This case series (N = 30) shows the impact of an addiction treatment approach that uses phenotype-basedneurofeedback in an integrated clinical treatment (Crossroads Institute), which combines targeted brain recovery exercises and neurotherapy. We present pre- and post-neurocognitive testing and electroencephalography/quantitative electro- encephalography measures of the phenotype findings in this polysubstance-based addict population. The electroencephalography phenotypes identify two separate drive systems underlying individual addiction: central nervous system overactivation and obsessive/compulsive drives. In addition to sobriety and abstinence, the neurocognitive improvements documented are particularly impressive. Background According to a survey by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), addiction is characterized by compulsive cravings, drug seeking, and drug use, which persist in the face of consequences (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), 2006). For many, addiction is a chronic condition, with relapses occurring even after long periods of abstinence. Relapse rates are quite strikingly similar to rates for other chronic medical illnesses such as asthma. Like any chronic illness, addiction treatment generally requires repeated and persistent intervention to extend the time between relapse as well as to diminish the relapse severity and duration. Through treatment, people with drug addiction can lead productive lives. The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration states that chemical dependency, along with associated mental health disorders, has become one of the most severe health and social problems facing the United States. In the United States, 12.5% of the population has a significant problem with alcohol or drugs, with 40% of these individuals having a concurrent mental/nervous disorder (the so-called dual diagnosis). The medical costs are approximately 300% higher for an untreated alcoholic than for a treated alcoholic. About 70% of addicts are employed, with their addiction contributing substantially to absenteeism, turnover costs, accidents/injuries, decreased productivity, increased insurance expenses, and even workplace violence. Costs related to addiction include those related to violence and property crimes, prison expenses, court and criminal costs, emergency room visits, health care utilization, child abuse and neglect, lost child support, foster care and welfare costs, reduced productivity, and unemployment. Of Americans aged 12 years or older, 22.5 million need treatment, but only 3.8 million people receive it (SAMHSA,
