Article

Effect of Fenugreek Fiber on Satiety, Blood Glucose and Insulin Response and Energy Intake in Obese Subjects

Authors:
  • USDA Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center
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Abstract

Eighteen healthy obese subjects participated in a single blind, randomized, crossover study of three test breakfasts, containing 0 g (control), 4 g or 8 g of isolated fenugreek fiber. Subjects recorded ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption using visual analog scales (VAS) every 30 min for 3.5 h. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses were measured. Energy intake from an ad libitum lunch buffet and for the remainder of the day was assessed. The 8 g dose of fenugreek fiber significantly increased mean ratings of satiety and fullness, and reduced ratings of hunger and prospective food consumption (P < 0.05). Palatability was significantly reduced with increasing doses of fenugreek fiber (P < 0.05). No differences were observed for area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose among treatments. An increase in insulin AUC was found with 8 g fenugreek fiber. Energy intake at an ad libitum lunch buffet was significantly lower for 8 g than 4 g fenugreek fiber, but not significantly different from control, although there was a trend towards a lower intake (p = 0.11). No differences were observed for energy intake for the remainder of the day. Fenugreek fiber (8 g) significantly increased satiety and reduced energy intake at lunch, suggesting it may have short-term beneficial effects in obese subjects. Satiety results were not related to postprandial blood glucose.

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... fenugreek have also shown reduction in FBS, PPG, as well as HbA1c [19,20], but some others, showed no signifcant effect [21,22]. Therefore, its effectiveness for glycemic control is not fully con rmed yet and there are needs for more clinical studies. ...
... Our results were also more potent and in line with a recent reported that fenugreek could potentially impact blood sugar levels when responding to larger amounts of glucose. As a result, fenugreek consumption may be more bene cial for individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who have disrupted glucose metabolism and elevated blood sugar levels [21]. Hence, the insu cient number of trials involving healthy individuals and the higher baseline blood glucose levels in diabetes compared to healthy subjects could clarify our observations in this speci c group. ...
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Purpose The presented comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to analyze the effectiveness of fenugreek on fasting blood glucose (FBS), 2h postprandial glucose (2hPPG), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), Insulin and Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Methods A systematic literature search of the several databases was performed from inception to 30 October 2023, for controlled clinical trials. Data were analysed using the random-effect model, and presented as weighted (WMD) or standardized (SMD) mean difference and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity between studies assessed using the Cochrane χ2 test. To identify the source of heterogeneity, meta-regression, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis used. Funnel plot, Egger's and Begg's tests also used to evaluate publication bias. Results A total of 26 RCTs met the eligibility criteria. The results indicated signifcant improving effects of fenugreek on FBS (WMD: − 16.75 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 23.36, − 10.15; P < 0.001), PPG (WMD: − 22.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 34.42 to − 10.15; P < 0.001; I² (%): 95.1%, P < 0.001), HbA1C levels (WMD: − 0.63 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 0.76 to − 0.51; P < 0.001), and insulin (SMD: − 0.42; 95% CI: − 0.79 to − 0.05; P = 0.026). However, the effect on HOMA-IR was not significant (WMD: -22.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 0.84 to 0.02; P = 0.061). Conclusion The overall results support possible protective and therapeutic effects of fenugreek on glycemic parameters. Future studies with higher quality are necessary to confirm the results of the present meta-analyses.
... For instance, despite having a satiating effect, 19.6 g/day dietary fiber from whole grain rye did not affect macronutrient and energy intake over a period of 3 weeks (Isaksson et al. 2012). Similar results was observed in short-term applications with 12.5 g fiber from barley biscuit (Vitaglione et al. 2010), 18 g fiber from barley hot cereals (Schroeder et al. 2009), 10 g gelled, viscous, or bulking pectin in the form of dairy-based liquid (Wanders et al. 2014), and 4 or 8 g fenugreek fiber in the form of a beverage (Mathern et al. 2009). Based on the reported controversies and the current data, it seems hard to draw a conclusion for the effectiveness of dietary fibers on energy intake and weight status. ...
... For instance, Gustafsson and colleagues reported that among portions of 100, 200 and 300 g boiled carrot containing 2.9, 5.8 and 8.7 g fiber, only 200 and 300 g doses increased satiety (Gustafsson et al. 1994). Also, 8 g fenugreek fiber increased satiety and reduced hunger in obese subjects while a 4 g dose was not effective (Mathern et al. 2009). There are also investigations that have not found an effect from any dose ranging from 4-5 g to 8 g and to 20-24 g (Tiwary, Ward, and Jackson 1997;Hlebowicz et al. 2007;Peters et al. 2009;Hess et al. 2011). ...
Article
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Dietary fibers prevent obesity through reduction of hunger and prolongation of satiety. A number of mechanical and endocrine signals from gastrointestinal tract are stimulated by fibers and their fermentation products, reach regions of brain involved in the regulation of appetite, and ultimately reduce food intake. Gastric distention, delayed gastric emptying, prevention of hypoglycemic, increased amounts of unabsorbed nutrients reaching to the ileum, and stimulation of enteroendocrine cells for secretion of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are among mechanisms of fibers in decreasing hunger and prolongation of satiety. Fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids that also stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and PYY. Randomized controlled trials have shown reductions in energy intake and body weight along with increased satiation and reduced hunger following consumption of fibers. Prospective cohort studies have confirmed these results but the extent of weight loss in some studies has been small. Controversies exist between studies particularly for the effect of fibers on the gastrointestinal hormones, subsequent food intake, and the resultant weight loss. More studies are needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn especially for the effect of fibers on appetite-related hormones and weight loss.
... A study conducted by Mathern et al. (2009) fenugreek fiber powder produced a significant increase in insulin AUC (+12 mIU/L Â hr, +8.5%, p = .04) with respect to control whereas no differences were reported for glucose AUC among treatments (Mathern et al., 2009). ...
... A study conducted by Mathern et al. (2009) fenugreek fiber powder produced a significant increase in insulin AUC (+12 mIU/L Â hr, +8.5%, p = .04) with respect to control whereas no differences were reported for glucose AUC among treatments (Mathern et al., 2009). ...
Article
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Dysglycemia is a disease state preceding the onset of diabetes and includes impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. This review aimed to collect and analyze the literature reporting the results of clinical trials evaluating the effects of selected nutraceuticals on glycemia in humans. The results of the analyzed trials, generally, showed the positive effects of the nutraceuticals studied alone or in association with other supplements on fasting plasma glucose and post‐prandial plasma glucose as primary outcomes, and their efficacy in improving insulin resistance as a secondary outcome. Some evidences, obtained from clinical trials, suggest a role for some nutraceuticals, and in particular Berberis, Banaba, Curcumin, and Guar gum, in the management of prediabetes and diabetes. However, contradictory results were found on the hypoglycemic effects of Morus, Ilex paraguariensis, Omega‐3, Allium cepa, and Trigonella faenum graecum, whereby rigorous long‐term clinical trials are needed to confirm these data. More studies are also needed for Eugenia jambolana, as well as for Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus which glucose‐lowering effects were observed when administered in combination, but not alone. Further trials are also needed for quercetin.
... fenugreek seed contain, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, gum and lipids it is also rich source of calcium, iron, B-carotene and other vitamins [1,10]. fenugreek seeds contain higher proportions of minerals including K, Mg, Zn and Mn [11]. The soaking and boiling time cause reduction in chemical composition of fenugreek seed [5,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
... Clinical studies have been done that proves Trigonella anti-obesity activity. According to Mathern et al. (2009), fenugreek fibre dramatically reduced appetite and enhanced fullness in obese participants. They pointed out that supplements might be an effective temporary weight loss strategy as they cause carbohydrates (galactomannan) to flush out from the body before they enter the bloodstream and decrease leptin levels in the adipose tissue. ...
Chapter
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Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, occupies a pivotal role in human health, boasting a rich history entwined with traditional medicine and culinary practices. This chapter unfolds the layers of fenugreek’s medicinal and nutritional significance, offering a comprehensive exploration of its diverse attributes. The botanical and chemical composition section lays the foundation, unravelling the essential components that contribute to fenugreek’s therapeutic and nutritional properties. Delving into pharmacological studies, this chapter unveils its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities, emphasising its role in preventing and managing health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Turning to the nutritional realm, a thorough examination of fenugreek’s macro and micronutrient content unfolds, accentuating its contribution to a balanced diet. With a focus on dietary fibre, this chapter elucidates fenugreek’s positive impact on digestive health, adding depth to its nutritional profile. As the exploration extends to culinary applications, fenugreek emerges as a versatile ingredient, enriching a myriad of dishes across global cuisines. However, this chapter maintains a balanced perspective, addressing potential challenges such as allergies and side effects, ensuring a nuanced understanding of fenugreek’s impact on human health. In conclusion, this chapter synthesises key findings presenting fenugreek as a botanical ally with holistic benefits for human well-being. Combining scientific insights with practical applications provides a compact yet comprehensive guide to the medicinal and nutritional importance of Trigonella foenum-graecum.
... Several studies on fenugreek seeds have shown that fenugreek seeds have anti-implantation and anti-fertility effects and have abortion effects in rats. The dose of Fenugreek seeds of 1 g/kg/day orally reduces male fertility by lowering testosterone and sperm concentrations and inhibiting sperm mass and individual mortality [44]. The presence of steroidal oestrogen-like saponins may hurt serum testosterone and semen quality that ultimately acts as an anti-fertility agent [45]. ...
Article
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Trigonella foenum-graceum L., commonly known as Fenugreek, is a yearly plant from the Fabaceae family. It boasts a wide array of uses and economic importance in both domestic and global markets. In India, it is grown primarily as a winter crop across several states, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Punjab, Telangana, and Uttaranchal. Historically, Fenugreek has played a significant role in Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicinal tradition, for treating various ailments in both humans and animals. Its leaves are often eaten as a vegetable and are used to prepare dishes like "parathas" and various snacks such as Biscuits, Laddoo, Tadka, and Sprouts. In regions like Rajasthan and Punjab, Fenugreek is primarily grown for its use as green or dry fodder for livestock. As a plant in the Fabaceae family, Fenugreek's root nodules are responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, which enhances nitrogen fixation and improves soil health. Fenugreek seeds and leaves are known for their diverse health benefits, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-fertility, and immune-modulating properties. Presence of 4-hydroxyisoleucine and diosgenin in fenugreek seed has several beneficial effects and gaining popularity in ayurveda It contains high fiber, protein and several bioactive compounds which make fenugreek a natural and health-promoting herb.
... Its high fiber content and presence of other bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, saponins, steroidal sapinogens, and polyphenols, make fenugreek a health-promoting herb (Murlidhar and Goswami, 2012;Wani and Kumar, 2018). Fenugreek fiber increases satiety and reduces energy intake at lunch, suggesting that it may have short-term beneficial effects on lowering energy intake in obese subjects (Mathern et al., 2009). Previous studies have also found that 25-50-g fenugreek seeds in daily diet of diabetic subjects exert beneficial effect on their glycemic response (Das et al., 2012). ...
Article
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White rice is a high glycemic index food, and therefore different approaches are adopted to reduce its glycemic effect. The present study investigated the effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa seed powder to white rice on glycemia, appetite, palatability, and gastrointestinal clinical manifestations in healthy subjects. In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy subjects consumed white rice alone (control group), white rice with 2-g fenugreek seed powder, or white rice with 4-g nigella seed powder on different occasions. Each test meal provided 50 g of available carbohydrates. Blood glucose, subjective appetite, and gastrointestinal manifestations were measured at fasting and postprandially for 2 h. Palatability of the test meals was also measured using a 9-point hedonic scale. The nigella meal resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentration (31.25 mg/dL) at 30 min (p = 0.022), compared to the control meal (43.88 mg/dL) whereas fenugreek meal showed no significant effect. Moreover, the nigella meal significantly increased satiety ratings at 30 and 90 min (p = 0.035 and 0.018, respectively). The results demonstrated that the addition of nigella powder to white rice reduced its glycemic response and increased satiety, compared to the control meal. All test meals were judged as acceptable by the subjects and their consumption didn’t cause any gastrointestinal discomfort. Results of the current study demonstrated promising implications for reducing glycemic response of white rice, a commonly consumed high-glycemic index food.
... The limited yet modest positive effects of fenugreek on BMI may be attributed to several potential mechanisms, including available soluble fiber and expansion in the gut to promote feelings of fullness and satiety, which may reduce food intake and subsequently BW [60]. Fenugreek can also decrease gastric emptying and carbohydrate absorption to decrease postprandial glucose spikes that can negatively affect BW [54]. ...
Article
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Introduction Numerous clinical trials have investigated the effects of fenugreek, a traditional herbal medicine, on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the results from these studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis on the effects of fenugreek supplementation on weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and glycemic indices in patients with T2DM. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify clinical trial studies until October 2023. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model and presented as the weighted mean difference (WMD) along with the associated 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated a significant impact of fenugreek supplementation on lowering fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD: 20.32 mg/dl; 95 % CI: 26.65 to −13.99), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (WMD: 0.54 %; 95 % CI: 0.80 to −0.28), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: 0.36; 95 % CI: 0.67 to −0.05), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: 33.10 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 64.31 to −1.88), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: 29.14 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 55.45 to −2.83), BMI (WMD: 0.73 kg/m2; 95 % CI: 1.40 to −0.07), and increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 5.68 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 3.51 to 7.85). However, the effect on fasting insulin, triglycerides, and weight was not significant. Conclusions Fenugreek supplementation has been shown to improve FPG, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and BMI in patients with T2DM. The overall results suggest that fenugreek may have protective and therapeutic effects on T2DM parameters.
... In the scientific literature, it was first shown that rats consuming diets containing high proportions of fat gained weight faster than those on diets containing minimal amounts of fat [10]. Animal studies have shown that various herbs, including fenugreek, cayenne pepper, ginger, oregano, and ginseng, aid in weight loss and fat reduction [11]. These herbs reduce appetite, increase metabolism, and alter fat synthesis while also stimulating weight loss and modifying fat formation [12]. ...
Article
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Obesity, is a global health issue affecting 300 million people, is caused by excessive fat accumulation in specialized fat cells. Lagerstroemia speciosa, a native of Southeast Asia's Western and Eastern Ghats, produces abundant flowers with horticultural and therapeutic value. The study investigates the therapeutic value of L. speciosa ethanolic green and red leaf extracts against caprylic acid and a high-fat diet in Albino rats. The phytochemical profile reveals abundant phytoconstituents, including corosolic acid, lagerstroemin, and anthocyanin at high levels. The experimental animals were divided into seven groups with n=6 animals and fed a high-fat diet for 21 days, except the control group. The groups IV, V, VI, and VII are the experimental groups, orally fed with LELE Low Dose and High Dose (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight), and the II and III are the standard groups treated with HFD and Caprylic acid. The control group receives a normal diet and is evaluated for the estimation of biochemical parameters. A histopathological evaluation was also performed. The results show that the treated groups showed a significant (***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05) elevation compared to the control group. The blood test reveals an increase in the number of blood cells and the Hg level. The antiobesity activity of LELE in HCD has considerably changed body weight and biochemical aspects. Administration of LELE significantly reduced body weight, total lipid profile, and blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, the acute toxicity of LELE demonstrates that it is safe and non-toxic, while the treated group demonstrated dose dependence and decreased obesity. These effects could be due to the presence of phytoconstituents such as corosolic acid and lagerstroemin in the green leaf and the red pigment anthocyanin, present in the red leaf of L. speciosa an ethanolic leaf plant extract.
... There have been several studies demonstrating that fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) can improve glycemic control in individuals with diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity in obese and overweight patients with T2DM [24,25] and non-insulin-dependent diabetics [26,27]. Fenugreek supplementation has also shown benefits in lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases [28], thus reducing the risk of T2DM onset. ...
Article
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The number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is on the increase worldwide. Of growing concern, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and youths is increasing rapidly and mirrors the increasing burden of childhood obesity. There are many risk factors associated with the condition; some are due to lifestyle, but many are beyond our control, such as genetics. There is an urgent need to develop better therapeutics for the prevention and management of this complex condition since current medications often cause unwanted side effects, and poorly managed diabetes can result in the onset of related comorbidities. Naturally derived compounds have gained momentum for preventing and managing several complex conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Here, we provide an update on the benefits and limitations of fenugreek and its components as a therapeutic for type 2 diabetes, including its bioavailability and interaction with the microbiome.
... Anti-obesity Galactomannan Increase satiety and reduced energy intake Excrete the sugars from the body (Mathern et al., 2009a) In terms of pharmacological potential, the leaves are having antiadhesive properties, ant carcinogenesis effects, antitumor activity, antioxidant activity, antiplatelet activity, exercise recovery effects, hepatoprotective activity, lipid-lowering effects, galactagogue effects and analgesic effects (PMFME). Various researchers have studied the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek leaves (Wani & Kumar, 2018) and reported various health benefits like antioxidant nature , helps in lowering down of blood pressure (Sowmya & Rajyalakshmi, 1999), wounds and sore muscles treatment, anti-cancer agent (Mathern et al., 2009b), anti-ulcer agent with good gastro and hepatoprotective properties (Blank, 1996). ...
Chapter
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) isa versatile herb, well known for its culinary, medicinal, and functional properties. Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain valuable bioactive compounds contributing to flavor, aroma, and potential health benefits.Itundergoes a range of processing techniques to enhance its palatability, nutritional content, and utility in different food products.This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive insight into various processing methods in the food industry.The significance of processing techniques in transforming raw ingredients into safe, palatable, and convenient food products is highlighted. It covers various approaches, including grinding, roasting, germination, and extraction, and their effects on fenugreek's chemical composition, flavor, aroma, and potential health benefits.Various applications of processed fenugreek in the food industry are extensively discussed, encompassing categories such as spices, condiments, baked goods, functional foods, and dietary supplements. It provides valuable insights for researchers, food technologists, and industry professionals seeking to leverage fenugreek's benefits to create novel and appealing food products.
... Dried devil's claw root is also high in fiber (29). Thus, through various fiber mechanisms such as gastric distention and delayed emptying, interference in digestion and absorption of food, increased insulin and glycemic responses, fiber affects the secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and neurotensin and reduces fat absorption and increases energy excretion (27,(30)(31)(32). This may also have anti-obesity effects of this extract. ...
Article
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Background: Nowadays, obesity and its complications are considered a serious human society's problem, due to which it seems necessary to find the best ways to lose weight. Nowadays, herbal compounds, due to fewer side effects, more availability, and less toxicity get more attention. The present study aims to investigate the effect of Aqueous alcoholic extract of devil's claw on the serum levels of obesity-related-peptides such as adiponectin, agouti, omentin, amylin, orexin A, resistin, chemerin, ghrelin, leptin, NPY, and epinephrine in weight changes in rats. Method and materials: Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-200 grams) were used. Then the rats were divided into five groups: control (no treatment), sham (1 ml of distilled water), and devil's claw groups with concentrations of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg (by gavage/ n=8/ 28 day). On the 29th day, animals were weighted and blood samples were taken. ELISA kit was used to measure the serum concentrations of obesity-related-peptides. Results: Devil's claw extract reduces food intake by lowering orexin, resistin, and chemerin, which increase in obesity, and raising adipokines that cause weight adjustment and reduction of food intakes such as adiponectin, ghrelin, norepinephrine, omentin, and amylin in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: This study revealed that devil's claw extract has anti-obesity effects, especially at higher doses. These findings suggest that devil's claw reduces NPY and rises leptin, thereby preventing appetite. This herb has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, alters adiponectins secretion, causes weight loss, and reduce the lipid profile; examining the details of these signaling is recommended.
... Fenugreek dietary fibers, GM in particular, can form a viscous gel in the intestine, thus reducing the absorption of lipids and sugars (Hamden et al., 2010). In obese subjects, the ingestion of 4 or 8 g of GM-rich fenugreek fiber at breakfast increased satiety and reduced energy intake at lunch, but not afterward, suggesting short-term beneficial effects (Mathern et al., 2009). In rats, aqueous extracts of fenugreek seeds administered for 28 days reduced BW, white adipose tissue, and hyperlipidemia due to impaired lipid digestion and absorption, improved fat metabolism, enhanced sensitivity to insulin, and downregulation of lipogenic enzymes (Kumar et al., 2014). ...
Article
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Despite long‐standing uses in several food and medicine traditions, the full potential of the leguminous crop fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) remains to be realized in the modern diet. Not only its seeds, which are highly prized for their culinary and medicinal properties, but also its leaves and stems abound in phytochemicals with high nutritional and health promoting attributes. Fenugreek dual food‐medicine applications and reported metabolic activities include hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, and antinociceptive effects, with potential organ‐protective effects at the cardiovascular, digestive, hepatic, endocrine, and central nervous system levels. Effectiveness in alleviating certain inflammatory skin conditions and dysfunctions of the reproductive system was also suggested. As a food ingredient, fenugreek can enhance the sensory, nutritional, and nutraceutical qualities of a wide variety of foods. Its high nutritive density can assist with the design of dietary items that meet the demand for novelty, variety, and healthier foods. Its seeds provide essential protective nutrients and other bioactive compounds, notably galactomannans, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, and essential oils, whose health benefits, alone or in conjunction with other bioactives, are only beginning to be tapped into in the food industries. This review summarizes the current state of evidence on fenugreek potential for functional food development, focusing on the nutrients and non‐nutrient bioactive components of interest from a dietary perspective, and their applications for enhancing the functional and nutraceutical value of foods and beverages. New developments, safety, clinical evidence, presumed mechanisms of action, and future perspectives are discussed. Highlights Fenugreek seeds and leaves have long‐standing uses in the food‐medicine continuum. Fenugreek phytochemicals exert broad‐spectrum biological and pharmacological activities. They show high preventive and nutraceutical potential against common chronic diseases. Current evidence supports multiple mechanisms of action mediated by distinct bioactives. Opportunities for fenugreek‐based functional foods and nutraceuticals are expanding.
... Galactomannan and the unpalatability of fenugreek fibers are thought to promote satiety by lowering stomach emptying rates and lowering calorie intake, respectively [81]. ...
Article
Background Culinary spices and Indian kitchens share a historical relationship for centuries. An average Indian kitchen contains a lot of spices like fennel, cardamom, cumin, turmeric, clove, black pepper, etc., used to increase the aroma and taste of food. Scientific research suggested the pharmacological activities of these kitchen spices, as most of them enhance the appetite, digestion, and have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and some spices are potent anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity. Some Culinary spices are unexplored scientifically. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the presently explored spices and some unexplored spices which might be used in certain parts of the world to enhance the flavor and could have medicinal benefits, studying their pharmacological actions in controlling or managing diseases. Methods Numerous surveys in literature were done in response to determining the culinary spices used commonly in Indian kitchens and also some rare spices which might be used in certain parts of the world for their pharmacological, and traditional uses, their chemical constituents having pharmacological activities. Relevant peer-reviewed publications were searched through various databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. Results A total of 11 common culinary spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, etc. are studied regarding their common kitchen role, traditional uses, and their explored pharmacological activities, and 11 other spices like Alpinia galanga, Prunus mahaleb, Grain of Paradise, etc., which are used in some parts of the world having medicinal properties are also studied. The chemical constituents of these plants are also studied which could be responsible for their medicinal activity. Conclusion In this review, an approach was made to study the common culinary spices and other culinary spices which might not be most common, having medicinal properties, so that better treatment options could be available for future generations.
... Several studies have demonstrated the satiety-enhancing effects of β-glucan, rye bran flour, whole grain rye, or a mixed high-fiber diet [11]. For example, consumption of 8 g of fenugreek fiber at breakfast was found to significantly increase satiety and reduce energy intake at lunchtime in eight obese patients [12]. "Vitamin World ® Vegan Meal" Formula of Feihe is a novel protein-enriched fiber dietary supplement containing potato protease inhibitor II (PI2). ...
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Background: Dietary fiber plays a potential role in regulating energy intake and stabilizing postprandial blood glucose levels. Soluble dietary fiber has become an important entry point for nutritional research on the regulation of satiety. Methods: this was a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial enrolling 12 healthy subjects to compare the effects of RPG (R+PolyGly) dietary fiber products (bread, powder, and capsule) and pectin administered with a standard meal on satiety, blood glucose, and serum insulin level. Results: Adding 3.8% RPG dietary fiber to bread significantly increased the volume, water content, hardness, and chewiness of bread compared to 3.8% pectin bread and white bread and significantly improved the sensory quality of bread. RPG bread had better appetite suppression effects at some time points than the other two groups and the best postprandial blood glucose lowering effects among the three groups. Administration of RPG capsules containing 5.6 g of RPG dietary fiber with meals improved satiety and reduced hunger compared to 6 g of RPG powder and 6 g of pectin, which had the greatest effect on suppressing appetite and reducing prospective food consumption. The peak level of serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the RPG capsule group (578.17 ± 19.93 pg/mL) was significantly higher than that in other groups at 0 min and 30 min after eating. RPG powder had the best effect in reducing postprandial blood glucose and increasing serum insulin levels; the total area under the curve (AUC) of serum insulin with RPG powder was higher than other groups (5960 ± 252.46 μU min/mL). Conclusion: RPG dietary fiber products can improve the sensory properties of food, reduce postprandial blood glucose, and enhance satiety, especially in capsule and powder forms. Further research on the physiological effects of RPG dietary fiber is required to facilitate its use as a functional ingredient in food products.
... Animal studies have shown that various herbs, including fenugreek, cayenne pepper, ginger, oregano, and ginseng, aid in weight loss and fat reduction [7]. These herbs reduce appetite, increase metabolism, and alter fat synthesis while also stimulating weight loss and modifying fat formation [8]. ...
Article
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The study investigates the therapeutic value of Lagerstroemia speciosa ethanolic green and red leaf extracts against Lauric acid (LA) and a Ketogenic diet (KGD) in Albino rats. Lauric acid is an important constituent in breast milk, forming nutritional factors and having various medicinal values. It is present in 6.2% of human breast milk, 3.1% of goat milk, and 2.9% in cow milk. It is also found in plant sources like coconut, cohune, and palm kernel oil. The Ketogenic diet uses fat, protein, and low carbohydrate for energy. The experimental groups were fed a Ketogenic diet for 21 days, with the treated groups showing a significant increase in blood cell count and Hg levels. The phytochemical profile reveals abundant phytoconstituents, including corosolic acid, lagerstroemin, and anthocyanin, at high levels. The study compared experimental groups fed with LELE Low Dose and High Dose (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and standard groups treated with KGD and Lauric acid. The treated groups showed significant elevations in biochemical parameters and increased blood cells and Hg levels. LELE's anti-hypercholesterolemia activity in KGD significantly reduced body weight, total lipid profile, and blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner. The study found that LELE is safe and non-toxic, with the treated group demonstrating dose dependence and decreased obesity.
... The plant also contains mucilagins which holds significance in soothing the inflamed tissues [16]. It possesses an extensive range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications including anti-tumor [17,18], anti-inflammatory [19], de-obstruent, hypoglycemic [20][21][22], parasiticidal, anti-microbial [23][24][25][26], anti-oxidant [27][28][29], and anti-cholesterol-emic [24,30] properties. Moreover, it can be used as a carminative, demulcent, expectorant, lactation aid [31,32], emollient, galactagogue, febrifuge, immunomodulatory [18], restorative, and laxative agent. ...
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Green synthesis of Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles was achieved by using different fractions of the methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves. Phytochemical screening of the crude leaf extract and its fractions revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and anthraquinones. The bimetallic nanoparticles fabricated from each fraction were characterized with the help of UV/visible, IR, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy. The nanocomposites showed a single absorption peak at 776 nm in UV/visible spectrum. FTIR analysis indicated the functional groups involved in reduction, stabilization, and capping agents. Spherical, spiked, truncated, and coral-like structures were observed for the nanoparticles. The EDS confirmed the presence of Ag and Cu atoms in the fabricated nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the extracts and their corresponding nanocomposites were compared. Interestingly, in most cases, the composites proved to be more potent in comparison with the corresponding extracts. The data have been presented in respective sections and discussed.
... The investigations using free radical scavenging method at 200 g concentrations, showed 72%, 64%, and 56% antioxidant activity for the husk extracts, fenugreek seeds and endosperm respectively ( Naidu et al., 2011 ). Galactomannans ( Fig. 2 ) extracted from the endosperm constituting the major part of soluble dietary fibers contains a -(1 →4)d -mannan backbone with a single d -galactose branch linked -(1 →6) having different ratios of mannose to galactose ( Khorshidian et al., 2016 ;Madar & Shomer, 1990 ;Mathern, Raatz, Thomas & Slavin, 2009 ;Song, Winter & Taravel, 1989 ). It is more water soluble than other gums of the same family due to the presence of higher content of galactose ( Ramesh, Yamaki, Ono & Tsushida, 2001 ). ...
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According to the data provided by International Federation of Diabetes, 537 million adults of 20-79 age group are living with diabetes. The most frequent form found in patients are type 2 diabetes which accounts for more than 90-95% of cases. The current medical approaches involved in the treatment of diabetes mostly depend upon insulin injection and oral antidiabetic agents. Despite their effectiveness, the harmful side effects, limitation of synthetic drugs, shortage, lack of equitable distribution, unaffordability are some of the notable challenges in these approaches. In this direction, there are varieties of medicinal compounds derived from plants which are being meritoriously used for curing the different human problems and are recognized for their constructive impacts. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn) is one of the stimulating plants with magnificent medicinal properties which have greatly enticed the researchers to work on its encouraging biological and pharmaceutical properties. It is well-recognized for its hypoglycemic influence in diabetic animals as well as human models under studies. Chemical composition of fenugreek is the key factor responsible for its promising biological properties and medicinal virtues which generally includes proteins, mucilaginous soluble fiber, dietary fibers, steroidal saponins, essential oil, fatty acids and many more. Gentianine, trigonelline, choline, carpaine, 4- hydroxyisoleucine, diosgenin, yamogenin, and many other are generally found as minor components but also branded for their substantial biological properties and impacts. Hypoglycemic activities are due to dietary fibers as suggested by several studies. Along with different physiological positive effects of fenugreek, the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties of this spice have weighty place for the present and future studies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively analyze the efficacy of fenugreek from the point of these two properties namely, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties and appraises the results of clinical trials of various animals and human models. Analytical insights on fenugreeks’ pharmacological assessment provide striking information which demonstrates the fenugreek and its different parts as a treasured medicinal spice.
... Dried devil's claw root is also high in fiber (29). Thus, through various fiber mechanisms such as gastric distention and delayed emptying, interference in digestion and absorption of food, increased insulin and glycemic responses, fiber affects the secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and neurotensin and reduces fat absorption and increases energy excretion (27,(30)(31)(32). This may also have anti-obesity effects of this extract. ...
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Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) has clinical applications in treating diverse malignancies and autoimmune disorders; at the same time, it also has harmful effects on the body tissues, particularly the genitals. The most significant side effects of CP are changing the reproductive system's function and infertility. Objective: This study determines the Ephedra hydroalcoholic extract (EP) role on testicular tissue and the pituitary-gonadal axis in CP-treated male rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult Wistar rats were separated into 6 groups (n = 8/each): control, sham, CP recipients, and CP recipients with gavage-fed EP (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). On the 29th day, the blood of the weighed animals' was drawn from their heart, and serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were measured. After preparing testicular tissue segments, cells were counted. Results: While CP decreased follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels (p < 0.05), the use of EP changed them and even reached the control. Serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone increased significantly in all EP groups compared to the control and CP groups. Compared to the control, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and plasma glutathione peroxidase was observed in the CP groups. EP (all doses) significantly increased their concentration compared to the CP group (p < 0.05); significant reduction in serum total oxidant status and malondialdehyde in CP groups changed by EP (p < 0.05). Although CP's role on spermatogonia counts (57.5 ± 5.2 in CP, 67.1 ± 6.0 in control), higher doses of EP had no significant effect on this but did affect spermatocyte and spermatid cells count. Conclusion: Due to its antioxidant characteristics, EP mitigated the effects of CP on the investigated parameters in rats.
... Fenugreek seeds have been shown to exhibit hypocholesterolemic effects, lowered serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein in hypercholesterolemia suffering patients and experimental models (Mathern et al., 2009). In obesity suffering rats fenugreek consumption in diet reduced triglyceride accumulation in the liver while fecal bile acid and cholesterol excretion were increased by fenugreek administration (Rashmi and Rahul, 2011). ...
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Remarkable therapeutic and nutritional profile of medical plant fenugreek and its particular chemical composition count valuable as food and medicine. Significant quantity of fiber, phospholipids, glycolipids, oleic, linolenic, and linoleic acids, choline, vitamins A, B1, B2, and C, nicotinic acid, and niacin are all present in fenugreek seeds. In addition to its organoleptic qualities, fenugreek is incredibly nutritious and, when grown for both human food and fodder, has a positive impact on health. The seed of fenugreek has a high content of dietary fiber, which contributes significantly to its capacity to moderate the metabolism of glucose in digestive tracts and subsequently lowers the absorption of glucose in the intestines, so regulating blood sugar levels. The greater amount of soluble fiber in fenugreek makes it more effective at reducing blood sugar levels. When first introduced, its fiber greatly increased satiety and decreased energy intake, suggesting a short-term positive effect on obese people. It can thrive in a wide variety of environments and is only moderately sensitive to salinity and drought. These qualities and the potential for heavy metal remediation make fenugreek a good choice for a variety of cropping systems. Genetic diversity among various accessions may be mapped, and crop improvement and breeding initiatives may be started to enhance the biomass as well as the nutritional and functional components. This is to highlight the importance of fenugreek for both human and animal health in terms of nutrition, biochemistry, functionality, and medicine, as well as its pharmacological presumptions.
... We selected 18 articles for this meta-analysis. A total of 22 articles were excluded (Abdi, 2020;Asbaghi et al., 2019;Bagchi et al., 2016;Bawadi et al., 2009;Bordia et al., 1997;Giannoulaki et al., 2020;Gong et al., 2016;Hassani, Fallahi, et al., 2019;Inbaraj & Muniappan, 2020;Kandhare, Phadke, et al., 2018;Kandhare, Rais, et al., 2018;Khodamoradi et al., 2020;Mathern et al., 2009;Memon et al., 2010;Mohajeri et al., 2009;Naserizadeh et al., 2020;Neelakantan et al., 2014;Rahmani et al., 2020;Robert et al., 2016;Sharma & Raghuram, 1990;Sohaei et al., 2020;Soneji, 2020). For list of reasons for exclusion, please see the article identification process in Figure 1. ...
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Saffron and fenugreek have been shown to have an effect on lowering blood glucose; therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of using saffron and fenugreek on blood glucose control. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles. Articles on the use of saffron or fenugreek to control blood glucose were selected in compliance with PRISMA guidelines. R software was used for statistical analysis. The mean difference (MD) and the standardized MD (SMD) were adopted, and subgroup analyses were performed according to patient's clinical condition. Nineteen studies comprised this meta-analysis. Overall, using fenugreek decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD: -0.90; 95%CI: -1.43 to -0.38; I2 = 87%; p < 0.001), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) (SMD: -1.13; 95%CI: -1.99 to -0.28; I2 = 94%; p < 0.001), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (SMD: -0.43; 95%CI: -0.75 to -0.12; I2 = 20%; p = 0.29). Saffron supplementation reduced FBG (MD: -9.06 mg/dl; 95%CI: -16.25 to -1.86; I2 = 40%; p = 0.12) and HbA1c (MD: -0.19%; 95%CI: -0.23 to -0.14; I2 = 0%; p > 0.99). Our results show that using saffron and fenugreek can reduce FBG, PPBG, and HbA1c; however, there are some shortcomings that require attention for these results. Further high-quality studies should be conducted to establish the clinical efficacy of herbal medicines.
... In contrast, some studies have found that fenugreek seeds may decrease postprandial insulin and glucose levels (PPG) [7][8][9][10]. Additionally, a few longer-term trials with fenugreek have also demonstrated decreases in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and PPG as well as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [10][11][12], whereas some studies did not yield positive results [13,14]. Given the conflicting evidence from multiple studies, we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of fenugreek on glycemia by including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only. ...
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Fenugreek is used for medicinal purposes in various traditions. Some studies have demonstrated that the seeds of this plant may have an anti-diabetic effect by lowering fasting blood sugar levels and improving glucose tolerance. We conducted a systematic review of the hypoglycemic effects of fenugreek. An electronic literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases through 18 November 2022 to find trials that assessed fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c changes in participants treated with fen-ugreek and in the control group. The mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated to represent the analysis. Fourteen trials, consisting of 894 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a reduction in fasting blood glucose levels (MD: 3.70, 95% CI of −27.02, 19.62; p = 0.76), postprandial blood glucose (MD: −10.61, 95% CI of −68.48, 47.26; p = 0.72), and HbA1c (MD: −0.88, 95% CI −1.49, −0.27; p = 0.00) with fenugreek consumption. While this review and included trials that found beneficial effects of fenugreek consumption on glycemic control, the quality and heterogeneity of studies remain a concern. Given the wider availability and lower cost of fenugreek, rigorous double-blinded randomized controlled trials should be conducted with fenugreek to understand its true potential as a diabetes control herbal agent.
... When obese rats were given fenugreek powder for 14 weeks, they noticed a change in nutritional values, body measurements, and a decrease in body weight. Galacto-mannan, found in fenugreek seeds, captures and excretes sugars from the body before they reach the bloodstream, resulting in weight loss (Mathern et al., 2009). It has been shown to be very effective in weight loss with no major side effects. ...
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Injera is Ethiopian fermented and leavened flat bread mainly made from teff flour. For improving the protein content and sensory quality of injera, the flours are enriched with fenugreek. Injera made from sorghum flour alone or its blend, however, has noted shortcomings in qualities when compared to teff injera qualities. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effects of teff-sorghum - fenugreek flour blending ratios on quality attributes of injera and to optimize the blending ratios of teff, sorghum, and fenugreek flours that give better quality attributes of injera made from these flour formulations. The effects of blending flour ratios on injera quality were investigated using mixture design methodology with a D-optimal design. Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from constrained blends of sorghum (0–50%), teff (50–100%), and fenugreek (0–5%), while a teff flour alone (100% teff flour) injera was served as control. Analyses of response parameters were made using the AACC and AOAC standard methods. Response variables considered in this study were staling rate, proximate, mineral, antinutritional factors and sensory attributes. Proximate compositions (g/100 g) ranged from 56.16 to 69.92 (moisture), 2.64 to 3.91 (ash), 11.36 to 17.19 (protein), 2.258 to 10.838 (fat), 4.179 to 6.988 (fiber) and 59.54 to 77.74 (carbohydrate), and energy, 348.1-385.62 (kcal/100g). Minerals (mg/100 g) varied from Fe: 12.83 to 21.23, Zn: 1.19–2.36, and Ca: 75.26 to 151.13. Antinutritional factors (mg/100 g) varied from 4.106 to0.449 (condensed tannin), 72.83 to 174.84 (phytic acid). Sensory scores for sourness, sweetness, bitterness, softness, stickness, rollability, odour, flavor, eye distribution, color and overall acceptability were 5.00-6.37, 5.14-6.36, 5.24-6.29, 5.14-6.57, 5.14-6.43, 5.93-6.57, 5.57- 6.57, 5.43-6.71, 5.49-6.43, 4.87-6.29 and 5.60-6.23, respectively.3.670 to 4.105(pH) and staling rate (%) varies from 8.95 to 33.43, 9.52 to 34.58, and 12.32 to 52.31 after 24,48 and 72hours, respectively. Alkaline water retention capacity, AWRC (%) varies from 49.42 to 84.01(at zero time), 32.92 to76.49 (after 24 hr), 32.64 to76.01 (after 48 hr), 23.57 to 73.66 (after 72 hr), respectively. Results showed that quality attributes were mainly affected by ingredients and it is possible to prepare better quality attribute injera with a significant fenugreek enrichment without compromising its acceptability by adding in appropriate flour blending ratios. The best blending ratio of injera in terms of overall quality attributes was found 64.1% teff, 32% sorghum and 3.80% fenugreek
... These colourful and flavour-dense plants get their properties from a high phytochemical content while their textures often come from fibres with prebiotic effects. For example, fenugreek is a rich source of galactomannan, a soluble fibre with prebiotic effects (Mathern et al., 2009). Fenugreek is also rich in a water-soluble antidiabetic compound, 4-hydroxy isoleucine (Jetté et al., 2009), and various flavonoids (Shang et al., 1998). ...
Chapter
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of illness and death globally. Its incidence has been closely linked to diet. This chapter reviews the complex nature of CVD and its comorbidities. It then assesses the current state of research on the protective and therapeutic effects of a range of plant phytochemicals in relation to CVD. It also addresses the range of initiatives to enhance phytochemicals in the diet to prevent or treat CVD.
... Based on the insulin plasma level with a standard deviation of 17.46 in the previous study [23], 19 patients have been estimated for each studied group considering α = 0.05 and a power of 85%. To increase the accuracy and probability of sample loss, 25 patients were considered for each group. ...
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Background Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and has many complications. Due to the importance of using alternative therapies in managing symptoms of this disease, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of co-supplementation of berberine and fenugreek in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants were randomized in the intervention group, which received 3 capsules/day of 500 mg (300 mg of berberine + 200 mg of fenugreek seed powder) or placebo for 12 weeks. Biochemical and anthropometric variables were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Results We observed that fasting insulin, HbA1C, and hs-CRP significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the baseline. The mean difference in insulin resistance (-0.32 vs. 0.15), fasting blood sugar (-14.40 vs. 1.68), and fasting insulin (- 2.18 vs. 1.34) were clinically significant in comparison to the control group. Almost all domains of SF-12 scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the placebo group. Conclusions The combination of berberine and fenugreek seed can improve cardio-metabolic status in patients with diabetes and support the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory role of herb in the improvement of quality of life.
... Satiety and weight management-Fenugreek high dietary fiber help promote satiety. Fenugreek fiber in a breakfast meal increased feeling of fullness and reduced hunger, as well as reduced energy intake at lunch in 18 healthy obese subjects Handa et al., 2005;Mathern et al., 2009;Chevassus et al., 2010 Exercise and physical performance-fenugreek extract may have beneficial effects on endurance capacity by increasing fatty acid utilization and by sparing glycogen Ruby et al., 2005;Ikeuchi et al., 2006;Slivka et al., 2008 Sexual Health-Fenugreek seed extract has demonstrated hormone modulatory activity, providing biological plausibility for relieving menopausal symptoms; extract-treated group has a significant increase in plasma estradiol; fenugreek extract supplementation resulted in a significant increase in blood free testosterone and E2 levels as well as sexual desire and arousal, compared with the placebo. For healthy middle-aged and older men, supplementation of the extract at a dose of 600 mg/day for 12 weeks improved the Aging Male Symptom questionnaire (AMS), a measure of possible androgen deficiency symptoms, sexual function, as well as increased both total serum testosterone and free testosterone Wilborn et al., 2010;Steels et al., 2011;Rao et al., 2015;Rao et al., 2016;Shamshad Begum et al., 2016;Maheshwari et al., 2017;Steels et al., 2017 Anti-cancer agent ...
... Satiety and weight management-Fenugreek high dietary fiber help promote satiety. Fenugreek fiber in a breakfast meal increased feeling of fullness and reduced hunger, as well as reduced energy intake at lunch in 18 healthy obese subjects Handa et al., 2005;Mathern et al., 2009;Chevassus et al., 2010 Exercise and physical performance-fenugreek extract may have beneficial effects on endurance capacity by increasing fatty acid utilization and by sparing glycogen Ruby et al., 2005;Ikeuchi et al., 2006;Slivka et al., 2008 Sexual Health-Fenugreek seed extract has demonstrated hormone modulatory activity, providing biological plausibility for relieving menopausal symptoms; extract-treated group has a significant increase in plasma estradiol; fenugreek extract supplementation resulted in a significant increase in blood free testosterone and E2 levels as well as sexual desire and arousal, compared with the placebo. For healthy middle-aged and older men, supplementation of the extract at a dose of 600 mg/day for 12 weeks improved the Aging Male Symptom questionnaire (AMS), a measure of possible androgen deficiency symptoms, sexual function, as well as increased both total serum testosterone and free testosterone Wilborn et al., 2010;Steels et al., 2011;Rao et al., 2015;Rao et al., 2016;Shamshad Begum et al., 2016;Maheshwari et al., 2017;Steels et al., 2017 Anti-cancer agent ...
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Culinary spices and herbs have been used in food and beverages to enhance aroma, flavor, and color. They are rich in phytochemicals that provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. There is growing interest in identifying compounds from spices and herbs responsible for modulating oxidative and inflammatory stress to prevent diet-related diseases. This contribution will provide an overview of culinary spices and herbs, their classification , their sources or origins and more importantly, their chemical composition, antioxidant activity and their impacts on human health based on important and recent studies.
... Results revealed that P. crispum and C. citratus exhibited the highest activity (68% to 84% inhibition) in all samples. Previous studies showed significant antidiabetic activity in C. citratus and T. foenum-graecum extracts [47,48]. However, in another study C. citratus and P. crispum grown in Thailand displayed an insignificant antidiabetic activity [49], indicating that the climatic factor also influences the biological potential of medicinal herbs. ...
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The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and antihe-molytic potentials of heat-treated Petroselinum crispum, Trigonella-foenum graecum and Cymbo-pogon citratus. Ten min roasted and thirty min boiled fresh T. foenum-graecum and processed P. crispum revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (50% to 75% inhibition). All P. crispum samples displayed the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and B. subtilis at 10, 20 and 30 min boiling and 20 min roasting and baking. The antidiabetic potency of herbs was increased upon 10 min roasting, while P. crispum was ineffective in reducing haemolysis. Pearson correlation analysis (PCA) displayed a positive relationship (r > 0.3) between phyto-chemicals and antioxidant activity and weak correlation (r < 0.3) with antidiabetic potentials. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) indicated that some compounds disappeared on heating the herbs, while some compounds showed an increase in concentration. All-inclusive, this study endorses the application of roasted P. crispum and T. foenum-graecum against various diseases. ARTICLE HISTORY
... On the other hand, the second perspective is that dietary elements can indirectly impact the energy metabolism. Among the good examples are: (i) the red pepper decreases appetite [105], reduces fat intake [106] and increases satiety [107], (ii) oligofructose reduces hunger [108], (iii) dietary fiber potentiates weight regulation [109] and (iv) fenugreek fiber reduces energy intake and increases satiety [110]. In addition, the increased insulin resistance following the ingestion of a protein source mirroring western diet (compared to provision of casein) [111], prevention of obesity-related glucose intolerance by the salmon peptide fraction [112], the benefits of fish oil on diet-induced insulin resistance [113], the fish oil diet induced both reduction in body weight gain in ob/ob mice [114] and improvement of glucose intolerance in HFD-fed mice [115], the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in insulin resistance prevention [116] that involve controlling adipose tissue inflammation in its mechanism [117], HFD effects on gut hormones production [118], the HFD-induced reduction of the sensitivity to satiety signals [119], blood lipid profile and body fat distribution improvement with fish oil [120], and appetite control [121] and food intake modification [122] of coffee/caffeine are also important illustrative properties mediated by diet and represent an indirect energy balance management. ...
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Obesity is a health problem with increasing impacts on public health, economy and even social life. In order to reestablish the energy balance, obesity management focuses mainly on two pillars; exercise and diet. Beyond the contribution to the caloric intake, the diet nutrients and composition govern a variety of properties. This includes the energy balance-independent properties and the indirect metabolic effects. Whereas the energy balance-independent properties are close to “pharmacological” effects and include effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, the indirect metabolic effects represent the contribution a diet can have on energy metabolism beyond the caloric contribution itself, which include the food intake control and metabolic changes. As an illustration, we also described the metabolic implication and hypothetical pathways of the high-fat diet induced gene Trefoil Factor Family 2. The properties the diet has can have a variety of applications mainly in pharmacology and nutrition and further explore the “pharmacologically” active food towards potential therapeutic applications.
... 6 Fenugreek has also been reported to have many biological and biochemical effects such as antioxidant, 7 hypocholesterolemic, 8 anti-cataract, 9 antibacterial, anticancer, antiulcer, and antinociceptive activities. 10 Previous phytochemical investigations reported the presence of alkaloids, 5 flavonoids, and phenolic acids, 5,11,12 polysaccharides, 5 triterpenoids, 13 steroidal sapogenins, 14 and nicotinic acid each have specific pharmaceutical activity. Fenugreek plays a beneficial role in the food industry; ...
Article
Introduction: Fenugreek has been used in traditional remedies since ancient times. It has a long history of use against medical ailments as an antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, gastric stimulant, and anti-anorexia agent. The major active constituents include alkaloids, fibres, saponins, proteins, and amino acids. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of the application of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, in addition to DNA-profiling methods to assess the quality of fenugreek. Also, to highlight the recent application of chemometrics combined with quality control methods during the last two decades. Methodology: A literature search conducted from January 2000 up to December 2020 using various scientific databases (e.g., Scopus, Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Academic Journals, and Springer Link); general web searches were also undertaken using Google applying some related search terms. Studies involving the application of quality control analyses were classified into three categories according to the conducted analysis method including chromatographic [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and gas chromatography (GC)], spectroscopic [ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], and DNA-based markers. Results: This review shed the light on relevant studies covering the past two decades, presenting the application of spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and DNA profiling in the quality control of fenugreek. Conclusion: The reviewed chromatographic and spectroscopic methods combined with chemometrics provide a powerful tool that could be applied widely for the quality control of fenugreek.
Chapter
Leguminous microgreens, an emerging superfood which is developed from various commercial legume food crops, such as alfalfa, clover, lentil, chickpea, pea, mung bean, blackgram, cowpea, pigeon pea, fenugreek, horsegram etc. consist of developed cotyledons along with partially expanded true leaves and are harvested within 7–21 days based on legume crop. High levels of protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fibres along with secondary metabolites, including antioxidants, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll concentration, have made legumes a high-energy food source on a global scale. Furthermore, compared to their mature counterparts, microgreens might have higher concentrations of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. These nutrient-dense microgreens are thought to be the “superfoods” of the future since they enhance palatability and address nutritional inadequacies. While a plethora of research has been published on the bioactive and antioxidant characteristics of cereals, relatively little is known about leguminous microgreens. These chapter, therefore mainly focuses on the nutritional aspect of leguminous microgeens as well as studying the nutritional value and phytochemicals present at various growth stages of leguminous microgreens and discover underutilized leguminous crops which have the potential to be the future crop for microgreens to combat the food and nutritional security along with the study of sensory and consumer acceptance of the leguminous microgeens.
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Carbon dots (CDs) derived from natural products have attracted considerable interest as eco-friendly materials with a wide range of applications, such as bioimaging, sensors, catalysis, and solar energy harvesting. Among these applications, electroluminescence (EL) is particularly desirable for light-emitting devices in display and lighting technologies. Typically, EL devices incorporating CDs feature a layered structure, where CDs function as the central emissive layer, flanked by charge transport layers and electrodes. Under an applied external bias, electrons and holes are introduced into the active CD layer, resulting in EL through radiative recombination. However, achieving EL with natural product-derived CDs has remained elusive due to challenges such as production difficulties and quenching in the solid state. In this study, we present, for the first time, the successful realization of EL from natural product-derived CDs, synthesized using Victorian lignite through a straightforward single-step pyrolysis method. The CDs demonstrated excellent dispersibility in solvents, allowing them to serve as an emissive layer in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This was achieved by spin-coating a concentrated CD solution between the organic hole and electron transport layers on a glass substrate coated with indium tin oxide. Remarkably, the CDs retained their dispersibility and emissive efficiency both in solution (toluene) and after film formation. Moreover, the resulting LED demonstrated blue EL, characterized by a peak emission at 460 nm and a maximum luminance of 100.4 cd/m². This luminance is comparable to that achieved with CDs synthesized from conventional chemical carbon sources. These results highlight the promise of natural product-derived CDs as sustainable and eco-friendly materials for use in LED applications.
Chapter
Fenugreek’s ability to grow in diverse climatic conditions and soil types, along with its drought tolerance, makes it a suitable crop for many regions worldwide. Its rich content of micronutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals can be utilized in various nutraceutical products. The significant genetic variations in fenugreek genotypes can be exploited to develop functional foods with enhanced health benefits. The identification of bioactive compounds through omics research can lead to the development of new drugs or drug targets for various diseases. The antifungal activities of fenugreek seed extracts offer potential for their use as biopesticides. The use of elicitors, omics, and genetic engineering methods can upregulate genes involved in biosynthetic pathways, resulting in enhanced crop types. The integration of bioinformatics and computational tools in omics research can facilitate the storage and analysis of large datasets, leading to a better understanding of fenugreek’s biology. While there are several challenges to be addressed in the cultivation and utilization of fenugreek, there are also numerous opportunities to enhance its value as a functional food and herbal remedy through advanced research and breeding strategies.
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Objective: To evaluate the relationships of fiber intake with subsequent body mass index SD-score, waist-to-height ratio, and serum fasting glucose levels among school-age Japanese children. Design: A prospective study of school-age Japanese children. Participants were followed from 6-7 to 9-10 years of age (follow-up rate: 92.0%). Fiber intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Serum fasting glucose was measured by a hexokinase enzymatic method. Using a general linear model, the associations between dietary fiber intake at baseline and body mass index SD-score, waist-to-height ratio, and serum levels of fasting glucose at follow-up were evaluated after considering potential confounding factors. Setting: Public elementary schools in a city in Japan. Participants: A total of 2,784 students. Results: The estimated means for fasting glucose at 9-10 years of age were 86.45, 85.68, 85.88, and 85.58 mg/dl in the lowest, second, third, and highest quartile of fiber intake at 6-7 years of age, respectively (p= 0.033, trend p= 0.018). Higher fiber intake at 6-7 years of age was associated with lower waist-to-height ratio at 9-10 years of age (trend p= 0.023). The change in fiber intake was inversely associated with concurrent change of body mass index SD-score (trend p= 0.044). Conclusion: These results suggest that dietary fiber intake may be potentially effective to limit excess weight gain and lower glucose levels during childhood.
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Since ancient times, fenugreek has been utilized as a dietary condiment as well as for its various therapeutic properties. The goal of this study is to look at the function of fenugreek in regulating obesity metabolism by providing a global picture of gene networks and pathways. The buildup of fat in adipose tissue and other internal organs is a hallmark of obesity, a long-term carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorder. The fenugreek plant grows up to 60 cm tall, with golden-yellow rhomboidal seeds. Though the seeds of fenugreek are more well-known, the leaves and stems have also been suggested to have therapeutic properties. Various studies have shown that the secondary metabolites in the fenugreek plant are responsible for these properties. Several studies have shown that fenugreek has anti-obesity properties, making it a good plant candidate with a high prospect of being used to treat obesity. This review paper discusses the use of combinatorial analytic approaches to better understand the medicinal uses of fenugreek. Combinatorial analytical methods that use functional modulation and modelling may make it easier to come up with research strategies to fill in research gaps and find possible research niches.
Chapter
Food hydrocolloids are obtained from algae, bacteria, fruit, and plant extracts, at contents of between 60 and 90%. Hydrocolloids themselves can be exploited for their inherent nutritional value, as they can contain a large proportion of dietary fiber. Hydrocolloids from natural sources have been used in the food industry to a large extent to enhance useful properties, such as quality, safety, stability, and nutritional and health benefits of various food products – baked goods, beverages, confectionary, dressings, sauces, and meat and poultry products. The human diet may include numerous fibers as components of foods and/or as additives to improve the nutritional value of foods. Arabinoxylan is a major constituent of dietary fiber in whole grains. Due to its nutritional aspect, dietary fiber can be classified as a functional food, or nutraceutical. As a dietary fiber source, cereal polysaccharides are recognized as health amendments that can prevent emerging diseases.
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders with a heavy disease burden. Fenugreek was reported to be effective in some components of MetS. Therefore, a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to study the effects of fenugreek on MetS indices. From the beginning until August 2022, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of science were searched. Data were analyzed using the random-effect model, and presented as weighted mean difference (WMD) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). This meta-analysis comprised from a total of 29 eligible RCTs with 31 arms measuring fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The results indicated significant improving effects of fenugreek on FPG (WMD: -16.75 mg/dL; 95% CI: -23.36, -10.15; P < 0.001), TG (-20.12 mg/dL; 95% CI: -34.238, -5.994; P < 0.001), HDL (WMD: 3.55 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.98, 5.12; P < 0.001), WC (WMD: -2.51; 95% CI: -3.78, -1.24; P < 0.001) and SBP (WMD: -3.45 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.38, -0.52; P = 0.021); However the effect on DBP (WMD: 3.17; 95% CI: -5.40, 11.73; P = 0.469) and BMI (WMD: -0.40 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.114, 0.324; P = 0.281) was not significant. Administration of fenugreek can meaningfully reduce FPG, TG, WC, and SBP and increase HDL. The overall results support possible protective and therapeutic effects of fenugreek on MetS parameters.
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Introduction An obesogenic diet, a diet high in saturated fats and sugars, is a risk factor for the development of multiple obesity-related diseases. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a mixture of Mexican functional foods (MexMix), Opuntia ficus indica (nopal), Theobroma cacao, and Acheta domesticus (edible crickets), compared with a high-fat and fructose/sucrose diet on an obesogenic mice model. Methods For this study, 18 male C57BL/6J mice were used, which were divided into three groups: (1) control group: normal diet (ND), (2) HF/FS group: high-fat diet along with 4.2% fructose/sucrose and water (ad libitum access), and (3) therapeutic group (MexMix): HF/FS diet up to week 8, followed by HF/FS diet supplemented with 10% nopal, 10% cocoa, and 10% cricket for 8 weeks. Results MexMix mice showed significantly reduced body weight, liver weight, visceral fat, and epididymal fat compared with HF/FS mice. Levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, glucose, GIP, leptin, PAI-1, and resistin were also significantly reduced. For identifying the gut microbiota in the model, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis was performed, and the results showed that MexMix supplementation increased the abundance of Lachnospira, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, and Blautia, bacteria involved in multiple beneficial metabolic effects. It is noteworthy that the mice supplemented with MexMix showed improvements in cognitive parameters, as evaluated by the novel object recognition test. Conclusion Hence, supplementation with MexMix food might represent a potential strategy for the treatment of obesity and other diseases associated with excessive intake of fats and sugars.
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Food intake and body weight regulation are of special interest for meeting today's lifestyle essential requirements. Since balanced energy intake and expenditure are crucial for healthy living, high levels of energy intake are associated with obesity. Hence, regulation of energy intake occurs through short- and long-term signals as complex central and peripheral physiological signals control food intake. This work aims to explore and compile the main factors influencing satiating efficiency of foods by updating recent knowledge to point out new perspectives on the potential drivers of satiety interfering with food intake regulation. Human internal factors such as genetics, gender, age, nutritional status, gastrointestinal satiety signals, gut enzymes, gastric emptying rate, gut microbiota, individual behavioral response to foods, sleep and circadian rhythms are likely to be important in determining satiety. Besides, the external factors (environmental and behavioral) impacting satiety efficiency are highlighted. Based on mechanisms related to food consumption and dietary patterns several physical, physiological, and psychological factors affect satiety or satiation. A complex network of endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms controls the satiety pathways. In response to food intake and other behavioral cues, gut signals enable endocrine systems to target the brain. Intestinal and gastric signals interact with neural pathways in the central nervous system to halt eating or induce satiety. Moreover, complex food composition and structures result in considerable variation in satiety responses for different food groups. A better understanding of foods and factors impacting the efficiency of satiety could be helpful in making smart food choices and dietary recommendations for a healthy lifestyle based on updated scientific evidence.
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Objective In this study, fenugreek gum (isolated from fenugreek seed) was modified into a grafted form using a microwave-assisted method. Acrylamide was used as a monomer, and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), potassium persulfate (KPS), and ammonium persulfate (APS) were used as redox initiators. Methods The experimental design (Taguchi OA) was used to optimize the synthesis of the grafted copolymer of fenugreek gum. In this model, seven independent variables were selected on the basis of their preliminary study. These were monomer concentration (X1), gum concentration (X2), initiator concentration (X3), irradiation power (X4), speed (X5), time (X6), temperature (X7), and three response variables % yield (Y1), % grafting (Y2), and % grafting efficiency (Y3) were identified. The optimized copolymers of grafted gum were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), NMR studies, surface morphology and swelling index. Results The yield of fenugreek gum after extraction was found to be 55.99±0.015% w/w. The percentage grafting 50.20±4.0 with grafting efficiency 83.7±0.1 were obtained with the selected concentration of acrylamide 15 mg, grafted gum 0.25 mg, ammonium persulfate 0.2 mg after 60 sec. of irradiation time. Conclusion In the present study, the graft copolymers of fenugreek gum were synthesized. After optimization of the grafting batch, the success of the design (Taguchi OA) combined with a desirability function. The results underline the importance of graft polymerization techniques for modifying the properties of a polymer.
Article
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linne, commonly known as fenugreek, is a herb with medicinal and nutraceutical values which has been used from ancient times in the Indian medicine system. According to the literature analysis, the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, fibers, fatty acids, etc. contributes to the therapeutic potential of the herb. In context to its therapeutic competency, fenugreek has anti-biotic, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen properties and controls hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The present review is an attempt to highlight the nutraceutical, health and therapeutic benefits of fenugreek.
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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), native to southern Europe and Asia, is anannual herb with white flowers and hard, yellowish brown and angular seeds,known from ancient times, for nutritional value beside of it medicinal effects. Fenugreek seeds are rich source of gum, fiber, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponin and volatile content. Due to it's high content of fiber, fenugreek could be used as food stabilizer, adhesive and emulsifying agent to change food texture for some special purposes. Some evidences suggest that fenugreek may also be regarded as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, remedy for hypocholesterolemia and hypoglycemia, antioxidant, antibacterial agent, gastric stimulant, and anti-anorexia agent. The present article is aimed to review the potential applications of fenugreek as a functional food and nutraceutical. Keywords: Chemical composition, Fenugreek gum, Fenugreek, Health benefits
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Most international guidelines advise reducing blood lipoproteins and blood glucose by diet and lifestyle changes before administering drug therapy. Many experts believe that beyond low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, oxidized LDL and oxidation of other lipids are important in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, which leads to atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are also important in the pathogenesis of dysfunction of beta cells of the pancreas, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and neurons. There is a need to find a hypolipidemic agent that also has antioxidant effects to counteract these mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as well as of other chronic diseases. Fenugreek is rich in soluble fiber, saponins, polyphenolics, trigonelle, diosgenin, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine. Dietary fiber, flavonoids, and saponins may be responsible for hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic actions, and the beneficial effects may be due to decreased inflammation. In humans, fenugreek seeds acutely reduce postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations by decreasing oxidative stress. Several longer-term clinical trials showed reductions in fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations and glycated hemoglobin as well as blood lipoproteins without decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Experimental studies have shown that fenugreek seed extracts have the potential to slow enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates, reduce gastrointestinal absorption of glucose, and increase glucagon-like peptides. Fenugreek seeds are rich in polyphenolic flavonoids, such as quercetin, trigonelline, saponins (4%–8%), and phytic acid. The seeds of fenugreek also contain lysine and L-tryptophan-rich proteins, mucilaginous fiber, and other rare chemical constituents, such as coumarin, fenugreekine, nicotinic acid, folic acid, sapogenins, phytic acid, scopoletin, and trigonelline, which are thought to account for many of the presumed therapeutic effects that may inhibit cholesterol absorption and decrease blood sugar concentrations. Fenugreek seeds have no serious side effects except for a bitter taste, which can be reduced by defatting.
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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the Fabaceae family designated by the FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Its seeds are used as a cooking spice in India to imitate maple flavor. Because it is high in steroidal saponins, fenugreek is used in the commercial production of steroids. It may be beneficial for hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, lactation, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause, female and male sexual dysfunction, Parkinson’s disease, and athletic performance. Fenugreek has hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects. This chapter examines some of the scientific research conducted on fenugreek, both alone and in combination formulas, for treating numerous health conditions. It summarizes results from several human studies of fenugreek’s use in treating cardiometabolic, genitourinary, and neurological disorders, among others. Finally, the chapter presents a list of fenugreek’s Active Constituents, different Commonly Used Preparations and Dosage, and a Section on “Safety and Precaution” that examines side effects, toxicity, and disease and drug interactions.
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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is used as traditional medicine as it possesses various therapeutic activities including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antianorexic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic immunomodulatory antinociceptive, anti-ulcer antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects. Besides, fenugreek has a cleansing action which helps purify the blood, lymphatic system as well as detoxify the body. It is also considered as a galactagogue for promoting lactation, and it may serve as an excellent animal food supplement. The pharmacological uses of fenugreek can be attributed to its bioactive chemical constituents. These chemicals make it a powerful candidate to cure diseases. It holds a promising future in the field of natural products to cure diseases. Fenugreek has been widely studied in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies which showed significant evidence that fenugreek possesses therapeutic properties applicable to treat many diseases. In this chapter, we summarised the pharmacological aspects of fenugreek.
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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) belongs to legume family and finds its origin from South Eastern Europe and Western Asia, but now grown mainly in India and many parts of the world including Northern Africa and the United States. Over 80% of the total world’s production of fenugreek is contributed by India, it occupied an area of nearly 219,000 ha with total production of 247,000 tonnes in 2015–16. Fenugreek seeds are extensively used as spice in Indian cuisine for flavoring, while its leaves, germinated seed, and tender shoots are used as vegetables. The seeds are aromatic, pleasantly bitter, and slightly sweet with antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic, galactogouge, and carminative properties. They are also reported to have remedial and nutritive properties and trigger digestion process. Fenugreek seeds contain a central hard and yellow embryo surrounded by a corneous and comparatively large, white, and semi-transparent layer of endosperm which is further surrounded by a tenacious and dark brown husk. Fenugreek seeds contain high proteins (27.57%), soluble (30.6%) and insoluble (20.6%) dietary fiber, crude fat (6.71%), and minerals such as calcium, iron, and β-carotene. The seeds are also rich in polysaccharides and galactomannan. In India, boiling, pressure cooking, roasting, or germination of fenugreek seeds are done to make the seeds soft, palatable and to remove its bitterness.
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The effectiveness of guar gum in reducing post-prandial blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in human subjects seems to depend mainly on its ability to increase the viscosity of digesta in the small intestine. However, the precise relationship between the rheological properties of guar gum (either in vitro or in vivo) and the changes in blood metabolites and hormones is unknown. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of wheat breads containing guar gum samples varying in molecular weight (Mw) and particle size (characteristics that strongly influence the rheological properties of guar gum) on post-prandial blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in healthy subjects. The sensory qualities of breads containing guar-gum flours of different Mw were also evaluated using a hedonic scoring technique. No significant differences in the post-prandial blood glucose responses were found between the control and guar breads. However, all the guar breads elicited significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in the post-prandial rise in plasma insulin, an effect that did not appear to be influenced by large variations in Mw or particle size of guar gum. Moreover, the sensory qualities of guar bread were markedly improved by using low Mw grades of guar gum.
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To examine reproducibility and validity of visual analogue scales (VAS) for measurement of appetite sensations, with and without a diet standardization prior to the test days. On two different test days the subjects recorded their appetite sensations before breakfast and every 30 min during the 4.5 h postprandial period under exactly the same conditions. 55 healthy men (age 25.6+/-0.6 y, BMI 22.6+/-0.3 kg¿m2). VAS were used to record hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, desire to eat something fatty, salty, sweet or savoury, and palatability of the meals. Subsequently an ad libitum lunch was served and energy intake was recorded. Reproducibility was assessed by the coefficient of repeatability (CR) of fasting, mean 4.5 h and peak/nadir values. CRs (range 20-61 mm) were larger for fasting and peak/nadir values compared with mean 4.5 h values. No parameter seemed to be improved by diet standardization. Using a paired design and a study power of 0.8, a difference of 10 mm on fasting and 5 mm on mean 4.5 h ratings can be detected with 18 subjects. When using desires to eat specific types of food or an unpaired design, more subjects are needed due to considerable variation. The best correlations of validity were found between 4.5 h mean VAS of the appetite parameters and subsequent energy intake (r=+/-0.50-0.53, P<0.001). VAS scores are reliable for appetite research and do not seem to be influenced by prior diet standardization. However, consideration should be given to the specific parameters being measured, their sensitivity and study power. International Journal of Obesity (2000)24, 38-48
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To determine the effect of adding chickpea flour or extruded chickpea flour to white bread on palatability and postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and satiety. A randomised, single-blind, cross-over study of four 50 g available carbohydrate breakfasts. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University. In all, 12 healthy subjects were recruited through posted notices. Totally, 11 (nine male, two female) completed the study (mean+/-s.e.m.; age 32+/-2 y; body mass index, 24.7+/-0.8 kg/m(2)). After overnight fasting, subjects consumed a control (white) bread (WB) breakfast twice, a chickpea bread (CHB) breakfast once and an extruded chickpea bread (EXB) breakfast once. Palatability and postprandial blood glucose, insulin and satiety responses were determined. Following this, food intakes from an ad libitum buffet and for the remainder of the day were assessed. A trend towards a lower incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of glucose for the CHB breakfast compared to the WB breakfast was observed (P=0.087). The IAUC of insulin and insulinaemic index (II) of the CHB breakfast were higher (P<0.05) than for the WB breakfast. No differences in glycaemic index (GI), satiety response, food intake or palatability were observed. CHB and EXB demonstrated acceptable palatability. CHB demonstrated some hypoglycaemic effect compared to WB, but neither CHB nor EXB demonstrated effects on satiety or food intake. The hyperinsulinaemic effect of CHB observed in this study requires further investigation.
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Foods with contrasting glycemic index when incorporated into a meal, are able to differentially modify glycemia and insulinemia. However, little is known about whether this is dependent on the size of the meal. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine if the differential impact on blood glucose and insulin responses induced by contrasting GI foods is similar when provided in meals of different sizes, and; ii) to determine the relationship between the total meal glycemic load and the observed serum glucose and insulin responses. Twelve obese women (BMI 33.7 +/- 2.4 kg/m2) were recruited. Subjects received 4 different meals in random order. Two meals had a low glycemic index (40-43%) and two had a high-glycemic index (86-91%). Both meal types were given as two meal sizes with energy supply corresponding to 23% and 49% of predicted basal metabolic rate. Thus, meals with three different glycemic loads (95, 45-48 and 22 g) were administered. Blood samples were taken before and after each meal to determine glucose, free-fatty acids, insulin and glucagon concentrations over a 5-h period. An almost 2-fold higher serum glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (AUC) over 2 h for the high- versus low-glycemic index same sized meals was observed (p < 0.05), however, for the serum glucose response in small meals this was not significant (p = 0.38). Calculated meal glycemic load was associated with 2 and 5 h serum glucose (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and insulin (r = 0.54, p < 0.01) incremental and total AUC. In fact, when comparing the two meals with similar glycemic load but differing carbohydrate amount and type, very similar serum glucose and insulin responses were found. No differences were observed for serum free-fatty acids and glucagon profile in response to meal glycemic index. This study showed that foods of contrasting glycemic index induced a proportionally comparable difference in serum insulin response when provided in both small and large meals. The same was true for the serum glucose response but only in large meals. Glycemic load was useful in predicting the acute impact on blood glucose and insulin responses within the context of mixed meals.
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Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds have been documented as a traditional plant treatment for diabetes. In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of a soluble dietary fibre (SDF) fraction of T. foenum-graecum were evaluated. Administration of SDF fraction (0 x 5 g/kg body weight) to normal, type 1 or type 2 diabetic rats significantly improved oral glucose tolerance. Total remaining unabsorbed sucrose in the gastrointestinal tract of non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic rats, following oral sucrose loading (2 x 5 g/kg body weight) was significantly increased by T. foenum-graecum (0 x 5 g/kg body weight). The SDF fraction suppressed the elevation of blood glucose after oral sucrose ingestion in both non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic rats. Intestinal disaccharidase activity and glucose absorption were decreased and gastrointestinal motility increased by the SDF fraction. Daily oral administration of SDF to type 2 diabetic rats for 28 d decreased serum glucose, increased liver glycogen content and enhanced total antioxidant status. Serum insulin and insulin secretion were not affected by the SDF fraction. Glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and insulin action were increased by T. foenum-graecum. The present findings indicate that the SDF fraction of T. foenum-graecum seeds exerts antidiabetic effects mediated through inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancement of peripheral insulin action.
Article
The seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) have been reported to have antidiabetic and hypocholesterolaemic properties in both animal models and humans. Activity has been attributed largely to fenugreek's saponin and high fibre content, and is probably not related to its major alkaloid trigonelline. Antihyperglycaemic effects have been linked to delayed gastric emptying caused by the fibre content, and to (unidentified) components that inhibit carbohydrate digestive enzymes. Fenugreek administration may increase plasma insulin levels in vivo. Its major free amino acid, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, stimulates insulin secretion from perfused pancreas in vitro. The hypocholesterolaemic effect has been attributed to increased conversion of hepatic cholesterol to bile salts due to loss, in the faeces, of complexes of these substances with fenugreek fibre and saponins. Fenugreek treatment selectively reduces the LDL and VLDL fractions of total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol has also been reported to increase in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and type II diabetic individuals following treatment with fenugreek. Fenugreek administration has not been reported to cause any toxicological effects. Its regular consumption may therefore be beneficial in the management of diabetes and the prevention of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Summary Dietary fibres have different physiological effects and provide a variety of health benefits, including satiety. They are thought to impact on satiation (the satisfaction of appetite during feeding that marks the end of eating and satiety (inhibition of hunger as a result of having eaten), because of their properties of adding bulk (satiation) and producing viscosity (satiety). Pre-absorptive factors, such as gastric distention, and the work and time required for chewing are important for satiation. For this reason, the bulking and textural properties of fibre make it an attractive ingredient for enhancing satiation. Adding bulk to the diet with fibre will also reduce the energy density of the diet. Satiety signals are generated both pre- and post-absorptively. Viscous soluble fibres may be useful because they prolong the intestinal phase of nutrient digestion and absorption. This means that there is a longer time over which the macronutrients can interact with the pre-absorptive mechanisms of satiation and satiety, as well as prolong the time course of post-absorptive signals. Diets low in energy and fat, such as those typically recommended for obese people, are poorly satiating. Adding fibre to low-calorie/low-fat foods may enhance satiety, but because weight-loss meals are low in energy and fat, satiety is likely to be short lasting. Not all dietary fibre has an impact on satiety. We review types of dietary fibre, whole foods that contain dietary fibre, and published studies on the effect of these fibres on satiety.
Article
Fenugreek (Trifolium foenum graecum) a leguminous herb, is extensively cultivated in India, Mediterranean region and North Africa. It is used for culinary and medicinal purposes and also for fodder in various parts of the world. The hypoglycemic effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves was tested in normal and diabetic subjects. Six protocols A, B, C, D, E and F involved the acute administration (single dose of 25 g of seeds, 5 g of gum isolate and 150 g of leaves) of whole fenugreek seeds, defatted fenugreek seeds, gum isolate, degummed fenugreek seeds, cooked fenugreek seeds and cooked fenugreek leaves to healthy subjects. The rise in plasma glucose after a dose of glucose or meal was prevented by fenugreek seeds. The serum insulin levels were also modified (P<0.05). The reduction in area under glucose curve was greatest with whole seeds (42.4%), followed by gum isolate (37.5%), extracted seeds (36.9%), and cooked seeds (35.1%) in that order. The degummed seeds and fenugreek leaves showed little effect on glycemia. Fenugreek seeds were also administered for 21 days to diabetic subjects. A significant imporvement in plasma glucose and insulin responses was observed in these subjects. The 24 hr urinary glucose output and serum cholesterol levels were also reduced (P<0.05).
Article
Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum), a commonly used condiment in Indian homes, were evaluated for hypoglycaemic property. In a metabolic study, 15 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients were given randomly, in a cross over design, diets with or without 100 g of defatted fenugreek seed powder, each for 10 days. Incorporation of fenugreek produced a significant fall in fasting blood glucose levels and an improvement in glucose tolerance test. Insulin responses were significantly reduced. There was a 64% reduction in 24 hr urinary glucose excretion with significant alterations in serum lipid profile. Serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased without any alteration in HDL cholesterol fraction with fenugreek diet.Incorporation of fenugreek seeds for 20 days in the diets of 5 diabetic patients resulted in similar changes of higher magnitude in all the above parameters.
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Glycyrrhiza Radix is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata. The main bioactive constituents of licorice are triterpene saponins and flavonoids. There are various types of pharmacological properties of licorice are proved, including antiulcer, antiinflammation, spasmolysis, antioxidative, contravariance, antiviral, anticancer activities, hepatoprotective, eliminating phlegm and reinforcing remembrance effects. Triterpene saponins are the main components of Glycyrrhiza Radix and its pharmacological activities are comparatively thorough and clear. In recent years, licorice flavonoids, proved to have a variety of pharmacological activities, become one of the hot of pharmacological studies. In this review, we summarized the latest five-year progress in pharmacological activities of licorice extract, its triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids, and experimental researches indicated that licorice had both accommodation and protection activity on the digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system, and endocrine system, etc.
Article
The effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on blood glucose and the serum lipid profile was evaluated in insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetic patients. Isocaloric diets with and without fenugreek were each given randomly for 10 d. Defatted fenugreek seed powder (100 g), divided into two equal doses, was incorporated into the diet and served during lunch and dinner. The fenugreek diet significantly reduced fasting blood sugar and improved the glucose tolerance test. There was a 54 per cent reduction in 24-h urinary glucose excretion. Serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides were also significantly reduced. The HDL cholesterol fraction, however, remained unchanged. These results indicate the usefulness of fenugreek seeds in the management of diabetes.
Article
As pectin delays gastric emptying in normal subjects and satiety may be linked to the rate of gastric emptying, we designed this study to evaluate, in a group of obese subjects, the effect of adding pectin to a meal on gastric emptying, sensation of satiety, and postprandial plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide levels. We studied gastric emptying of solids in 9 adult obese subjects on 2 separate days in a randomized fashion. On day 1, 15 g of pectin was added to the meal, and on day 2 15 g of methylcellulose was added and served as control. Satiety was evaluated by an analogue rating scale. Pectin significantly delayed gastric emptying time [t1/2 = 116 +/- 23 min vs. 71 +/- 17 min observed with methylcellulose (p less than 0.001)]. Pectin also significantly increased subjects' sensation of satiety [98 +/- 7 vs. 74 +/- 17 (p less than 0.001)]. Postprandial release of cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide was not modified by pectin. As pectin induces satiety and delays gastric emptying in obese patients, it may be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of disorders of overeating.
Article
The effect of fenugreek on postprandial glucose and insulin levels following the meal tolerance test (MTT) was studied in non-insulin dependent diabetics (NIDDM). The addition of powdered fenugreek seed (15 g) soaked in water significantly reduced the subsequent postprandial glucose levels. The plasma insulin also tended to be lower in NIDDM given fenugreek but without a statistical difference. Fenugreek had no effect on lipid levels 3 h following the MTT. Fenugreek may have a potential benefit in the treatment of NIDDM.
Article
To determine whether the satiating effects of fiber are due to delaying gastric emptying or slowing absorption of meals, 3% guar gum was added to high- and low-fat soups and gastric emptying rate, hunger, and satiety were measured in eight male volunteers. Guar gum delayed the emptying of the low-fat soup but the small delays in the return of hunger and decline of fullness were significantly correlated with the gastric emptying, suggesting mediation by gastric mechanoreceptors. The high-fat soup also emptied more slowly but this had no effect on the return of hunger or the decline in fullness. The delays in the return of hunger and decline of fullness were far greater when guar gum was added to the fatty soup; these delays were not correlated with the small additional delay in gastric emptying. This is more compatible with slowed absorption and prolonged contact of nutrients with intestinal chemoreceptors.
Article
To determine if source and amount of carbohydrate affected postprandial glucose and insulin responses, seven nondiabetic subjects consumed 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g carbohydrate (total carbohydrate minus total dietary fiber) portions of barley, spaghetti, bread or potato. By ANOVA, both source and amount of carbohydrate had significant effects on incremental response areas for capillary glucose (P = 0.001), plasma glucose (P = 0.01) and plasma insulin (P = 0.03), but there was no source x amount interaction. By regression analysis, source of carbohydrate explained a similar amount of the variability of glucose and insulin responses, 46-64%, as the amount of carbohydrate, 47-57%. Together, carbohydrate source and amount accounted for 85-94% of the variability of mean glucose and insulin responses. We conclude that, for individual foods with different glycemic indices, both source and amount of carbohydrate influence the postprandial glucose and insulin responses of nondiabetic subjects.
Article
We have recently shown in vitro that 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-Ile), an amino acid extracted from fenugreek seeds, potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. The present study was designed to investigate whether 4-OH-Ile could exert in vivo insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties. For this purpose, intravenous or oral glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs and OGTTs, respectively) were performed not only in normal animals but also in a type II diabetes rat model. During IVGTT in normal rats or OGTT in normal dogs, 4-OH-Ile (18 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance. The lactonic form of 4-OH-Ile was ineffective in normal rats. In non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) rats, a single intravenous administration of 4-OH-Ile (50 mg/kg) partially restored glucose-induced insulin response without affecting glucose tolerance; a 6-day subchronic administration of 4-OH-Ile (50 mg/kg, daily) reduced basal hyperglycemia, decreased basal insulinemia, and slightly, but significantly, improved glucose tolerance. In vitro, 4-OH-Ile (200 microM) potentiated glucose (16.7 mM)-induced insulin release from NIDD rat-isolated islets. So, the antidiabetic effects of 4-OH-Ile on NIDD rats result, at least in part, from a direct pancreatic B cell stimulation.
Article
The influence of dietary fiber on energy regulation remains controversial. This review summarizes published studies on the effects of dietary fiber on hunger, satiety, energy intake, and body composition in healthy individuals. Under conditions of fixed energy intake, the majority of studies indicate that an increase in either soluble or insoluble fiber intake increases postmeal satiety and decreases subsequent hunger. When energy intake is ad libitum, mean values for published studies indicate that consumption of an additional 14 g/day fiber for >2 days is associated with a 10% decrease in energy intake and body weight loss of 1.9 kg over 3.8 months. Furthermore, obese individuals may exhibit a greater suppression of energy intake and body weight loss (mean energy intake in all studies was reduced to 82% by higher fiber intake in overweight/obese people versus 94% in lean people; body weight loss was 2.4 kg versus 0.8 kg). These amounts are very similar to the mean changes in energy intake and body weight changes observed when dietary fat content is lowered from 38% to 24% of energy intake in controlled studies of nonobese and obese subjects. The observed changes in energy intake and body weight occur both when the fiber is from naturally high-fiber foods and when it is from a fiber supplement. In view of the fact that mean dietary fiber intake in the United States is currently only 15 g/day (i.e., approximately half the American Heart Association recommendation of 25-30 g/day), efforts to increase dietary fiber in individuals consuming <25 g/day may help to decrease the currently high national prevalence of obesity.
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Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments. India has about 45000 plant species and among them, several thousands have been claimed to possess medicinal properties. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes have shown anti-diabetic property. The present paper reviews 45 such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned/used in the Indian traditional system of medicine and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity. Indian plants which are most effective and the most commonly studied in relation to diabetes and their complications are: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Cajanus cajan, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia bonducella, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia chirayita, Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum. Among these we have evaluated M. charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens, T. cordifolia, T. foenum graecum, O. sanctum, P. marsupium, Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea. All plants have shown varying degree of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity.
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This review provides an update of recent studies of dietary fiber and weight and includes a discussion of potential mechanisms of how dietary fiber can aid weight loss and weight maintenance. Human studies published on dietary fiber and body weight were reviewed and summarized. Dietary fiber content of popular low-carbohydrate diets were calculated and are presented. Epidemiologic support that dietary fiber intake prevents obesity is strong. Fiber intake is inversely associated with body weight and body fat. In addition, fiber intake is inversely associated with body mass index at all levels of fat intake after adjusting for confounding factors. Results from intervention studies are more mixed, although the addition of dietary fiber generally decreases food intake and, hence, body weight. Many mechanisms have been suggested for how dietary fiber aids in weight management, including promoting satiation, decreasing absorption of macronutrients, and altering secretion of gut hormones. The average fiber intake of adults in the United States is less than half recommended levels and is lower still among those who follow currently popular low-carbohydrate diets, such as Atkins and South Beach. Increasing consumption of dietary fiber with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes across the life cycle is a critical step in stemming the epidemic of obesity found in developed countries. The addition of functional fiber to weight-loss diets should also be considered as a tool to improve success.
Article
To assess differences in dietary intake of overweight/obese subjects and sex-, age-, and height-matched controls and to identify dietary components associated with increased deposition of body fat. A convenience sample of 52 overweight/obese and 52 normal-weight adults matched for sex, age (+/-1 year), and height (+/-1 inch) were recruited from the local area. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block 60-item food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was measured by the Yale Physical Activity Survey, and percent body fat was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Independent t tests compared between-group consumption of dietary components. The ability of dietary components to predict percent body fat before and after controlling for age-, sex-, and physical activity-related energy expenditure and other macronutrients was assessed with multiple regression analyses. Spearman correlation coefficients examined relationships among nutrients, Food Guide Pyramid servings, and percent body fat. Overweight/obese subjects consumed more total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and less carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, and dietary fiber than control subjects. Reported intake of dietary fiber was inversely related to percent body fat without (R(2)=0.052, P=0.02) and with (R(2)=0.045, P=0.013) control for potential confounding factors. Servings of fruit per day were negatively related to percent body fat (r=-0.40, P<0.01). These findings suggest that the composition of a diet, especially low dietary fiber and fruit intake, plays a role in the etiology of obesity.
Article
To assess the satiety-promoting effect of a novel viscous fiber-containing nutrition bar, overweight and obese adult subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=99) were randomized into a double blind, crossover study. They were fed a 300kcal lunch consisting of viscous fiber-containing nutrition bars (VF) or commercial nutrition control bars designed for people with diabetes (CH). VF resulted in a 27.1% increase in fullness (p<0.05), a 15.8% decrease in prospective consumption (p<0.001), and a 14.2% decrease in hunger (p<0.001) in the 120-240min post-lunch areas under the curve (AUC) compared to CH, but no differences were observed for nausea or thirst (p>0.05). Similar results were noted for 0-300min AUC values. VF were associated with greater frequencies and intensities of abdominal distention (p<0.001) and flatulence (p<0.001), and greater frequency of stools (p<0.001) compared to CH, but there were no differences in mean or maximum (loosest) stool consistency (p>0.05). Overall, these results suggest that VF could be a useful tool in weight management of type 2 diabetes.
Effect of a viscous fiber-containing Copyright ©
  • J Chow
  • Ys Choe
  • Mj Noss
  • Kj Robinson
  • Je Dugle
  • Sh Acosta
  • Ka Garleb
  • Mathern
  • Al
Chow J, Choe YS, Noss MJ, Robinson KJ, Dugle JE, Acosta SH, Garleb KA. 2007. Effect of a viscous fiber-containing Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. 23: 1543-1548 (2009) DOI: 10.1002/ptr 1548 J. R. MATHERN ET AL.