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Sport for All and Elite Sport: Underlining Values and Aims for Government Involvement via Leisure Policy
Abstract
Sport for All in Malaysian context is referred to as the "Sports for All' policy which aim is to develop a united society through greater participation and better opportunities in sports.This paper discusses on the role of sports to foster integration and solidarity among Malaysians that also involves Elite Sport, the highly organised and competitive performance sport, whether they are incompatible aims of a government leisure policy. It seems like although Elite sport is often considered to be an important element for promoting mass participation but it has never been, or will ever be, 'for all'. Leisure policy, on the other hand, views other non-sport forms of leisure activities as being of equal importance as a means of individual and community development as it does not limit itself to sport as a vehicle to deliver leisure opportunities and services. Thus, sport for all that unites leisure sport and mass sport, contributes to the quality of life and leisure value, as it provides patterns for leisure time which help people to obtain self-fulfilment and joy in life in activities for all age groups levels of ability.
... The sport for all is a general term that can be used to describe a range of adopted policies by governments to promote and develop the active sports participation within society (Frawley et al., 2009). It is also a message to encourage citizens to do exercise and other physical activities, and a message to poli-cymakers to use their positions to advance this goal and provide opportunities for the Social participation (Aman, 2009). The research on European health and sports centers indicates that the sport for all is the main goal of sport in Europe, and there has been a lot of effort at its growth and expansion. ...
The present study aims to design a social participation model in Iran's sports for all. Based on the exploratory nature of the research subject, the study method was qualitative and a grounded theory strategy was carried out to design a social participation model in Iran's sports for all. Sampling was purposive and had a snowball method. The theoretical saturation was obtained after 27 deep and semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable experts, and then major categories were extracted after completing a coding process. Results of open coding revealed that 811 initial indicators and 184 final indicators determined causal, underlying and intervening conditions, strategies and consequences of social participation in Iran's sports for all. Final indicators were classified into 63 concepts and 28 categories in the axial coding, and finally identified categories resulting from selective coding explained a social participation model in Iran's sports for all. Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es diseñar un modelo de partici-pación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. Basándose en la naturaleza exploratoria del tema de investigación, el método de estudio fue cualitativo y se llevó a cabo una estrategia de teoría fundamentada para diseñar un modelo de participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. El muestreo fue in-tencional y tuvo un método de bola de nieve. La saturación teórica se obtuvo después de 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas con expertos en la materia, y, a continuación, se extrajeron las categorías principales después de completar un proceso de codificación. Los resultados de la codificación abierta revelaron que 811 indicadores iniciales y 184 indicadores finales determinaron las con-diciones y estrategias causales, subyacentes e intermedias de la participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. Los indicadores finales se clasificaron en 63 conceptos y 28 categorías en la codificación axial y, finalmente, las categorías identificadas como resultado de la codificación selectiva explicaron un modelo de participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán.
... This interest extended to the subsequent performance implications of positive mental well-being and the ability to cope with (and respond to) the pressures and demands of organisational life in the sport context (Aman et al., 2009;Holt, 2003;Lee et al., 2009;Oakley and Green, 2001). ...
... There are few areas of development where sport cannot be used as a platform or as a vehicle. Public education, social mobilization, strengthening individual capacity, improving lives, promoting health, preventing diseases, strengthening children, fostering social inclusion, preventing conflict / building peace, fostering gender equity, enhancing inclusion of persons with disabilities and promoting employment and economic development are just some of them (Aman, Mohamed & Omar-Fauzee, 2009). The UN Report "Sport as a Tool for Development & Peace" (UN Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development & Peace, 2003: 7), argues that sport has potential to empower, motivate and inspire people from all walks of life. ...
While Uganda’s participation in sports at international level is growing, the country’s relation with other countries is not improving accordingly. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Uganda sport leaders believe that sport could be used as a tool for the development of international relations of the country. Purposive sampling was used to identify elected and paid sport leaders at all levels in sport organizations in Uganda and invite them to participate in the study. The final sample was 38 sport leaders. The semi-structured interview method was employed. The data was collected with the use of a tape recorder. Recordings were transcribed into written form so that they could be studied in detail, linked with analytic notes and coded. The texts were sent to participants in the study to verify the content. Upon reception of their consent qualitative analysis was performed involving categorizing data and attaching it to the appropriate category. Where necessary, quotes from respondents were used to strengthen the interpretation. The results revealed that Ugandan sport leaders believe that sports: a) play a key role in promoting relations with other countries, b) contribute in creating opportunities for Ugandans to conduct businesses with other countries, c) increase the awareness about the country and d) attract tourists, improving the country’s foreign exchange.
... On the other hand, by strengthening physical education and psychosocial aspects of these sports, also with have linked with competitive sports, and considering it in different areas can creating national and international values and honours. Council of Europe, defined public sport as something quite different from the original concept of sports, not only as sports it but also is included all forms of physical activity, organised and spontaneous game that regularly run (Aman, 2009). According to the research conducted in the field of sports for all there was not special attention to the issue of marketing as a strategy for the development of public sport. ...
... It is the vision of every government to ensure that their citizens are aware of the purpose of sport in keeping good life (Khoo, 2005). Thus, many governments have introduced the policy of sports to society (Aman, Mohamed & Omar-Fauzee, 2009;Khoo, 2005). For this purpose, too, sport sociologists have discerned sport as the tool of integration (Abd Rahim & Mohamad Diah, 2019;Walseth, 2016), solidarity and unity among members of the society especially minority groups (Abd Rahim, Mohamad Diah & Aman, 2018). ...
Sport is viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon. Most countries, including Muslim nations, invest heavily in sports to ensure the participation of their citizens both for recreational and competitive purposes. Indeed, the involvement of Muslim countries in significant multi-sport events such as the Commonwealth, the Asian, and the Olympic Games are inevitable. Therefore, a proper projection should be given to Muslim athletes as their participation reflects the identity and culture of Muslim civilizations. To date, the issue of Muslim athlete’s involvement in sports from the notion of Islamization has yet to be elucidated by any scholar. This paper aims to scrutinize the sports sociology as an academic discipline in the Muslim majority society context. It also views the philosophy of sports participation and the dilemma faced by Muslims in sports under the light of al- Qur’ān, and Hadith. In obtaining relevant information for this paper, we employed qualitative content analysis from various literature. In conclusion, this discourse of sport, Islam, and society has potentially triggered the new social movement that accommodated the needs of the Muslim community towards sports participation and physical activity.
... The sport for all is a general term that can be used to describe a range of adopted policies by governments to promote and develop the active sports participation within society (Frawley et al., 2009). It is also a message to encourage citizens to do exercise and other physical activities, and a message to poli-cymakers to use their positions to advance this goal and provide opportunities for the Social participation (Aman, 2009). The research on European health and sports centers indicates that the sport for all is the main goal of sport in Europe, and there has been a lot of effort at its growth and expansion. ...
El objetivo del presente estudio es diseñar un modelo de participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. Basándose en la naturaleza exploratoria del tema de investigación, el método de estudio fue cualitativo y se llevó a cabo una estrategia de teoría fundamentada para diseñar un modelo de participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. El muestreo fue intencional y tuvo un método de bola de nieve. La saturación teórica se obtuvo después de 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas con expertos en la materia, y, a continuación, se extrajeron las categorías principales después de completar un proceso de codificación. Los resultados de la codificación abierta revelaron que 811 indicadores iniciales y 184 indicadores finales determinaron las condiciones y estrategias causales, subyacentes e intermedias de la participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán. Los indicadores finales se clasificaron en 63 conceptos y 28 categorías en la codificación axial y, finalmente, las categorías identificadas como resultado de la codificación selectiva explicaron un modelo de participación social en el deporte para todos en Irán.
... Previous research has found that Chinese government has different goals corresponding to different labels for sporting activities. "Yun Dong" (sport) refers to elite/competitive sport which has been controlled and directed by the state for generating patriotism, collectivism and building a strong nation state (Aman et al. 2009). "Ti Yu" (physical culture) refers to sports and fitness for the masses (sport for all). ...
... The first category, i.e. 'financial support', clusters seven financial resources for athletics policies. This category contains a differentiated list of financial resources used to maximize opportunities to support and develop athletes and elite athletics (mass participation, (16) C 2.1 One national organisation for elite sport policies Augestad et al. 2006, Babiak 2009, Bayle and Robinson 2007, Bergsgard et al. 2007, Digel 2002, Frisby 1986, Green 2007, Glad 2002, Glad and Egilsson 2008, Green and Houlihan 2006, Houlihan and Green 2008, Madella et al. 2005, Kihl et al. 2007, Kikulis et al. 1989, Papadimitriou 1998, Skille 2002, Sam and Jackson 2004, Steward 2006 (8) R 3.1 Physical education classes in primary and secondary education Aman et al. 2009, Bayle and Robinson 2007, Digel 2002, Glad and Egilsson 2008, Grossocordon 2003, Kirk et al. 2007, Madella et al. 2005, Riewald 2003, Sam and Jackson 2004, Sanderson 2003, van Bottenburg 2003 Hours of PE in school curriculum R 3.2 A certified teacher for physical education A qualified PE teacher (N = 2) C 3.3 A school sport quality management structure A quality management system for school sport R 3.4 Extracurricular school sport competitions for athletics (national/regional/local) Extra school sport activities Cooperation between schools and clubs R 3.5 Youth participation level in athletics (formal and informal level) Athletic sport events (N = 2) Club participation in athletics (N = 9) R 3.6 Participation level of competitive youth athletes Formal sport participation R 3.7 A multidisciplinary athletics program for children Fun and enjoyment for young participants Broad development basis (N = 4) Fun and enjoyment (N = 5) Multi-event development, no early specialisation (N = 6) C 3.8 A quality management system to improve professionalisation in athletics clubs A quality certification system for clubs (Continued ) International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 469 C 4.7 A scouting system for talent detection and identification Scouting talented athletes Scouting at school runs, school competitions, city runs (N = 9) Club and regional level scouting schemes at competitions (N = 4) R 4.8 Individual development pathways (support programmes) for talented athletes Individual performance planning Performance funnels for talented athletes (N = 6) C 4.9 National/regional talent pools and training camps for different age groups National/regional training and support programmes Training facilities in high performance centres (N = 5) R 6.7 Regional training centres with specific support for elite athletes Regional training centres (N = 4) Regional/local discipline specific training centers (N = 7) ...
The success of a country’s elite sport success tends to be concentrated on specific sports or specific events. Additionally, as the predictive value of macro-level factors (e.g. population and GDP) for success decreases, the management of elite sport systems becomes more important. Even though multiple authors developed frameworks referring to common characteristics of these systems, little is known about the organizational development in specific sports and the allocation of resources to elite development. According to the resource-based view (RBV), management strategy is a function of organizations’ resources and the efficiency in which these resources are structured and combined in higher-order capabilities. This article identifies organizational resources and first-order capabilities in the development of a competitive advantage in elite athletics. Based on a literature review and 34 interviews with national coaches and high-performance directors, 98 resources and first-order capabilities were categorized according to the nine policy pillars of the SPLISS (Sport Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success) model. Although this list encompasses key resources for a competitive advantage, there remains a diversity of ways to combine and configure these resources in higher-order capabilities. As countries represent a diverse configuration of these resources, further empirical research is necessary to explore and assess countries’ core capabilities and competitive position in elite athletics.
The purpose of the present research was to institutionalize the effective factors onthe general culture of public sports in the society and the method was mixed with theexploratory type. The statistical community includes specialists and experts (sports managers, etc.) to discover the factors of institutionalization and managers, specialists and experts to determine the weighting of the factors and a population sample of 1500 people in the 5 districts of North, South, East, West and the Center of Tehran city that they were randomly selected. The measurement tool for data collection was a questionnaire made by a researcher which its face validity was approved by the professors of sports management, and its final validity was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95.. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and confirmatory factor analysis through SPSS and Lisrel software. The findings showed that the most important dimension in the institutionalization of sports and the effective factors in the culturalization of public sports, based on the factor loadings, was the organizational dimension with a factor loading of 1.07. After that, there were the individual dimension with a factor load of 0.82, the group dimension with a factor load of 0.72 and finally the environmental dimension with a factor load of 0.65. Therefore, it is concludedthat in the institutionalization of culture, it is necessary to prioritize organizational, individual, group and environmental aspects by Tehran Municipality and related institutions.
Purpose: Despite the positive approaches of the management of the sports system and the health system in public leisure, there are still numerous reports and documented shreds of evidence of mobility poverty and its consequences in the urban life of people in deprived provinces, which indicates a worrying social problem. Methods: Therefore, the researcher conducted this study by identifying the factors affecting participation in sports by using a grounded theory approach. The statistical population of the study included the elites of physical education and the sampling of the participants was done theoretically and purposefully. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using a Strauss and Corbin coding approach method. Results: In the results of code grouping, 39 components were obtained in five areas of causal, contextual, interventional, strategy, and consequence factors. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be said that the popularization of sports in West Azerbaijan province can be achieved through the support of environmental factors, the positive intervention of managerial factors, resource contextualization, and finally, through behavioral factors. Therefore, it is necessary that the effective policies on sports participation in this province be identified and analyzed based on the model.
http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171317721
For several years in the past, Philippines has not recorded success in terms of the development of elite sports in the the South East Asian Games (SEAG), Olympic and Asian Games. When it comes to elite sports, history would tell that the country's sports achievement has been fluctuating. This study used a qualitative research. Also, a three-round Delphi survey approach was used to generate responses and achieve consensus from a selected group of experts such as government administrators, national coaches, olympian athletes, sports journalist and physical educators. The experts identified eleven direct factors, such as policies in sports, grassroots program and nine indirect factors like government service, economic condition and others that affect the development of elite sports in the Philippines. The study found out that the main factor in affecting elite sport in the Philippines was coming from the support of the government and non-government (directly) and National Sports Association leadership (indirectly). However the Political interest (directly) and Red tape (indirectly) are found to have the least that affects elite sports in the country. It was found out that factors such as mentioned above have significant effect on the Philippine's performance towards the development of elite sports as stated by the experts who were participants of the study.
Today, because of living in the machines age and the resulted less mobility and
activity of citizens, the diverse and accessible sports for the citizens has become
more important. This research which was carried out by qualitative methodology
with fundamental-exploratory nature and using the grounded theory is aimed at
designing a conceptual model for citizen sports in Tehran metropolitan area. The
purposeful-snowball sampling method was used in the research. Accordingly, in
order to collect the data, 25 experts of citizen sports were interviewed, and the
Strauss and Corbin paradigm analysis was used to develop the final model. Given
the results, motivational and health factors were identified as causal conditions,
the hardware and software context was identified as the dominant field, the
behavioral, structural and environmental level factors were identified as the
intervening conditions. Also, promotional, legal, financial, educational,
interactive and developmental measures were identified as strategies, and
securing national interests, economic consequences, sport development, healthsanitary and socio-cultural outcomes were identified as the strategies
implementation results. Given these findings, one can expect that by identifying
the citizen sports conditions and concentration on strategic actions, the
functional and operational facilities for its development and growth would be
provided in Tehran metropolitan area
For several years in the past, Philippines has not recorded success in terms of the development of elite sports in the the South East Asian Games (SEAG), Olympic and Asian Games. When it comes to elite sports, history would tell that the country's sports achievement has been fluctuating. This study used a qualitative research. Also, a three-round Delphi survey approach was used to generate responses and achieve consensus from a selected group of experts such as government administrators, national coaches, olympian athletes, sports journalist and physical educators. The experts identified eleven direct factors, such as policies in sports, grassroots program and nine indirect factors like government service, economic condition and others that affect the development of elite sports in the Philippines. The study found out that the main factor in affecting elite sport in the Philippines was coming from the support of the government and non-government (directly) and National Sports Association leadership (indirectly). However the Political interest (directly) and Red tape (indirectly) are found to have the least that affects elite sports in the country. It was found out that factors such as mentioned above have significant effect on the Philippine's performance towards the development of elite sports as stated by the experts who were participants of the study.
Background and Objective: Mental health is one of the most important issues, has attracted the attention of many researchers. Since, the body and mind mutually influence each other and health of these two categories, were covers the human public health, therefore, recognize the continuous effects oneach other, seem to be necessary. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to describe the mental health of Iranian elite athletes.
Methods: The present research method was descriptive - survey. NEO-AC test, Zuckerman test and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) were applied to measure personality characteristics, sensation seeking, and mental health respectively, on 295 athletes who attended various national team camps during the year 2013.
Results: The results indicated that standard scores for the majority of athletes in neurotic responses (50%) were moderate, but for extroversion (97%), openness (97%), agreeability (87%), and consciousness (60%), were high. The standard scores were moderate for most athletes in sensation seeking (70%). Standard scores were also average and above (46-78%)for all elements of mental health.
Conclusion: Totally, it can be concluded that the state of affairsof Iranian elite athletes in mental health and sensation seeking is desirably . Designing training programs seems necessary for neurotic component among elite athletes. Moreover, moderating camping conditions and teaching life skills will help to improve athletes in their Neurotic reactions.
The aim of this article is to show how sport can matter in international relations. Sport can be a subject or a tool of international relations. It can be used by states or geopolitical blocks to display their alleged superiority or any other desired characteristic. Governments may desire athletic victories, which are meant to imply, for example, the power of the state and its political and economic system. Participation in sport can also be used for political reasons on an international scale; a number of political objectives can be achieved by states by participating (or not) in sports events. Not only is sport affected by a country’s policies, but on certain occasions sports events can influence states.
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