the range of a goal kick launched at 45° depends on the starting velocity of the kick V 0 and the altitude. proportional to the speed of the wind [6] . It is clear that a tail wind will increase the range of a kick and head wind will decrease a range. ...
Using our ball flight simulator, we studied how the trajectory of a goal kick may be affected by atmospheric conditions such as altitude, wind and temperature. Based on our analysis we make rough approximations and recommendations for athletes and coaches. For starting velocities lying between 20 m/s and 35 m/s, the range of a goal kick started at 45° will be increased by about 0.7-2.2 m with each 1000 m increase of altitude depending on the starting velocity. At sea level each increase of the head/tail wind by 1 m/s will decrease/increase the range of such a goal kick by about 0.8-2.3 m and its trajectory will be deflected by about 0.5-1.5 m for each meter per second of a crosswind depending on the starting velocity. The increase of temperature by 5 °C at sea level is approximately equivalent to the increase of altitude by 150 m. The research also has educational purposes: knowing the strength of their kicks, the sportsmen will be able to select the best angle for a kick taking into account the wind and altitude. They will be able to better predict a trajectory of a football during a game and occupy better positions.
... The analysis of accurate kicks have received fewer attention compared with powerful kick biomechanics. The accuracy of the kick can be examined by recording the angle between the direction of the kick and the desired direction (Wesson, 2002). As a result, error margins of this angle can be determined for any given shooting distance. ...
... Another interesting observation is related to the point of contact between the ball and the foot. It has been suggested that sources of inaccuracy arise from the error in the force applied by the foot Wesson, 2002). The first arises from the error in the direction of the applied force and the second is due the misplacement of the force. ...
... If the ball is being hit at the center, it would follow a near straight trajectory and gain the maximum possible velocity with minimal spin Carre et al., 2002). The ball demonstrates a higher forward velocity compared with the foot velocity, depending on the coefficient of restitution (Wesson 2002). In contrast, if the force applied to the ball is directed at an angle relative to the desired direction, then the ball will demonstrate a lower speed, a higher spin, and a longer and more curved path with a possible change in the final direction of the ball Carre et al., 2002;Wesson, 2002). ...
Good kicking technique is an important aspect of a soccer player. Therefore, understanding the biomechanics of soccer kicking is particularly important for guiding and monitoring the training process. The purpose of this review was to examine latest research findings on biomechanics of soccer kick performance and identify weaknesses of present research which deserve further attention in the future. Being a multiarticular movement, soccer kick is characterised by a proximal-to-distal motion of the lower limb segments of the kicking leg. Angular velocity is maximized first by the thigh, then by the shank and finally by the foot. This is accomplished by segmental and joint movements in multiple planes. During backswing, the thigh decelerates mainly due to a motion-dependent moment from the shank and, to a lesser extent, by activation of hip muscles. In turn, forward acceleration of the shank is accomplished through knee extensor moment as well as a motion-dependent moment from the thigh. The final speed, path and spin of the ball largely depend on the quality of foot-ball contact. Powerful kicks are achieved through a high foot velocity and coefficient of restitution. Preliminary data indicate that accurate kicks are achieved through slower kicking motion and ball speed values.
... This analysis follows the line of equating the acceleration to the largest term on the right hand side of the equations. From Eqs. (16,17) this reduces the problem to ...
... The numerical solution to Eqs. (16)(17)(18) was carried out using MATLAB routine ODE45. In Fig. 2a) the 3D trajectory of a ball kicked with initial conditions v = 25 m/s, w = 8.76 m/s and at a distance L 2 = 20 m from the target is shown. ...
... Goff and Carré [7,8] fit drag coefficients to minimise the least-squares error between a numerical solution and experimental data, but to reduce variation in Sp they limit data to the first 0.07s of flight. Griffiths et al. [9] use an accurate ball tracking method but then calculate coefficients using the formula of Wesson [16] which assumes constant drag. Consequently, the various data presented may show actual C s and Sp values or may be average values over a given trajectory (with different methods of averaging). ...
In this paper, an analytical and numerical study of the three-dimensional equations describing the motion through the air of a spinning ball is presented. The initial analysis involves constant drag coefficients, but is later extended to involve drag varying with the spin ratio. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between numerical, analytical and experimental results. The analytical solution shows explicitly how the ball’s motion depends on parameters such as ball roughness, velocity and atmospheric conditions. The importance of applying three-dimensional models, rather than two-dimensional approximations, is demonstrated.
... In this chapter, we answer this question via an extensive statistical analysis of the results of all sports competitions in five major sports leagues in England and the United States. Previous studies have separately characterized parity [75] and predictability [84,86,81] of sports competitions. In this investigation, we relate the parity among teams with the predictability of games using the diversity model in which the underdog wins with a fixed upset probability. ...
... In this investigation, we relate the parity among teams with the predictability of games using the diversity model in which the underdog wins with a fixed upset probability. Our results provide further evidence that the likelihood of upsets q is a useful measure of competitiveness in a given sport [86,81]. ...
... We note that a similar methodology was utilized by Wesson who focused on the upset likelihood as a function of the final point spread in soccer [86]. Also, an equivalent definition of the upset frequency was very recently employed by Lundh to characterize how competitive tournaments are in a variety of team sports [81]. ...
In this dissertation, the dynamics and state formation of different socially-interacting populations of individuals are investigated. People and their encounters are modeled as interacting particle systems and they are studied using statistical physics tools. In the first part, two opinion models in which only alike neighbors interact are presented. The systems evolve via pairwise interaction until either consensus or permanent frustration (diversity) is reached. The simplest of these models corresponds to a population divided in centrists and extremists (rightist and leftists). In 1 dimension a slow relaxation characterized by a non-universal exponent is found. When the population is fully connected an exact expression for the final state probabilities of the species is obtained by mapping the system into a first-passage problem. For the case of many species, a mean-field approximation reveals the transition between consensus and diversity, which is characterized by a divergent time scale and an unusual non-monotonic behavior in the activity of the system. In the second part, a model where people have a continuous and bounded state is studied. Pairs of individuals with different but similar opinions reach an agreement and take their average opinion after interacting, while individuals with widely disparate opinions do not interact. Either a one-party or multi-party final state is found depending on whether the initial range of opinions is smaller or larger respectively than a set threshold. A power law behavior of the density of parties above the threshold is found. The exponent of the transition is estimated using persistence results on the diffusion equation. In the third part, a model that describes the fitness distribution of a competitive population is studied. Agents increase their fitness by winning in a pairwise competition and they decrease it by resting at home. Four different classes of societies are found depending on the ratio between the winning probability and the decline rate. This model is used to compare predictability of games results in 5 major sports leagues. A relation between competitiveness among teams and predictability is found by measuring the percentage of games in which the underdog beat the favorite.
... Is the champion always the best team? [1,2,3] How many matches have to be played in a league so that (nearly) always the best team becomes the champion? [1,2] Does the distribution of goals follow a Poisson distribution and what are possible interpretations of the observed deviations? ...
... This is reflected by the slope of the regression line smaller than unity. This observation is a manifestation of the regression toward the mean [19], which, however, is not always taken into account [3]. Qualitatively, this effect can be rationalized by the observation that a team with a better-than-average value of ∆G very likely has a higher fitness but, at the same time, on average also had some good luck. ...
We analyze the time series of soccer matches in a model-free way using data for the German soccer league (Bundesliga). We argue that the goal difference is a better measure for the overall fitness of a team than the number of points. It is shown that the time evolution of the table during a season can be interpreted as a random walk with an underlying constant drift. Variations of the overall fitness mainly occur during the summer break but not during a season. The fitness correlation shows a long-time decay on the scale of a quarter century. Some typical soccer myths are analyzed in detail. It is shown that losing but no winning streaks exist. For this analysis ideas from multidimensional NMR experiments have been borrowed. Furthermore, beyond the general home advantage there is no statistically relevant indication of a team-specific home fitness. Based on these insights a framework for a statistical characterization of the results of a soccer league is introduced and some general consequences for the prediction of soccer results are formulated.
... As for the mechanical perspective, in order to ensure the successful scoring of the penalty kick, the player should follow a mechanical model that is based on a number of kinetic and kinematic variables, such as the site of the focus foot, the speed of angular joints in the shooting foot as well as the kinetic momentum acquired by approaching and shooting angle, and other variables relating to the shooting accuracy of the penalty kick (Wesson, 2002). Lee (2001); Dorge et al. (2002) and Russel et al. (2011) conducted several studies which confirmed the correlation of a number of kinematic variables, such as the trunk slope, knee joint angle, player's approaching speed, ball speed, and the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick in the game of football. ...
... The results of the current study agreed with studies by Abubshara & Abdel Fattah (2021); Wesson (2002); Memarbashi & Hossaini (2010) and Kellis et al. (2006). Accordingly, we reject the second hypothesis stating "there is no statistically significant impact at (α =0.05) for reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables and on the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers" and substituting it with the alternative hypothesis stating "there is a statistically significant impact at (α =0.05) for reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables and on the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers." ...
The aim of this study was to identify the correlation of the kinematic variables in the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers before and after reaching the anaerobic threshold, and also to identify the impact of reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. We used the experimental approach using the divided goal to determine the accuracy extent of shooting the penalty kick in addition to Cunningham and Faulkner Anaerobic Treadmill Test. The study sample consisted of 12 football players from the Jordanian Professional Football League for the year 2021, who are specialized in performing penalty kicks in their clubs. Their average age was 25.1± 4.1 years, average weight 71±2.2 kg and average foot weight 10.9±1.6. The study used Canon Eos 80D cameras, lactate Scout Cortex device and Kinovea 0.8.15 software to analyze the performance. The data was processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Our study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship at α = 0.05 of the kinematic variables before and after the player reaches the anaerobic threshold with the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick. The results also revealed that there is a statistically significant negative impact at α = 0.05 for reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. In conclusion, the kinematic variables of the study and the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick were negatively affected by reaching the anaerobic threshold at a level that exceeds 4.2 mmol/L.
... ➢ The support leg is not in the direction in which the ball is to be transmitted; 1 Wesson J. (2002). The Science of Soccer, IOP Publishing Ltd; ➢ Contact with the ball is made through rigid movements, and the player can no longer control it. ...
... https://www.slideshare.net/mickysima/fotbal-curs-de-baza-13518583 3 https://www.academia.edu/33190038/BIOMECANICA_LOVIRII_MINGII_CU_LATUL_PICIORULUI_DE_PE_LOC;4 Manno R. (1987). ...
The topic of the research is part of the sphere of interest of the specialists in the field, dealing with one of the most important aspects within the training process of footballers aged 10-12 years. The importance of this study is represented by the use of specially selected software for the purpose of optimizing biomechanics in the game of football. The objectives of the research are aimed at optimizing the biomechanics of kicking the ball at the age of 10-12 years by means of three basic procedures. Within the research were used the method of studying the specialized literature, the method of pedagogical experiment, the method of graphic representation, the statistical method – mathematics. Within the pedagogical experiment method, a series of tests were applied specially designed for the investigation of the components of proprioception, which have a basic role in optimizing the biomechanics of hitting the ball in the game of football. Following the analysis and interpretation of the results, it was found the validity of the research hypothesis through the progress made by the research subjects at the final testing compared to the initial one. The conclusions of the research recommend the validated experimental model within the method of training of children aged 10-12 years for the optimization of the biomechanics of kicking the ball.
... 1996 Avrupa Şampiyonasında Alman Milli Takımının beynelmilel golcüsü Moller'in kullandığı penaltının hızının yaklaşık 130 km/sa olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Öyleyse penaltı vuruşu için önemli bileşenlerinden biri de topa vuruş gücü olmalıdır (Wesson, 2002). Topa vuruşta üst bacakta agonist olarak quadriceps, antagonist olarak da hamstring kası baskın şekilde çalışmaktadır. ...
... İcat edildiği günden beri futbol, uzak ara dünyadaki en popüler spor olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Küçük ya da büyük fark etmeksizin dünya çapında kadın ve erkekler tarafından her seviyede oynanmaktadır (Wesson, 2002). Milyonları peşinden sürükleyen futbolda temel amaç rakip kaleye gol atarak galip gelme olarak düşünüldüğünde, sahada oynayan oyuncuların organize bir şekilde hareket etmesi ve kendilerine verilen görevleri yerine getirmesi istenmektedir. ...
... Therefore, the three-dimensional system developed in the present study captured the participants' movement during the kicking task, in different planes/axes. The calibration results showed that the sensor presented a level of oscillation (g) range varying between -1 to +3 g, con rming that this device responded adequately to the acceleration to which it was submitted [32], which is in accordance with previous studies [22,31,32,33]. Furthermore, the platform presented an adequate connectivity, linearity and hysteresis as well as a satisfactory resolution and sensitivity of curves, combined with a structural rigidity and low weight. ...
... Therefore, the three-dimensional system developed in the present study captured the participants' movement during the kicking task, in different planes/axes. The calibration results showed that the sensor presented a level of oscillation (g) range varying between -1 to +3 g, con rming that this device responded adequately to the acceleration to which it was submitted [32], which is in accordance with previous studies [22,31,32,33]. Furthermore, the platform presented an adequate connectivity, linearity and hysteresis as well as a satisfactory resolution and sensitivity of curves, combined with a structural rigidity and low weight. ...
PurposeThe main aim of the present study was to describe the development of a non-commercial biomechanical system designed for the simultaneous measurement of kinematic and kinetic parameters during a lower limb pointing task. The task was performed by two groups of soccer players (10 novices and 10 experts, aged 16-19 years) and the differences between the two groups, in terms of these parameters, were also assessed. Methods
The calibration procedure of the combined system is presented in this paper. The system measured the Centre of Pressure (CoP) and body Center of Mass (CoM) displacements, kicking duration and the acceleration of the kicking leg. ResultsThe margin of error found for kinematic and kinetic calibration was less than 1%. Furthermore, the expert players presented decreased CoP and CoM displacements and kicking duration and acceleration of the kicking leg compared to the novices. Conclusion
The combined system provides an effective method for the simultaneous measurement of kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with kicking and may contribute to the development of intervention studies for the improvement of balance and kicking performance in sports.
... The main research direction can be broadly divided into three categories. First, the mechanical and aero-dynamical principles were studied [2][3][4][5][6]. Free kicks are considered to be determined by Dynamic principle, Bernoulli principle and Magnus effect. ...
... Force Analysis in Flight Phase. Wesson [6] pointed out that movement of football is affected by three forces during flight phase: the gravityFg, the aerodynamic dragFd and the Magnus forceFmag, where the direction of gravity is vertical downward, the direction of aerodynamic drag is opposite to the direction of velocity, and the direction of the Magnus force is perpendicular to the plane consisted of the direction of velocity and the direction of angular velocity, determined by the right-hand Cartesian coordinate system. The detailed force analysis is shown in Fig. 3. Kreighbaum and Barthels [11] introduced that the aerodynamic drag and the Magnus force are air forces, determined by surface characteristics of football itself, the exposure area in the air, velocity of air flow, pressure and other factors. ...
Free kick is a common scoring method on football court. Previous study had not yet constructed an effective system assisting players in training free kicks. On basis of studying Dynamic principle, Bernoulli principle and Magnus effect leading to occurrence of such irregular trajectories, stress analysis is conducted to establish the corresponding mathematical model. Based on that, a free-kick simulation and training system is designed to assist daily training of football players in this paper. Experiments are implemented to analyze the effect of parameters such as the kicking point, the kicking force and the kick angle on trajectory of football. Additionally, suggestions are given on how to shoot a goal successfully avoiding the walls and defense of goalkeeper through optimizing the parameters of the kicking point, the kicking force and the kick angle.
... Soccer and football are similar. It is the world's most popular game which is played and watched by the most population in the world [15]. However, Soccer is American term is called football. ...
... This finding was solved by introducing to the students about the correct impact when they do passing or kicking. The flat inside face of the foot is the most appropriate impact part with the ball to produce the accurate direction and fully control power [15]. Additionally, the non-kicking foot placed comfortably beside the balltoe pointing to the target [8]. ...
... 4.3 and 4.15), is hidden in C L . Some researches [9,11] prefer to have the projectile's spin rate, x, appear explicitly in F L , especially when the projectile is spherical. This is done by defining a new dimensionless lift coefficient as ...
... There are general-audience books [11,99] available for those just beginning soccer research. For more sophisticated treatments, trajectory analysis is a good place to start. ...
A review of aerodynamics research connected to sport projectiles is presented here. The review’s focus is on work conducted in the current millennium, though deference is made to some classic work still invaluable to modern research. Besides serving as a resource for seasoned scientists and engineers, this article is especially geared toward young investigators who are just beginning careers in sport science. Basic and sophisticated methods are discussed, including vacuum physics, air drag, lift, numerical approaches, trajectory analysis, wind tunnels, and computational fluid dynamics. Eighteen sports are discussed with an eye to future research.
... The attacking sequence was judged to be complete when one of the following occurred: 1) a goal had been awarded by the referee; 2) the ball travelled out of play (save or block) [47,48]. During the analysis of each attacking sequence, a coding system was developed to guide the process of recording the notational data. ...
The rapid rise in elite women’s football has increased the demand for female specific research to enable more accurate and appropriate assessments of tactical performance. Thereby, this study aimed to describe goal scoring in relation to different attacking styles during a Women’s Super League (WSL) season. Specifically, 1179 attacking sequences leading to shots on target performed by all 12 teams in the 2021/22 WSL season were analysed. The style of attack for each attacking sequence was characterised by research guided key performance indicators and recorded with the outcome of the subsequent shot on target. Descriptive results indicated that most shots (27.23%) were originating from combinative organised attacks, while set plays accounted for the most goals (27.08%), with fast organised attacks demonstrating the best goal conversation rates (53.33%). Outcomes of a chi-square test highlighted a significant (but weak) association between attacking styles and shot outcomes (χ42 = 9.87, P = 0.043) in the considered WSL season, with shots originating from set plays resulting in significantly more goals than expected (AR = 2.45). Overall, the results can be useful for practitioners when formulating tactical game plans and training sessions, while also providing multiple opportunities for future research in tactical analysis of women’s football.
... In addition, it should be level, smooth, and safe for the players, allowing for optimal play (UEFA, 2018). A pitch that does not meet these criteria is an obstacle to optimal performance for the players (Wesson, 2019). Football involves unique physical movements such as rapid start-stops, frequent and sudden changes in direction during the game (Yakich, 2022). ...
Overseeding is an essential management practice for turf cultivation in winter. Warm-season turfgrasses must be overseeded with cool-season turfgrass in the fall to provide green colour and maintain suitable playing surfaces by preventing wear on the dormant warm-season turfgrass throughout the winter months. The cool-season turfgrass species selected for overseeding affect the success or failure of the process in different ways via interaction with environmental conditions. A 2-year research study was conducted at the experimental areas of the Field Crops Department, Agriculture Faculty, Ege University in Izmir/Turkey during 2016-2018. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the overseeding performances of seashore paspalum cv. Sea Spray with different ryegrass (Lolium) species (diploid perennial ryegrass cv. Sun, tetraploid perennial ryegrass cv. Tetragreen, annual ryegrass cv. Axcella, intermediate ryegrass cv. TransAm), and determine the most suitable seeding rates (50, 75, 100 g m-2) for the Mediterranean climate. In the study, the evaluation of turf performance traits such as colour, visual turf quality, cover, fall and spring transition was conducted in both years. Additionally, some football playing quality traits, including ball rebound, force reduction, and vertical deformation were measured during the research periods. According to the results, tetraploid perennial ryegrass cv. Tetragreen and diploid perennial ryegrass cv. Sun generally performed better than the others. Concerning the overseeding rate, 75 or 100 g m-2 applications are recommended as the most suitable for obtaining good turfgrass quality and football playability.
... Aeronautical, mechanical, biomedical and computer science and engineering are playing a vital role for better understanding of sports science. Books on baseball [1], sports ball [2], football [3], soccer [4], projectiles in sport [5,6], biomechanics [7] and biological data [8] are published to study sport science and engineering. Many review articles have appeared describing the aerodynamics characteristic sport projectiles [9][10][11][12] and neural network model [13] of athletes. ...
The focus of the present chapter is to analysis aerodynamic forces and moment on sport balls, badminton shuttlecock and javelin. Lift force is analytically obtained employing Kutta-Joukowski theorem over a spinning sphere in an inviscid and incompressible flow. The inviscid flow analysis reveals that lift force is directly proportional to spinning which coincides with the experimental data of Bearman and Harvey. The lift force over the spinning sphere is less as compared to a rotating cylinder. The tangential velocity component on the surface of the spinning sphere is a cubic algebraic equation which has one real and two conjugate imaginary roots. Aerodynamic performance of feather and synthetic badminton shuttlecock is discussed in conjunction with experimental data. Available video images of a javelin trajectory are used to reconstruct its aerodynamic performance.
... This particular book uses the word "schematics" to explain a wide variety of mathematical aspects of football [10]. Moreover, in the same vein, the work of Wesson uses mathematics, physics, marketing, and economics, seeking to explain issues related to football [11]. In like manner, Reilly y Williams included biology, medicine, and behavioral sciences, among others [12], to describe football, its characteristics, and its importance. ...
The main objective of the university sport in Spain is the comprehensive training of the students. It sets out in the various state regulations in this respect. There is training in values within the comprehensive training that sporting activity should provide through Fair Play. This article aims to describe and evaluate an experience of training in values for the university students carried out by the Sports Department of the University of Cadiz, located in Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain. The methodology consisted of making selected changes to the game rules in football competitions. The experience has lasted ten years. The result of the experience has been very positive, obtaining, among other substantial achievements, a reduction of more than 75% in the percentage of cards (yellow and red) shown during matches and a reduction in referee cautions, a decrease in violent behavior, self-exclusion of players with violent behavior by the teams themselves, and an increase in fair play sporting behavior. Due to this experience, the Sports Department of the University of Cadiz has received numerous national and international awards. However, the leading award has been to take part positively, through sport, in the education and happiness of its students.
... It can be understood as a Bernoulli experiment, where the occurrence of each goal has a fixed probability, and events do not influence each other. To a good approximation, the distribution of the number of goals in a match between two teams A and B is taken as the product of two independent Poisson distributions [8,9,10,11,12]. The probability p(k,l) for the match result is given by ...
Resilience is the ability to positively respond to adversity. It has been studied in psychology for several decades, with focus on how individuals overcome traumata or cope with setbacks and obstacles in their professional career. Research on resilience in the sport context is rather new. Activities are based on insights that in highly competitive environments, tiny effects tip the scales. A key question of measuring resilience in sports is what parameters to measure. Here a novel concept is proposed to measure the resilience of soccer teams. The frequency of matches is determined, where a soccer team, which is initially trailing by 2 goals, finally succeeds to win the match or at least to reach a draw. The analysis is applied to the last 59 seasons of the German premier soccer league Bundesliga. The empirical data are compared with a theoretical model derived from Poisson distributions. It is shown how leading teams in the premier soccer league differ from the average with respect to resilience, which provides further insights into the hidden secrets of top soccer teams.
... İcat edildiği günden beri futbol, uzak ara dünyadaki en popüler spor olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Küçük ya da büyük fark etmeksizin dünya çapında kadın ve erkekler tarafından her seviyede oynanmaktadır (Wesson, 2002). Milyonları peşinden sürükleyen futbolda temel amaç rakip kaleye gol atarak galip gelme olarak düşünüldüğünde, sahada oynayan oyuncuların organize bir şekilde hareket etmesi ve kendilerine verilen görevleri yerine getirmesi istenmektedir. ...
Anatomik açıdan core, insan vücudunda gövde iskelet sistemi
(toraks, columna vertebralis, pelvis) ile yumuşak dokularla (kıkırdak
ve bağ dokular) koordinasyon içinde vücudun stabilitesini
sağlayan ya da hareketlerde aktif rol alan kasların bütünü olarak
ifade edilebilir (Samson ve ark., 2007).
Türkçe için bu anatomik bölgeyi kapsayan bir kelime yoktur,
onun yerine gövde stabilizasyonu terimi kullanılsa da, gövde sözcüğü
daha geniş bir anatomik yapıyı ifade etmektedir. İngilizce
yayınlanan kitapların birçoğunda kor egzersiz kavramı vücudun
merkez noktası dokularını antrene eden gövde egzersizlerini kapsayarak
ifade edilmektedir. (Sever, 2016)
... Sumpter (2016) incluye la palabra 'soccermatics' para explicar aspectos matemáticos del fútbol. Wesson (2002) emplea las matemáticas, la física y la economía para explicar cuestiones relativas al fútbol. En el mismo sentido Reilly y Williams (2003) incluyeron la biología, la medicina y las ciencias del comportamiento entre otras. ...
Resumen La formación integral del alumnado es el objetivo principal del deporte universitario en España. Así lo recogen las diversas normativas estatales al respecto. Dentro de la formación integral que debe proporcionar la actividad deportiva, se encuentra la formación en valores, de la que se participa también mediante el Juego Limpio. Con este fin, desde el Área de Deportes de la Universidad de Cádiz (UCA), una Universidad pública situada en Andalucía, al sur del país, se desarrolló la expe-riencia que se describe el presente artículo y que consiste en realizar cambios seleccionados de las reglas de juego y de cómo estos cambios se han reflejado en la formación integral del estudiante universitario. Palabras clave: Deporte y formación. Juego limpio. Formación universitaria. Comprehensive training through sport: an experience from fair play Abstract Comprehensive training of the Student is the main goal of universitary sport in Spain. In this way it is regulated in different laws and rules. Comprehensive training through sport activity includes fair play. For this reason the Sport Department of the University of Cádiz (UCA), a public university located in Andalusia, at the south part of the country, developed the experience that is explained in this paper and that consist in making selected changes to the rules of the game and how these changes have been reflected in the comprehensive training of the university student.
... Sumpter (2016) included the word 'soccermatics' to explain mathematical aspects of soccer. Wesson (2002) used mathematics, physics, and economics to explain different aspects of soccer. In the same way, Reilly & Williams (2003) included biology, medicine, and behavioral science, among others. ...
Soccer's current social impact makes it a very powerful tool for the comprehensive training of those minors who come to practice it. It is especially valuable among young people of school age, who may otherwise lose motivation and begin to frequent places that lead them away from their studies. For young people with their dreams, soccer can focus their attention and contribute to their overall education. In this work, we present the results of a program carried out with three soccer teams in the city of Cádiz, Spain. For each team, we analyzed six aspects of interest from the comprehensive training program of the players: academic training; fair play; health, hygiene and nutrition; training for coaching staff; training for parents and social responsibility. The experience was relevant and positive for players, parents, and teams. The results were very encouraging. The interest on the part of the team officials, players, and parents was clear. Resumen. El impacto social que produce el fútbol constituye una herramienta muy potente para la formación integral de los menores que lo practican. Es especialmente valioso entre la juventud en edad escolar, que podrían de otra manera perder la motivación y comenzar a frecuentar lugares que les alejen de sus estudios. Para la juventud, con sus sueños, el futbol puede enfocar su atención y contribuir a su educación general. En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados de un programa llevado a cabo con tres equipos de fútbol en la ciudad de Cádiz, España. Para cada equipo, se han analizado seis aspectos de interés desde este programa de formación integral de los jugadores: formación académica; juego limpio; salud, higiene y nutrición; entrenamiento del cuerpo técnico; entrenamiento de los padres y madres y responsabilidad social. La experiencia fue relevante y positiva para jugadores, familiares y equipos. Los resultados fueron muy alentadores. El interés por parte de los equipos, jugadores, padres y madres fue claro.
... Sumpter (2016) included the word 'soccermatics' to explain mathematical aspects of soccer. Wesson (2002) used mathematics, physics, and economics to explain different aspects of soccer. In the same way, Reilly & Williams (2003) included biology, medicine, and behavioral science, among others. ...
Soccer's current social impact makes it a very powerful tool for the comprehensive training of those minors who come to practice it. It is especially valuable among young people of school age, who may otherwise lose motivation and begin to frequent places that lead them away from their studies. For young people with their dreams, soccer can focus their attention and contribute to their overall education. In this work, we present the results of a program carried out with three soccer teams in the city of Cádiz, Spain. For each team, we analyzed six aspects of interest from the comprehensive training program of the players: academic training; fair play; health, hygiene and nutrition; training for coaching staff; training for parents and social responsibility. The experience was relevant and positive for players, parents, and teams. The results were very encouraging. The interest on the part of the team officials, players, and parents was clear. Resumen. El impacto social que produce el fútbol constituye una herramienta muy potente para la formación integral de los menores que lo practican. Es especialmente valioso entre la juventud en edad escolar, que podrían de otra manera perder la motivación y comenzar a frecuentar lugares que les alejen de sus estudios. Para la juventud, con sus sueños, el futbol puede enfocar su atención y contribuir a su educación general. En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados de un programa llevado a cabo con tres equipos de fútbol en la ciudad de Cádiz, España. Para cada equipo, se han analizado seis aspectos de interés desde este programa de formación integral de los jugadores: formación académica; juego limpio; salud, higiene y nutrición; entrenamiento del cuerpo técnico; entrenamiento de los padres y madres y responsabilidad social. La experiencia fue relevante y positiva para jugadores, familiares y equipos. Los resultados fueron muy alentadores. El interés por parte de los equipos, jugadores, padres y madres fue claro.
... Given so, what is a sensible way of doing it? This problem is addressed by Wesson in [14], who suggests to rank by the function f (g, m) = g 2 /m, where g is the number of goals scored by a given player, and m is the number of matches played by the same player. ...
This article presents an algorithm, which by taking both goals scored as well as matches played into account, is meant to provide "more sensible" top scorer lists in football. The algorithm computes Upper Hulls recursively in order to provide a new and improved list. The complexity of the algorithm is reasonable, and should imply practically feasible execution on a modern computer. The proposed algorithm may also be an interesting alternative to academic scholar ranking. It has interesting properties for instance compared to the h-index.
... " giving a broad but profound view on the sportive and the physical sides of a special kind of sport: "The Physics of Baseball" (Adair, 2002;Cross, 2011), "The Physics of Basketball" (Fontanella, 2006), "The Physics and the Art of Dance" (Laws, 2002), "The Physics of Golf" (Jorgensen, 1999), "Physics of Hockey" (Haché, 2002), "Physics of Sailing" (Kimball, 2010), "Physics of Skiing. Skiing at the Triple Point" (Lind & Sanders, 1996), "The Science of Soccer" (Wesson, 2002), and similarly "Bicycling Science" (Wilson, 2004), "Gliding for Gold" (Denny, 2011), "The Mathematics of Projectiles in Sport" (de Mestre, 1990), "Golf Balls, Boomerangs and Asteroids" (Kaye, 1996). I apologize for having missed some discipline or book. ...
The combination of sport and physics offers several attractive ingredients for teaching physics, at primary, secondary, as well as university level. These cover topics like interdisciplinary teaching, sports activities as physics experiments, video analysis or modeling. A variety of examples are presented that should act as stimulus, accompanied by a list of references that should support the implementation of sport topics into physics teaching.
... Another issue with PA literature is that too often PA research falls into the interesting but not useable category. For example, research that includes substantial and complex statistics and mathematical equations [32,33] can make interpreting the implications difficult, and therefore, unlikely to be adopted by coaches [9]. The SME's agreed that coaches and practitioners prefer straightforward analysis that provides a quick "snapshot" of the team's performance [9]. ...
Purpose
Performance analysis (PA) in football is considered to be an integral component of understanding the requirements for optimal performance. Despite vast amounts of research in this area key gaps remain, including what comprises PA in football, and methods to minimise research-practitioner gaps. The aim of this study was to develop a model of the football match system in order to better describe and understand the components of football performance. Such a model could inform the design of new PA methods.
Method
Eight elite level football Subject Method Experts (SME’s) participated in two workshops to develop a systems model of the football match system. The model was developed using a first-of-its-kind application of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) in football. CWA has been used in many other non-sporting domains to analyse and understand complex systems.
Result
Using CWA, a model of the football match ‘system’ was developed. The model enabled identification of several PA measures not currently utilised, including communication between team members, adaptability of teams, playing at the appropriate tempo, as well as attacking and defending related measures.
Conclusion
The results indicate that football is characteristic of a complex sociotechnical system, and revealed potential new and unique PA measures regarded as important by SME’s, yet not currently measured. Importantly, these results have identified a gap between the current PA research and the information that is meaningful to football coaches and practitioners.
... Forces of sphere: Wesson (2002) indicates there are three forces on the sphere in the air, shown as Fig. 5. They are gravity, air resistance and Magnus force caused by rotating. ...
This paper studies curving ball, in perspective of physics and biomechanics, analyzes its forces in the air, describes the curving problems in different situations and makes motion equations. It stresses the deciduous ball, makes its traces in simulated equations and compare with the real situations. We aim at providing references for teaching, training and competition and having a deeper understanding of curving ball. It also supplies more scientific theoretic basis for training teachers and popularizing such technology.
... Predicting sport results in the last few years has ceased being only almost an art for initiated specialists [1] to enter the realm of data analytics, thus providing a further support to the claim of considering as science many aspects of several sports [2,3]. ...
Predicting the results of sport matches and competitions is an arising
research field, benefiting from the growing amount of available data and the
novel data analytics techniques. Excellent forecasts can be achieved by
advanced machine learning methods applied to detailed historical data,
especially in very popular sports such as football (soccer). Here we show that,
despite the large number of confounding factors, the results of a football team
in longer competitions (e.g., a national league) follow a basically linear
trend useful for predictive purposes, too. In support of this claim, we present
a set of experiments of linear regression on a database collecting the yearly
results of 707 teams playing in 22 divisions from 11 countries, in 20 football
seasons.
... A evolução das perspetivas de análise da performance nos jogos desportivos coletivos 2004). No continente europeu, apenas o futebol pode concorrer com o basquetebol, futebol americano e basebol, fi cando mesmo assim aquém das referidas modalidades em termos de quantidade e qualidade da pesquisa realizada no domínio de análise prospetiva da performance (Mehrez & Hu, 1995;Forrest & Simmons, 2002;Wesson, 2002). ...
... We further assume that the scores of the two teams are independent. This model is supported by previous research, such as Wesson (2002). All the contracts in this case depend only on two parameters: the scoring intensity of the first team λ t and the scoring intensity of the second team µ t at time t. ...
In this paper we notice similarities between betting contracts and credit derivatives. Specifically, we study very liquid betting markets on the FIFA World Cup 2006. We notice that betting contracts on events such as a win, draw or loss of a given team, or number of goals scored during the game can be viewed as particular cases of credit derivatives. A goal scored during the game plays a role of a default event, and the scoring intensity plays a role of the intensity to default. The betting market believes that the scoring intensity drops to about two thirds of the original level for the team which just scored, meaning additional goals (credit default events) of the scoring are perceived as less likely. This is justified by the fact that the team which just scored starts to play less offensively. In addition to the study of the scoring intensities implied by the market, we introduce a novel concept how to measure the excitement of a game. This could also be applied to other sports.
... A realização das medidas tornou possível abordar vários aspectos do conceito de velocidade numa situação concreta, pertencente ao 'mundo real' dos estudantes e capaz de atrair o interesse da maior parte deles. As medidas de velocidade da bola também são um bom ponto de partida para discussões sobre a física do futebol.É possível, por exemplo, investigar se a resistência do aré importante quando a bola move-se com as velocidades típicas encontradas no experimento [8,9]. Outra possibilidade interessanteé usar leis de conservação para estimar quão rapidamente o pé deve mover-se para imprimir essas velocidadesà bola [10]. ...
Experiments in mechanics often require measurements of time intervals of the order of tenths or hundredths of a second, not easily performed with hand-held stopwatches. In this paper we present a method for carrying out such measurements, using a personal computer equipped with sound card and microphone. The basic idea is simple: the time evolution of many mechanical systems can be traced by the sounds they produce, and in these cases an audio recording may provide accurate measurements of the time intervals of interest, even if they are very small. We illustrate this method with two experiments: in one we measure the speed of a hard-kicked soccer ball, and in the other we time the free fall of an object. The experiments were successfully implemented in high-schools and we present some of the results obtained by the students.
... In summary, we propose a single quantity, q, the frequency of upsets, as an index for quantifying the predictability and, hence, the competitiveness of sports games. This measure [9] complements the existing quantitative measures of competitiveness [10] [11] [12]. In our view, a league in which weak teams have a good chance to defeat strong teams is competitive, but of course, there are other sensible measures of competitiveness. ...
... Scientific studies on sports activities have been carried out in a wide variety of research fields such as psychology, physiology, biomechanics, and also physics. Among various sports events, football is one of the major subjects [1]. From the physical point of view, the studies with respect to football games are considered to be classified into the following two types: mechanical and statistical. ...
Statistical properties of position-dependent ball-passing networks in real
football games are examined. We find that the networks have the small-world
property, and their degree distributions are fitted well by a truncated gamma
distribution function. In order to reproduce these properties of networks, a
model based on a Markov chain is proposed.
Bu çalışmada Sakarya Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Federasyonu’na bağlı amatör futbolcuların sağlıklı beslenmeye yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu ve Sağlıklı Beslenmeye İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Betimsel istatistikten ve normallik testinden yararlanılmıştır. Normal dağılım gösteren verilerde parametrik testlerden, iki farklı bağımsız değişkenler ile ölçek alt boyutları arasındaki farklılaşmayı belirlemek için “T-testi” ve ikiden fazla farklı değişken ile ölçek alt boyutları arasındaki farklılaşmayı belirlemek için “Varyans Analizi (ANOVA)” testi, ikili karşılaştırmalarda Scheffe testi; yaş, kişisel gelir ve sporcu yaşı değişkenleri ile alt boyutlar arasında ilişkiyi analiz etmek için Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Erkek futbolcuların sağlıklı beslenmeye yönelik tutumları kadın futbolculardan daha yüksek düzeydedir (p
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model latihan ketepatan tendangan dalam sepakbola untuk anak kelompok umur 13-14 tahun yang layak digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pengembangan, dengan langkah-langkah terdiri dari: (1) mengenali potensi dan masalah, (2) pengumpulan data, (3) mengembangkan produk awal, (4) validasi desain, (5) revisi desain, (6) uji coba produk skala kecil, (7) revisi produk, (8) uji coba skala besar, (9) dan revisi produk, dan (10) hasil akhir. Penilaian kualitas produk melibatkan 3 orang ahli. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu pedoman umum wawancara, catatan lapangan, angket skala nilai validasi, pedoman observasi model, pedoman observasi keefektifan model, dan kuesioner untuk siswa. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan yaitu analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini berupa model latihan ketepatan tendangan yang terdiri dari (1) permainan passing segitiga; (2) permainan passing berpindah; (3) permainan pindah bola; (4) permainan melewati bola; (5) permainan passing dan koordinasi; (6) permainan cetak gol; (7) permainan 4 vs 2 target bola; (8) permainan 2 vs 1 target gawang; dan (9) permainan 2 vs 2 target gawang, yang disusun dalam bentuk DVD latihan dan buku panduan latihan.Kata Kunci: model latihan, ketepatan tendangan, sepakbola THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICE KICK ACCURACY IN FOOTBALL FOR THE AGE GROUP OF 13 TO 14 YEARS OLD CHILDRENAbstractThis study aims to produce a model of practice kick accuracy in football for the age group of 13 to 14 years old children feasible to use. The study used research and development design, consisting the steps of (1) identified the potential and problems, (2) collect data, (3) develop initial products, (4) design a validation, (5) design revision, (6) small-scale product test, (7) product revision, (8) large-scale test, (9) product revision, and (10) the final result. Product quality assessment involving 3 experts. Instruments used for data collection are general guideline interviews, field notes, questionnaire validation value scale, the observation model, the effectiveness of observation model, and a questionnaire for students. The quantitative descriptive analysis and the qualitative descriptive analysis techniques are used to collect the data. The result of this research is a model of practice kick accuracy consisting of (1) triangular passing game; (2) passing and moving game; (3) moving the ball game; (4) passing the ball game; (5) passing and coordination game ; (6) scoring goal game; (7) target ball game of 4 vs 2; (8) target goal game of 2 vs 1; and (9) target goal game of 2 vs 2, arranged in a training DVD shape and training handbook.Keywords: models of practice, kicks accuracy, football
The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics determination of arm strength (push-ups , handstand on walled ) and motivation on the floor exercise for gymnastics skills at student Sampel used were 75 students perform physical tests sleeves and gymnastic skills tests on the floor exercise as much as 11 basic movements gymnastics floor ( roll , balance , handspring , etc. ) . After applying the regression analysis model , shows that the best model is obtained only with 28.4% of determination influence of arm strength and motivation to thegymnastics floor exercise skills in students , while 71.6 % of other factors that affect the outside research .
This study aimed at identifying the optimum height release for
javelin throw proportion to the length of the world champions in
the javelin throw event. To achieve this, the researchers used the
descriptive correlative approach on a sample of international
champions in this event (n=33). Data were collected through some
of the previous studies. The study results showed the optimum
height release of a javelin throw constitutes a 105.75% proportion to
the length of the world champions in this event. The researchers
recommend coaches to reconsider determining the height release of
the javelin with achieving the optimum velocity and angle release
should also be provided. Abbreviations should not be used in the
abstract.
From its beginnings, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has been struggling to find its position within the field of applied linguistics. ESP constantly had to defend itself against the accusation that there is nothing specific about it and that it is just another way of teaching General English. The most common ESP courses are Business English courses or courses for technicians. Similarly, foreign football players who are signed with clubs in the English Premier League need a specialised English course. They need to be able to get in contact with their fellow players, to understand their coaches and physiotherapists or organise their lives outside their clubs. Players of different nationalities within one team are a challenge for any English football club. In order for them to perform at their best, they need to learn English as quickly as possible. Football clubs do not only need to invest in their senior players. Given the unbelievably high transfer sums that not all clubs can afford to pay, youth players have become more and more important as they are the future of any club. This thesis tries to demonstrate what linguistic needs foreign football players in the English Premier League have, what tutoring options and support mechanisms could improve the existing language courses and that, without English, players cannot reach their full potential or satisfaction – be it in the club, in private or in both areas of life. It should ultimately provide the theoretical prerequisite for a teaching and learning resource for foreign football players. Abstract (Deutsch) Seit Beginn an kämpft English for Specific Purposes (ESP) um seinen Platz in der Angewandten Linguistik. ESP musste sich permanent gegen die Anschuldigung wehren, nichts Spezifisches zu sein und sich nicht von allgemeinem Englisch abzugrenzen. Die häufigsten ESP Kurse sind Kurse für Wirtschaftsenglisch oder Englisch für Techniker. Doch auch ausländische Fußballspieler, die in der Englischen Premier League spielen, benötigen spezialisiertes Englisch. Sie müssen mit ihren Mitspielern kommunizieren können, ihre Trainer und Physiotherapeuten verstehen oder ihr Leben außerhalb des Fußballclubs organisieren. Spieler unterschiedlicher Nationalitäten stellen für jeden englischen Club eine Herausforderung dar. Um als Spieler sein volles Potential abrufen zu können, muss man so rasch wie möglich Englisch lernen. Fußballclubs investieren aber nicht nur in die Spieler der ersten Mannschaft. Angesichts der sehr hohen Transfersummen, die nicht jeder Club aufbringen kann, werden Nachwuchsspieler immer wichtiger. Schließlich sind sie die Zukunft jedes Clubs. Diese Dissertation versucht aufzuzeigen, welche sprachlichen Bedürfnisse ausländische Fußballspieler in der Englischen Premier League haben, welche Unterrichtsmöglichkeiten und Unterstützungsmechanismen die bestehenden Sprachkurse verbessern könnten und dass die Spieler ohne Englischkenntnisse ihr volles Potential – weder im Spiel noch im Privatleben – ausschöpfen können. Darüber hinaus könnte diese Arbeit die theoretische Basis für eine Lehr- und Lernressource für ausländische Fußballer darstellen.
There is a difference in terms of the views of coaches and specialists regarding the fi xed foot and position of the body. No study has been noted on futsal in which the variables of the kinematics of the fi xed foot and body were analyzed. These variables have a signifi cant importance in terms of the angle of fi xed foot and body and their direction and distance. They are important in order to be accurate in scoring and specifi cally in the fi xed balls. The objective of the study was to identify the relationship of some kinematic variables of the fi xed foot and body to the accuracy of scoring when performing penalty by futsal players. The research participants were the team of the University of Koya for the academic year 2016-2017. The researcher chose the sample by deliberate method and reached 13 players. Each player has played for at least four years, and all players use the right foot, while the the average age of sample is 23.4 years, body mass 67.37 kg, body height 171 cm, and leg length 93.76 cm. The conclusions of the researcher are that the fi xed foot as other parts of the body have an effective role during the scoring of a fi xed ball in the game of futsal. The direction angle of the fi xed foot has an impact on the mechanical axis of the body and is refl ected on the accuracy of the scoring in fi xed balls in futsal.
During a football game the ball is airborne a large percentage of the time. For this reason it is important to understand to principles that govern the motion of the ball in flight. This paper explores the various equations associated with the movement of the ball in flight. Numeric techniques are utilized to solve some of the equations and represent them graphically. The parameters in the model are manipulated to show how the graphs vary and agree with real life results. Keywords: Mathematical modelling, drag coefficient, flight of ball, trajectory, velocity of ball. Resumen En un partido de fútbol la pelota está en el aire durante un gran porcentaje del tiempo. Por esta razón, es importante entender los principios que gobiernan el movimiento de la bola en vuelo. Este artículo explora las diversas ecuaciones asociadas con el movimiento de la pelota en vuelo. Se utilizan técnicas numéricas para resolver algunas de las ecuaciones y representarlas gráficamente. Los parámetros en el modelo son manipulados para mostrar cómo los gráficos varían y están de acuerdo con los resultados de la vida real. Palabras clave: Modelos matemáticos, coeficiente de resistencia, vuelo de la bola, trayectoria, velocidad de la bola.
The purpose of this research is to play football due to the effects of various conditions causing the ball to the rotation curves of the basic characteristics of the evaluation, and then from the air dynamics study of air in the ball rotation changes is how to affect ball flight. This article through two experimental test to investigate the football in the aerodynamic characteristics. In the first experiment, the hypothesis of a football not rotates at different speeds, start, and measurement and analysis of every ball flight trajectory. Second experiments using the same firing speed launched the football, but with a different spin conditions (in all cases to the axis of rotation is horizontal). Again, on each flight trajectory measurement drag lift coefficient. This information is used to simulate the three typical game and foot shocks, but also to the offset distance and weather conditions were measured.
The monograph dealt to a large extent with currently open problems, which are important for both robotics industry and standardization organizations. In the present chapter topics are discussed, which are relevant in the more distant future while at the same time being tightly interrelated with a very recent topic of robotics research: (variable) intrinsic joint elasticity However, this is only one aspect among many others in the context of what is called Competitive Robotics. Competitive Robotics deals with human-robot games that involve intentional physical contact of human and robot being opponents.
What is the most interesting team sport? We answer this question via an extensive statistical survey of game scores, consisting of more than 1/4 million games in over a century. We propose the likelihood of upsets as a measure of competitiveness. We demonstrate the utility of this measure via a comparative analysis of several popular team sports including soccer, baseball, hockey, basketball, and football. We also develop a mathematical model, in which the stronger team is favored to win a game. This model allows to us conveniently estimate the likelihood of upsets from the more easily-accessible standings data.
After a ball leaves a soccer player’s foot, surface roughness and asymmetric air forces contribute to some jaw-dropping trajectories.
Abstract: Problem statement: Kicking is one of the most important skills in indoor soccer. Kicking accuracy is an important component of this skill. The instep kick is often used when tacking a penalty kicks, as a combination of increased ball speed and kick accuracy can be maintained. The purpose of this research was to compare selected kinematic parameters of the kicking foot during the performance of successful and unsuccessful penalty kick from a 6 m distance. Approach: Fourteen right footed elite players (seven males and seven females) with an average age of 23±1.7 and 23±2.4 years, height of 182.2±4.73 and 160.7±4.84 cm, weight of 72.4±4.04 and 53.7±4.33 Kg respectively, were selected.
For sampling, a kinemetrix 3D motion analyzer with 3 cameras (50 Hz), was used. In the center of the indoor soccer gate a target with a 1 meter radius was marked. The kinematic parameters of successful and unsuccessful kicks were compared by using independent t test. The level of significance was set to α = 0.05. Results: The results of analysis showed that the values of maximum linear velocity of ankle, knee, the mean value of velocity prior to the kick, angle of the ankle and mean value of angular velocity of the shank and thigh in women before the kick and, the linear velocity of toe, ankle, angular velocity of shank, thigh at the time of impact, the maximum and mean value of velocity in follow through in men before the kick was significantly higher in the unsuccessful kicks than the successful
ones. Conclusion: Accurate kicks have lower linear as well as angular velocity compared to the unsuccessful kicks. However, these differences are more pronounced before the kick in women at the time of impact and after the kick in men.
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