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Experimental Design. Theory and Application
... Buku seperti "Experimental Economics" oleh Nicholas Bardsley et al. menjelaskan bagaimana eksperimen digunakan untuk mengeksplorasi dinamika pasar dan perilaku konsumen serta bagaimana hasilnya dapat digunakan untuk membentuk kebijakan publik yang efektif. Gambar (Federer, 1967 ...
... ANOVA digunakan dalam berbagai jenis desain percobaan untuk menguji perbedaan antara kelompok. Buku "Experimental Design: Theory and Application" oleh Walter T. Federer menjelaskan bahwa ANOVA adalah teknik kunci dalam desain percobaan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil dari berbagai jenis desain, termasuk Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), dan Rancangan Faktorial (Federer, 1967). ANOVA juga digunakan untuk menentukan apakah efek perlakuan yang diamati adalah nyata atau hanya hasil dari variasi acak. ...
... Ukuran sampel yang tepat adalah faktor penting dalam memastikan keandalan hasil. Buku "Experimental Design: Theory and Application" oleh Walter T. Federer menjelaskan bahwa ukuran sampel yang lebih besar meningkatkan keakuratan estimasi dan kekuatan statistik (Federer, 1967 (Foster, 2015). Untuk menghindari kesalahan ini, peneliti harus memastikan bahwa subjek atau unit percobaan dipilih dan ditugaskan secara acak, bahwa mereka tidak dipengaruhi oleh ekspektasi atau bias, dan bahwa galat percobaan diminimalkan melalui kontrol yang tepat. ...
... The maximum curvature method, proposed by Federer (1963), uses data from blank tests, which is one of the first methods applied to field experiments. ...
... For this purpose, the original method for constructing graphs (freehand) was not used. Graphs were generated with the aid of the R software (R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2020), and an analysis of the optimal plot size was performed according to Federer (1963) and LeClerg (1966), who consider that the optimal size is determined where there is greater influence on CV caused by the increase in plot size. ...
... It was observed that as the plot size values increase, the CV values decrease; however, at some point, the curve reaches particular stability, suggesting that from this point on, there is no gain in experimental precision, and larger plot sizes are not required. Therefore, this method consists of visual inspection (FEDERER, 1963) to identify the optimal plot size, which does not guarantee the accuracy of results, since it depends on the criterion used for decision-making. ...
The species P. edulis Sims f. edulis, native to Brazil, known as purple passion fruit, has purple fruits and lower acidity. With the growing demand for passion fruits, there is greater need for research on their cultivation to reduce production costs and improve fruit quality. The adequate determination of the size and number of plots has been a fundamental limitation in studies with several crops, as it is difficult to obtain constant data on plants per plot in most experiments, making it impossible to use usual methodologies for data analysis. As a result, testing can be performed with less labor and implementation costs, making plot size optimization a step of interest. Thus, this work aims to determine the ideal size of experimental plots with purple passion fruit in the field using three methods. The variables analyzed were fruit length, fruit diameter, peel thickness, juice yield, soluble solids content, citric acid, number of fruits, and average fruit weight. The use of optimal plot size of six basic units for fruit-related variables, five for pulp-related variables, and seven basic units for production variables, is recommended.
... Geographically, the location is situated at North-Eastern Dry Zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka situated between 15˚ 14' N latitude and 77˚ 07' E longitude with an altitude of 414 meters above the mean sea level. Two hundred mutants were sown in Augmented design, [5] in 4 m length with inter row spacing of 45 cm and intra row spacing of 15 cm. Each genotype sown in one row and each block contained 50 mutants with 7 checks viz., DJ-6514, IS-2312, M-35-1, DSV-4, E-36-1, SPV-86 and GS 23 replicated in 4 blocks for yield and yield attributing traits. ...
... Characters viz., SPAD 45, SPAD 90, Days to 50 per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Number of leaves, Stem girth, Plant height, Panicle length, Panicle width, Panicle weight, 100-seed weight, Fodder yield and Grain yield per plant observations were recorded on five randomly selected mutant plants in each entry. The statistical analysis of the data on individual character was carried out on the mean values of each mutants using INDOSTAT package (version 8.5), the characters were subjected to statistical analysis as per Federer [5] and Mahalonobis D 2 [6] to assess the variation and diversity among the mutants respectively. ...
The present study was carried out in Agricultural Research Station, Hagari during rabi 2020, it was undertaken to assess nature of genetic variability and diversity among 200 mutant lines of M4 generation. The study revealed wide variation for yield and yield attributing traits, moderate GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance was observed for stem girth, panicle length and panicle width. The traits viz., stem girth, panicle length, panicle weight, panicle width, 100-seed weight, grain yield per plant and fodder yield showed high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean. A wider genetic diversity was observed for the different traits studied among the mutant lines as evidenced by the formation of thirteen clusters for the 200 mutant lines. Out of thirteen characters studied, fodder yield contributed majorly towards divergence with value of 37.35 per cent followed by 100-seed weight contributes (20%), grain yield contributes (15%) and other traits contribute minorly for divergence.
... The experimental design used in the research was the randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of 2 3 . The results were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Federer, 1983); the mean comparison between treatments and varieties was made through the test of Duncan. The spatial arrangement has been arranged in three blocks and six treatments, which gave rise to 18 experimental units. ...
... Factor A: varieties of basil a 1 = Nufar F1 a 2 = Italian Large Leaf Factor B: Dose of foliar biofertilizer b 1 = Foliar biofertilizer with 100 % of water and 0 % of Biol (control) b 2 = Foliar biofertilizer with 95 % of water and 5 % of Biol b 3 = Foliar biofertilizer with 75 % of water and 25 % of Biol The statistical model used was following Koller et al. (2016) and Federer (1983) and are represented in the equation 5: ...
Introduction. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a little-known crop in the Bolivian highlands as its response to water use efficiency (WUE) in a Walipini-type greenhouses. Objective. To evaluate the behavior of two varieties of basil and the water use efficiency (WUE) in the application of foliar biofertilizer in a Walipini-type greenhouse. Materials and methods. The experiment was installed at the Ventilla Ecological Farm, in the Central Highlands of Bolivia, with an experimental period of 135 days (July 13 to November 25), 2014. A factorial experiment with two factors (varieties: Nufar F1 and Italian Large Leaf) and two levels of foliar biofertilizer (Biol) was used under a completely randomized block design. Results. Through the WUE, specific leaf area, and net assimilation rate relationship, it was observed that basil had a better development in Walipini-type greenhouse (underground greenhouse) since biomass accumulation was not significantly affected. The results showed that the production of basil in this environment using foliar biofertilizer, Biol, differ mainly by the variety rather than by the doses of Biol, showing that Nufar F1 had better development. Conclusion. A significant relationship was observed between Nufar F1 and Italian large Leaf for biomass weight when applying Biol at two different levels. It shows that there does not necessarily have to be a positive and significant relationship between biomass accumulation and WUE, so it is presumed that basil can develops regularly in Walipini-type greenhouses under semi-arid region conditions.
... The sample size was calculated using Federer's formula [t (n−1)>15], where n is the number of replications and t is the number of treatment groups (Federer 1967). There were eight treatments, with five replicates each. ...
Wulan R, Astuti RI, Rukayadi Y, Estuningsih S, Meryandini A. 2025. Effect of probiotic yeast Pichia kudriavzevii 2P10 and mannan-oligosaccharide on the intestine health of rat infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Biodiversitas 26: 335-344. Recent evidence suggests that probiotic yeast is efficacious against bacterial infections. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with the live yeast probiotic Pichia kudriavzevii 2P10, Mannan-Oligosaccharide (MOS), and their combination on the growth performance and intestinal health of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats infected with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (ST). Two groups were studied: one without ST infection, including P. kudriavzevii 2P10 (PRO), MOS, and their combination (PMOS), and one with ST infection, including CONTROL.ST, PRO.ST, MOS.ST, and PMOS.ST. A diet of 10 8 CFU/mL PRO and 5% MOS was administered orally for 15 days, followed by a challenge with 10 8 CFU/mL ST in the ST group. After three days of challenge, the parameters were observed. The findings of this research are that ST infection in rats can cause colonization of ST in the ileum, causing a decrease in white blood cells, necrosis of epithelial cells, and an increased villous-to-crypt ratio (VCR) as a response to inflammation. The administration of PRO, MOS, and their combinations prevents inflammation, as proven by the absence of necrosis and epithelial desquamation. PRO, MOS, and their combinations stimulate intestinal health by increasing villus height, width, and VCR. MOS was found to be the best for increasing lactic acid bacteria. During ST infection, P. kudriavzevii 2P10 can coagulate with ST in the ileum, with this yeast-bacteria binding mechanism allowing free Salmonella Typhimurium cells to bind more to P. kudriavzevii 2P10 cells than to intestinal epithelial cells so that bacterial infection can be prevented. In conclusion, P. kudriavzevii 2P10 administration was the best for stimulating growth performance and intestinal health and preventing severe ST infection in male SD rats, offering promising avenues for further research and potential practical applications in human and animal nutrition and health.
... In the repeated experiment, the powder was prepared according to the formula: (t-1) (r-1) > 15 [7]. Where "t" was the number of treatments, namely 5, while "r" was the number of repeats of at least 5, so the value (t-1) (r-1) was 16 (more than 15]. ...
Yogurt is one of the most popular fermented dairy products worldwide, with huge consumer acceptance due to its health benefits. While its shelf life is still relatively low, freeze-drying could extend the shelf life of yogurt. Other non-milk raw materials that can be an alternative substrate in yogurt are local Indonesian beans, namely Mung bean and Garut red bean. Additionally, yogurt can be added to the fiber-and carbohydrate rich Manonjaya salak flour to produce a synbiotic product. Hence, this study aimed to produce yogurt powder comprising local nuts and Manonjaya salak through a freeze-drying process, which physical properties are organoleptically acceptable and meet Indonesian standards. In this study, the yogurt powder comprising the local Garut red-and Mung beans mixed with Manonjaya salak flour was compared to fresh yogurt as the control, plus yogurt powders from milk and nuts, as well as synbiotic yogurt powder from nuts, and Manonjaya salak flour. The physical properties of the resultant yogurt were tested for pH, %brix, moisture content, and organoleptic properties with hedonic testing. The findings revealed that the freeze-dried yogurt powder comprising Garut red-and Mung beans mixed with Manonjaya salak flour exhibited acceptable water content (10.39) with a 5.57 %brix and a final pH of 5.0, and was organoleptically acceptable by panelists. The physical and organoleptic properties of the Garut red-, mung beans, and Manonjaya salak flour yogurt power met the Indonesian national standards.
... Neyman's 1923 paper and its results are not mentioned in any of the eleven other textbooks from the 1950s on statistics or experimental design that we have examined [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], including Neyman's own books [19,20]. The widely used statistics textbooks by Yule and Kendall [21] and Snedecor [22] rely on normal-theory justifications for two-sample tests and the analysis of variance; the groups being compared are assumed to be independent random samples from infinite populations. ...
Neyman’s 1923 paper introduced the potential outcomes framework and the foundations of randomization-based inference. We discuss the influence of Neyman’s paper on four introductory to intermediate-level textbooks by Berkeley faculty members (Scheffé; Hodges and Lehmann; Freedman, Pisani, and Purves; and Dunning). These examples illustrate that Neyman’s key insights can be explained in intuitive and interesting ways to audiences at all levels, including undergraduates in introductory statistics courses. We have found Freedman, Pisani, and Purves’s box-of-tickets model to be a valuable expository tool, and we also find their intuitive explanation of Neyman’s variance result helpful: It is a “minor miracle” that in randomized experiments, the two-sample z z -test is conservative because of “two mistakes that cancel.” All four books take a more positive view of Neyman’s results than Neyman himself did. We encourage educators and researchers to explore ways to communicate Neyman’s ideas that are helpful for their own audiences.
... The correct adoption of these principles allows the researcher to elaborate the most proper design for each experiment. This article is based on the contributions of Fisher [1,2], Yates [3,4,5], Federer [6], Silva [7,8,9,10,11,12], Cochran & Cox [13], Steel & Torrie [14], Mead [15], Kuehl [16], Preece [17], Bailey [18] and Fisher & Yates [19], which are explicitly referred in the text, and Federer [20,21], Finney [22], Giesbrecht [23], Hinkelmann & Kempthorne [24], Kempthorne [25,26], Ostle & Malone [27], Pearce [28,29], Petersen [30], Selwyn [31], Shadish, Cook & Campbell [32]. ...
Reference books usually present experiment designs as recipes, one of which should be chosen for each experiment. This approach extends to teaching and leads the researcher to understand that he is limited to the use of these experiment designs. The consequences are the adaptation of research plans to this restrict set of designs and the adoption of inappropriate designs to achieve research objectives. This approach arose from the relatively simple calculations required to analyze the results of experiments with those designs at a time when computing resources were precarious. The evolution of computing resources no longer justifies the restriction to experiment designs that require easy calculations. These resources made possible the elaboration of designs with properties appropriate for efficient experiments. This article considers the properties that constitute principles of the experiment design that must be considered when planning the experiment. Compliance with these principles allows the researcher to elaborate the most appropriate experiment design for each experiment.
... The subjects were male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) between 12-18 weeks old with a body weight of around 200-300 grams each. The sample number was calculated using the Federer formula of (t-1) (n-1) ≥15 [17]. Six groups were created, with six rats for each group and 36 samples in total were obtained from that estimation. ...
Objective: Pain sensitivity was reflected in the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P (SP), which we used in a rat tooth perforation model to assess the efficacy of Ca(OH)2 combined with propolis extract direct pulp capping agent. The model was used to investigate the synergistic effects of Ca(OH)2 and propolis extract. Material and Methods: This experimental study used 36 Wistar rat mandibular incisors randomly divided into three groups. The rats were euthanized after 12 and 24 h. Specimens underwent histological evaluation under a light microscope to identify the presence of neuron cells; an immunohistochemistry method using anti-NGF and anti-SP1 was used to evaluate the expression of NGF and SP. The results were then statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant difference tests. Results: Significant differences were found in NGF expression between the Ca(OH)2 + propolis and control group (12h group p<0.001; 24h group p<0.001) and between Ca(OH)2 and the control group (12h group p=0.001; 24h group p<0.001). Significance differences in SP expression were also found between the Ca(OH)2 + propolis and Ca(OH)2 groups and between the Ca(OH)2 + propolis and control groups (12h group p<0.001; 24h group p<0.001). Conclusion: Ca(OH)2 combined with propolis extract as a direct pulp capping agent can inhibit dental pain response because the main active ingredients of propolis are caffeic acid phenethyl ester and flavonoids which can inhibit the release of prostaglandin, thereby inhibiting SP secretion, but not NGF expression. KEYWORDS Calcium hydroxide; Dental pulp capping; Nerve growth factor; Propolis; Substance P.
... For experimental design, fertile egg quantities were determined using established procedures by Federer [21]. A total of twenty-four fertile eggs of chick embryos were collected from a hatchery in Perusahaan Unggas dan Perakitan Mesin Tetas HTN, Yogyakarta. ...
Angiogenesis is widely used in various therapies by promoting or inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels. The use of Alternating Current-Electric Fields (AC-EF) in Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) showed its potential as an anti-cancer device, and is characterized by its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. However, the role of AC-EF in angiogenesis remains unclear. To investigate the effects of AC-EF on CAM angiogenesis, we used the ex ovo culture method of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). A basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) dose of 30 ng/µL was administered as an exogenous growth factor. The ECCT device, generating AC-EF of 150 kHz and 18 Vpp, was exposed to the CAMs. Subsequently, the 24 CAMs of chick embryo were divided into four groups. Two groups were non-bFGF-induced CAM, while the other two were bFGF-induced CAM, and each group was exposed either with or without AC-EF. The vascularization was evaluated through macroscopic observation, while vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene expression was measured using qPCR. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with GraphPad Prism 9.5. The results showed that an AC-EF exposure had no effects on normal CAM angiogenesis (P>0.05). Moreover, VEGFA gene expression did not show significant upregulation (P>0.05) in the bFGF-induced CAM with or without AC-EF exposure. Interestingly, the number of new blood vessels was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the bFGF-induced with AC-EF exposure than in the non-bFGF-induced group. In conclusion, AC-EF of ECCT did not affect normal angiogenesis. AC-EF may trigger CAM angiogenesis with bFGF induction. This observation suggested that AC-EF of intermediate frequency could enhance angiogenesis by administration of external growth factors, offering a potential avenue for addressing obstructive vascular conditions.
... The experimental animal groups were divided into four based on the formula (Federer, 1955) namely (1) Adult female rats that will be given a dose of 1,56 grams of jamu sari rapet, (2) Adult female rats that will be given a dose of 1,60 grams of jamu sari rapet, (3) Adult female rats that will be given a dose of 1,66 grams of jamu sari rapet, (4) Rats without treatment (Control). ...
p>Married Madurese women routinely consume jamu sari rapet to please their husbands. There is no information on the toxicity test of jamu sari rapet. The kidney is one of the organs that is targeted by toxic substances that enter the body. One of the parameters controlled is albumin and creatinine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on albumin and creatinine levels in white rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) given jamu sari rapet. This type of research is true experimental with a quantitative approach. This study was conducted for 28 days (subchronic). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. There were 4 groups, namely dose group 1 (1,56 g/gBB), dose group 2 (1,60 g/gBB), dose group 3 (1,66 g/gBB) and the control group. The results of this study showed no significant difference between albumin and creatinine levels compared to the control group. The conclusion shows that jamu sari rapet given to female rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) for 28 days has no significant effect on albumin and creatinine levels.</p
... The design was experimental research through testing on experimental animals (in vivo study) with a "post-test only control group design" approach. The sample size was obtained from the Federer formula, [(t-1) (n-1)] ≥ 15 where t is the number of treatments / number of groups and n is the number of repetitions / sample size in the groups 16 . The calculation gave result of sample size at 30. ...
Background: Disruption to healing process results on longer healing duration from the timeline. Povidoneiodine and tulle are common management in wound care. The advance of industry in health sector andthe availability of natural ingredients in Indonesia provide opportunities for developing alternatives forwound care. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) contains curcumin which is anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,and antioxidant; it is good for wound healing. Hydrogel nanocomplexes of carboxymethyl chitosan canmaintain moisture in wound area and protect curcumin from hydrolysis. Objective: To analyze the potentialof turmeric extract loaded hidrogels in accelerating wound closur. Method: experimental research with“post-test only control group design”. The sample consisted of 30 mice which were assigned into 5 groups.Result: All experimental groups experienced a gradual decrease in wound length. The statistical test resultsfor groups II and III showed significant advantages compared to group IV (p<0.05). Meanwhile, group Idid not have significant differences in wound closure compared to group IV on day 1 and 3 (p>0.05), but ithad significant results (p<0.05) on day 5. Conclusion: Turmeric extract loaded hidrogels can accelerate thereduction of wound length.
... Penetapan minimal jumlah pengulangan pada masing-masing kelompok dihitung berdasarkan rumus federer (W. T. Federer, 1967). Dari hasil perhitungan, minimal jumlah pengulangan adalah sebanyak lima kali. ...
Background: The most important factor that causes caries is dental and oral hygiene. One attempt to maintain dental and oral hygiene is cleaning up plaque on teeth. Except of brushing teeth, many studies shown that gargling with honey could reduce dental plaque score. Method: The design of this study was an in vitro experimental design study with posttest control only design using disk diffusion technique. The Sample of this study was Streptococcus mutans culture bacterium. The sample of this study was divided into five groups, namely the control group, the treatment group with branded honey, the treatment group with branded mouthwash contain of 26,1% alcohol, the treatment group with branded mouthwash contain of 0,2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, and the treatment group with acacia carpa honey. The data was obtained from the diameter of inhibit zone in Streptococcus mutans. Analysis was done to that data and carried out using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Result: The result showed that acacia carpa honey was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria compared to the control group, packaged honey, and brand mouthwash containing 21.6% alcohol. Conclusion: Acacia carpa as Jambi forest honey is effective in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.
... The filtrates were treated with each level of the respective flocculant concentrations, and each of the 20 treatments was subsampled three times to measure latex yield. Since there was no replication of filtrates, the highest order interaction of the factorial model was used as the experimental error (Federer, 1955). The subsample error was much smaller than the assumed experimental error. ...
... 14 Teknik ini mudah dilakukan dan biasanya digunakan oleh masyarakat yaitu dengan merebus tanaman herbal. Berdasarkan tingginya angka kejadian diare berdarah atau shigellosis, resistensi dari penggunaan antibiotik, serta daun dandang gendis yang memiliki banyak khasiat dan kandungan metabolit sekunder sebagai obat tradisional, maka dikembangkan penelitian pada 15 Kelompok perlakuan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah tujuh kelompok dengan konsentrasi infusa daun dandang gendis 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%, kelompok kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif. Dengan t= jumlah kelompok, n= jumlah ulangan, dengan t= 7 maka jumlah pengulangan (n) yang dibutuhkan adalah 4. Pembuatan infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan melarutkan 100 gram serbuk simplisia daun dandang gendis dan 100 mL akuades steril di atas penangas air dengan suhu 90°C selama 15 menit sambil di aduk. ...
Abstrak Tujuan: Mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri infusa daun dandang gendis terhadap pertumbuhan Shigella flexneri dan mengetahui konsentrasi efektif infusa daun dandang gendis pada pertumbuhan Shigella flexneri; Metode: Skrining fitokimia infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan pengujian secara kualitatif. Pembuatan infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan merebus daun dandang gendis selama 15 menit dalam akuades yang telah dipanaskan hingga 90°C. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Siprofloksasin 5 µg/disk digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades steril digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif; Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji metabolit, didapatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol, tanin, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, dan alkaloid. Metabolit sekunder dominan pada infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol (+++). Pengujian infusa daun dandang gendis tidak menunjukkan adanya zona hambat meskipun diujikan pada konsentrasi 100%; Kesimpulan: Infusa daun dandang gendis tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Shigella flexneri. Abstract Objective: To determine the antibacterial activity of dandang gendis leaf infusion against Shigella flexneri growth and to determine the effective inhibitory concentration of dandang gendis leaf infusion on Shigella flexneri growth; Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out by qualitative testing. Dandang gendis leaf infusion is made by boiling dandang gendis for 15 minutes in distilled water that has been heated to 90°C. The antibacterial activity test using disc diffusion method with the concentration of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Ciprofloxacin 5 µg/disc was used as positive controls and sterile distilled water was used as negative controls; Results: Based on the metabolite test results, the secondary metabolites content of dandang gendis were obtained, which is phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The dominant secondary metabolite in dandang gendis leaf infusion is phenol (+++). Dandang gendis leaf infusion test did not show any inhibition zone even though it was tested at a concentration of 100%; Conclusion: Dandang gendis leaf infusion did not have antibacterial activity against Shigella flexneri.
... Five subsets of the test area were used: the positive control, which was treated with 2% minoxidil; the negative control, which was treated with Na-CMC; the normal control, which received no treatment; and the test group, which received 30% of the scopolin and scopoletin compounds. Data processing was carried out using (ANOVA) after the report data was obtained and the LSD (least significant difference) test was carried out to see the activity of each concentration group, which is significant in hair growth [49]. ...
Alopecia is a condition in which hair on the scalp or other areas of the body is lost or falls out excessively. Nutritional deficiency causes blood flow to the head to decrease causing the hormone testosterone to be changed by the enzyme 5-α-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, which inhibits the growth phase and accelerates the death phase. One of the methods developed to treat alopecia is through inhibition of the 5-α-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone to its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Ethnomedicinally, Merremia peltata leaf is used by the people of Sulawesi as a remedy for baldness. Therefore, in this research, an in vivo study was conducted on rabbits to determine the anti-alopecia activity of M. peltata leaf compounds. The structure of the compounds isolated from the M. peltata leaf ethyl acetate fraction was determined by analysis of NMR and LC-MS data. An in silico study was then carried out using minoxidil as a comparison ligand; scopolin (1) and scopoletin (2) isolated from M. peltata leaf were identified as anti-alopecia compounds by predicting docking, simulating molecular dynamics and predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADME-Tox). Compounds 1 and 2 had a better effect on hair growth compared to positive controls, and NMR and LC-MS analysis showed that they had comparable binding energies to receptors in the molecular docking interaction study: −4.51 and −4.65 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to −4.8 kcal/mol for minoxidil. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis with the parameters binding free energy calculated using the MM-PBSA method and complex stability based on SASA, PCA, RMSD, and RMSF showed that scopolin (1) has a good affinity for androgens receptors. The ADME-Tox prediction for scopolin (1) showed good results for the parameters of skin permeability, absorption and distribution. Therefore, scopolin (1) is a potential antagonist to androgen receptors and could be useful in the treatment of alopecia.
... These type of situations may occur in plant breeding investigations even though one plot of a new variety is laid out at a single location, the new variety may be planted at a number of locations with the standard check varieties being replicated equally at each location. These type of situations were came to known to Federer (1955) in screening new strains of sugar cane and soil fumigants used in pine apples. Augmented (Hoonulaku) designs were introduced by Federer (1956) to fill a need arising in screening new strains of sugarcane at Experimental Station of Hawaiin sugarcane Planters Association on the basis of agronomic characters other than yield. ...
... The experiment was set up using Federer's augmented block design, with three blocks (Federer, 1955) wherein the first block was composed of 139 plots containing 136 different wheat breeding lines and three plots containing the check varieties which were randomly distributed in three plots within this block. Similarly, the second block was composed of another 139 breeding lines and three plots reserved for check varieties. ...
Wheat is a socioeconomically important crop in Algeria. Improving genetic gain of quantitative traits through selection is at the core of every successful breeding program. Selection is usually performed on grain yield, but other agronomically related characteristics can also help increase genetic gain through indirect or multi-trait selection. The objective of this work was to quantify genetic parameters and compare the efficiency of direct, indirect and simultaneous selection methods in terms of predicted genetic values of wheat progenies. For this purpose, 418 F4-derived lines were evaluated for six agronomic traits including heading date, flag leaf area, plant height, number of spikes, thousand kernel weight and grain yield in an augmented block design with three check varieties. Wide genetic variation with moderately high broad-sense heritability were observed for the recorded traits, except for heading date. The results from genetic gain revealed variation in gains for assessed traits and breeding methods employed. The classic index of Smith and Hazel (SHI) demonstrated a similar genetic gain in grain yield compared to gain from direct selection. Generally, the selection-based index showed the highest responses considering all traits simultaneously with a slight inferiority of the SHI index. The coincidence rates among the evaluated indices were higher than those obtained between the measured traits. Based on the comparisons between the selected lines, the SHI index and the selection base index of Williams were similar to grain yield and can reach up to 79.51% coincidence of breeding lines identified by these selection criteria. Breeding lines L252, L34, L24, L130 and L413 were the most common individuals identified according to number of coincidences from the different selection methods used. Of these, L34 and L24, and to a lesser extent L15 can be considered promising wheat lines for improving grain yield.
... Para evaluar el comportamiento de los rastrojos de los cultivares de maíz, de los que se tuvieron tres niveles, y el acondicionamiento del rastrojo de los mismos con cuatro niveles se empleó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial más un tratamiento adicional que fue el hongo puro) (20) . Se verificaron los supuestos normalidad de datos y realizó el análisis de varianza respectivo. ...
/*/Se evaluó la calidad nutritiva del rastrojo de dos cultivares criollos de maíz y un híbrido, colonizados por micelio de Ganoderma lucidum. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x4 con un tratamiento adicional y cuatro repeticiones. Cada cultivar tuvo rastrojo colonizado por el hongo hasta los 15 días, rastrojo en su estado natural (sin tratar), a tiempo cero después de la esterilización, a 15 días después de la esterilización y el micelio puro (adicional). Se determinó digestibilidad in vitro (DIVMS), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y ácido (FDA), lignina y proteína cruda (PC). Los cultivares difirieron (P<0.0001) en digestibilidad, el criollo A presentó valores mayores. Los rastrojos colonizados tuvieron menor (P<0.05) digestibilidad; los rastrojos sin tratar tuvieron valores medios y los esterilizados fueron los más digestibles. La concentración de FDN, FDA, lignina, y PC difirió (P<0.0001) en los cultivares y las condiciones del rastrojo (P<0.0001). El criollo A tuvo menos FDN que los otros cultivares. Los rastrojos en su forma natural tuvieron menos FDN que los esterilizados y los colonizados. En la FDA los rastrojos en su forma natural tuvieron concentración baja, los esterilizados una concentración media y los colonizados la concentración mayor, situación que fue similar para lignina. En PC los cultivares fueron diferentes (P<0.0001), siendo los rastrojos colonizados los que tuvieron valores mayores (P<0.05). En conclusión, la colonización del rastrojo por el micelio de Ganoderma lucidum no aumentó la digestibilidad a los 15 días de colonización, lo que mejoró ligeramente fue la concentración de proteína cruda.
... The mathematical model on the factorial experiments is linked to the experimental design model in which the data is analyzed, except that in these cases, the effect of treatments (Ti) is decomposed in as many effects as factors and interactions are studied in factorial arrangements 45,49 . ...
The current project addresses the great potential of S. caripense Dunal (Tzimbalo) for intraspecific breeding and interspecific gene flow towards the related commercial crop S. muricatum Aiton (Pepino) to develop fruits with improved antioxidants, flavor, and fruit weight. This study aims to determine the interaction between genotype x altitude and identify significant differences between treatments according to fruit weight. Tzimbalo varieties GenPurpura, Gennbiotz, and GenDulce, were used. Fruit weight was analyzed using a factorial experiment under a completely randomized design (CRD). The interaction Var. x m.a.s.l. was significant (mean ± SE), Gennbiotz:a1 (4.88 g ± 0.44; C) and GenDulce:a2 (4.38 g ± 0.25; BC), followed by GenPurpura:a1 (3.33 g ± 0.36; AB); also the principal effect Var. was significant, Gennbiotz (3.93 g ± 0.23; B) and GenDulce (3.64 g ± 0.25; B), followed by GenPurpura (2.90 g ± 0.19; A). These results demonstrate distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) of at least one tzimbalo variety. Fruit weight and other characteristics are relevant to improve quality and commercial potential. They are used to develop biofortified beer, jam, ice cream, and plant tissue culture media with sucrose and vitamins to strengthen biotechnological production in Cotopaxi-Ecuador. Keywords: factorial experiment; tzimbalo varieties; fruit quality; genotype; agri-biotechnology.
... This study used male Wistar rats, aged 8 weeks with a bodyweight of 180-200 g, the rats used were healthy and had never been tried in other studies. Using Federer's formula (1963), all experimental animals used were 35 rats [7]. ...
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion associated with a lack of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) expression in the skeletal muscle membrane. AIM: The aim of the study is to understand the effect of coffee Arabica Gayo leaf extract (Coffea arabica L.) in increasing PI3K expression and GLUT-4 expression in the skeletal muscle membrane. METHODS: Thirty-five male Wistar rats with Type 2 DM (T2DM) induced using a combination of a high-fat diet for 5 weeks followed by multiple intraperitoneal injections of low-dose streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). Divided into seven groups as such two groups that did not receive treatment and five groups that received treatment. The dosage administered was 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg/day through the nasogastric tube for 30 days. PI3K and GLUT-4 expression in the skeletal muscle membrane was evaluated by Immunohistochemistry in their gastrocnemius muscles. RESULTS: The study showed an increased expression of PI3K and GLUT-4 expression. There was a significant difference between coffee Arabica Gayo leaf extract and Metformin in increasing GLUT-4 expression (p = 0.036) and PI3K expression between coffee Arabica Gayo dose 250 mg/kg/day and group without treatment (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Coffee Arabica Gayo leaf extract (C. arabica L) at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day can increase PI3K expression in skeletal muscle and a dose of 200 mg/kg/day and 250 mg/kg/day can increase the expression of GLUT-4 in the skeletal muscle membrane greater than metformin.
... Siguiendo lo indicado por Saste y Sananse (2015), adicionalmente, se verificó la heterogeneidad del suelo mediante la ley de varianzas de Smith aplicando la ponderación sugerida por Federer (1955). Esta ley define un coeficiente de correlación que debe ubicarse en el rango de 0 a 1, interpretándose como suelos homogéneos aquellos cuyo valor tiendan al cero y como heterogéneos los que tiendan al uno (Gavilánez et. ...
Por la importancia del arroz (Oryza sativa) en la alimentación humana y su recurrente uso en la investigación agrícola, se requiere alta precisión de los experimentos para la detección de efectos de las diversas alternativas de mejora de sus niveles de producción, en la cual uno de esos factores primarios y fundamentales son los tamaños adecuados de las parcelas experimentales. En este contexto se desarrolló este estudio, con el fin de establecer las dimensiones de la parcela experimental para los ensayos de arroz en una zona agrícola del Ecuador. Se instauró un experimento de uniformidad de 31,7 m de ancho por 32,0 m de largo, con 1,0 m de efecto borde y en el cual se demarcaron 990 unidades básicas de 0,9 m2, realizando combinaciones de 1x1 m hasta de 10x8 m. La siembra fue por trasplante a 25x30 cm, colocando ocho macollos por sitio, y se valoró el rendimiento de grano en cáscara. Se obtuvo el coeficiente de variación para las diferentes combinaciones, se aplicó el método de máxima curvatura y se definió un modelo de regresión múltiple; además, se verificó la heterogeneidad del suelo mediante la ley de varianzas de Smith, y el test F de Fisher como apoyo al método de máxima curvatura. Se determinó un tamaño adecuado de parcela (parcela útil) de 6,0 m2, con dimensiones de 2 m x 3 m dentro de una unidad experimental de 20 m2.
... The research was conducted in a laboratory and the sampling was done randomly. The experiment was carried out 3 times according to Frederer's formula with 5 rats per treatment, thus a total of 15 rats were used (Federer 1963). Rats were grouped into 5 treatment groups as follows: ...
Bioactive compound from essential oils of Alpinia malaccensis (AM) and Kaempferia galanga (KG) rhizomes, respectively, such as methyl cinnamate and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory activity of 3 gel formulations (Formula 1, 2 and 3) having different concentrations of essential oil from AM and KG rhizomes. The gelling agent used in this study was Carbopol 934. The physicochemical parameters of the gel formulations such as organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as well as hedonic test were also examined. The anti-inflammatory activity assay was carried out using the carrageenan induced rat paws edema method. The chemical composition of AM and KG rhizomes was identified by GC-MS with LRI index. The major essential oils content in AM and KG rhizome was methyl cinnamate (58.80%) and ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate (59.68%), respectively. Based on the results of physical evaluation, hedonic test and anti-inflammatory activity, Formula 1 with 5% AM and 2.5% KG essential oils is the best formula with % inflammation inhibition of 36.32 ± 6.32%.
... In this treatment, the back of the rabbit was divided into eight parts: positive control: smeared with 2% minoxidil solution; negative control: treated with Na-CMC solution; normal control without treatment; test groups: treated with five extract fractions obtained by VLC, coded F1-F5. After obtaining data from the results of the study, data processing was carried out using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) [16]. ...
Alopecia is a health condition in which the hair loses its function in some or all of the body. Alopecia occurs due to various genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. One of the methods developed to treat alopecia is through inhibition of the enzyme 5-α-reductase, which converts testosterone into its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In ethnomedicine, the leaves of Merremia peltata are used by the people of Sulawesi as a remedy for baldness. Therefore, in this study, an in vivo study was conducted on rabbits to investigate the antialopecia activity of the ethanolic extract of M. peltata leaves. The purified M. peltata leaf extract was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography with several solvents to produce fractions F1–F5. Each fraction was then retested in vivo in rabbits, and its content was then analyzed by LC-MS. An in silico study was then carried out using minoxidil as a comparison ligand; 17 compounds derived from M. peltata leaves were identified as antialopecia compounds through prediction of molecular interactions and molecular dynamics simulation and prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADME-Tox). The assay results showed that fractions F2 and F3 had a better effect on hair growth compared to the positive control, and the test compound obtained from the LC-MS analysis, bufotalinin, had a strong binding energy to the receptor in the molecular docking interaction study: −5.99 kcal/mol compared to −4.8 kcal/mol for minoxidil. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis with complex stability parameters based on solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), principal component analysis (PCA), root mean square deviation (RMSD), and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) showed that bufotalinin has good affinity for androgen receptors. ADME-Tox prediction for bufotalinin showed good results for the parameters of skin permeability, absorption, and distribution. Therefore, bufotalinin, a steroid compound, is a potential androgen receptor antagonist and could be useful in the treatment of alopecia.
... The variables in this study were the decrease in hardness in water with variations in the thickness of the media for activated charcoal Durio zibethinus Murr. Peel 7 cm, 9 cm, 11 cm and zeolite diameter 0.5 mm thickness 70 cm with 9 repetitions in order to obtain a total of 27 samples [11]. The sample collection technique used is using Grab Samples [12]. ...
Hardness is water that contains metals or cations with two valences, especially calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Excessive hard water can cause detergents to not easily foam, be corrosive to household furniture and interfere with health such as kidney stone disease. This study aimed to test the filtration ability of a combination of Durio zibethinus Murr. peel activated charcoal with zeolite to reduce hardness in water. This study was a true experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design using three variations of Durio zibethinus Murr. peel thickness 7 cm, 9 cm, 11 cm and zeolite 70 cm. The sampling method used was grappample with 9 replications and analyzed using the Anova statistical test. The results of the filtration hardness of the combination of Durio zibethinus Murr. peel activated charcoal) and zeolite 70 cm thickness with a thickness of 7 cm activated charcoal obtained an average of 107.18 mg/l. The thickness of activated charcoal 9 cm on average was 88.74 mg/l. The thickness of activated charcoal 11 cm on average was 71.40 mg/l. The result of One Way Anova statistical test (0.000) is smaller than (0.05), so the hypothesis is accepted. So there is a difference in the decrease in water hardness in variations in the thickness of the media for Durio zibethinus Murr. peel activated charcoal and zeolite. In future research, the thickness of Durio zibethinus Murr. peel activated charcoal (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and the thickness of zeolite which is more effective in reducing hardness can be determined, using Durio zibethinus Murr. peel activated charcoal and zeolite filtration by flowing water into the pipe for 5 minutes and performing further treatment of water to make it clear.
... This research is a true experimental design using the posttest-only control group design. Repetitions were performed nine times as per Federer guidelines [15]. This research began in January 2020 and concluded in September in the same year. ...
The research on ovitrap using attractants have been extensively developed, but studies on the use of similar substrates in the form of colonized water and Aedes larvae extract as attractants have not been widely published. Adding an attractant to the ovitrap can stimulate the sense of smell for mosquitoes to come to the place to lay their eggs. The use of ovitrap has recently begun to be developed because it is environmentally friendly. The purpose of this study is to determine the attractants potential of colonized water and larvae extract as the oviposition preferences for of Aedes Sp. to lay eggs in the ovitrap. The type of this research is a true experimental design, the design of The Posttest-Only Control Group Design. Observations are made in the laboratory for nine repetitions. Observational data show that the average number of eggs in ovitraps that uses the colonized water and larvae extract is higher than that of conventional/control water. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that there is a significant difference in the average number of eggs in the colonized water attractant, larval extract and conventional water (Asymp. Sig < 0.05). The conclusion is obtained that similar substrate attractants in the form of larvae extract and Aedes colonization water have the potential to be Aedes sp oviposition preferences compared to conventional water. However, it is still necessary to conduct a field study so that it can be used as an environmentally friendly method of the surveillance and control of the vector transmitting Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.
... ,) with c restrictions, c = 1, 2, 3, . . . (e.g., Federer, 1948a, 1948b;Federer, 1955). ...
The project of revising Kempthorne’s 1952 book Design and Analysis of Experiments started many years ago. Our desire was to not only make minor changes to what had become a very successful book but to update it and incorporate new developments in the field of experimental design. Our involvement in teaching this topic to graduate students led us soon to the decision to separate the book into two volumes, one for instruction at the MS level and one for instruction and reference at the more advanced level.
Volume 1 (Hinkelmann and Kempthorne, 1994) appeared as an Introduction to Experimental Design. It lays the philosophical foundation and discusses the principles of experimental design, going back to the ground-breaking work of the founders of this field, R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates. At the basis of this development lies the randomization theory as advocated by Fisher and the further development of these ideas by Kempthorne in the form of derived inear models. All the basic error control designs, such as completely randomized design, block designs, Latin square type designs, split-plot designs, and their associated analyses are discussed in this context. In doing so we draw a clear distinction among the three components of an experimental design: the error control design, the treatment design, and the sampling design.
Volume 2 builds upon these foundations and provides more details about certain aspects of error control and treatment designs and the connections between them. Much of the effort is concentrated on the construction of incomplete block designs for various types of treatment structures, including “ordinary” treatments, control and test treatments, and factorial treatments. This involves, by necessity, a certain amount of combinatorics and leads, almost automatically, to the notions of balancedness, partial balancedness, orthogonality, and uniformity. These, of course, are also generally desirable properties of experimental designs and aspects of their analysis.
... The Federer formula was used to determine the size of the rat sample to be used in this study 10 , which is as follows: (t-1)(n-1) > 15; where t is the number of treatment groups and n is the number of samples per group. According to the formula, the optimal sample size is 7 rats/group. ...
Background: Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin cannot take up glucose, increasing blood glucose. Elderly people are more exposed to insulin resistance, requiring dietary interventions that extend longevity. Trehalose, a naturally occurring sugar, showed potentially reduce insulin resistance which can be measured using the HOMA-IR index.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess HOMA-IR levels as a parameter of insulin resistance in old rats after giving trehalose sugar.
Methods: Experimental research with 28 male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) was separated into 4 groups, the control group of young rats (Group A), the control group of old rats (Group B), a group of old rats that were given 2% Trehalose solution (Group C), and a group of old rats that given 2% sucrose solution (Group D) that observed for 8 weeks.
Results: The results showed differences in HOMA-IR levels (p
... The analysis of variance for each character was carried out for compact family block design suggested by Hutchinson and Panse [8] and Federer [9]. The genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficients of variability were computed for each character as per method explained by Singh and Chaudhary [10]. ...
An experiment was conducted with 9 crosses of soybean in compact family block design for 14 quantitative traits during kharif 2019 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Genetic variability were found among the experimental materials for all traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for most of the traits. Seed yield per plant showed highest genotypic coefficient of variation (29.1%). The highest heritability was exhibited by plant height followed by number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and harvesting index. The value of genetic advance ranged from 0.06 (number of seeds per pod) to 89.45 (seed yield per row). The highest value of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited by seed yield per plant followed by dry matter weight per plant, seed yield per row, number of pods per plant, seed yield efficiency which ensured additive gene action.
... Sebanyak 16 ternak babi diamati selama 14 hari. Besaran sampel ini ditentukan berdasarkan formula Federer [8] dengan : (n-1) (t-1) 1 5, n adalah jumlah sampel , t adalah banyaknya perlakuan. Kategori ternak babi yang digunakan apabila nilai EPG awal lebih dari 150 telur dan dipilih secara acak dalam Peternakan tersebut. ...
Resistensi antelmintik golongan albendazole telah dilaporkan terjadi hampir di seluruh dunia dengan tingkat prevalensi yang cukup tinggi. Data tentang deteksi antelmintik golongan albendazole di Pulau Lombok sangat minim terutama pada babi di peternakan rakyat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui resistensi antelmintik albendazole pada peternakan babi di Lombok Utara yang akan menggambarkan efektifitas dari albendazol dengan melihat nilai Egg Per Gram Feses (EPG) dan Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Penelitian menggunakan community field trial dengan pre and post design dengan menggunakan 16 babi sebagai hewan percobaan. Babi yang menjadi hewan coba dalam penelitian ini adalah babi yang mempunyai EPG >150 sebelum pemberian Albendazole. Albendazole diberikan secara oral dengan dosis (15mg/kg). Niali EPG akan dianalisis dengan T-test berpasangan untuk melihat efektifitas dari Albendazole dan resistensi antelmintik albendazole dideteksi dengan metode Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) setelah 14 hari pemberian albendazole. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai EPG sebelum pemberian albendazole adalah (641.25 ± 484.89) dan sesudah pemberian albendazole adalah 27.5 ± 71.13. Hasil nilai t- test berpasangan menunjukan p<0,05 (p-value=0.00) dan nilai FECRT dari pemberian Albendazole sebesar 95.71%. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdeteksi resistensi Albendazole terhadap cacing gastrointestinal dan albendazole bisa dinyatakan masih efektif digunakan dalam kasus kecacingan pada peternakan babi.
... Penelitian penelitian eksperimen laboratorium invitro menggunakan rancangan posttest only control group, 14 berdasarkan rumus Federer dilakukan replikasi minimal 4 untuk setiap kelompok sehingga jumlah sampel keseluruhan adalah 24 sampel. 15,16 Keenam kelompok adalah 1) Kelompok I, larutan ekstrak bonggol nanas cayenne konsentrasi 25%; 2) Kelompok II, larutan ekstrak ekstrak bonggol nanas cayenne 50%; 3) Kelompok III larutan ekstrak bonggol nanas cayenne konsentrasi 75%; 4) Kelompok IV, larutan ekstrak bonggol nanas cayenne konsentrasi 100%; 5) Kelompok kontrol positif chlorhexidine 0,2%; 6) Kelompok kontrol negative akuades steril. ...
Caries occurs due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans bacteria. One way to prevent caries is to inhibit the S.mutans bacteria. This study used the dilution method to determine the inhibition and killing power of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) weevil extract against S.mutans bacteria. The extract was obtained by maceration me-thod and made with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The results were extract with a maximum concentration of 50% could inhibit bacterial growth, at a concentration of 75% and 100% showed no bacteria growing on the media. The nor-mality test using Shapiro-Wilk, explained that data were normally distributed; the homogeneity test using the Levene test, ex-plained the data were homogeneous. One-way Anova was used to determine the differences between treatment groups and the value of ρ (Sig.) < 0.05 was obtained, which means that there is a significant difference and is continued with test least significant difference (LSD) to find out the difference in each concentration. The pineapple weevil extract have the inhibition and killing power to inhibit and kill bacteria S.mutans.
... In this study, 9 treatment groups were analyzed, namely the sham group at 13 weeks of age, the ovariectomized group of rats at 17 and 21 weeks of age, and the osteoporosis group of rats treated with A, B and C diets at the age of 31 and 40 weeks, respectively. By using Federer's formula [14], the number of samples for each group was at least 3, in this study 5 rats were used for each group. Ovariectomy or sham was peformed as previously described [15]. ...
Calcium supplements are widely used to prevent osteopenia and osteoporosis and can be used as a treatment along with other drugs. The effect of this supplement can be seen from the improved bone quality. The focus in this study was to analyze the quality of femur bone based on the mineral maturity and the degree of crystallinity from ovariectomized Rattus norvegicus where the treatment of various nano calcium phosphate diets (1.0×; 1.5× and 2.0× normal needs, respectively called A, B and C diets) also given. In the amount of 40 white female rats age 12 weeks were ovariectomized and 5 sham rats were nurtured. The group of sham was given euthanasia treatment at age 13 weeks, while ovariectomized group was treated euthanasia at age 17 and 21 weeks. At the age of 25 weeks after ovariectomy, the rats were treated with a nano calcium phosphate diet where analysis was performed when they were 31 and 40 weeks old. In each harvest, proximal femur part was collected and characterized by using FTIR Spectroscopy. Rat bone quality shows osteoporosis trait for the first time at age 21 weeks or after 9 weeks of ovariectomy with the mineral maturity and degree of crystallinity decreased in the amount of 1.16 and 2.27 %, respectively compared to femur bone from sham rat group. The dietary treatment study conducted showed that the group of rats fed the A diet had not a significant changes (p < 0.05) in the mineral maturity and the degree of crystallinity, while giving B or C diet had a significant increase in the mineral maturity at 40 weeks of age or after 15 weeks on a diet. The increase in the degree of crystallinity of the rats fed B diet (6 weeks) was faster than the group fed C diet (15 weeks). Therefore, diet B is recommended because it is more efficient and effective based on the time it increases the degree of crystallinity and the cost of producing the diet. HIGHLIGHTS Ovariectomy is one of the treatments that can condition the bones of rats to have osteoporosis. One of the bone parts of rats that are often affected by osteoporosis is the femur Bones of rats that have osteoporosis can be restored by giving a nano calcium phosphate diet Parameters that can be analyzed regarding the decline and improvement of bone quality include mineral maturity and the degree of crystallinity. Assessment of these parameters can be done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have been known and used worldwide for thousands of years. One type of medicinal plant that is often used is gaharu. The efficacy of gaharu leaves provides properties as a fever reducer, increases appetite, launches menstruation, and relieves pain. This study aims to determine whether there is an analgesic effect from the methanol extract of gaharu leaves in male Wistar rats using the heat stimulation method. This study was an experimental study using twenty-five male Wistar rats divided into five groups. Group I (negative control), rats were treated with 1% CMC-Na. Group II (positive control), rats treated with mefenamic acid 45 mg/kg BW. Group III, IV, and V rats were treated with gaharu leaf methanol extract suspension (100; 200, and 400) mg/kg BW. Pain stimulation was carried out by dipping the rat tail into a 40°C water bath. Data on response time to pain, stimuli were analyzed using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANNOVA) method with a 95% confidence level followed by a post-hoc Tukey test to determine which group had the same or significantly different effect. The results showed that the normal response time data for mice to painful stimuli ranged from 2.79 to 3.57 seconds. 1% CMC-Na treatment in mice was unable to increase the response time to a significant pain stimulus (p>0.05). Mefenamic acid treatment 45 mg/Kg BW significantly increased the response time to painful stimuli (p<0.05) with the longest average response time to painful stimuli, namely 8.87 seconds. Based on the method used in this research, methanol extract of agarwood leaves 400 mg/kgBW has almost the same analgesic effect as mefenamic acid 45 mg/KgBW.
Obesity and dyslipidemia are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It has been shown that dietary supplementation combined with exercise at appropriate intensity improves lipid profile and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study investigates the effect of purple sweet potato extract and swimming training on the lipid profile of a hyperlipidemic rat model. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into standard diet and high-fat diet and given their respective diet for two weeks. Afterward, they were randomly divided into five weight-matched groups; normal control (C; n=5), high-fat diet (HF; n=5), exercise (E; n=5), purple sweet potato extract (PSP; n=5), and exercise combined with purple sweet potato extract (EPSP; n=5). Purple sweet potato extract was given 100 mg/day through oral gavage for three weeks. Swimming exercise was performed for 30 minutes/day, five days a week, for three weeks at an intensity of 6% of body weight. At the end of the experimental period, intracardiac blood samples were drawn to measure lipid profiles. Data analysis technique using a one-way ANOVA test with a significant level of 5%. The findings revealed that the concentration of TC and LDL was highest in HF. The combination of exercise and purple sweet potato extract significantly reduced LDL and increased HDL levels compared to exercise or PSP alone (p ≤ 0.05). It indicates that purple sweet potato extract combined with swimming exercise is shown to be effective in improving lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic rat models. Keyword: Aerobic exercise, hyperlipidemia, lipid profile, purple sweet potato.
A statistical method based on Robust ANOVA to handle outliers induced high coefficient of variation (CV) in pooled (2011-2018) analysis of long-term Mango cv. Totapuri rootstock trail was suggested. Based on the results, it was concluded that the rootstock treatment T3: Olour (average yield over the period 2011 to 2018 as 57.21 kg/tree) as the best. Precision gained as estimated by reduction in CV (%) was in the range of 11.01 % to 78.9 %. SAS IML codes were built-in for analysis. Hence, this study calls for employing robust ANOVA approach in testing the significance of evaluated treatments in a designed perennial crop experiment with high CV that would have reduced the sensitivity of testing the significance of treatment differences otherwise.
Hyperglycemic wounds take longer to heal, and high glucose results in an increase in inflammatory cells, a decrease in the angiogenesis process, and the production of growth factors. Antibiotic treatment, surgery, or debridement can increase the risk of amputation. This study aimed to determine the effect of administering gel secretome hypoxia mesenchymal stem cells (SH-MSCs) on the expression of PDGF and IL-1b in Wistar rats with a hyperglycemic wound model. In vivo laboratory experimental research with a Post Test Only Control Group Design. The samples consisted of 30 Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups, namely healthy rats (P1), negative control (P2), positive control with gentamicin (P3), gel secretome dose of 20 μL/rat (P4), and gel secretome dose of 40 μL/rat (P5). MSC secretome hypoxia gel treatment for 10 days, then skin tissue samples were examined using the RTq-PCR method to analyze PDGF and IL-1b gene expression. Analysis of PDGF gene expression showed significant differences between treatment groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a result of 0.018 (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences between groups using the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). Analysis of IL-1b gene expression showed significant differences between treatment groups using the Kruskal Wallis test with a result of 0.001 (p<0.05), various doses of secretome gel affected reducing IL-1b gene expression using the Mann Whitney test with a result of 0.004 (p<0, 05). The most significant decrease was at a secretome dose of 40 μL/mouse. MSC secretome hypoxia gel at a dose of 40 μL/rat effectively reduces IL-1b gene expression in Wistar rats with a hyperglycemic wound model. However, various doses of MSC secretome hypoxia gel do not significantly increase PDGF gene expression.
Abstrak Tujuan: Mengetahui aktivitas antijamur infusa daun dandang gendis terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan mengetahui konsentrasi efektif infusa daun dandang gendis pada pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Metode: Skrining fitokimia infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan pengujian secara kualitatif. Pembuatan infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan merebus daun dandang gendis selama 15 menit dalam akuades yang telah dipanaskan dengan suhu 90 o C. Pengujian aktivitas antijamur menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Flukonazol 25 ug/cakram dan Itrakonazol 8ug/cakram digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades steril digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji metabolit, didapatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder infusa daun dandang gendis yaitu fenol, saponin, tanin, terpenoid, alkaloid, dan flavonoid. Metabolit sekunder dominan pada infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol (+++). Pengujian infusa daun dandang gendis tidak menunjukkan adanya zona hambat meskipun diujikan pada konsentrasi 100%. Kesimpulan: Infusa daun dandang gendis tidak memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans. Abstract Objective: To determine the antifungal activity of dandang gendis leaf infusion (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau) on the growth of Candida albicans and to determine the effective inhibitory concentration of dandang gendis leaf infusion on the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out by qualitative testing. Dandang gendis leaf infusion is made by boiling dandang gendis for 15 minutes in distilled water that has been heated to 90oC. The antifungal activity test used the disc diffusion method with the concentration of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Fluconazole 25 µg / disc and Itraconazole 8 µg / disc were used as positive controls and sterile distilled water was used as negative controls. Results: Based on the metabolite test results, the secondary metabolites content of dandang gendis were obtained, which is phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The dominant secondary metabolite in dandang gendis leaf infusion is phenol (+++). Dandang gendis leaf infusion test did not show any inhibition zone even though it was tested at a concentration of 100%. Conclusion: Dandang gendis leaf infusion did not have antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
Background. Garlic (Allium sativum Liin) is a root vegetable crop that is widely grown in different countries in the world. Garlic has chemical contents that are useful to health, like phytochemicals that are anti-diabetics, including flavonoids and saponins. Flavonoids and saponins have the function of deferring the absorption of carbohydrates so that glucose levels within the blood diminish. Objective. This research aims to compare the effect of fermented garlic (FG) and non-fermented garlic (NFG) on insulin levels. Materials and Methods. This study is an experimental laboratory in a completely randomized design. The study was completed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of Universitas Airlangga. The sample population in this study was 25 white male Wistar rats. The dosage of FG and NFG used in this study is 75mg/kg BW. Data analysis used the Tukey HSD test with a 95% confidence level. The average comparison test for each group was carried out using the significant (P<0.05) manova test. Results. The results of this research indicate that the FG and NFG extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg BW can effectively decrease blood glucose levels, reduce malondialdehyde, and do not increase insulin levels. Conclusions. All in all, garlic has antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and can decrease blood glucose levels in Wistar rats.
Lampu atraktor adalah salah satu alat bantu penangkapan ikan untuk memikat ikan ke area penangkapan (catchable area). Berbagai jenis lampu dapat dipakai sebagai lampu atraktor seperti lampu petromaks, bohlam, lampu merkuri, TL (tubular lamps), dan LED (light emitting diodes). Efisiensi konsumsi energi, efektivitas penangkapan ikan, dan kemudahan penggunaan menjadi pertimbangan nelayan dalam memilih lampu atraktor. Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai HPL (high power LED) sebagai lampu atraktor pada perikanan bagan berhasil menangkap 97,363 kg ikan (3,6 kali lebih banyak daripada nelayan yang menggunakan lampu TL). Penelitian ini kemudian diulang di perairan yang berbeda dan menangkap 433 kg ikan (1,9 kali lebih banyak). Namun demikian, lampu atraktor tidak mudah digunakan karena konstruksinya tidak kompak dan pengaturan area proyeksi cahaya dioperasikan secara manual. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan lampu atraktor penelitian sebelumnya agar dapat digunakan oleh nelayan dalam melakukan aktivitas penangkapan ikan sehari-hari. Hasilnya, lampu atraktor pengembangan dilengkapi dengan kawat gantung dan servo motor yang dikendalikan oleh microcontroller untuk mengatur luas area proyeksi cahaya, agar mudah digunakan. Uji lapang dilakukan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2022 di perairan Sangrawayang, Jawa Barat. Survei yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa para nelayan mengkonfirmasi lampu atraktor pengembangan lebih mudah digunakan dibandingkan dengan lampu atraktor penelitian sebelumnya. Chi-square goodness of fit test survei menunjukkan nilai hitung X2 (8,533) yang lebih besar dari c2 (3,841) pada selang kepercayaan 95%. Selanjutnya, lampu atraktor pengembangan berhasil menangkap ikan 3,25 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan lampu atraktor milik nelayan.
Tingginya populasi penyakit pasien diabetes setiap tahun dimana jumlah pasien diabetes adalah meningkat sebanyak 463.000.000 orang pada Tahun 2019. Perkiraan Idiabetic foot pada Tahun 2045 jumlah pasien diabetes menjadi 700.000.000 pasien. Daun seledri digunakan sebagai antidiabetes adalah daun seledri (Apium graveolens L.). Tujuan penelitian mengetahui adanya aktivitas antidiabetes dari fraksinya etil asetat pada daun seledri terhadap tikus jantan Wistar. Serbuk simplisia daun seledri di ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol 70% dalam metode maserasi. Setelah didapat ekstrak etanol 70%, berikutnya dilakukan fraksinasi n heksan, etanol-air, dan etil asetat. Pengujian antidiabetes fraksi dari etil asetat pada daun seledri memakai senyawa aloksan pada dosis sebesar 150 mg/kgBB. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil fraksi etil asetat pada daun seledri dengan dosis sebesar 300 mg/kgBB yang memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes paling tinggi dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 65% dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 64%. Kandungan senyawa-senyawa kimia dari fraksi etil asetat dalam daun seledri adalah alkaloid, flavonoid dan saponin.
Hipoksia merupakan keadaan kekurangan oksigen yang dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif apabila terjadi ketidakseimbangan prooksidan dan antioksidan. Dalam menyeimbangkan hipoksia, tubuh membutuhkan antioksidan yaitu katalase sebagai antioksidan endogen dan daun ara sebagai antioksidan eksogen. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh hipoksia sistemik kronik terhadap aktivitas spesifik katalase darah dan organ paru tikus setelah diberi daun ara. Studi ini merupakan studi eksperimental in vitro terhadap aktivitas spesifik katalase tikus yang dihipoksia sistemik kronik setelah pemberian ekstrak daun ara. Ekstrak daun ara didapatkan dengan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol. Tikus Sprague dawley dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok dengan setiap kelompok berisi 4 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok dosis ekstrak daun ara yaitu dosis kental (300 mg/KgBB/hari) dan dosis encer (150 mg/KgBB/hari). Tiap kelompok dosis dibagi lagi menjadi kelompok tidak dihipoksia, kelompok hipoksia (8%O2, 96% N2) 1, 3 dan 7 hari. Aktivitas spesifik katalase diukur dengan metode Mates. Hasil studi ini didapatkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifik katalase paru dan darah pada hari pertama yang disebabkan oleh hipoksia dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik katalase setelah diberikan ekstrak daun ara. Terdapat korelasi antara aktivitas spesifik katalase paru dan darah pada kelompok kental, namun tidak pada kelompok encer. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa hipoksia akan menyebabkan stres oksidatif, yang akan direduksi oleh antioksidan endogen maupun eksogen.
Formally, anatomy deals with both the actual and conceptual isolation of various parts and systems of an organism for the purpose of describing its parts, their positions, relations, structures, and functions. Although you may associate memorization with anatomy, it really serves to structure our thinking about an organism. In fact, the human mind seems to understand a complex situation or structure by first subdividing it into components, then studying each component and finally relating the components. Reflect for a minute: we do this as teachers, researchers, and students. It seems reasonable, even though perhaps not formally correct, to describe the dissection of a study into its parts, their examination, and their relations as the anatomy of a study. I plan for the following anatomy to focus your attention on general structures without particular concern for occasional difficulties and degeneracies.
Masyarakat modern saat ini mengalami perubahan gaya hidup yang mengakibatkan perubahan pada pola konsumsi makanan menjadi pola makanan yang tinggi lemak jenuh, tinggi gula dan rendah serat. Hal tersebut sering berakibat tingginya asupan makanan yang berkolesterol tunggi kemudian ditambah dengan seringnya frekuensi makan serta konsumsi sayur dan buah yang rendah, akan berpotensi menyebabkan kegemukan. stroke, aterosklerosis dan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) memiliki faktor risiko paling besar menjadi penyakit serius di masyarakat yaitu hiperlipidemia sehingga diduga menjadi penyebab kesakitan dan kematian di negara adidaya dan berkembang. Membuktikan pengaruh ekstrak biji mahoni terhadap kadar MDA plasma tikus putih jantan galur wistar yang diberikan diet tinggi lemak. 32 ekor tikus dikelompokkan dalam kelompok kontrol negatif yang diberikan diet standart, kontrol positif yang diberikan diet tinggi lemak dan perlakuan yang mendapatkan diet tinggi lemak bersama ekstrak biji mahoni dengan dosis 100 mg/ kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB. Diet tinggi lemak dikonsumsi tikus selama 14 hari dan pada hari ke 15 pada kelompok perlakuan ditambahkan ekstrak biji mahoni dengan dosis 100 mg/ kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB Derajat stres oksidatif diukur dengan menggunakan indikator malondialdehyde (MDA). Kelompok kontrol negatif menunjukkan kadar MDA 78,5±16,92 µg/ml. Kelompok kontrol positif menunjukkan kadar MDA 97,17±26,559 µg/ml. Kelompok perlakuan yang mendapatkan diet tinggi lemak dan ekstrak biji mahoni dengan dosis 100 mg/kgBB, kadar MDAnya 65,25±24,126 µg/ml dan yang mendapatkan diet tinggi lemak dan ekstrak biji mahoni dosis 200 mg/kgBB 82±22,836 µg/ml. Uji ANOVA tidak mendapatkan hasil dengan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,151).
Skin cancer is a disease that develops in the epidermis of the skin and can be invasive, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Early detection of squamous cell precancerous can prevent these lesions from progressing to invasive SCC and increase the effectiveness of therapy. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite compound as a pyrimidine DNA/RNA antagonist molecule that induces cell apoptosis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the topical 5-FU cream (Dharmais NCH) compared to imiquimod 5% on apoptosis through the expression of caspase-3 in precancerous squamous cells of mouse skin induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzen[a]-anthracene (DMBA)/croton oil treatment. This research assess three differences concentration of 5-FU include 1%, 2%, and 5% on 24 wild type mouse divided into 6 groups including positive control (with carcinogenesis but without treatment), negative control (without treatment; normal), carcinogenesis with treatment 5-FU cream (1%, 2%, and 5%) or 5% imiquimod cream. Two-stages carcinogenesis induced by DMBA and followed by croton oil. The expression of caspase-3 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS version 23. The induction of two-stages of carcinogenesis (weeks 1 to 10) caused papilloma lesions on the skin of mouse. Furthermore, 5-FU treatment for 4 weeks (weeks 11 to 14) showed a decrease in the cumulative number of papillomas (p<0.05) and immunohistochemical analysis showed caspase-3 expression on 5-FU treatments (1%, 2%, and 5%) was not significantly different from the imiquimod treatment (p>0.05). The apoptotic effect of 5-FU treatment on precancerous skin squamous cell lesions in mouse was not significantly different from the standard treatment using imiquimod. This suggests that 5-FU treatment has potential as a future therapy in squamous cell precancerous skin lesions.
The main cause of dental caries is pathogenic microorganism such as Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The most practical ways to prevent dental caries are by inhibiting and killing the bacteria. The purpose of this study is to determine the cinnamon extract can inhibit the growth of S.mutans. Dilution method was used to determine the capability of the cinnamon extract in inhibiting and killing S.mutans. The extract was obtained by maceration method and the concentration were 20%, 40%, 80% and 100%. The results showed that the extract with a minimum concentration of 40% could inhibit bacterial growth while there were not found any bacteria growing on at 80% and 100% as well as using 0.2% as a positive control. Normality test using the Shapiro-Wilk method found that the value of p(sig) > 0.05, so the data are normally distributed. On homogeneity test using the Levene test, the value of p(sig) = 0.001, while the value of p (Sig) < 0.05, so the data were not homogeneous. Then it was continued by one-way Anova to determine the different between treatment groups with value of p (sig) < 0.05 was obtained which means that there is a significant difference. Tamhanes test was conducted to determine the difference on each concentration. There is a sig-nificant difference between positive and negative control as well as on 20% and 40% concentration. The minimum killing ca-pacity concentration is 80% as bacteria are still founded on 40% concentration. It can be concluded that the present of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, phenol, steroid and triterpenoid that contained in cinnamon extract have antibacterial properties and have the capability of inhibiting and killing S.mutans.
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