Monitoring Transboundary Palestinian-Israeli Streams: Implications for Cooperative Management Strategies

Full text

Monitoring Transboundary Palestinian-Israeli Streams:
Implications for Cooperative Management Strategies
Alon Tal 1, Nader Al khateeb2, Lior Asaf3, Amjad Assi3 ,Alice Nassar2, Muath Abu Sadah4, Avital
Gasith5, Jonathan Laronne6, Yaron Hirshkowitz5, Dima Halawani2, Neta Nagouker3, Roey Angel3,
Hila Akerman3, Adam Abramson1, and Mousa Diabat3,
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I. Introduction
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1

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2

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>.! +.(! A/*./*(*C)! )+7*/.+@)+(%$! *+*(*%(*7)'4! /)3%R*$*(%(*.+! .-!(3)!/):*.+]'! '(/)%@'! 3%'!
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(3)!Q%()/'3)>!Q*(3!A.*+(!%+>!+.+A.*+(!>*'23%/:)'!23%/%2()/*C)>;!!G!38>/.$.:*2%$!@.>)$!
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Q%()/'3)>!@%+%:)@)+(!%+>!)'(%R$*'3)'!')7)/%$!A/*+2*A$)'!(3%(!'3.&$>!R)!%(!(3)!3)%/(!.-!
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)+7*/.+@)+(%$!/)'(./%(*.+;!
II. Study Sites
The Hebron / Besor Watershed!!
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(3)! ,'/%)$*! 2*(8! .-! #))/! J3)7%! Q3)/)! *(! ^.*+'! Q%()/! -/.@! (/*R&(%/*)'! *+! ,'/%)$]'! +./(3)/+!
9):)74!%+>!)+>'! *+! (3)!5%C%!J(/*A!.+! (3)!S)>*()//%+)%+!2.%'(;!! DT*:&/)!"E!I3)!R%'*+! *'!
(3)!$%/:)'(!.-! (3)!%/)%]'!2.%'(%$!'(/)%@'4! %+>!*'!23%/%2()/*C)>!R8! @%+8!$%+>!&')'_!&/R%+4!
/&/%$4! *+>&'(/*%$4! %:/*2&$(&/%$! DR.(3! 2/.A! %+>! $*7)'(.2VE! :/%C*+:4! -*/*+:! /%+:)'4! %+>! .A)+!
'A%2)';!
!f.2%()>!*+!%!')@*X%/*>!%+>!%/*>!/):*.+4!(3)!'(/)%@'!*+!(3)!L)R/.+`#)'./!+%(&/%$$8!
%/)!)A3)@)/%$;!!0&/*+:!%!/%*+8!8)%/4!Q%()/!@%8!-$.Q!*+!(3)!Q%()/'3)>!'*Z!(.!')7)+!(*@)'!%!
8)%/;!DY%3%+%!)(!%$;4!<UU<E!! 0&/*+:! (3)! 2.&/')! .-!(3)!'(&>84!/%*+-%$$!Q%'!-%/!R)$.Q! A%'(!
%7)/%:)'4!Q*(3!.+$8!.+)!@%^./!/%*+-%$$!)7)+(!(%V*+:!A$%2)4!/%*'*+:!e&)'(*.+'!%R.&(!(3)!$.+:!
3

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*+!2/)%(*+:!%!A)/@%+)+(!R%')!-$.Q!(3%(!3%'!23%+:)>!(3)!+%(&/)!.-!(3)!'(/)%@;!
J*+2)!(3)!"ccU'!(3)!L)R/.+`!#)i)/!J3)7%!'(/)%@!>/%*+'!(3)!&+(/)%()>!Q%'()Q%()/!.-!
(3)!2*(8!.-!L)R/.+! %+>! (3)!b)Q*'3!')(($)@)+(!.-! j*/8%(!G/R%!DL%''%+!%+>!?:.C*4! <UU"E4!
3.@)!(.!%AA/.Z*@%()$8!<UU4UUU!/)'*>)+(';!,+!%>>*(*.+!(.!(3)!>.@)'(*2!')Q%:)!.-!(3)!2*(8!
(3)! '(/)%@!%$'.!>/%*+'!(3)!Q%'()Q%()/! .-! %$@.'(!"UU!*+>&'(/*%$! -%2*$*(*)'! DS.//*'! )(! %$44!
"ccWE;!!
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*+(.!%!@%^./!/)2/)%(*.+%$!7)+&)!-./!(3)! 2*(8;!Db9T!#$&)A/*+(!9):)74!<UUOE4!f*V)!(3)!/.$)!
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/)'*>)+(*%$!%+>!2.@@)/2*%$!>)7)$.A@)+('!%/)!(.!R)!R&*$(!*+!./>)/!(.!(%V)!%>7%+(%:)!.-!(3)!
%+(*2*A%()>! -/))X-$.Q*+:4! @)%+>)/*+:! :/))+! '(/*A! (3/.&:3! (3)! >)')/(! 2*(84! Q*(3! *('!
%+(*2*A%()>!A%/V'4!'A./('!-%2*$*(*)'!%+>!%/(*-*2*%$!$%V)';!DN3/*'()+')+4!<UU"4!?2V3%/>(4!<UUME!!!
I.! /)%$*C)! (3*'! &/R%+! /)+)Q%$! *+*(*%(*7)4! Q%()/! e&%$*(8! *+!(3)!'(/)%@!@&'(! *@A/.7)!
>/%@%(*2%$$8;!!! N.+')e&)+($84!,'/%)$! 3%'!)$)2()>!(.! 2.+'(/&2(!%!')Q%:)!(/)%(@)+(!-%2*$*(8!
*+'*>)! *('! R./>)/! %(! (3)! J3.e)(! b&+2(*.+4! Q3*23! )'')+(*%$$8! *'! (.! A/.7*>)! ')2.+>%/8!
(/)%(@)+(! -./! (3)! /%Q! F%$)'(*+*%+! ')Q%:)! (3%(! -$.Q'! (3/.&:3! (3)! 2*(8;! ! =3*$)! '&23!
@.+.$*(3*2! )--./('! R8! ,'/%)$! @%8! %@)$*./%()! (3)! A/.R$)@4! '(&>8! /)'&$('! '&::)'(! (3%(! %!
@./)!2.@A/)3)+'*7)!'.$&(*.+!*'!/)e&*/)>;!!!
!
Fig. 1: Hebron / Besor basin and water quality monitoring network
4

!
!
!
The Zomar / Alexander Watershed
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la.@%/m!k!*+!G/%R*2!./!lG$)Z%+>)/m!%'!*(!*'!V+.Q+!*+!,'/%)$!3%'!%!(.(%$!$)+:(3!.-!KK!V@4!
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')2(*.+!'&AA./('!(3)!/):*.+]'!.+$8!A.A&$%(*.+!.-!'.-(XR%2V!(&/($)'4!-./!Q3*23!(3)!'(/)%@!
3%'!R)2.@)!-%@.&';!!
Fig. 2: Nablus / Alexander Basin and Monitoring Network
5

!
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Q*(3! (3)! %22)$)/%()>! >)7)$.A@)+(! %+>! *+2/)%')! *+! (3)! ')Q%:)! >*'23%/:)'! -/.@! (3)!
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')7)/%$!,'/%)$*!@&+*2*A%$*(*)'4!@.'(!+.(%R$8!(3)! 2*(8!.-!9)(%+8%! DA.A&$%(*.+!"\H4UUU!%+>!
I%*R)34!HH4UUUE!!!(3)! e&%+(*(8!.-!(3)! )--$&)+('!>*'23%/:)>!*+(.!(3)!'(/)%@!*'!)'(*@%()>!(.!
R)! /.&:3$8! H! SNS`8)%/! DI3)! S*+*'(/8! .-! ?+7*/.+@)+(%$! F/.()2(*.+4! <UUUE;! ! G$$! (.$>4!
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6

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III. Methodology!
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9

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10

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IV. Findings
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>.Q+'(/)%@!&+(*$!/)%23*+:! ,'/%)$]'!#)'./!1)')/7)!+)%/!(3)!9):)7!7*$$%:)! .-!IC)])$*@;!
I3*'!'()%>8!R%')-$.Q!-&+>%@)+(%$$8! %$()/'! (3)!23%/%2()/!.-!(3)!'(/)%@4! (/%+'-./@*+:! *(!
-/.@!%!')%'.+%$!'(/)%@!Q3)/)!3*:3!e&%$*(8!'(./@!Q%()/!-$.Q'!-./!.+$8!%!-)Q!>%8'!%!8)%/!
(3/.&:3.&(! %! $%/:)$8! ')@*X%/*>! Q%()/'3)>4! (.! .+)! Q*(3! %! 2.+'(%+(! -$.Q! .-! ')Q%:)!
(3/.&:3.&(!(3)!8)%/;!!!
Table 1: Losses from Hebron to Shoqet According to Seasonal Measurements
11

!
Seasons Total loss
(%)
Evaporation
(%)
Infiltration
(%)
Infiltration
(m
3
)
Summer 2005 OU! \! MH!W4UUU!
Winter 2006 \O! K! \<! ""4UUU!
Spring 2006 KH! O! H\!O4UUU!
Summer 2006 W<! O! \O! ""4UUU!
!
!!
Table 2: Self Purification - COD, BOD, TOC and Nutrient values in Hebron/Besor Stream
!
Table 3: Major ions concentrations in the Hebron Stream
!
L)R/.+`#)'./!DF%$)'(*+*%+E!L)R/.+`#)'./!D,'/%)$E!
L)R/.+`#)'./!
DF%$)'(*+*%+E! 1%+:)! G7)/%:)! 1%+:)! G7)/%:)!
?N!o@J`2@p!";<MK!k!H;Kc! ";W\K! U;\<XH;UM! ";WU!
IJJ!o@:`$p!K<!X!HMUO! \"H! HHX""<HK! H\\K!
I.(%$!NB0!o@:`$p!<KU!X!""cU! OMK! "<;MX\\"! HWW!
I.(%$!#B0!o@:`$p!W";O!X!"UMU! KcW!"H;WX<\<! "H\!
IBN!o@:`$p!c\;<!X!HWO! <<U! WOX<<H! "K"!
L)R/.+`#)'./!DF%$)'(*+*%+E!L)R/.+`#)'./!D,'/%)$E!S%^./!*.+!
o@:`$p! 1%+:)! G7)/%:)! 1%+:)! G7)/%:)!
N$! WH;O!X!\KU! <KU! WKXOMK! <cM;c!
JB
K!
<\;c!k!KK;"! HH! <M;"XWU;K! KK;K!
#/!U!U! U! U!
LNB
H!
K\W!X!\HU! O<M! <"OXWUK! Mc\!
9%! \K;O!X!M<U! "cU! MHXHOO! "cc;M!
Y! "M;c!k!<M;W! <"! "U;\XKM;O! <c;M!
N%! KW;H!k!O\;"! MO! HW;"Xc\;M! O<;<!
S:!"O;c!k!H\;W! <\! W;K<XMH;M! <\;M!
I.(%$!9! OK;<!k!WW;W! \K;O! cXc"! MU;H"\!
I.(%$!F! ";WO!k!"K;K! W;K\! ";HOXU;Mc! U;c\M!
9B
H!
W;cW!k!"K;U! ""! UX<;"W! U;OO!
FB
K
!c;U<!k!"c;cc! "M! UXHU;O\! W;HH!
9L
K
!MK;c!X!"UM! \M! "\XWM;<! OO;U!
12

,(!*'!*@A./(%+(!(.!+.()!(3%(!%!'*:+*-*2%+(!A./(*.+!.-!(3)!Q%()/!*+!(3)!L)R/.+`#)'./4!
3.Q)7)/4! >.)'! +.(! /)%23! (3)! ,'/%)$*! R./>)/;! ! S)%'&/)@)+('! .-! -$.Q! (%V)+! -/.@! (3)!
>*--)/)+(!@.+*(./*+:!'(%(*.+'!%$.+:!(3)!$)+:(3!.-!(3)! '(/)%@! *+! 7%/*.&'! ')%'.+'! *+>*2%()!
(3%(!%$.+:!(3)! '(/)%@]'!-*/'(!OU!V@! 2%+! /)%23!R)(Q))+!KUq! %+>! cUq!.-!(3)!Q%'()Q%()/!
>*'23%/:)>!DW4UUU!X! ""4UUU!2&R*2!@)()/'E!A)/2.$%()'!*+(.!:/.&+>!Q%()/!R)-./)!*(!/)%23)'!
(3)!:/))+!$*+)!%+>!(3)!#))/!J3)7%!'(/)%@;!DI%R$)!<E!!I3*'!/)A/)')+('!(/%+'@*''*.+!$.'')'!
*+! (3)! 23%++)$! >&/*+:! (3)! -$.Q! %+>! *+-*$(/%(*.+! *+(.! (3)! :/.&+>! Q%()/4! -%/! R)8.+>! (3)!
A.()+(*%$!Q%()/!$.'(!R8!)7%A./%(*.+!%+>!(/%+'A*/%(*.+!R8!A$%+('!%+>!7):)(%(*.+!2.7)/!-/.@!
(3)! '(/)%@R)>;! ! I3)! /%()! .-! A)/2.$%(*.+! %AA)%/'! (.! R)! ')%'.+%$! %'! /)-$)2()>! *+! I%R$)! ";!!
I3)!e&%$*(8!.-!(3)!Q%()/!Q3*23!*+-*$(/%()'!(3)!'&//.&+>*+:!%e&*-)/!*+!(3)!&AA)/!'(/)(23!*'!
)Z(/)@)$8!A../!k!%+>!*'!*+!-%2(!/%Q!')Q%:);!!!!
!Water Quality: =%()/!e&%$*(8! *+!(3)!'(/)%@!7%/*)'! >/%@%(*2%$$8!%$.+:!*('!-$.Q!%'! %!
A/.2)''!.-!R*.$.:*2%$!A&/*-*2%(*.+!2$)%/$8!)@)/:)'!-/.@!'%@A$*+:!/)'&$(';!!I%R$)!H!'3.Q'!%!
>/%@%(*2! 2.+(/%'(! R)(Q))+! %7)/%:)! A%/%@)()/'! @)%'&/)>! *+! (3)! &AA)/! /)%23)'! .-! (3)!
Q%()/'3)>!+)%/!L)R/.+!%+>!(3.')!*+!(3)!$.Q)/!,'/%)$*!'(/)(23)';!!,+!A%/(*2&$%/4!(3)!>/.A!*+!
+&(/*)+(! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+'! -./! I.(%$! A3.'A3./&'! %+>! 9BH! ! *'! .+! %7)/%:)4! %+! ./>)/! .-!
@%:+*(&>)! /)-$)2(*+:! (3)! :)+)/%$! /)>&2(*.+! *+! (3)! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+! .-! ./:%+*2! @%()/*%$!
-$.Q*+:! *+! (3)! !'(/)%@;! ! I3)! >)2$*+*+:! :/%>*)+(! *+! (3)! $)7)$! .-! A.$$&(*.+! %$.+:! (3)!
'%@A$*+:!/.&()!R)(Q))+!(3)!(.A!%+>!(3)!R.((.@!'):@)+('!.-!(3)!'(/)%@!*'!-&/(3)/!/)-$)2(>!
*+! (3)! >/.A! .-! c";\q! ! *+! R*.$.:*2%$! .Z8:)+! 2.+'&@A(*.+! D#B0E4! W\;\q! *+! 23)@*2%$!
.Z8:)+! 2.+'&@A(*.+! DNB0E4! \H;cq! *+! .7)/%$$! +*(/%()! $)7)$'4! %+>! \<;Wq! *+! .7)/%$$!
%@@.+*%!$)7)$'!D8)%/$8!%7)/%:)E;!!!
!!I3)! /)'&$('! '&::)'(! (3%(! Q%()/! e&%$*(8!*@A/.7)@)+(! *'! +.(! %'! A/)>*2(%R$)! %+>!
$*+)%/!%'!%+(*2*A%()>;!!T*:&/)'!H!%+>!K!'3.Q!&+%+(*2*A%()>!*+2/)%')'!*+!#B0!%+>!NB0!
$)7)$'! *+! (3)! $.Q)/! '(/)(23)'! .-! (3)! '(/)%@;! ! I3)! A.''*R*$*(8! .-! %>>*(*.+%$4! $.2%$!
2.+(%@*+%(*.+! R8! '@%$$! A.*+(! '.&/2)! >*'23%/:)'! *+! ,'/%)$! 2%++.(! R)! /&$)>! .&(;! ! T./!
)Z%@A$)4!$.2%$!l2.+(/*R&(*.+'m!.-!A.$$&(%+('!(.!(3)!R%')!-$.Q!Q)/)!.R')/7)>!-/.@!%!-)Q!
A.*+('! %$.+:! (3)! #)'./! R%'*+;! I3)')! %AA)%/! (.! R)! A/*@%/*$8!>)/*7)>!-/.@!*+%>)e&%()!
(/)%(@)+(! $)7)$'! *+! (3)! ')Q%:)! '8'()@'! .-! (3)! ,'/%)$*! 2.@@&+*(*)'! .-! #))/! J3)7%4!
B-%V*@4! 1%3%(4! %+>! S)*(%/;! ,+!%>>*(*.+4!/%Q!')Q%:)!Q%'!.R')/7)>! -$.Q*+:! *+(.! #))/!
J3)7%!J(/)%@!-/.@!#))/!J3)7%]'!'.&(3)/+!>*'23%/:)!'(%(*.+!>&/*+:!$*:3(!/%*+-%$$';!!!g)(4!
13

(3)')!%>>*(*.+'4!%/)!*+'&--*2*)+(!(.! )ZA$%*+!(3)!'&>>)+!*+2/)%')!*+! ./:%+*2!$.%>*+:'!%+>!
#B0`NB0! $)7)$';! ! 1%(3)/! *(! *'!$*V)$84!(3%(! (3)! ')Q%:)! (3%(! A)+)(/%()>! *+(.! (3)!
'&R'&/-%2)! >&/*+:! (3)! *+*(*%$! -$.Q! .-! (3)! '(/)%@4! /)(&/+'! (.! (3)! '&/-%2)! %+>! ^.*+'! (3)!
'(/)%@!-$.Q!*+!>.Q+'(/)%@!/)%23)';!!!
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
30 50 70 90 110
summer 2005
winter 2006
spring 2006
summer 2006
O
2
(BO D) ( mg/l)
0*'(%+2)!-/.@!L)R/.+!DV@E
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
30 50 70 90 110
summer 2005
winter 2006
spring 2006
summer 2006
O
2
(BO D) ( mg/l)
0*'(%+2)!-/.@!L)R/.+!DV@E
!
Figure 3: BOD variation along the main Hebron-Beer Sheva stream;!
!
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
30 50 70 90 110
summer 2005
spring 2006
summer 2006
O
2
(COD) ( mg/l)
0*'(%+2)!-/.@!L)R/.+!DV@E
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
30 50 70 90 110
summer 2005
spring 2006
summer 2006
O
2
(COD) ( mg/l)
0*'(%+2)!-/.@!L)R/.+!DV@E
!
Figure 4:!COD variation along the Main Hebron-Beer Sheva Stream.
!
! !JA)2*-*2%$$84! *+! (3)! '&@@)/! .-! <UUM4! %+! *+2/)%')! *+! -$.Q! Q%'! .R')/7)>! *+! (3)!
7*2*+*(8! .-! (3)! 2*(8! .-! #))/XJ3)7%! D%R.&(! OUX\U! V@!-/.@!(3)!L)R/.+!B&($)(E!%+>!
>.Q+'(/)%@! .-! (3)! L*A&'3*(! '*()4! cK! V@!-/.@! L)R/.+;! ! 0&/*+:! (3)! Q*+()/! .-! <UUO4!
14

%>>*(*.+%$! -$.Q! Q%'! @)%'&/)>! *+!,'/%)$4!2$.')! (.! I)$! J3)7%! &+(*$! J3]3&+.(! %+>! %+! )7)+!
:/)%()/!%>>*(*.+!.-!-$.Q!Q%'! .R')/7)>! %'! Q)$$!%(!(3)!j&%//8! J*()4! A)%V*+:!%(!(3)!J)23)/!
J*()!%(!\4McU!@H`>%8! !,+!2.@A%/*'.+!(.!.(3)/! ')%'.+'4!>&/*+:!(3)!'A/*+:!.-! <UUO! 3*:3)/!
>*'23%/:)'!Q)/)!@)%'&/)>!%(!@.'(!.-!(3)!'*()'!D"<4""U!@H`>%8!%(!(3)!S)(%/!T./)'(!J*();!G!
2.+'*>)/%R$)!*+2/)%')!*+!>*'23%/:)!R):%+!%(!(3)!L%C)/*@!J*()!%+>!/)%23)>!%!A)%V!D"U4cUU!
@H`>%8E! %(! (3)! J)23)/! J*();! ,+! (3)! '&@@)/!.-!<UUO!(3)!>.Q+'(/)%@!L)R/.+!/)%23)>!%!
$.Q)/!>*'23%/:)!.-!<4\\U!@H`>%8!E!!S%''!R%$%+2)!2%$2&$%(*.+'!%+>!:).X23)@*2%$!A/.-*$*+:!
.-!(3)!'(/)%@]'!Q%()/! %+>! &+>)/$8*+:! :/.&+>Q%()/!%$'.!'3.Q!(3%(!*+! 2)/(%*+! '(/)(23)'! .-!
(3)!'(/)%@!D>.Q+'(/)%@!(.Q%/>'!#))/! J3)7%E!(3)/)! Q%'!%+!*+2/)@)+(!.-!:/.Q*+:! +*(/%()!
%+>! '.>*&@! $)7)$'! (3%(! 2%+! R)! %''.2*%()>! Q*(3!(3)!)+(/8!.-!2.+(%@*+%()>! :/.&+>Q%()/!
-$.Q;!
J)Q%:)4!.-!2.&/')4!*'!+.(!(3)!'.$)!'.&/2)!.-!2.+(%@*+%(*.+;!!L)%78!@)(%$!$)7)$'!.-!
23/.@)4!2.AA)/4!(*(%+*&@4!R%/*&@4!%+>!C*+2!Q)/)!@)%'&/)>!*+!(3)!&A'(/)%@!'):@)+('4!R&(!
:)+)/%$$8! >)2$*+)! *+!(3)! >.Q+X'(/)%@! '):@)+('! .-! (3)! '(/)%@;! ! IQ.! 2%')'!.-!3*:3!
S)/2&/8! DL:E! $)7)$'! DU;U\"! @:`$! %+>! U;UW"! /)$%(*7)! (.! (3)! A/.A.')>! $.2%$! '(%+>%/>! .-!
U;UUUM! @:`$E! Q)/)! @)%'&/)>! *+! $.Q)/! '):@)+(';! N/! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+'! .-! U;"<O! @:`$! Q)/)!
%$'.!>)()2()>;!!!T./!(3)!%>'./R)>!A3%')!(/%2)!)$)@)+('4!3*:3!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!.-!N/!%+>!N>!
Q)/)! -.&+>! *+! %$$! '*()'! DHKX<\4MUU! %+>! UXOHU!@:`V:! /)'A)2(*7)$8E! %+>! N&! Q%'! %$'.!
@)%'&/)>! %(! @.'(! .-! (3)! '*()'! DHKXH4<UU! @:`V:E;! I3*'! '&::)'('! (3%(! *+>&'(/*%$! Q%'()!
>*'23%/:)>!-/.@!L)R/.+]'!$)%(3)/!%+>!(%++*+:!*+>&'(/8!/)%23)'!(3)!'(/)%@!8)%/X/.&+>;!!!
B7)/%$$4!(3)!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!*+!(3)!$.Q)/!/)%23)'!.-!(3)!'(/)%@!/)@%*+'!$.Q4!%+>!(3)!
$)7)$'!.-!A.$$&(%+('!)Z2))>!/)2)+($8!A/.A.')>!,'/%)$*!'(%+>%/>'!Df%Q3.+4!<UUME!Q3*23!
/)e&*/)!()/(*%/8!(/)%(@)+(!R)-./)!(3)!/)$)%')!.-!)--$&)+('!*+(.!'(/)%@';!!J)$-XA&/*-*2%(*.+!
A/.2)'')'! >.! .22&/4! %+>! (3)! Q%/@! 2$*@%()! )ZA)>*()'! (3*'! .Z*>%(*.+! A/.2)'';! ! g)(4! (3)!
$*V)$8!/)%AA)%/%+2)!.-!')Q%:)4!%'!*(!-.$$.Q'!(3)!'(/)%@!*+!%!'&R'&/-%2)!-$.Q4!2.+(/*R&()'!
(.!(3)!:)+)/%$$8!A../!e&%$*(8!.-!Q%()/!*+!(3)!$.Q)/!/)%23)';!
Biological Health: I3)! A/)7%$)+2)! .-! ')Q%:)! *+! (3)! L)R/.+`#)'./! Q%()/'3)>! *'!
+.(!.+$8!%AA%/%+(!-/.@!(3)!23)@*2%$!A%/%@)()/'!@)%'&/)>!D);:;4!#B0!$)7)$'!2$.')!(.!MUU!
@:`$! Q3)+! A/)')+(! '(%+>%/>'! %/)! ')(! %(! "U!@:`$E! R&(! %$'.! *+!(3)!@%V)&A! .-! (3)!
@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()! 2.@@&+*(8! .-! (3)! '(/)%@';! I3)! /)$%(*7)$8! A../! @%2/.*+7)/()R/%()'!
R*.>*7)/'*(8! D.7)/%$$! <W! (%Z%E4!%+>!(3)!>.@*+%+2)! .-! %! '*+:$)! ./! %! -)Q! (%Z%! D?7)++)''!
15

xU;OK4!I%R$)!KE4!%$.+:!Q*(3!(3)!.7)/%$$!A../!'(/)%@'!3)%$(3! !2.+-*/@!(3)!)+7*/.+@)+(%$!
*@A%2('!.-!(3)')!>*'23%/:)'!.+!(3)!)+(*/)!R%'*+;!
16

!
!
I%R$)! K_! 1%+:)! 7%$&)'! .-! @%2/.*+7)/()R/%()! (%Z%! /*23+)''4! )7)++)''! %+>! %'')@R$%:)!
')+'*(*7*(8! *+>)Z! %+>! /)'A)2(*7)! '(/)%@! 3)%$(3! .-! (3)! #)'./! Q%()/'3)>! '(/)%@'! .7)/! (3)!
'(&>8!A)/*.>!D+!v!+&@R)/!.-!'%@A$)'!*+!)%23!'*()E;!
!!
Stream Hebron Be'er Sheva Grar Besor
Site Sh-Brd T-S Hip-
Dn Qu* P-HaSh Re-
Brd E-B* E-S* Hav-
Brd
samples (n) "! "! "! "! <! "! <! <! "!
Taxa richness M! H! "U! H! O! <! !cX""! !\X"U! "U!
Evenness U;KO! U;<"! U;MO! U;"! U;<"! U;"! U;<OXU;OM! U;UWXU;KO! U;OK!
ASI "! ";c! <;"! <! ";cX<;"! <! <;WXK;K! !<XH! H;"!
Stream
Health
very
poor
very
poor poor very
poor
very
poor -
poor
very
poor
poor -
fairly
poor
very
poor -
poor
fairly
poor
P!JA/*+:'!$.2%()>!.&('*>)!(3)!@%*+!23%++)$;!!!
!
I3)!'(%()!.-!@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()!2.@@&+*(8!*+!(3)!&AA)/!(/*R&(%/8!DL)R/.+!'(/)%@E!
Q%'!)7)+!Q./'(!(3%+!.-!(3.')!.+!(3)!$.Q)/!A%/('!.-!(3)!R%'*+;!B+$8!-.&/!(%Z%!Q)/)!-.&+>!
%(! (3)! (Q.! '%@A$*+:! '*()'! Dn1*3*8%n! %+>! nI3%3%/*8%nE4! %$$! .-! Q3*23! @*>:)! $%/7%! D./>)/!
0*A()/%E;! IQ.! -%@*$*)'X! 3.7)/X-$*)'!DJ8/A3*>%)E!%+>!@.(3X-$*)'! DF'823.>*>%)E4! Q)/)! (3)!
@.'(!>.@*+%+(!DwccqE4!/)A/)')+(*+:!@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()!Q*(3!3*:3)'(!(.$)/%+2)!(.!./:%+*2!
A.$$&(*.+! D')+'*(*7*(8! v! "E;! I3)! )Z(/)@)$8! $.Q! R*.>*7)/'*(8! %+>! (3)! +%(&/)! .-! (3)!
@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()'!-.&+>!%/)!*+!%:/))@)+(!Q*(3!(3)!7)/8!A../!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!%(!(3)')!'*()';!!
I3*'!*'!%$'.!/)-$)2()>!R8!(3)!'(/.+:!>*''*@*$%/*(8!.-!(3)!&AA)/!(/*R&(%/*)'!@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()!
2.@@&+*(8!-/.@!(3%(!.-!(3)!>.Q+!'(/)%@!2.@@&+*(*)'!DT*:&/)!ME;!
17

!
!
!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
T*:&/)! M;! S&$(*>*@)+'*.+%$! '2%$*+:! .-!'*@*$%/*(8! %+%$8'*'! D#/%8XN&/(*'E! .-!
@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()! %'')@R$%:)'! '%@A$)>! %$.+:! (3)! L)R/.+! `! #)'./! Q%()/'3)>;!
N*/2$)>!:/.&A!*+>*2%()'!'*()'!$.2%()>!*+!L)R/.+!'(/)%@;!
Tel-Sheva 4_05
Re'yim Brd 4_05
En Sarohan 4_05
Park Ha'Sharsheret-pool 4_05
Ha'Sharsheret-riffle 4_05
En HaBesor 4_05
Shoket Brd_7_05
Ein Ha'Besor-spring 7_05
Ein Ha'Besor-algae 7_05
En Sarohan 7_05
Ha'Havalim Brd_7_05
Sekher Dn_7_05
Hipushit 7_05
Quarry 7_05
Thaharyia 8_05
Rihiya 8_05
Rihiya 10_05
Thaharyia 10_05
Stress: .03
A
Zomar/ Alexander Watershed
Flow and Infiltration to Groundwater: !J*@*$%/! (.! (3)! '*(&%(*.+! *+! (3)!
L)R/.+`#)'./!Q%()/'3)>4!>*'23%/:)!@)%'&/)@)+('!/)7)%$)>!(3%(!*+!%$$!.-!(3)! F%$)'(*+*%+!
%+>!,'/%)$*!')2(*.+'!.-!(3)!a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/!Q%()/'3)>4!(3)!A/)>.@*+%+(!'.&/2)!.-!Q%()/!
%+>!A.$$&(*.+!*+!R%')X-$.Q!Q)/)! ')Q%:)!)--$&)+(';!! I3)!9%R$&'!(/*R&(%/84!2.+(/*R&()'!(3)!
@%^./*(8!.-!(3)!Q%()/!-$.Q*+:!*+!(3)!'(/)%@4!-*/'(!2.@A/*')>!.-!/%Q!')Q%:)!%+>!*+>&'(/*%$!
)--$&)+('4! Q3*23! %/)! A%/(*%$$8! (/)%()>! &A.+! )+(/8! *+(.! ,'/%)$;! ! J)7)/%$! %>>*(*.+%$! A.*+(!
'.&/2)'!>*'23%/:)!*+(.!(3)!'(/)%@4!R&(!(3)8!%/)!$%/:)$8!*+()/@*(()+(!>)A)+>*+:!.+!')%'.+%$!
-%2(./';!!T./!)Z%@A$)4!(3)!I+&7.(!Q%'()!(/)%(@)+(!A$%+(4!(8A*2%$$8!>*7)/('!%$$!*('!)--$&)+('!
18

-./!/)&')!R8!%:/*2&$(&/);!!B+!/%/)!.22%'*.+'4!Q3)+!(3)/)!*'!+.!>)@%+>!R8!-%/@)/'4!(/)%()>!
)--$&)+('!Q*$$!R)!>*'23%/:)>!*+(.!(3)!'(/)%@;!!T*'3!A.+>'4!.22%'*.+%$$8!Q*$$!/)$)%')!Q%()/'d!
)(2;!!!
!
Water Quality: G7)/%:)! R%')! -$.Q! >%(%! -./! (3)! '(/)%@! %/)! $*'()>! *+! I%R$)! M!
/)7)%$*+:!(3)!R/.%>! /%+:)!.-!2.+>*(*.+'!%$.+:! (3)! '(/)%@!Q*(3!%'!@&23!%'! %!(Q)+(8X-.$>!
>*--)/)+(*%$! -./! '.@)! A%/%@)()/'! D);:;4! 9LKE;!!I3*'!/)-$)2('!(3)!A/)')+2)!.-!')Q%:)!
(/)%(@)+(4! >*$&(*.+! $)7)$'4! +%(&/%$! *+X'(/)%@! A&/*-*2%(*.+! A/.2)'')'! %+>! (3)! )'(&%/*%$!
2.+>*(*.+'!(3%(!R):*+!(.!)@)/:)!!
!
Kalanswa
landfill st
(3)
Alexander
Stream
road-57
(4)
Up stream
Zomar
Stream
(3)
Down stream
Zomar
Stream
(4)
park G.
Hayim
(2)
Maabarot-
fish pond
(2)
Elyashiv
(5)
Maabarot
(5)
Nablus/Zomar
Stream Statio
n
(9)
N
H4 !
<U;<!
"H;KX<K;c!
<U;"!
";K\cXHU;K!
";"!
U;M"WX<;<\O!
"W;\!
\;HXH<;K!
c;\!
<;K\WX"O;c!
"\;M!
"\;U"X"W!
"H;W!
<;<\XHM;W!
\;O!
K;HM<X"";KH!
KH;<!
<<;HX\<;K!
N
O2 <;U!
U;"XM;"!
";W!
U;OKXK;MO!
U;M!
U;"KXU;W!
W;O!
U;\OX<U!
";U!
U;\\X";"W!
M;"!
";UWXc;UMW!
M;O!
U;\"X"";W!
K;c!
";"KXO;cK<!
K;\!
U;<X"K;HOK!
T
SS <U;W!
<UX<";K!
HU;M!
"<XKO!
OU;\!
M<X\U!
\c;W!
K<X"K<!
MW;U!
MUXOO!
cK;U!
MWX"HU!
OH;W!
HOX"UO!
"UO;M!
WUX"HK!
O<;\!
<UX"MU!
C
OD \M;M!
OMXWc;H!
KW;<!
"M;OWX\c;W!
HW;"!
O;\X\\;W!
\<;c!
O";WXcW;<!
KW;O!
KO;UWXM";<!
KW;U!
HM;<XOU;W!
OH;<!
Kc;OX\M;K!
MW;\!
M";WXOK;cO!
c\;M!
MU;<"X"\<!
B
OD "O;"!
"U;MX<M;"!
"H;M!
K;KX<H;<!
c;M!
";\X<"!
<W;W!
"c;KXHO;\!
<c;H!
<<;HXHO;<!
<W;K!
<<XHK;\!
<<;\!
K;WHXHO;\!
<U;\!
OXKH;"!
<W;H!
"U;OXMW;c!
T
N "c;H!
"K;WX<H;K!
M;c!
K;"c"XW;M"H!
O;U!
M;HXO;\!
<K;H!
"<;cXKU;H!
"M;H!
W;<cWX<<;H!
<K;O!
<K;UWX<M;"!
"O;M!
W;<KX<H;WHW!
"W;U!
"H;WX<<;OUO!
KH;<!
HU;KXOM;UO!
T
P M;"!
H;UHXO;W\!
\;\!
H;MX"M;c!
H;K!
<;"XO!
M;K!
";OOX\;OM!
O;<!
K;"KXW;"W!
\;O!
M;OXc;O!
K;O!
<;U"XM;W!
O;O!
K;cX"U;K!
\;<!
H;OWX"<;c!
!
Table 5: Range and average of Base flow concentrations (mg\L) in the Alexander
catchment (conE!
!
!
!
19

!
%'!(3)!'(/)%@!/)%23)'!(3)!')%;!!I.(%$!F!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'4!3.Q)7)/4!>)7*%()>!$*(($)!>&/*+:!(3)!
2.&/')!.-!(3)!'(/)%@]'!-$.Q!D-/.@!H;M!(.!"M;c!@:`$E;!!,+!%$$!2%')'4!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!Q)/)!-%/!
%R.7)! +)Q! /)2.@@)+>)>! ,'/%)$*! $)7)$'! -./! *+X'(/)%@!A3.'A3./&'!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!.-!"!
@:`$;! I3*'! 2%+! R)! )ZA$%*+)>! R8! (3)! ')Q%:)! (/)%(@)+(! ()23+.$.:*)'! *+! &')! *+! (3)!
>*'23%/:*+:! ,'/%)$*! -%2*$*(*)';! ! F/)')+(! ')2.+>%/8! DR*.$.:*2%$E! (/)%(@)+(! /)>&2)'! ./:%+*2!
$.%>*+:'! Q*(3! @.>)/%()! )--*2%284! R&(! *('! (/)%(@)+(! >.)'! +.(! /)@.7)! A3.'A3./&'! %'!
)--)2(*7)$8;!
J%@A$*+:!Q%'!%$'.!2%//*)>!.&(! >&/*+:!')7)/%$!'(./@!)7)+(';!!1)'&$('!*+>*2%()!(3%(!
'%$*+*(8! %+>!@%^./! *.+'! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+'! %/)! @&23! $.Q)/! -./! *+X'(/)%@! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!
>&/*+:!-$..>'!)7)+('!(3%+!*+!(3)!R%')!-$.Q;!!f.Q)/!$)7)$'!.-!#B04NB04!9LK!4!%+>!(.(%$!9!!
Q)/)!%$'.!/)2./>)>! >&/*+:!'(./@!)7)+(';!!!0*$&(*.+4!3.Q)7)/4!*'!@./)! A/.+.&+2)>!>.Q+!
'(/)%@4! Q*(3! '.@)Q3%(! 3*:3)/! *+X'(/)%@!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'! *+! (3)! a.@%/! '(/)%@! %AA)%/*+:!
'(./@'!/)$%(*7)!(.!(3)!G$)Z%+>)/!'(/)%@;!!!!!
F.$$&(*.+! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+'! >&/*+:! /%*+-%$$! )7)+('! '3.Q! >/%@%(*2! ()@A./%$! '3*-('4!
/)-$)2(*+:!(3)!'.X2%$$)>!l-*/'(!-$&'3m!)--)2(!*+!(3)!'(/)%@;!!T./!)Z%@A$)4!NB0! %+>! #B0!
$)7)$'!>/.AA)>!-/.@!"UK!%+>!HH!@:`f4!(.!$)''!(3)+!<\!%+>!K;H!/)'A)2(*7)$8!*+!(3)!$%()/!
'(%:)'! .-! (3)! '(./@!)7)+(';!I3)!)7)+(!.-! T)R;! cX"U4! <UUO! Q%'! %@.+:! (3)! $%/:)'(! )7)/!
/)2./>)>!*+!(3)!2%(23@)+(4!Q*(3!>*'23%/:)'!)Z2))>*+:!"U! @H`')2!-./! @./)!(3)+! <K!3.&/';!
6+>)/!'&23!2.+>*(*.+'4!%!'(/.+:!l>*$&(*.+!)--)2(m!Q%'!%+(*2*A%()>!Q3*23!'3.&$>!3%7)!R))+!
/)-$)2()>!*+!@)%'&/)@)+('!.-!@%^./! *.+'!%+>!.(3)/! 2.@A.&+>';!!1)'&$('! Q)/)!'.@)Q3%(!
'&/A/*'*+:!!
!T*:&/)!O!'3.Q'!@%Z*@&@!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!>&/*+:!.+)!)7)+(!>&/*+:!(3)!*+*(*%$!A)%V!
>*'23%/:)'!D"c_UUX<H_UUE!%'!Q)$$!>&/*+:!(3)!$%'(!A%/(!.-!(3)!)7)+(;!I3*'!/)-$)2('!(3)!2$)%/4!
%>>*(*.+! .-! A.$$&(*.+! -/.@!+.+A.*+(!'.&/2)';! I3)! .7)/! %$$! @%''! .-! 9*(/.:)+! %+>!
F3.'A3./&'!Q%'!y!<H4UUU!V:!%+>!M4"UU!V:!/)'A)2(*7)$84!>&/*+:!(3)!T)R;cX"U!)7)+(!D@)%+!
I.(%$!!9E4!2.@A%/)>!(.!"\UU!V:!%+>!!""UU!*+!(3)!0)24!"OX"\;<UUM!)7)+(!DI%R$)!OE;!!,+!(3)!
R%')!-$.Q4!(3)!>%*$8!2.+(/*R&(*.+!%AA)%/'!(.!R)!$)''!(3)+!MUU!V:!.-!9*(/.:)+!%+>!$)''!(3)+!
"UU!V:!.-!F3.'A3./&';!G22./>*+:$84! (3)! +&(/*)+(! $.%>*+:'! >&/*+:! $%/:)!)7)+('!%AA)%/!(.!
R)!(Q.!./>)/'!.-!@%:+*(&>)'!3*:3)/4!3*:3$*:3(*+:!(3)!2.+(/*R&(*.+'!.-!9.+!F.*+(!J.&/2)';!!
20

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 6 :1 6:00: 0 0 1 6 : 1 8 : 4 6 :40 1 6 : 2 1:33: 2 0 1 7 :0 0 : 2 0 : 00 1 7 : 0 3:06:4 0
COD
BOD
W a t er ht
COD and BOD (mg/L)
Date : H o u r : M i n : S e c !
Figure 6: Storm event 16-17/12 automatic station on road 57.
!
S./).7)/4! A.$$&(*.+! $.%>'! >&/*+:! '(./@!)7)+('4! '))@!(.!R)!@&23! 3*:3)/! *+!
2.@A%/*'.+!Q*(3!(3)!A.$$&(*.+!$.%>'!*+!R%')!-$.Q;!!T&/(3)/@./)4!(3)!>%(%!'3.Q!(3%(!(3)!
$%/:)/!(3)!>*'23%/:)!.-!(3)!'(./@4!(3)!$%/:)/!(3)!A.$$&(*.+!$.%>';!G22./>*+:$84!(3)!3*:3)'(!
e&%+(*(*)'!.-!+&(/*)+('!>*'23%/:)>!*+(.!(3)!'(/)%@!2.//)'A.+>!(.!(3)!'(./@!.-!0)2)@R)/!
<KX<\4! <UUM;! I3*'! )7)+(! 3%>! R.(3! (3)! $%/:)'(! .7)/%$$! >*'23%/:)! %+>! (3)! 3*:3)'(! A)%V!
>*'23%/:);! ! I3)')! /)'&$('! 2%+! R)! )ZA$%*+)>! R8! (3)! -%2(! (3%(! Q%()/! -$.Q*+:! *+! (3)! '(/)%@!
%$/)%>8!2.+(%*+'!+&(/*)+(';!!I3)!$)7)$'!.-!(3)')!+&(/*)+(!$)7)$'!>*--)/!*+!R)(Q))+!(3)!'(./@!
)7)+(';! ! G(! (3)! '%@)!(*@)4! /)'&$('! 2.+'*'()+($8! *+>*2%()! (3%(! (3)! :/)%()/! (3)! %@.&+(! .-!
Q%()/!-$.Q*+:!(3)!'(/)%@, (3)!3*:3)/!(3)!+&(/*)+(!$.%>';!!I3*'!Q.&$>!'&AA./(!(3)!)Z*'()+2)!
.-! %! l2&@&$%(*7)! )--)2(n4! @)%+*+:! (3%(! )7)+! *-! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+! *'! $.Q)/4! (3)! .7)/%$$! $.%>!
@*:3(!R)!3*:3)/4!'*+2)!@./)!Q%()/!-$.Q'!(3/.&:3!(3)!'(/)%@;!
!
S)%'&/)@)+('!'&::)'(!(3%(!>&/*+:!'(./@!)7)+('!R)(Q))+! McXc<q! .-! (3)! I9! %+>!
W"XcMq!-/.@!(3)!IF!2.&$>!R)!%((/*R&()>!(.!9.+!F.*+(!J.&/2)';!I3)')!7%$&)'!A/)')+('!(3)!
&AA)/! $*@*(! .-! (3)! A.''*R$)! 2.+(/*R&(*.+! -/.@! +.+XA.*+(! '.&/2)'4! %+>! >.! +.(! (%V)! *+(.!
%22.&+(!%>>*(*.+%$!A.''*R$)!')Q%:)!*+A&(';!!B+)!'3.&$>!(%V)!*+(.!2.+'*>)/%(*.+!(3%(!'.@)!
21

.-!(3)!$.%>'!2.&$>!R)!%((/*R&()>! (.!/)X'&'A)+>)>!@%()/*%$!%+>!')>*@)+('!%22&@&$%(*+:!*+!
R%')!-$.Q;!#&(!(3)!$.Q!2.+2)+(/%(*.+!.-!')>*@)+('!D<M!%+>!HK!@:`f!.-!IJJ!/)'A)2(*7)$8E!
@)%'&/)>!*+!b&+)!<UUO!-/.@!(3)!.&($)(!.-!(3)!g%>XL%++%!Q%'()!(/)%(@)+(!A$%+(!'&::)'(!%!
/)$%(*7)$8!@*+./!2.+(/*R&(*.+!-/.@!(3)')!%$()/+%(*7)!'.&/2)'!-./!')>*@)+(';!
Table 6:!Nutrient loads in the different storm events as calculated for Elyashiv
station. (Percentages of the relative contributions of Nonpoint Sources in the various
events are given in parenthesis.) !
!
G7)/%:)!
2.+2)+(/%(*.+!
D@:`$E!
G7)/%:)!$.%>!
DY:E!
0*--)/)+(*%$!
$.%>!
DY:E!
z! .-!
'%@A$)'!
J(./@!
)7)+(!
N&@&$%(*7)`%7)
/%:)!
0*'23%/:)!D@HE!
F)%V!
>*'23%/:)!
D@H`')2E!
!! I9! IF! I9! IF! I9! IF! !
"OX
"c;"<;UM!
K<O4HUW! O;<M! M;H! H;"! <<OM!
DW<qE!
"H<H!
Dc<;WqE!
! ! \!
<KX
<O;"<;UM!
"4"UK4HUH! "M;UH! O;<<! <;\<! OW\"!
DcK;<qE!
HUUO!
DcO;WqE!
\UKH!
!
<WOH!
!
"W!
"KX
"O;";UO!
HWc4UcU! O;O! H;\"! ";c"! "KK"!
D\<;<qE!
\K"!
DW\;<qE!
"KHH!
!
O"U!
!
\!
<MX
<c;";UM!
MW"4WM\! O;W\M! K;"! H;KO! <K""!
DWH;KqE!
<U"<!
DcM;HqE!
<OH"!
!
"\cW!
!
"H!
WX"";<;UO! H4<M<4"OO! O";K! M;K! ";\! "\4MO<!
Dc\;\qE!
MM<c!
DcWqE!
! ! PP!
#%')-$.Q! <U4KUUP! U;HK! "c;O! K;OM! KUU! cM! ! ! M!
PG7)/%:)!.-!R%')-$.Q!.-!<\;W;UMX<\;W;UO!-/.@!38>/.$.:*2%$!')/7*2)!>%(%!
PP! 9.! '%@A$)'! Q)/)! (%V)+! %(! (3*'! '(%(*.+! %(!(3*'!)7)+(d!%7)/%:)!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!Q)/)!
)Z(/%A.$%()>!-/.@!2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!*+!9%R$&'!(/*R&(%/8!%+>!'(%(*.+!M\;!!
!G'!2%+!R)! '))+! *+!I%R$)!\4!.7)/%$$! +&(/*)+(!$.%>'!*+!'(./@! )7)+('!%/)!@&23!3*:3)/! (3%+!
(3.')!$.%>'!*+!R%')!-$.Q4!%(!$)%'(!R8!%+!./>)/!.-!@%:+*(&>);!I3)!/)'&$('!%/)!'*@*$%/!(.!(3)!
22

(/)+>!%AA)%/*+:!%(!(3)!>.Q+!'(/)%@!l?$8%'3*7m!@.+*(./*+:!'(%(*.+;!0&/*+:!/%*+-%$$!)7)+('4!
*(! *'! A$%&'*R$)! (.! %''&@)! (3%(! %$@.'(! %$$! .-! (3)! '.&/2)'! .-! +&(/*)+('! ./*:*+%()! -/.@! +.+X
A.*+(!'.&/2)'!Dcc;\Xcc;Wq4!I%R$)!OE;!
Table 7: Nutrient loads as calculated for road 57 stations
G7)/%:)!D@:`$E!
!
G7)/%:)!$.%>!!
!DV:E!
9&@R)/!
.-!
'%@A$)'!
J(./@!)7)+(! N&@&$%(*7)`
%7)/%:)!
0*'23%/:)!
D@HE!
F)%V!
>*'23%/:)!
D@H`')2E!
!! I9! IF! I9! IF! !
"OX"c;"<;UM! \KH4c\<! \;O\! K;<! H;W"! H"<<!
Dcc;\qE!
<W<<!
Dcc;\qE!
"\!
<KX<O;"<;UM! "4"M<4<W<! <U;K<! H;HH! ";\W! HWK"!
Dcc;\qE!
<UKM!
Dcc;OqE!
"W!
WX"U;<;UO! "4KMU4UUU! "OU! H;<! ";W! KOHU!
Dcc;WqE!
<OOU!
Dcc;\qE!
!
#%')-$.Q! "4UUU! U;U"! "";K! W;H! "";K!
Dcc;WqE!
W;H!
Dcc;\qE!
K!
!
Biological Health: #*.X%'')''@)+(! .-! R%')! -$.Q! '(/)%@! 3)%$(3! %$'.! /)7)%$)>!
2.+'*>)/%R$)! 2.+(/%'('! *+! '(/)%@!2.+>*(*.+';! ?Z2)A(! -./! (3)! $.Q)'(! '*()! .+! (3)!
a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/! DlSX&Am! '*()E4! %$$! .(3)/! '*()'! '3.Q)>! $*(($)! 7%/*%(*.+! *+! 2.@@&+*(8!
%((/*R&()'! %+>! R*.$.:*2%$! *+():/*(8! %+>! Q)/)! %'')'')>! %'! 3%7*+:! l7)/8! A../m! (.! l-%*/$8!
A../m! 3)%$(3! 2.+>*(*.+! D(%R$)! WE;! I3)! lSX&Am!'*()!Q%'!%'')'')>!%'! l7)/8! A../m! .+! .+)!
.22%'*.+!%+>!%'!l:..>m!.+!%+.(3)/;!I3*'!*'!%+!*+>*2%(*.+!.-!(3)!7%/*%(*.+!*+!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!
2.+>*(*.+'! %+>! %! >)@.+'(/%(*.+! .-! (3)! *+'(%R*$*(8! .-! )--$&)+(! >*'23%/:)'! *+! (3)!
a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/! '(/)%@;! G'! *+! (3)! L)R/.+`#)'./! Q%()/'3)>! (3)! @%2/.*+7)/()R/%()!
2.@@&+*(8! .-! (3)! &AA)/! (/*R&(%/*)'! .-! (3)! a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/! D9%R$&'`J3)V3)@!'(/)%@E!
Q%'!%$'.!*+!7)/8!A../!2.+>*(*.+;!I3)!.+$8! (%Z%! -.&+>! *+! (3)')! '*()'! Q)/)! >*A()/%!$%/7%)!
Q3*23! %/)! (.$)/%+(! (.! (3)! /%Q! ')Q%:)! 2.+>*(*.+';! G22./>*+:$8! (3)')! '*()'! Q)/)! 2$)%/$8!
>*''*@*$%/!-/.@!(3)!.(3)/!'*()'!*+!(3)!Q%()/'3)>!D-*:&/)!\E;!!!
23

!
I%R$)! W_! 1%+:)! 7%$&)'! .-! @%2/.*+7)/()R/%()! @)(/*2'4! 2%$2&$%()>! #X,#,! %+>! ! /)'A)2(*7)!
'(/)%@! 3)%$(3! .-! (3)! ! a.@%/! `! G$)Z%+>)/! '(/)%@! .7)/! (3)! '(&>8! A)/*.>! D+! v! +&@R)/! .-!
'%@A$)'!*+!)%23!'*()E;!!!
!
Site B-Dn AS-Up AS-Dn H-Can* H-IBrd Ely. M-Up
samples (n) <! H! H! <! <! H! H!
Chironomidae (%) <UXccq! HWXOHq! HMXc\q! <XMUq! K\XW<q! KX\cq! cX\Hq!
Odonata (%) UX<q! \X"Kq! U;\X"<q! UXKq! U;"X<q! U;HX"Kq! <X"Wq!
Ephemeroptera (%) UXKq! U;<XU;cq! U;UXU;"q! UXHHq! U;UUq! U;KX"q! UX"Hq!
Taxa richness !KXc! !""X"c!!"UX<K!!cX"H!!""X"W!!"UX"\!!KX"H!
TSI <;"XH! <;KXH;<! <;UX<;K! H;UXK;H! <;<X<;W! <;\XH;U! <;KXH;U!
Eveness (J) U;UHXU;M! U;H\XU;MK! U;U\XU;MM!
U;HKX
U;OH! U;<WXU;KW! U;<HXU;OU! U;KWXU;\H!
Calculated B-IBI 6 27-60% 53-60% 40-47% 47-80% 40-47% 47-60% 33-83%
Stream health
very poor
- fairly
poor
fairly poor
poor -
fairly
poor
fairly
poor -
good
poor -
fairly
poor
fairly
poor
very poor
- good
P!JA/*+:'!$.2%()>!.&('*>)!(3)!@%*+!23%++)$;!!!
!
!
!
Burgata Dn 11_05
Shekhem Up11_05
Shekhem Dn11_05
Elyashiv 11_05
Maabarot Up11_05
Shekhem Up 8_05
Shekhem Dn 8_05
Ha'Ogen canna l 8_05
Ha'Ogen Brd 8_05
Elyashiv 8_05
Maabarot Up 8_05
Burgata Dn 4_05
Shekhem Up 4_05
Shekhem Dn 4_05
Ha'Ogen cannal 4_05
Ha'Ogen Brd 4_05
Elyashiv 4_05
Maabarot Up 4_05
Stress: .06
!
!
!
!
!
Deir Sharaf - up 12_05
Deir Sharaf-dn 12_05
Deir Shar af - up 6_05
Deir Sharaf-dn6_05
!
!
!
T*:&/)! \;! S&$(*>*@)+'*.+%$! '2%$*+:! .-!'*@*$%/*(8! %+%$8'*'! D#/%8XN&/(*'E! .-!
@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()!%'')@R$%:)'! '%@A$)>!%$.+:!(3)! a.@%/!`!G$)Z%+>)/!Q%()/'3)>;!
N*/2$)>!:/.&A!*+>*2%()'!'*()'!$.2%()>!*+!9%R$&'`J3)V3)@!'(/)%@;!
!
!
24

!
Conclusions: Contrasting Conditions in the Two Watersheds
I3)!3%R*(%(!%+>!)2.$.:*2%$!'8'()@'!.-!R.(3!'(/)%@'!A%8!%!3)%78!(.$$!-./!(3)!@%+8!
8)%/'!.-!A.$$&(*.+! %+>! >/%@%(*2!@.>*-*2%(*.+!.-! (3)!+%(&/%$!38>/.$.:*2%$!/):*@);! I3*'!*'!
)7*>)+(!*+!(3)!/)$%(*7)$8!A../!@%2/.*+7)/()R/%()'!R*.>*7)/'*(84!>.@*+%+2)!.-!%!'*+:$)!./!%!
-)Q! (%Z%! D$.Q! ?7)++)''! *+>)ZE4! %+>! .7)/%$$! A../! '(/)%@! 3)%$(3! D$.Q!A)/2)+(!R*.$.:*2%$!
*+():/*(8!./!$.Q!7%$&)!.-!%'')@R$%:)!')+'*(*7*(8!*+>)ZE;!!
I3)! &R*e&*(.&'! >*A()/%+'4! Q*(3! (3)*/! (.$)/%+2)! -./! )Z(/)@)! )+7*/.+@)+(%$!
2.+>*(*.+'! '&::)'(! (3%(! $%/:)! ')2(*.+'! .-! (3)! '(/)%@!/)@%*+! &+*+3%R*(%R$)! %+>!
*+%AA/.A/*%()!-./!%!/%+:)!.-!/)2/)%(*.+%$!%+>!.(3)/!&')';!S%+8!>*A()/%+'!%/)!(.$)/%+(!.-!
)Z(/)@)!)+7*/.+@)+(%$!2.+>*(*.+'! %+>!(3)*/!A/)')+2)!/)-$)2('! 3*:3!$)7)$'!.-!Q%'()! Q%()/!
2.+(%@*+%(*.+;! I3*'! A/.7)>! (/&)! %$'.! *+! (3)! A/)')+(! '(&>8;! IQ.! >*A()/%+! :/.&A'! %/)!
)'A)2*%$$8!:..>!R*.*+>*2%(./'!-./! (3)! >):/))!.-!./:%+*2!A.$$&(*.+;! I3)! -*/'(!.+)!*+2$&>)'!
@.(3X-$*)'!D-%@*$8!F'823.>*>%)E!%+>!3.7)/X-$*)'!D-%@*$8!J8/A3*>%)E!(3%(!Q)/)!-.&+>!.+$8!
*+!(3)!:/.''$8!A.$$&()>!D/%Q!')Q%:)E!(/*R&(%/*)'!.-!R.(3! (3)!G$)Z%+>)/!DJ3)V3)@`a.@%/E!
%+>! .-! L)R/.+`#)'./;! I3)! .(3)/! :/.&A! *+2$&>)'! (3)! +.+XR*(*+:! @*>:)! $%/7%)!
DN3*/.+.@*>%)4!@.'($8!Chironomus!'A;E!(3%(!Q)/)!-/)e&)+($8!3*:3$8!>.@*+%+(!/)-$)2(*+:!
(3)! )+/*23@)+(! R8! ./:%+*2! @%(()/! D@.'($8! @&+*2*A%$! )--$&)+(E;! I3)! 2$)%/! /)$%(*.+'3*A!
R)(Q))+!./:%+*2!A.$$&(*.+!D/)A/)')+()>! %'! (.(%$!%@@.+*%!2.+2)+(/%(*.+E!%+>!(3)!A)/2)+(!
>*A()/%! $%/7%! *+>*2%()'! %! (3/)'3.$>! .-! KU@:`f! %@@.+*%4! -/.@!Q3*23!(3)! 2.@@&+*(8! *'!
(.(%$$8!>.@*+%()>!R8!(.$)/%+(!>*A()/%!$%/7%!DT*:&/)!WE;!!!!
!
25

y = 11.96Ln(x) + 30.56
R
2
= 0.69
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20304050 6070 80 90 100
NH
4
-N (mg/l)
Diptera larvae (%)
!
Figure 8. Relationship between proportion of diptera larvae in the assemblage and
ammonia level (Alexander and Besor streams and tributaries
!
G'! R.(3! Q%()/'3)>'! /)2)*7)! +.!/%*+! >&/*+:! (3)! '&@@)/! %+>! 3%7)! (/*7*%$! 'A/*+:!
-$.Q4! (3)*/! Q%()/! e&%$*(8! *'! >.@*+%()>! R8! ')Q%:)! >*'23%/:)';! ! I3)! :/)%()/! A/)2*A*(%(*.+!
>&/*+:! (3)! /%*+8! ')%'.+! %+>! %''.2*%()>! >*$&(*.+! *+! (3)! a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/! R%'*+! >.! +.(!
%--)2(!(3*'!>8+%@*2;!!9./! >.)'! %! >)2%>)! .-! )--./('!(.!/)>&2)!A.*+(!'.&/2)'!%+>!A%/(*%$$8!
(/)%(!')Q%:)!-/.@!(3)!=)'(!#%+V;!#.(3!'(/)%@'!%/)!3)%7*$8!A.$$&()>!%'!/)-$)2()>!*+!Q%()/!
e&%$*(8! 7%/*%R$)'! %+>! R8! (3)! R*.$.:*2%$! 3)%$(3! 2%():./8! I3*'! *'! )'A)2*%$$8! +.()Q./(38!
:*7)+!(3)!'()%>8!:/.Q(3! *+! (3)! +&@R)/!.-!/)'*>)+('!$*7*+:!*+!(3)!Q%()/'3)>4!A%/(*2&$%/$8!
%@.+:! (3)! F%$)'(*+*%+! A.A&$%(*.+;! ! G$(3.&:3! (3)! :).@./A3.$.:8! .-! (3)! (Q.! '(/)%@'!
>*--)/'!:/)%($8!%'!>.)'!(3)*/!2$*@%(*2! ')((*+:! %+>! 2.+>*(*.+'4!(3)!)2.$.:*2%$!'(%()!.-!(3)*/!
&AA)/!(/*R&(%/*)'!D/)-$)2()>!R8!(3)!GJ,E!%/)!*>)+(*2%$!Dn7)/8!A../nE;!!!
!
!
!
!
26

V. Discussion – Implications for Transboundary Stream Restoration and
Management
0)'A*()!Q*>)'A/)%>!/)'(./%(*.+!)--./('4!(3)!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!*+!@%+8!'):@)+('!.-!(3)!
L)R/.+`! #)'./! J(/)%@!*'!&+'%(*'-%2(./8;!=3*$)! (3)! a.@%/`G$)Z%+>)/! '(/)%@! 3%'! '3.Q+!
'.@)!*@A/.7)@)+(4! @.+*(./*+:! '&::)'('! (3%(! A.*+(! %+>! +.+A.*+(!'.&/2)!A.$$&(*.+!
2.+(*+&)! (.!%--)2(!'(/)%@!Q%()/! e&%$*(8;! ! I.! %! :/)%(! )Z()+(4! '(/)%@!/)'(./%(*.+!*'!%!
A%*+-&$$8! '$.Q! A/.2)''4! Q3)/)! A%(*)+2)! *'! /)e&*/)>! %+>! *+2/)@)+(%$! *@A/.7)@)+(! *'! (3)!
R)'(! )ZA)2()>! .&(2.@);! I3)! -%2(! (3%(! (3)')! Q%()/'3)>'! %/)! '3%/)>! (3)! F%$)'(*+*%+'! %+>!
,'/%)$*'!@%V)'! (3)! *@A$)@)+(%(*.+! .-!%!2../>*+%()>! @%+%:)@)+(! '(/%():8! )7)+! @./)!
2.@A$)Z;!
,+! :)+)/%$! (3)/)! *'! '.@)! R%'*'! -./! .A(*@*'@;!!=3)+! )--./('! %/)! R%')>! .+! %!
2../>*+%()>! S%'()/A$%+4! )+7*/.+@)+(%$! A/.:/)''! *'! >*'2)/+*R$);! ! I3)! '(/)%@!@.+*(./*+:!
>*7*'*.+!*+!,'/%)$i'!9%(&/)! %+>! F%/V'! G&(3./*(8!3%'!R))+!*+!23%/:)! .-! @.+*(./*+:! ,'/%)$*!
'(/)%@'4! *+2$&>*+:! (3)! G$)Z%+>)/! '(/)%@!'*+2)! (3)! "c\U]';! I3)*/! @.+*(./*+:! A/.:/%@!
*+2$&>)'! 'A/*+:! %+>! -%$$! '%@A$*+:! %$.+:! >*--)/)+(! '(%(*.+'! *+! (3)! G$)Z%+>)/! '(/)%@;!
G'')''@)+(!.-!(3)*/!>%(%!'&::)'('!(3%(!(3)/)!3%'! R))+! %! @%/V)>! *@A/.7)@)+(!*+!'(/)%@!
2.+>*(*.+'! .7)/! (3)! A%'(! >)2%>);! ! DT*:&/)! \E! ! G$$! A%/%@)()/'! XX! #B04! NB0! %+>! 9LK!
2.+2)+(/%(*.+'!XX!Q)/)!2.+'*>)/%R$8!$.Q)/!*+!<UUMX<UUO!(3%+!*+!(3)!8)%/!"ccM4!'&::)'(*+:!
(3%(!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!3%'!*@A/.7)>!>/%@%(*2%$$8!'*+2)!(3)!*+*(*%(*.+!.-!/)'(./%(*.+!%2(*7*(*)';!
L.Q)7)/4! (3)! >%(%! %$'.! '3.Q! (3%(! (3)! >)2$*+)! *+! A.$$&(*.+! 2.+2)+(/%(*.+! A%/%@)()/'! *'!
*+2.+'*'()+(!%+>!-./! '.@)!A%/%@)()/'4!'&23! %'!%@@.+*%4!A/.:/)''!3%'! '$.Q)>!./!$)7)$)>!
.--!'*+2)!<UUH;!!!!
!
27

!
Figure 7: BOD, COD and NH4 averages concentration in the Alexander stream
from 1995-2006!D>%(%!-/.@!,'/%)$!9%(&/)!%+>!F%/V'!G&(3./*(8E!
!
T&/(3)/!A/.:/)''!*+!%((%*+*+:! /)'(./%(*.+!.R^)2(*7)'!Q*$$!+.(!R)! @)%+*+:-&$!*+!(3)!
Q%()/'3)>'!'(&>*)>4!%'!Q)$$!%'!*+!@%+%:*+:!.(3)/!(/%+'R.&+>%/8!/)'.&/2)'!*+!(3)!/):*.+4!
&+(*$! %! +&@R)/! .-!-&+>%@)+(%$! 23%+:)'! *+! A/)')+(! >8+%@*2'! %+>! %AA/.%23)'!%/)!
%>.A()>;! ! ,+! (3*'! ')2(*.+4! (3)! *@A$*2%(*.+'! .-! (3)! @.+*(./*+:! /)'&$('! -./! -&(&/)4!
(/%+'R.&+>%/84!/)'(./%(*.+!)--./('!%/)!A/)')+()>;!!!
Transboundary Planning: I.! )+'&/)! $.+:X()/@! 2..A)/%(*.+! @)%+*+:-&$!
)+7*/.+@)+(%$!/)'&$('4!(3)!'*>)'!@&'(!/)@%*+!2.@@*(()>!(.!)Z)2&2(*+:!/)'(./%(*.+!A$%+'!
-./!(/%+'R.&+>%/8! Q%()/'3)>!/)'(./%(*.+;!!I3)!7*.$)+(!A.$*(*2%$!>8+%@*2'!.-!(3)!S*>>$)!
?%'(! %+>! (3)! %''.2*%()>! .R'(%2$)'! -./! 2..A)/%(*.+! .+! (3)! :/.&+>! %>>! %! $)7)$! .-!
2.@A$)Z*(8! (.! *@A$)@)+(%(*.+! Q3*23! 2%++.(! R)! &+>)/)'(*@%()>;! ! ! I3)! %23*)7)@)+('!
%((%*+)>!3)/)(.-./)4!(3/.&:3!(3)!@8/*%>!*+*(*%(*7)'! .+! R.(3! '*>)'4! /)-$)2(!%!A/%:@%(*'@!
(3%(! *@A$*2*($8! /)2.:+*C)'! (3%(! (3)! A)/-)2(! /*7)/! /)3%R*$*(%(*.+! A$%+! @%8! *+>))>! R)! (3)!
)+)@8! .-! (3)! l:..>m! .+);! ! ,+2/)@)+(%$! *@A/.7)@)+('4! (3/.&:3! A/.^)2('! $*V)! (3)! g%>!
L%+%3!Q%'()!(/)%(@)+(!A$%+(!/)>&2)!2.+(%@*+%(*.+!*+!(3)!-*)$>!%+>!@%*+(%*+!%!')+')!.-!
@.@)+(&@;!!!#&(!*@A/.7)@)+('!*+!(3)!$%+>'2%A)!%+>!*+!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!(.!>%()!3%7)!.+$8!
')(! (3)! '(%:)! -./! (3)! @./)! 2.@A/)3)+'*7)! )+7*/.+@)+(%$! A/.:/)''! (3%(! *'! +))>)>;! I3)!
(*@)!3%'!2.@)!(.!@.7)!(.!(3)!+)Z(!$)7)$!Q3)/)!/)%$!/)2/)%(*.+%$!%+>!)2.$.:*2%$!R)+)-*('!
2%+!R)!)+^.8)>!R8!R.(3!,'/%)$*'!%+>!F%$)'(*+*%+';!!!
28

I3)! )Z*'(*+:! A$%+'!-./! A.$$&(*.+!/)>&2(*.+! %+>! *@A/.7)@)+(! .-! (3)! Q%()/'3)>4!
A/)A%/)>! %'! %! /)'&$(! .-! 2..A)/%(*.+! 'A%Q+)>! R8! (3)! B'$.! A)%2)! %22./>'! '3.&$>! R)!
%@)+>)>!(.! *+2$&>)!:/)%()/!)@A3%'*'!.+!2.+(/.$$*+:!+.+A.*+(!A.$$&(*.+!'.&/2)';!! N$)%/!
*+()/*@!%+>!$.+:X()/@!:.%$'!/):%/>*+:!(3)!&')!.-!>*--)/)+(!'):@)+('!.-!(3)!'(/)%@'4!Q*(3!
:/)%()/! /)'.$&(*.+! >)-*+*+:! 2.@@.+! %+>! >*--)/)+(*%()>! /)'A.+'*R*$*(*)'! -./!
*@A$)@)+(%(*.+! R8! (3)! A%/(*)'! '3.&$>! R)! ')(! %22./>*+:! (.! (3)! A/)-)/)+2)'! .-!
'(%V)3.$>)/'! .+! R.(3! '*>)';! ! ! T./! )Z%@A$)4! (3)! '(&>8! *+2$&>)>! %! '&/7)8! .-! ,'/%)$*!
'(%V)3.$>)/'! /):%/>*+:! )ZA/)'')>!A/)-)/)+2)'! -./! -&(&/)! >)'*:+%()>! &')'! .-! '(/)%@';!!
JQ*@@*+:! Q%'! >))@)>4! %+! %>@*/%R$)4! R&(! 7)/8! >*'(%+(! %+>! A/)')+($8! &+/)%$*'(*2!
.R^)2(*7);!!1)2/)%(*.+%$!R.%(*+:!%+>!-*'3*+:4!3.Q)7)/4!Q)/)!*>)+(*-*)>!%'!@./)!A/%2(*2%$!
%+>! /)%>*$8! %((%*+)>;! ! ! F%$)'(*+*%+'! )ZA/)'')>! %! 2$)%/! A/)-)/)+2)! -./! >*/)2(*+:! (/)%()>!
)--$&)+('! (.! '(/)%@! -$.Q! %+>! /)'(./%(*.+4! /%(3)/! ')+>*+:! (3)! Q%'()! Q%()/! >*/)2($8! -./!
*//*:%(*.+! *+! %:/*2&$(&/);! ! ! F$%+'! @&'(! (/%+'$%()! (3)')! *+2$*+%(*.+'! *+(.! .A)/%(*.+%$!
.R^)2(*7)'!Q*(3!(*@)X(%R$)'!%+>!-&+>*+:!@)23%+*'@';!
Common “In-Stream” Standards and Pollution Reduction Goals: I.! >%()4! +)*(3)/!
F%$)'(*+*%+'! +./! ,'/%)$*'! 3%7)! ')(! -./@%$4! $):%$$8! R*+>*+:! '(/)%@!'(%+>%/>'!-./!Q%()/!
e&%$*(8!*+!(3)!'(/)%@'!$.2%()>!*+!(3)!(Q.!Q%()/'3)>'!'(&>*)>;!!,'/%)$!3%'!R):&+!(.!A3%')!
*+! +)Q! >*'23%/:)! '(%+>%/>'! -./! Q%'()! Q%()/! (/)%(@)+(! >*'23%/:)>! *+(.! (3)! '(/)%@!%+>!
F%$)'(*+*%+'! 3%7)! %:/))>! (.! @))(! %! l<U`HUm! ! #B0`J&'A)+>)>! '.$*>'4! ')2.+>%/8!
(/)%(@)+(! $)7)$;! ! g)(4! (3)')! l>*'23%/:)m! '(%+>%/>'! -%$$! '3./(! .-!-&$$! *+X'(/)%@! 2/*()/*%4!
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@&'(! 2.+(%*+! >)(%*$)>4! e&%+(*(%(*7)! 2/*()/*%! (.! @.+*(./! A/.:/)'';! ! I3)')! 23)@*2%$! %+>!
R*.$.:*2%$! A%/%@)()/'! '3.&$>! R)! >/*7)+! R8! (3)! '(/)%@X&')'! (3%(! 3%7)! R))+! A/*./*(*C)>;!
F.$$&(*.+!$)7)$'!2%+!R)!/%(23)()>!>.Q+!Q*(3!(*@)!%'!*+()/*@!@*$)'(.+)'!%/)!%((%*+)>!%+>!
&$(*@%()!Q%()/!e&%$*(8!.R^)2(*7)'!A&/'&)>;!!!
B+2)! '(%+>%/>'! %/)! )'(%R$*'3)>4! 2$)%/! .R^)2(*7)'! @&'(! R)! ')(! -./! '.&/2)! %+>!
+.+A.*+(!A.$$&(*.+!'.&/2)!/)>&2(*.+';!!I%R$)!\!*+2$&>)'!'*()X'A)2*-*2!`!A.$$&(*.+X'A)2*-*2!
.R^)2(*7)'! R%')>! .+! @.+*(./*+:! /)'&$('! %+>! A/)')+(! ,'/%)$*! /)2.@@)+>%(*.+'! -./! *+X
'(/)%@!e&%$*(8!*+!(3)!G$)Z%+>)/!J(/)%@;!!
29

Table 7: Pollution Load Reduction Needed to Meet Water Quality Standards*
*Based on Israeli water quality standards: TN=10 mg/L; TP= 1 mg/L; NH4= 1.5 mg/L
!!
The Proximity Principle: !I3)!)'(%R$*'3@)+(!.-!,'/%)$*!(/)%(@)+(!-%2*$*(*)'!*+!R.(3!
Q%()/'3)>'! (3%(! %/)! >)'*:+)>! (.!2%A(&/)!%+>!(/)%(!F%$)'(*+*%+! ')Q%:)! %'! *(! 2/.'')'! (3)!
R./>)/!Q%'!./*:*+%$$8!%!A/%:@%(*2!/)'A.+')!(.!(3)!)+7*/.+@)+(%$!A%/%$8'*'!A/.>&2)>!R8!
A.$*(*2%$!*+'(%R*$*(8;!!5*7)+!(3)!$%2V!.-!'8@@)(/8!*+!)2.+.@*2!2%A%2*(8!%+>!A/)')+(!$)7)$'!
.-! :.7)/+%+2)4! ,'/%)$! (..V! A/.%2(*7)! %2(*.+! (.! *+()/2)A(! %+>! /)>&2)! (3)! A/)>.@*+%+(!
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>.)'!+.(!2.+'(*(&()!%+!)--)2(*7)4!$.+:X()/@4!38>/.$.:*2%$!'(/%():8;!
=3*$)!(/)%(@)+(!A$%+('!2%+!'&22)''-&$$8!/)>&2)!./:%+*2!$.%>*+:!*+!(3)!'(/)%@'!%+>!
*@A/.7)! Q%()/! e&%$*(84! (3)8! 2%++.(! .--)/! %! 2.@A/)3)+'*7)! '.$&(*.+;! ! ! ,+! (3)!
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2.+'*>)/%R$)! e&%+(*(*)'! .-! Q%'()! Q%()/! 2.+(*+&)! (.! A)/2.$%()! *+(.! :/.&+>! Q%()/! %-()/!
$)%7*+:! 9%R$&'! '(/)%@;! ! D#/%+>)*'4! <UUHE! ,+! 2)/(%*+! )Z(/)@)! /%*+! )7)+('! (3)! -$.Q! *'!
.7)/Q3)$@*+:;!!!I3)!/)'&$(!*'!(3)!(/%+'A./(!.-!)Z(/)@)$8!3*:3!$)7)$'! .-!./:%+*2!@%()/*%$'!
Q3*23! .-()+! )Z2))>! A/)')+(! 2%A%2*(8! %(! (3)! (/)%(@)+(! -%2*$*(8! Q3*23! *+! (&/+! $)%>'! (.!
l)@)/:)+28m!R8A%''!>*'23%/:)'!(3%(!/)'&$(!*+!A)/*.>*2!-*'3!V*$$'!%+>!:)+)/%$!>)()/*./%(*.+!
*+!%@R*)+(!'(/)%@!2.+>*(*.+';!!!!
30

,+!(3)!&AA)/!/)%23)'!.-!(3)!L)R/.+`#)'./!Q%()/'3)>4!(3)!$.''!.-!&A!(.!cUq!.-!(3)!
')Q%:)! )--$&)+('! (.!*+-*$(/%(*.+! /)e&*/)'! %! /)(3*+V*+:! .-! A/)')+(! %''&@A(*.+';! ! I3)!
(/)%(@)+(! -%2*$*(8! 2&//)+($8! &+>)/! 2.+'(/&2(*.+! *+'*>)! (3)! ,'/%)$*! R./>)/! %(! (3)! J3.V)(!
^&+2(&/)!'3.&$>!*@A/.7)!'&/-%2)!Q%()/!2.+>*(*.+'!*+! (3)!'(/)%@!-$.Q*+:!(3/.&:3!(3)! 2*(8!
.-! #))/! J3)7%;! #&(! *+! (3)! $.+:X/&+4! :/.&+>! Q%()/! /)'.&/2)'!@%8! '(*$$! R)!2.@A/.@*')>;!
=3*$)!*+-*$(/%(*.+!*+!(3)!a.@%/!*'!'.@)Q3%(!@./)!@.>)'(4!%!-&$$!3%$-!.-!(3)!')Q%:)!@%8!
R)!2.+(%@*+%(*+:!:/.&+>Q%()/!/)'.&/2)';!!!
,(!*'!%!R%'*2! %Z*.@!.-!)+7*/.+@)+(%$!@%+%:)@)+(! (3%(!(/)%(@)+(!.-!Q%'()'! .-!%$$!
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31

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32

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33

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34

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References
G>$)/!1;!=;4!D"ccME!nG>>/)''*+:!#%//*)/'!(.!=%()/'3)>!F/.()2(*.+n4!Environmental Law4!
<M!DKE4!AA;!c\HX""UO;!
!
G7*@)$)23!g;!%+>!G8%$.+!B;4!D"cccE!National Environmental Priorities in Israel4!
I3)!J;!9)%@%+!,+'(*(&()!T./!G>7%+2)>!J(&>*)'!*+!J2*)+2)!%+>!I)23+.$.:84!I)23+*.+4!
,'/%)$!,+'(*(&()!.-!I)23+.$.:8;!
!
#/%+>)*'!G;4!D<UUHE;!Summary of activity 2002. Restoration of the Alexander stream;!
I3)!G$)Z%+>)/!1)'(./%(*.+!G>@*+*'(/%(*.+;
!
#/..V'!0;4!D"ccOE!Between the Great Rivers: Water in the Heart of the Middle East4!
?+7*/.+@)+(%$!F.$*28!F/.:/%@4!?+7*/.+@)+(!%+>!9%(&/%$!1)'.&/2)'!0*7*'*.+4!
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35

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Environmental Security and Environmental Management: The Role of Risk Assessment4!
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