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Usability Issues in Web Site Design
Abstract
Unless a web site meets the needs of the intended users it will not meet the needs of the organisation providing the web site. Web site development should be user-centred, evaluating the evolving design against user requirements. The first step is to define the business objectives, the intended context of use and key scenarios of use. This helps prioritise design and provides a focus for evaluation. The design should take account of established guidelines for web writing style, navigation and page design. The site structure and page design should be evaluated by representative end users. Management and maintenance is important to maintain usability. INTRODUCTION Why are so many web sites frustratingly slow and difficult to use? The reasons include: .# Organisations often produce web sites with a content and structure which mirrors the internal concerns of the organisation rather than the needs of the users of the site. .# Web sites frequently contain material which would be appropr...
... The state-of-the-art challenges of web-based applications were compiled based on a detailed review of 70 journal articles that were downloaded from various well-renowned databases like Springer, Web of Science, Emerald, Elsevier and etc. A total of 69 exhaustive challenges were detected as tabulated in Table 3. Ease of navigation [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Broadcast services [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Availability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Limited use of special plug-ins [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Adaptability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]46] Valid links [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Reliability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Browser sniffing [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43] [44] Personalization [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Speedy page loading [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Interactivity [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Accessibility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Multilanguage support [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Bookmark facility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Usefulness of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Clarity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Completeness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Uniqueness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Broadness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Originality of content [19,22,25,47,50] Currency of content [19,22,25,47,50] Conciseness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Accuracy of content [19,22,25,47,49,50] Diversity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Attractiveness [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Distinctive hot buttons [19,26,[50][51][52]54] Changing look [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of fonts [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of colors [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of multimedia [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Style consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Good labeling [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper choice of page length [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of language/style [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Color consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of graphics [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Organization of content [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Graphics-text balance [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Interoperability [7] Performance [42,55] Scalability [16,42] Browser compatibility [30,43] Maintainability [56] Reusability [57] Supportability [58] Usability [48,59] Testability [55,60] Management [26] User Interface Design [61] Control Flow [62] Integrating Different Technologies [62] Network Load Management [63] Cryptic Error Message [64] Data Integrity [65] Socio culture [58] Bandwidth [32,66,67] Power Failure [32,[68][69][70] Literacy rate [32] Cost of mobile internet [32] Lack of resources [32,68] Accuracy [55,60] Download speed [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]55] Coexistence [26] Profitability [71] Efficiency [42,55] Database designs [72] Installation ability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Portability [73] Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 34 (2), 2021 ...
... The state-of-the-art challenges of web-based applications were compiled based on a detailed review of 70 journal articles that were downloaded from various well-renowned databases like Springer, Web of Science, Emerald, Elsevier and etc. A total of 69 exhaustive challenges were detected as tabulated in Table 3. Ease of navigation [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Broadcast services [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Availability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Limited use of special plug-ins [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Adaptability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]46] Valid links [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Reliability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Browser sniffing [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43] [44] Personalization [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Speedy page loading [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Interactivity [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Accessibility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Multilanguage support [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Bookmark facility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Usefulness of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Clarity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Completeness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Uniqueness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Broadness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Originality of content [19,22,25,47,50] Currency of content [19,22,25,47,50] Conciseness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Accuracy of content [19,22,25,47,49,50] Diversity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Attractiveness [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Distinctive hot buttons [19,26,[50][51][52]54] Changing look [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of fonts [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of colors [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of multimedia [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Style consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Good labeling [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper choice of page length [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of language/style [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Color consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of graphics [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Organization of content [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Graphics-text balance [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Interoperability [7] Performance [42,55] Scalability [16,42] Browser compatibility [30,43] Maintainability [56] Reusability [57] Supportability [58] Usability [48,59] Testability [55,60] Management [26] User Interface Design [61] Control Flow [62] Integrating Different Technologies [62] Network Load Management [63] Cryptic Error Message [64] Data Integrity [65] Socio culture [58] Bandwidth [32,66,67] Power Failure [32,[68][69][70] Literacy rate [32] Cost of mobile internet [32] Lack of resources [32,68] Accuracy [55,60] Download speed [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]55] Coexistence [26] Profitability [71] Efficiency [42,55] Database designs [72] Installation ability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Portability [73] Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 34 (2), 2021 ...
... The state-of-the-art challenges of web-based applications were compiled based on a detailed review of 70 journal articles that were downloaded from various well-renowned databases like Springer, Web of Science, Emerald, Elsevier and etc. A total of 69 exhaustive challenges were detected as tabulated in Table 3. Ease of navigation [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Broadcast services [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Availability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Limited use of special plug-ins [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Adaptability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]46] Valid links [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Reliability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Browser sniffing [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43] [44] Personalization [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Speedy page loading [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Interactivity [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Accessibility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Multilanguage support [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Bookmark facility [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Usefulness of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Clarity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Completeness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Uniqueness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Broadness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Originality of content [19,22,25,47,50] Currency of content [19,22,25,47,50] Conciseness of content [19,22,25,47,50] Accuracy of content [19,22,25,47,49,50] Diversity of content [19,22,25,[47][48][49][50] Attractiveness [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Distinctive hot buttons [19,26,[50][51][52]54] Changing look [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of fonts [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of colors [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of multimedia [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Style consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Good labeling [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper choice of page length [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of language/style [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Color consistency [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Proper use of graphics [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Organization of content [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Graphics-text balance [19,26,[50][51][52][53][54] Interoperability [7] Performance [42,55] Scalability [16,42] Browser compatibility [30,43] Maintainability [56] Reusability [57] Supportability [58] Usability [48,59] Testability [55,60] Management [26] User Interface Design [61] Control Flow [62] Integrating Different Technologies [62] Network Load Management [63] Cryptic Error Message [64] Data Integrity [65] Socio culture [58] Bandwidth [32,66,67] Power Failure [32,[68][69][70] Literacy rate [32] Cost of mobile internet [32] Lack of resources [32,68] Accuracy [55,60] Download speed [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44]55] Coexistence [26] Profitability [71] Efficiency [42,55] Database designs [72] Installation ability [20,22,33,[39][40][41][42][43][44] Portability [73] Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 34 (2), 2021 ...
Web innovations are unique advancements of software engineering. They are equipped with new apparatuses, novel systems, and revolutionary plans, ready to be used by web application developers and their users. According to their importance for web application improvement, there is a need to locate a fitting approach to adapt to these challenges. Therefore, the core objective of this study is to rank the challenges that were encountered by the developers and users of web-based applications. This study contributes to knowledge by proposing a hierarchical framework for identifying and categorizing the challenges appropriately. An exhaustive list of sixty-nine challenges was formulated, based on extensive literature review. Quantitative in nature, this study uses the survey questionnaire to collect data from 87 experts in the web innovation domain. Various statistical models like the Cronbach’s Alpha, Principal Component Analysis, Stepwise, and Logistics Regression were employed to analyze the data. The stepwise regression was deployed to formulate the hierarchy of the extracted challenges. The outcome of the proposed framework would lead to a more efficient development and utilization of web applications. The limitations and future directions of this study were also discussed.
... For transaction purposes, it is crucial that customers are able to make purchases quickly with minimum pages in the check out process (Foremski, 2000;PR Newswire, 2000). Bevan (2004) added that make text easy to read and use. Amazon.com ...
... Text: Bevan (2004) described that: ...
... Background and Color: According to Bevan (2004) a nice color scheme, simple layout, and readable text is the very minimum that is required to make Web site as accessible when selecting your background and text colors. Busy backgrounds make text difficult to read and draw the attention away from the text. ...
... Por outro lado, Bevan (1998) afirma que a razão pela qual os websites são difíceis e extremamente lentos de se utilizar, é porque as organizações sempre produzem websites com conteúdo e estrutura, que mostram informações sobre a organização, em vez de produzir websites com informações úteis para os usuários. Muitas vezes são aproveitados materiais elaborados na forma impressa, mas que precisam de adaptações para a apresentação na web. ...
... Para Bevan (1998) O potencial tecnológico da Web pode ser amplamente explorado pelos websites de bibliotecas no desempenho das suas diversas funções, como organizações responsáveis pelas atividades específicas da coleta, tratamento, disseminação e uso da informação de interesse do público-alvo da biblioteca representada na Internet, mais especificamente na web. ...
DESCRIBE LAS FUNCIONES DESEMPEÑADAS POR LOS WEBSITES DE 38 BIBLIOTECAS JURÍDICAS GUBERNAMENTALES BRASILEÑAS, INCLUYENDO EN ESTE UNIVERSO A LAS BIBLIOTECAS DEL SENADO FEDERAL, DE LA CÁMARA DE DIPUTADOS, DE LAS ASAMBLEAS LEGISLATIVAS, DE LOS MINISTERIOS PÚBLICOS Y DE LOS TRIBUNALES. LA OBSERVACIÓN DE LOS WEBSITES SE LLEVÓ A CABO POR MEDIO DE UNA LISTA DE VERIFICACIÓN QUE COTEJÓ LAS FUNCIONES DESEMPEÑADAS POR LOS WEBSITES SEGÚN UNA CLASIFICACIÓN DE ESAS FUNCIONES EN SEIS CATEGORÍAS: INFORMATIVA, PROMOCIONAL, EDUCATIVA, REFERENCIAL Y DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN. LOS RESULTADOS DEL ANÁLISIS DESTACARON NIVELES DIFERENCIADOS EN EL DESEMPEÑO DE LAS FUNCIONES DE LOS WEBSITES ANALIZADOS. UNA FUNCIÓN INFORMATIVA SE DESTACÓ COMO LA DE MEJOR DESEMPEÑO; Y SE IDENTIFICÓ UN BAJO ÍNDICE DE DESEMPEÑO EN LA FUNCIÓN DE COMUNICACIÓN.
... Both characteristics were measured by means of features (objectively) and perceptions (subjectively) (Huizingh, 2000). The management and maintenance process that needs to be focused are ensuring that new pages meet the quality and usability requirements, indexing and full maintenance (Bevan, 1999). A number of informal development models for Websites can be identified under a variety of guises. ...
... This study attempts to fill the void by developing a structural equation model to examine the interrelations of Website development and organisation performance ( Figure 1). Most of the literature on Website development has focused on planning and preparation (Bevan, 1999), design and development (Clyde, 2000;Moustakis et al., 2006;Zhao and Dholakia, 2009;and Chen et al., 2010), management and maintenance (Huizingh, 2000). ...
This study focuses on the impact of website development on organisation performance in Malaysia. The study of Website development will be based on four factors (planning and preparation; development and design; management and maintenance; and security, privacy and trust) and organisation performance will be based on three factors (internal, market and competitive factors). The finding shows that there is a positive correlation between Website development and organisation performance. Even the study found that Website development has a significant impact on organisation performance, but the overall of the research model is not a good-fit model. This can be referred to goodness of fit index (GFI) (0.472), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (0.196), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) (0.384) and normed Fit Index (NFI) (0.368), which does not achieve the recommended values (0.900).
... Outras discussões apresentadas por Bevan [3] e Melo Ribeiro [4] apresentam os benefícios da aplicação de padrões Web de acessibilidade e de usabilidade, mostrando como as heurísticas são aplicáveis em situações práticas. Também são apresentados métodos de avaliação, que inspiram a criação de uma metodologia de aplicação de parâmetros de usabilidade De forma a sintetizar os conhecimentos adquiridos e categorizá-los para criar um método de avaliação, são definidos parâmetros que abordam as heurísticas de forma prática, tais como: aprendizagem; eficiência; memorização; erros; e satisfação subjetiva. ...
... Por meio da divisão em categorias, guia-se o raciocínio do testador durante a aplicação da abordagem, focando a sua análise em características de mesma natureza. Elas foram baseadas em Melo Ribeiro e Bevan [3,4]. ...
1. Introdução O Projeto ICA-MMH é uma parceria entre o Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – ITA e a Agência Nacional de Águas – ANA. Ele tem por objetivo desenvolver um sistema Web que promova a integração de pontos de coleta telemétrica de dados hidrológicos, que servirá como base para gestão dos recursos hídricos. Para que se possa garantir uma boa utilização das funcionalidades deste sistema, a sua interface gráfica deverá possiblitar um acesso às informações de forma intuitiva, legível e com atrativos visuais. Torna-se fundamental, no sistema do Projeto ICA-MMH, que as interfaces gráficas de usuário sejam desenvolvidas seguindo padrões de interação e usabilidade com o usuário, a fim de que as operações do sistema do Projeto sejam executadas em um ambiente virtual navegável e fluente. Como no projeto, um ambiente Web necessita, geralmente, de um refinamento em relação a sua facilidade de uso, a fim de que os seus usuários não percam o interesse de acessar o conteúdo da interface [2]. Para a realização desta pesquisa, as atividades foram divididas nas seguintes etapas: capacitação; elaboração da abordagem de interfaces Web; aplicação da técnica em um estudo de caso; e análise dos resultados. Estas atividades estão descritas nas próximas seções.
... However, as the web site is the entry portal for both regular visitors and developers, the principle of scaled presentation should be adhered, meaning that what the degree of detail presented should correspond to the efforts put in by the reader [Fog05]. Unless the web site meets the needs of the intended users, it does not meet the need of the organization providing the web site [Bev04]. ...
... To create a web page that provides good usability, it is important to decide upon how it is to be navigated. User's expectations should be met by following conventions established by other sites, users should know where they are and to where they can go, and links should be self-explanatory [Bev04]. Thus, the navigational structure was inspired by the web sites of several other open source projects, the menu items were given self-explanatory names, and it was decided to use "breadcrumbs" 9 , to help users identify where they are at the page. ...
... To assess the newsroom usability, researchers examined how easy it was to find the information within the newsroom and whether a number of different ways of interaction or information exchange are available (Bevan, 1999). The availability of a search engine within the newsroom and interactive features were investigated. ...
... downloading time, broken links, inconsistent design and clutter) were not examined. The design usability should be further investigated in future studies because the website design could affect users' evaluation of contents as well (Bevan, 1999;Hallahan, 2001). ...
... The intended users will have expectations and needs, which if not met by the site, the provider of the service might risk lack of credibility and a big chance of site failure. Nigel Bevan also refers to sites having the need to meet "quality of use" [1]. The design process will undergo several stages during the web site creation. ...
... Keeping the records and log files can 7 therefore be part of determining the rate of success for a web site. During the end of the process the web site needs to undergo evaluation and maintenance/management in order to adopt to changes, and to ensure to meet the ever evolving and changing of users needs and expectations [13,1]. ...
Abstract Given a set of dierent existing systems, a single web application has been constructed. Acting as a replacement for the systems the web application has been built up as a multiple page Ajax enabled web application. Using Ajax as technique to enhance the usability along with performance criterion such as response time for end users. The web application follows the rules set by W3C and validates as XHTML 1.0 and CSS 2.1. Using style sheets and logic layers within the application makes it,exible for future upgrades. Data is being stored in a SQL database. The web application will communicate with the SQL along with an existing database in order to fetch and visualize data on the GUI served by the web application. Software used has been Microsoft Visual Web Developer 2008 Express Edition and Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Management Studio Express Edition for database creation. Importing the ASP.NET Ajax extensions framework into MS Visual Web Developer 2008 Express Edition has made it possible to add Ajax features into the web application. ii Contents
... Several researchers have found that a simple and well-designed website saves the traders' time (Jahangir and Begum, 2008), though there are no clear guidelines to design the website to increase the engagement of users (Bevan, 1997;Kim et al., 2008;Brady and Phillips, 2003). The consumers enjoyed using their phones as electronic payment devices and valued the benefits of the design that provided ease of use and usefulness (Lin and Hsieh, 2006;Lai and Zainal, 2015). ...
... Several researchers have found that a simple and well-designed website saves the traders' time (Jahangir and Begum, 2008), though there are no clear guidelines to design the website to increase the engagement of users (Bevan, 1997;Kim et al., 2008;Brady and Phillips, 2003). The consumers enjoyed using their phones as electronic payment devices and valued the benefits of the design that provided ease of use and usefulness (Lin and Hsieh, 2006;Lai and Zainal, 2015). ...
Abstract
Purpose: This study was undertaken to explore the determinants which affect the behavior
intention of individuals to make online investments. It was proposed to extend the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) to better explain online investment behavior. The factors which
were added in the TAM model were perceived security, perceived privacy, and website
security.
Design/methodology/approach: The conceptual model of the study was tested on 220
respondents using the structural equation model (SEM). The data for the study was collected
using a structured questionnaire consisting of reliable and established scales.
Findings: The findings indicate that perceived ease of use and security are significantly
associated with the intention of the consumer to use online investments whereas perceived
usefulness is not found to have a statistically significant impact on the intention of the
individuals to make online investments. The website design and perceived security contribute
to users’ perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness but perceived privacy doesn’t
contribute to either of them.
Originality/value: The present research is one of the few studies which examines the overall
investment behavior of an individual across a range of investment products. It provides a guide
to the organizations which are providing online investment services to individuals and helps
them to identify the factors which make the entire process of online investments smooth for an
individual.
Keywords: Perceived security, perceived privacy, website design, behavior intention, online
investment behavior
... Usability is defined as a system's capacity to allow a user to accomplish a task safely, effectively, and efficiently [1]. Usability related problems are termed usability issues [2]. One of the most integral parts of optimizing a User Experience (UX) is identifying and addressing usability issues. ...
Identifying and addressing usability issues is a vital part of improving player experiences in games. This paper delves into different methods that can be applied to shortlist usability issues in games. We specifically discuss observational studies, think-aloud protocols, questionnaires, surveys, user interviews, focus groups, and heuristic evaluations. The paper also discusses approaches to prioritize usability issues in games through severity ratings. Severity ratings allow researchers to prioritize issues in terms of their impact on player experience and other factors, including business goals, cost of redesigns, etc. We also discuss how the player’s usability data can be analyzed using different approaches. Next, we discuss sources of biases in usability studies, ways of determining optimal sample size and approaches to reducing evaluator effect. Finally, we describe approaches to ideating design solutions to address usability concerns in games.
... If a website does not meet the expectations and needs of its visitors, then it will not fulfill the needs of the organization represented on the site. Fig. 1 Conceptual model for understanding and improving e-service quality (Zeithaml and Bitner 2000) Website development must be user-centered, and the needs of the user should be paramount when maintaining or making changes in website design (Bevan 1997). In designing a good website, a number of factors play important roles in providing the required functional support, in terms of identifying and addressing the needs of the customer during different stages of their decision-making process (Liang and Lai 2002). ...
The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the zone of tolerance and student satisfaction level; it examines desired educational service levels, minimum service levels, and students’ perceptions of actual service. By utilizing an inclusive service quality approach, a conceptual framework for measuring zone of tolerance in higher education services is presented, to examine the delivery of both non-academic and academic service quality for hospitality and tourism education in Malaysia. A self-selection sampling approach is used, with an online questionnaire survey of 300 respondents, to study hospitality and tourism programs in public and private universities across Malaysia. Data are analyzed using descriptive measures, gap analysis, and t-tests. Results reveal that the evaluation of educational services can be scaled according to different types of expectations—desired and adequate—and that students use these two types of expectations as a comparison standard in evaluating higher education services in Malaysia.
... Çalışmaya temel oluşturan verilerin toplanmasında içerik değerlendirme formundan yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda belediye başkanının web sitesinde olması gereken kriterlerin belirlenmesinde Bevan (2004), Feinberg ve Kadam (2002), Turban (2006) çalışmalarından ayrıca araştırmacıların kişisel görüşlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda 20 değerlendirme ölçütünden oluşan bir web site değerlendirme ölçeği oluşturulmuştur. ...
ZET Seçmen davranışlarını etkileyen değişkenlerin tespit edilmesinin güçlüğü ve seçmen tercihlerinin değişebilir olması, siyasi partilerin ve adayların tercihleri etkilemek için gösterdikleri çabaların artmasına neden olmaktadır. Siyasal pazarlama bakış açısıyla partilerin ve adayların seçmenler ile iletişim düzeyi, başarılarında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle internetin siyasal pazarlama çalışmaları için kullanılması, iletişimin her iki taraf için daha hızlı ve daha etkili olmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, partilerin ve adayların sahip oldukları web siteleri ile seçmenlere yönelik doğrudan iletişim kurmaları, seçim dönemlerinde gerçekleştirecekleri çalışmalara olumlu katkı sağlayacaktır. Çalışmada, siyasetçiler için yeni bir iletişim aracı olan web sitelerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla öncelikle siyasal pazarlama konusu aktarılmış, konu ile ilgili literatür incelemesinde bulunulmuş, daha sonra da web sitesi kullanan belediye başkanlarının web siteleri çeşitli kriterlere göre değerlendirilmiştir. ABSTRACT The strength of determining voter behaviour of which variables influenced by and mutability of voter choices result in increasing effort undertaken by political parties and candidates for influencing voter choices. As a perspective of political marketing, the communication degrees of political parties and candidates with voters playing an important role on their success. For this reason the use of internet for political marketing efforts, make the communication come true more fast and more effective for two sides. Consequently, the direct communication linking the web sites of political parties and candidates with voters, will have a positive contribution to efforts in election periods. In this study, first the subject of political marketing is discussed and the related literature and as a new way of communicaion for politicians web sites are analyzed. Later, the web sites of mayors are analzyed by different criteria.
... It is strongly recommend that you should use a strong and bright contrast between foreground and background colors not only for your pager text but also in your images. Even totally color blind readers can differentiate similar colors which contrast bright with dark [1][5]. ...
Websites are very important means of communication in this current era of information technology. Website can give a competitive edge to any organization only when it meets the needs of the intended users [1]. Different institutions / organizations put lots of efforts to portray complete information on beautifully designed websites. Lot of efforts are given to provide users with all the facilities of the concerned institutions / organizations online through websites, which act as an online agent through which a user can get his work done without physically visiting the organizations. With this the responsibility of the designer and the concerned institutions / organizations increases manifold so that the websites behavior should remain similar when accessed by different sections of users. Authors in this paper developed an online tool using .NET Framework using C# to study color combination as Design issue in various categories of the websites like Government, Commercial, Educational, Social networking and Job portals. The automated tool developed by author function on the basis of the different standards prescribed in W3C guidelines document WCAG 2.0 in guideline 1.4(Distinguishable) [4] and act like a parser and renders the complete code of the website and produces result on the basis of the various types of color combinations used by the web designers in developing various parts of the website and their effects on the different sections of the users that suffer from various color blindness problems. Various groups of user are sensitive to different combinations of colors. While certain users are able to recognize any combination of colors that may cause hindrances to other group of users. The results produced shows that out of the five different categories of websites employed for analysis the Job portal sites follow the minimum of standards as far as color combination parameter is concerned whereas govt. sites show least divergence from the standards.
... Qualitative criteria This group of criteria includes main criteria: User friendliness, Navigability, Maintenance, Technology suitability, Reusability, Involvement capacity, Functionality, Security and integrity & Content. (Mich &Franch,2002;Mich & Franch, 2000;Mich, Franch, Cilione & Marzani, 2003;Mich, Franch, Novi Inverardi & Marzani, 2003;Kececi & Abran, 2006;Bevan ,1998;Dreyfus, 1998;Keeker, 1997;Trower, 1999;Nielsen, 1999;Gehrke & Turban, 1999;Ivory & et al, 2001;Shedroff, 2005;Dragulanescu, 2002;Grannas, 2007). ...
The current web evaluation models are mainly based on the technical evaluation of the site and its appearance and usability from user's perspective. In other words, the site is evaluated as an independent entity from the underlying organization that it represents. The focus of this study is on evaluation of organizations' websites based on the quality management concepts. In this way, the measured performance indicators will be used to find the deficiencies of the websites and recommend corrections. For evaluating the organization's success in its website function, the concept of quality management is used and since evaluation and improvement are the center of attention in this model, the model is called Ev-Imp, which Ev stands for evaluation and Imp stands for improvement. Model includes four main components consist of objectives, processes, criteria and feedback. With the use of feedback tools such as quantitative and qualitative questionnaire for groups of stakeholders and service providers, the website's weaknesses and strengths would be identified and with analyzing the website's weaknesses required improvement would be determined and corrective action would be done.
... The number of clicks to CSR pages was also obtained to gain perspective on the importance of CSR to the organizations. Bevan (1999) posited that the fewer the clicks taken to a section of the site from the homepage, the more important that section is to the owner. Table 5 shows no significant difference (χ 2 = 3.607, p < 0.05) across all organizations, and majority of the local (79.5%) ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been found to be a strong predictor of a favorable corporate image [Gray, 1986. Managing the corporate image: The key to public trust. London: Quorum Books]. Websites have become an essential communication platform [Dawkins, 2004. Corporate responsibility: The communication challenge. Journal of Communication Management, 9(2), 108–119]. This study aims to investigate how CSR can be used in enhancing organizational corporate image. Content analyses of 150 corporate websites of organizations in Asia headquartered in Singapore were conducted, followed by in-depth interviews with public relations (PR) practitioners to examine the motivations behind their CSR engagement. Findings showed that organizations utilized CSR as a means to enhance corporate image via four ways: Engaging in two-way conversations with stakeholders, adopting an inside-out communication approach with employees, recognizing the relevance of other CSR communication channels, and communicating CSR with authenticity. However, some organizations hesitate to use CSR communication to enhance their corporate image because they wanted to avoid being seen as using CSR as a promotional tool.
... It contributes to HCI by suggesting detailed and specific guidelines for the way in which systems and interfaces are designed. Bevan (1999) argues that organisations often produce websites that mirror the internal concerns of the organisation rather than what the users wants. He also believes that more attention is given to the design of printed material than websites. ...
When a large organisation spends a notable proportion of its budget on creating a positive web
presence, one would assume the web site to be well designed, usable and to provide a good user
experience. This is not always true. In this case study we investigated a large
telecommunications organisation based in Africa to determine the value it places on usability and
user experience. We evaluated a core function of the web site through an eye tracking usability
study and found severe usability problems. This led to an investigation into the reasons for this.
Through interviews with web designers in the organisation, we discovered how they view the design process and why they believe that basic, documented design guidelines are not worth following. The results will help management of large organisations understand why web sites fail to achieve their goals and provide pointers on how to address this.
... Qualitative and quantitative parameters are two basic parts of criteria in this model that will be explained more. Basically qu alitative criteria [1][2][3][4][5] and [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] 2. Quantitative questionnaire gathers statistics and required information about the website functionality and its output. These data is achieved through the questionnaire which is given to the organization to gather and represent information from its related sectors or its service providers. ...
Continuous web site evaluation based on the site alignment with the mission of organization and providing more efficient site is discussed in this paper. This method integrates the quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods to measure the site's success. The indicators are generated and changed throughout time with expert's input.
... Qualitative and quantitative parameters are two basic parts of criteria in this model that will be explained more. Basically qu alitative criteria [1][2][3][4][5] and [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] 2. Quantitative questionnaire gathers statistics and required information about the website functionality and its output. These data is achieved through the questionnaire which is given to the organization to gather and represent information from its related sectors or its service providers. ...
Continuous web site evaluation based on the site alignment with the mission of organization and providing more efficient site is discussed in this paper. This method integrates the quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods to measure the site's success. The indicators are generated and changed throughout time with expert's input.
... Moreover, the findings show that most of the participants without dyslexia found the bulleted points beneficial to both their reading and learning process. Bevan [9] and Nielsen [60] were among others who recommend the use of bulleted points to improve web text scan ability and support a more interactive learning experience for web users. This is supported by Atkinson and Mayer [4] who point out that a screen full of text overloads the mind's visual channel. ...
To date, guidelines for designing inclusive dyslexia-friendly online learning environments, which take into consideration both learners with and without dyslexia, are still scarce. As web text is one of the extensively used elements in online learning, this study aims to derive practical guidelines on this aspect by exploring the experience of learners with dyslexia and learners without dyslexia when using different online reading affordances. The study employed a within-subjects qualitative study and key patterns that emerged from the data collected via observations and interviews were interpreted based on two important aspects of learning experience, which were perceived learning and engagement. The study reveals that (1) the direct application of Printed Text on the web should be carefully considered, (2) existing web accessibility guidelines (limit to guidelines examined in this study) are appropriate and (3) the use of a Screen Reader for online reading should not be made compulsory and be available as an option instead. The comparison between the experience of learners with and without dyslexia in this study has yielded insights into affordances that are perceived positively by both groups of learners. As learners with dyslexia form a significant minority of the online learning population, the inclusive dyslexia-friendly guidelines derived from this study would better inform the future implementation of online reading affordances that acknowledge differences and similarities between online learners.
... Yet, Palmer (2002) postulates that usability is determined by download time, navigation, content, interactivity, and responsiveness. Similar to usability, many other key design elements, such as scannability, readability, and visual aesthetics, have not yet been clearly defined (Bevan, 1997;Brady & Phillips, 2003;Kim, Lee, Han, & Lee, 2002), and there are no clear guidelines that individuals can follow when designing websites to increase engagement. ...
Proper design has become a critical element needed to engage website and mobile application users. However, little research has been conducted to define the specific elements used in effective website and mobile application design. We attempt to review and consolidate research on effective design and to define a short list of elements frequently used in research. The design elements mentioned most frequently in the reviewed literature were navigation, graphical representation, organization, content utility, purpose, simplicity, and readability. We discuss how previous studies define and evaluate these seven elements. This review and the resulting short list of design elements may be used to help designers and researchers to operationalize best practices for facilitating and predicting user engagement.
... Reference [58] has introduced the concordance analysis approach to evaluate the ecommerce web sites, and established the comprehensive evaluation model. Reference [59] discussed in his study the usability issues in web site design. Reference [60] has focused on the challenge for the Web development organizations to help organizations finding and characterizing target groups for web sites and to create web applications that can be used to communicate certain information and values to these specific target groups. ...
... Requirements on the presentation layer R-P1 -Usability: The system should adhere to well-established usability guidelines [34,41]. ...
Collaborative collection and sharing of data have become a core element of biomedical research. Typical applications are multi-site registries which collect sensitive person-related data prospectively, often together with biospecimens. To secure these sensitive data, national and international data protection laws and regulations demand the separation of identifying data from biomedical data and to introduce pseudonyms. Neither the formulation in laws and regulations nor existing pseudonymization concepts, however, are precise enough to directly provide an implementation guideline. We therefore describe core requirements as well as implementation options for registries and study databases with sensitive biomedical data.
We first analyze existing concepts and compile a set of fundamental requirements for pseudonymized data management. Then we derive a system architecture that fulfills these requirements. Next, we provide a comprehensive overview and a comparison of different technical options for an implementation. Finally, we develop a generic software solution for managing pseudonymized data and show its feasibility by describing how we have used it to realize two research networks.
We have found that pseudonymization models are highly heterogeneous, already on a conceptual level. We have compiled a set of requirements from different pseudonymization schemes. We propose an architecture and present an overview of technical options. Based on a selection of technical elements, we suggest a generic solution. It supports the multi-site collection and management of biomedical data. Security measures are multi-tier pseudonymity and physical separation of data over independent backend servers. Integrated views are provided by a web-based user interface. Our approach has been successfully used to implement a national and an international rare disease network.
We were able to identify a set of core requirements out of several pseudonymization models. Considering various implementation options, we realized a generic solution which was implemented and deployed in research networks. Still, further conceptual work on pseudonymity is needed. Specifically, it remains unclear how exactly data is to be separated into distributed subsets. Moreover, a thorough risk and threat analysis is needed.
... Bevan [4] stated that designer should take into account the user requirements and the expectations while developing website in order to satisfy the organization management. When developing an e-commerce website, taking a user-centered approach helps avoid many design and implementation errors. ...
Over the past few years the Internet has become an essential business platform by aiding trading, distribution and sales between organisations, consumers, and even between consumers. This has brought e-commerce to an entirely new level which raised some issues in websites usability and the human-computer interaction. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to identify and analyse the extent to which the site is fulfilling all the user's requirements and needs. The related work covers the history of human-computer interaction and the benefits of using user-centered approach, which is the methodology been used in this paper. Moreover, a brief comparison between the most important development methods, such as Waterfall and user-centred methods are discussed in terms of addressing the issues of time saving and addressing fulfilment of users' needs. In order to address most of the issues that is related to the attributes in the usability stage of the evaluation, the data required to manage this study was collected using three research methods; the questionnaire, direct user observation and interviews. An evaluation of the current websites, based on statements of usability goals and criteria were chosen from the Arabic guidelines in the literature, were undertaken in connection with implementing and testing the proposed websites design. Many famous Arabic websites such as JARIR bookstore and Ahmad Abdul wahed website were chosen as a case study in this paper to investigate the usability and interactivity of the websites design. The analysis section includes needs, users and tasks and data analysis, whereas the design phase includes the user interface and database design. At the end of this paper, some recommendations are presented regarding these website that can be considered in developing these website in the future.
... In order to capture human factors entirely in any application or software design is obviously ongoing research across diverse aspects and sectors. In the last decades, the research of the usability was effectively and widely done by many researchers to improve the quality of the design [1,2,3]. Human computer interface is an intermediary in a communication between people and computers. ...
In software system development, an application interface is the main communication platform between human developers and applications. Interaction in any software application requires human's mental and physical activities. Although software systems have increased drastically in diverse sectors and many forms to quench human's needs and satisfactions, human always concern about the ease in usability of the software application so that it can be easily understood and navigated. Since many software developers still focus on the quantity of contents instead of the quality of the interface from the user's point of view, it is important to address human factors need in the early stage of the design and to continue addressing them during the entire stages of the software design for the persistent support of usability. In this paper, we propose the Modified Prototype Model (MPM), which helps the software designers and developers to design user-friendly software systems with easy-to-navigate interfaces by uncovering human factors in a convenient way. Moreover, we propose methods that assist to identify more human factors regarding software design. In this paper, we also study the implications of the proposed model and the proposed methods.
... Qualitative and quantitative parameters are two basic parts of criteria in this model that will be explained more. Basically qu alitative criteria [1][2][3][4][5] and [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] 2. Quantitative questionnaire gathers statistics and required information about the website functionality and its output. These data is achieved through the questionnaire which is given to the organization to gather and represent information from its related sectors or its service providers. ...
Continuous web site evaluation based on the site
alignment with the mission of organization and providing
more efficient site is discussed in this paper. This method
integrates the quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods
to measure the site’s success. The indicators are generated
and changed throughout time with expert’s input.
... Cf.Bevan, 1998;Nielsen, 1994Nielsen, , 1997Selber et al., 1997. ...
Designing interactive computer systems to be efficient and easy to use is important so that people in our society may realize the potential benefits of computer-based tools .... Although modern cognitive psychology contains a wealth of knowledge of human ...
... This perspective is influenced by strategic advantage and return on investment and there is a continuing need for website owner's to be conscious of their business competitors' performance. From a visitor perspective, quality websites need to be easy to find, download and understand (Nielsen, 1996; Keeker, 1997; Bevan, 1998). Visitors need to be confident with the content and be reassured about the authority and integrity of the website. ...
There is a continuing need for quality eCommerce websites which satisfy their owner’s perspective of quality of design and visitor’s perspective of quality of use. More particularly there is a need for website owners to be able to specify what constitutes a website that will fully engage site visitors and consequently what needs to be designed into the website in order to insure return on investment. This paper argues that the term usability is inappropriate to quality websites and that website engagibility is a step beyond usability. The paper reports continuing research which seeks to identify the requirements of website engagibility, and to provide a mathematical solution for measuring and comparing website performance. The research relies on the Software Quality Star to provide an end-to-end conceptual model for studying website quality. In particular it focuses on the potential of a website’s design to support the engagibility of visitors. Using a comprehensive set of Quality-of-product criteria and counts for a set of eCommerce websites the paper explains how a ratio value can be calculated for a website. These metrics specifically avoid reliance on website traffic data and visitor statistics and the study concerns itself with website structure and design criteria. The approach is influenced by assessment and predictive measurement theory. Then, using Metric Ratio Analysis the paper shows how website engagibility performance ratings can be determined.
... To establish whether the initial quality in use goals have been met, measures are taken of the task time, the degree of success in achieving the tasks, and the rated satisfaction in using the Web site. For more information on a user-centred approach to design see for example Bevan (1997) for web site design guidelines, Bevan and Curson (1998) and Daly-Jones et al (1997) for information on methods for user-centred design, and Bevan (1995) and Macleod et all (1997) for quality in use measurement. ...
Designing an interactive product or service for all possible users requires consideration of more than just physical accessibility. Even if there is sufficient physical accessibility, many systems will still present major barriers to their use, in terms of cognitive accessibility: the functionality, terminology, information structure and interface style frequently confuse the intended user. Usually, the main emphasis in systems design is on building systems that meet specific functional requirements, without a sufficiently detailed understanding of the cognitive and physical capabilities and expectations of the intended users, or a clear view of the context in which the system will be used. The problem is compounded by the difficulty that designers usually have in recognizing shortcomings or limitations in their own design. There are cost-effective procedures for dealing with this problem, which have recently been formalized in ISO 13407: Human-centred design process for interactive systems. User-centred design provides a framework which can potentially make "Design for All" a reality. The goal is to achieve quality in use for all. User-centred design encompasses processes, tools and techniques which can be used to identify and document the complete range of user requirements, including special needs arising from (dis-)abilities, skills, preferences, or any other characteristic of the end user population. The tight design / evaluation loop advocated by user-centred design provides feedback to correct design deficiencies at an early stage while changes are relatively simple to make. Procedures for evaluating quality in use have been developed as part of approaches to usability evaluation, and now need to be extended to encompass procedures for evaluating accessibility. In summary, "Design for All" entails both physical and cognitive accessibility. New hardware and software technologies are required to make it easier to provide physical accessibility. New integrated approaches to system development are required to make it easier to provide cognitive accessibility. Only by combining these activities can "Design for all" be achieved.
... The same or similar techniques as traditionally have been used. However, this new evaluation context requires new approaches (Borges et al, 1996(Borges et al, , 1998Bevan, 1998;Nielsen, 1999;Spool, 1999;Olsson, 2000aOlsson, , 2000b Kaasgard, 2000). ...
Observations collected during evaluation studies conducted on three web sites are reported in this paper. The sites have different target groups and represent different types of entertainment web sites. Every web site was tested with a group of approximately 20 subjects. The intention was to test these groups in different ways according to different usability evaluation techniques. The study focused on comparison of the following conditions: (1) Subjects working individually vs. in pairs, (2) Levels of structure in sessions, traditional tasks vs. 'free surf' vs. combined task analysis and 'free surf' (3) Testing children vs. testing adults. (4) Written vs. oral answers to questions concerning entertainment. The whole set was tested on the three sites in a number of ways. This to gain knowledge in order to give implications for testing different types of sites. The result show upon how different conditions in tests could be set in order to give fruitful guidance in finding usability issues connected to entertainment.
... Further examination, however, reveals that many of our basic assumptions about and strat egies for approaching these learning dimensions require modification simply due to a change in the learning environment. Drawing on the considerabl e research devoted to the usability of perform ance systems and e-learning design (Bevan, 1998;Nielsen, 1994Nielsen, , 1997Mehlenbacher, 2002Mehlenbacher, , 2003, we can begin to outline a set of heuristics for the designers of e-learning environments: Does printing of the screen(s) require special configuration to optimize presentation and, if so, is this indicated on the site? Are individual preferences/sections clearly distinguishable from one another? ...
Our goal in this paper is to outline the challenges facing researchers and practitioners interested in merging theories of usability design and evaluation with developments in e-learning. We provide a brief overvi ew of usability research that is grounded in both early Human-Computer Int eraction (HCI) res earch and in classical and contemporary rhetorical theory. Our motivation for doing this is to describe a conceptual model of instruction that affords both usability and e-learning researchers a common framework for approaching the exponentially-growing number of studies devoted to e-learning in general and the design of us able e-learning specifi cally. Rather than simply applying methods from usability research to the study of e-learning environments, we maintain that (1) usability research encourages a task-oriented perspective towards (e-learning) instruction that has implications for learning theory and (2) e-learning research broadens our traditional definitions of user, task, and context derived from usability to account for form al and informal learning environments. Finally, we share an heuristic tool that we are developing for evaluating e-learning environm ents and experiences. Keywords: heuristics, learning, model, e- learning, usability. The fact that many serious and competent scholars can conclude that there has been little net productivity gain attributable to this (modern computing) technology seems enough proof that something is wrong. Landauer, 1997 1 Defining Usability Usability evaluation finds its beginnings in early research on human-information processing theory (Newell & Simon, 1972; Simon, 1979, 1981) and Human-Computer Interaction (Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983). At the heart of usability evaluation is the application of social science res earch and theories of computer and information technology to the challenge of designing tools that are us eful and usable to hum ans. Understanding hum ans as technology users necessitates an understanding of humans as audience, where audience is understood in the postmodern sense as actively engaged information producers and consumers (Ryan, 1994).
... Punkterna redovisade ovan var en första CID-rapport med riktlinjer och tips för utformning , konstruktion och utvärdering av webbplatser. Liknande beskrivning görs av Bevan (1997) men här görs beskrivningar som följer olika projektfaser d.v.s. planering, konstruktion , utvärdering och underhåll. ...
... In order to deal with human factors entirely in any application or software design was a hot ongoing research across different aspects and areas. In the past, the research of the usability was effectively and widely done by many researchers to improve the quality of the design [1,2,3]. Human computer design (interface) is an intermediary in a communication between people and computers. ...
äHuman computer interaction is concerned about the physical and mental activities between computers and humans. In terms of HCI perspective, one of the main problems that web developers, software developers, and hardware developers encounter in software design stage is a lack of experimental researches on the human factors. Mainly, developers are focused on the quantities and contents of the applications, but they are underestimating the importance of user experience and capabilities. There has been a research on the usability. However, there is still a gap in the design area called human factors which particularly needs careful consideration and findings. Thus, this research primarily investigates on how to understand and uncover the human factors in any application or software design. At this time, there are no accurate and particular models and methods on identifying and analyzing the human factors, therefore, we present new design model as our HPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKPRGHOFDOOHG� ≥,QWHQVLYH� 3URWRW\SH� 0RGHO¥� L n order to enhance and facilitate the design process. We also propose unique and relative analysis methods: user- centered design, online survey, distributed survey and so on which they can assist the designer on identifying human factors regarding to application and software design. Finally, we discuss the key principles of this research to support the early stage of application design and to anticipate the human needs and requirements in computer interaction.
... Today's highly interactive web applications tend to adopt interaction styles borrowed from traditional software. This is not however always acceptable, since the web poses special requirements that need to be taken into consideration [Bevan (1998)]. For instance, the characteristics of web users are not always well known in advance and can vary considerably. ...
Usability evaluation is a very important procedure for the quality assessment of websites. In this paper usability evaluation methods are discussed. The application of one of these methods, the Heuristic evaluation, is further examined and the findings of its employment in the usability assessment of the new website of Hellenic Open University are described.
... Maintenance covers a plan and reviews the site structure as it grows, reviews the users' needs and makes sure the site continues to meet the needs. This also covers monitoring feedback from users, keeping track on words used when searching the site and where people first arrive on the site; checking for broken links; and finally comparing the site to other comparable sites as Web browsers and Web designs evolve (Bevan, 1999). ...
The main objective of this study is to review the adoption of Internet and ICT, Web site development and Internet marketing, as well as to study the correlation between these three factors. This study also tries to study marketers' perception in Malaysia and Singapore on the implication of the Internet and ICT on Web site development and implication of Web site development on Internet marketing. The overall of 200 samples shows that the correlation between the Internet and ICT, Web site development, and Internet marketing are positive. The analysis of each country, Malaysia and Singapore also shows that there are positive correlations for all the variables. The study proved that the Internet and ICT has a statistically significant positive impact on Web site development in Malaysia and Singapore. The study also concluded that Web site development has a statistically significant positive impact on the Internet marketing in Malaysia and Singapore.
... • Quality of the information and content Abels, White and Hahn 1998; Salam et al. 1998 • Quantity of information Abels et al. 1998; White and Manning 1998 • Accessibility, easy to read Murphy 1999; Ceaparu 2003 • Understanding of the audience Reynolds 1997; Nel et al. 1999 • Appropriateness Bevan 1998, Cukier 2003 • Topography, design of the text White and Manning 1998; Nielsen 1999 • Locating information Jenkins et al, 2003; Ceaparu 2003; Hargittai 2003 ...
Designing and maintaining websites can be costly for small business, therefore the decision to embark on a Web strategy should not be taken lightly. Critical to the success of a web site is its design. Most small business web sites focus on information provision yet for many it would appear there is a lack of understanding of how to design a web site that delivers information effectively to users. This paper presents research that examined the effectiveness of small business web sites from the perspective of users. Findings indicate that: users found many sites contained too much irrelevant information; users were critical of sites where not enough information was provided; how the text is organised is important; and, the quality and quantity of information provided on the websites and the display and size of the text influenced the ability of users to complete the task and not be frustrated.
The increasing role of travel websites in distributing tourism products highlights the need to study how travelers interact with tourism websites and what is a good service on the web. E-service quality (e-SQ) features are among the main factors contributing to service excellence and customer satisfaction. Tourism managers should identify and assess the underlying dimensions of electronic service quality, to deliver value-added services to their customers. Hence, tourism providers must constantly ensure their website is efficient, helpful, and appropriate, through proper website evaluation. The main objective of this chapter is to investigate the travel websites’ service quality dimensions. First, the concept of e-service quality (e-SQ) and the conceptual model for e-SQ are clarified. By reviewing the different methods of website evaluation in the tourism industry, this chapter provides a foundation for understanding how travel website design features contribute to website users’ online experience. This knowledge can improve the service delivery by tourism websites; it also helps tourism organizations to evaluate the e-SQ of their websites, to guide improvement efforts to increase the e-SQ level. This chapter provides recommendations for tourism service providers in implementing e-service quality measurements to develop attractive e-SQ attributes.
Actualmente es complicado encontrar una empresa que no tenga como parte de su estrategia la presencia web. El impacto de la gestión de la interacción entre los usuarios y la tecnología web (usabilidad) es de vital importancia y puede ser la base para mejorar posteriormente la gestión de la marca o tomar decisiones de comercio electrónico. Este estudio busca realizar un análisis de evaluación sin usuarios con la herramienta heurística Sirius de la usabilidad web de las principales marcas de moda españolas. Seleccionando dichas marcas a partir del informe Interbrand se estudian las webs de marcas como Zara, Mango o Desigual, analizando diferentes aspectos de su usabilidad web.
In the present day scenario the World Wide Web (WWW) is an important and popular information search tool. It provides convenient access to almost all kinds of information – from education to entertainment. It also makes global information available at our fingertips. This problem of ‘long download time' is relevant not only to Web users but also to the authors and designers of websites, as websites that take a long time to download are rarely or less frequently visited. In fact it is felt necessary that the website shall adhere strictly the W3C guidelines to achieve optimum web design and promote quality of websites so as to make the website safer and user friendly and to address the possible reduction of down load waiting time of web pages. A case study with reference to the various Universities in India is discussed in this chapter and assesses the quality of web design about their status of Quality and user friendliness.
In this research we identify the usability issues, website does not meet the user need it is not best approach of web usability. Website that contain the structure of a particular domain, business but does not fulfil the user's objective it is major usability issue of website. These websites will also not fulfil the organizations need. For web usability first of all the website must be user friendly. The objectives of the website must be clearly define. Short links given for user to easily access the website. Website contain some features, to use the website and their features some key points must be clearly define to reduce the usability issue. Navigation bar must contain some common links that the user fined in all websites .All links must be cover their title which provide the user access to fulfil the needs. Website establishment must provide guidelines for writing styles, for navigation bar, page design and for short links that provide the better usability to user. In all website criteria maintenance is very important for better usability. Also monitoring helps to reduce the usability issues of a website
Evaluation measure of web site is an important tool for web mining and information release. Fatherly, maintainability is a notable merit among the evaluation. But, the measure which is able to stably attain standardized maintainability is absent in present. In fact, the merit is just implied in the search engines. When the spiders of search engine periodically visits web site to find new information and information update, both updating history and interval of web site page, which reflect the maintainability of web site, are recorded into search engine cache. By comparing latest web caches with current web pages, maintainability degree of web site can be calculated, and then maintainability of a web site is obtained too. The paper presents a search engine based maintainability evaluation measure of web site. Some experiments aim to test the measure illustrate the evaluation result and performance are credible and valuable.
User-based satisfaction questionnaires have so far been little used in the evaluation of web sites. A 60-item questionnaire was developed following a factor model used with success for conventional software evaluation. This questionnaire was shown to have high reliabilities and a large database of expected values was gathered for it. It was employed in a study evaluating chamber of commerce web sites in two European cities, together with metrics which measured aspects of user performance and heuristic analysis. It was shown that the questionnaire results agreed with and amplified the other data. The results indicate that questionnaire data can be both reliable and valid for the assessment of user satisfaction with web sites. Some future directions for research are discussed.
This study examined the impact of front-end, web page usability guideline implementation on aesthetic evaluations of e-commerce web pages and perceptions of the e-retailer. Four design factors (background color, white space, thumbnail image location, and thumbnail image size) were selected and varied based upon an in-depth review of the usability, human factors, and human-computer interaction literature. As a secondary focus, this study also explored the impact of these design factors on consumer trust, product preference, and purchase intention. Conjoint analysis and optimal design methodologies were used to develop sixteen web page prototypes, which were assessed through an online survey. Results indicated that subtle design manipulations had significant effects on consumer evaluations of web page aesthetics and perceptions of the e-retailer.
Evaluating usability is sometimes troublesome. Evaluation of systems containing entertainment makes it even more complex. The question one might ask is if the traditional methods is useful at all when dealing with entertainment. We report from the first iteration of three, in an empirical usability evaluation series on entertainment web sites. The sites evaluated areMosquito and Eurovision Song Contest. The approach we used was to use traditional usability evaluation methods and elaborate with specified conditions. This in order to be able to give guidance in how to use such methods for informing in design projects. The conditions elaborated were Intervention of testers, number of evaluated users at the same time, usage of more strictly approach with given tasks vs. a more explorative scheme and written vs. oral answers on questions concerning user's experiences. The paper conclude by giving implications for evaluation of entertainment web sites; (1) Elaboration with methods, questions and level of intervention must be refined in the start up as this type of sites are unpredictable in it's nature. (2) Verbalizations of experiences are very hard to get from the users. Overall, the general finding was that traditional usability is important in this context as well. Even if the web sites are entertainment based - do not forget about traditional usability. If a general level of understanding of basics as navigation and structure of information, the user experience when it comes to the entertainment might as well be lost.
Motivating factors for use of electronic government site have been identified from an adaptation of a set of evaluation criteria of web sites focused on the user. The web site selected for analysis was Comprasnet. The general purpose of the research was to identify the predominant criteria in decision-making when Comprasnet was chosen. Several interviews were carried out with Comprasnet users by telephone nationwide. As a conclusion, presentation and discussion of the motivating factors were brought forth, as well as the hampers and recommendations for further studies.
In a web-based environment, a focus, whether intentional or not, on style over content, and technical and technological ‘whiz-bang-ery’ over simplicity and usability, can significantly decrease the usefulness of a product for an end user. This danger can be minimised via increased focus on understanding end user needs, characteristics and preferred modes of interaction combined with actual user involvement in the design, development and testing processes—known as user—centred design. Relatively little is understood about how users interact with web-based spatial interfaces. Many of the issues relating to presenting spatial information in a ‘screen-based’ environment that have been identified over the last decade are yet to be practicably tested in ‘real-world’ environments by either academia or industry. Additionally, the requirement for usable guidelines, rules and principles is yet to be fully met. Although cognitive/perceptual studies are required to fully understand how users interact with spatial content using ‘standard’ and alternative spatial tools, adherence to user-cantered design principles and the use of heuristics and small- and large-scale usability testing can be applied to improve both the utility and the usability of web sites (i.e. their usefulness). During web development, a user-centred approach to conceptual design, content development, interface design and functional design can be exploited to improve the user experience. This paper provides an overview of current usability research in both the Geospatial and more general web development fields. It presents a number of different user-centred techniques that focus specifically on practical ways in which to involve ‘real-worldrsquo; users in the spatial web-based application development process. It also outlines some of the issues associated with existing spatial interfaces.
Different approaches to the measurement of usability are reviewed and related to definitions of usability in international standards. It is concluded that reliable measures of overall usability can only be obtained by assessing the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which representative users carry out representative tasks in representative environments.This requires a detailed understanding of the context of use of a product. The ESPRIT MUSiC project has developed tools which can be used to measure usability in the laboratory and the field. An overview is given of the methods and tools for measuring user performance, cognitive workload, and user perceived quality.
The relationship between the different approaches to quality in ISO standards is reviewed, contrasting the manufacturing approach to quality in ISO 9000 (quality is conformance to requirements) with the product orientation of ISO 8402 (quality is the presence of specified features) and the goal orientation of quality in use in ISO/IEC 14598-1 (quality is meeting user needs). It is shown how ISO 9241-11 enables quality in use to be measured, and ISO 13407 defines the activities necessary in the development lifecycle for achieving quality in use.
Web site usability: A designers guide 10 http://applenet.apple.com/hi/web/find.html 11 http://www6.nttlabs.com/HyperNews/get/PAPER180.html 12 for example http://www.metacrawler.com has three simple options when searching for multiple words: 'any', 'all' or 'phrase' 13 http
- Jm Spool
Spool JM et al (1997) Web site usability: A designers guide. User Inteface Engineering, North Andover, USA.
10 http://applenet.apple.com/hi/web/find.html
11 http://www6.nttlabs.com/HyperNews/get/PAPER180.html
12 for example http://www.metacrawler.com has three simple options when searching for multiple words: 'any', 'all'
or 'phrase'
13 http://applenet.apple.com/hi/web/tell.html
14 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980111.html
15 UIEtips 3/20/98. Jared Spool, User Interface Engineering (uie@uie.com)
Human centred design process for interactive systems
FDIS 13407 (1998) Human centred design process for interactive systems.
has three simple options when searching for multiple words: 'any
- J M Spool
Spool JM et al (1997) Web site usability: A designers guide. User Inteface Engineering, North Andover, USA.
example http://www.metacrawler.com has three simple options when searching for multiple words: 'any', 'all'
or 'phrase'